Declaration of Judge Nagendra Singh (as appended immediately after the advisory opinion)

Document Number
061-19751016-ADV-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
061-19751016-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

78 SAHARA OCCIDENTAL (DÉCL. IGNACIO-PINTO)

M. IGNACIO-PINTO ju,ge, fait la déclarationsuivante:

Je n'ai pusouscrire qu'en partie a l'avisde la Cour internationalede Justice
en datedu 16octobre 1975etseulementparceque, en son dernier considérant
(par. 162),la Cour

«conclut que les élémentset renseignements portés à sa connaissance
n'établissent l'existend'aucun lien de souveraineté territoriale entre le
territoire du Sahara occidental d'une part, le Royaume du Maroc ou
l'ensemble mauritanien d'autre part. La Cour n'a donc pas constaté

l'existence de liensjuridiques de nature à modifier l'application de la
résolution 1514 (XV) quant a la décolonisation et en particulier l'ap-
plication du principe de l'autodétermination grâceàl'expressionlibre et
authentiquede la volonté des populations du territoire»

Je rejette en conséquencetoutela partie de l'exposéde la Cour qui déclare
qu'au moment de la colonisation espagnole il y avait des liens juridiques
d'allégeanceentre lesultan du Maroc etcertaines tribus du territoire en même
temps que d'autres liensjuridiques entre l'ensemble mauritanien et le terri-

toire du Sahara occidental.
Mon opposition contre l'avis consultatif provient de ce que je considère
que,s'ilappertque la Cour estfondée a sedéclarer compétente auxtermesdes
dispositions de I'article 96 de la Charte des Nations Unies d'une part et de
I'article5 du Statut de la Cour d'autre part pour recevoir de l'Assemblée
généraledes Nations Unies la requêted'avis consultatif, il eût étéopportun

qu'en raison de certaines circonstances de la cauab initiola Cour, usant de
son pouvoir discrétionnaire, après avoir déclaré recevablela requêtequant à
la forme, la rejette quant au fondparceque lesquestions tellesqu'ellesétaient
poséesconstituent une sorte de questions pièges,lesquelles amenaient de
toutemanièreàlaréponseattendue enl'espèce,lareconnaissance dedroitsde

souverainetéau Maroc d'une part et àla Mauritanie d'autre part sur telle ou
telle autre partie du Sahara occidental.
Pour abréger et éviterdes répétitions inutiles,je puis me rallier aux
observations de M. Petrénportant sur l'interprétation duparagraphe 162de
l'aviset les raisons pour lesquelles mon collègue,comme moi-même,rejette
dans ce paragraphetout cequi neconcerne pas lesliensde souverainetésurle

territoire de la part du Maroc ou de l'ensemble mauritanien, partie du
paragraphe que je puis accepter.

Judge NAGENDRA SINGHmakes the following declaration:

While agreeing with the Advisory Opinion and the emphasis that it places
on ascertainment of the willof the people "genuinely expressed" as the basic

70 79 WESTERN SAHARA(DECL.NAGENDRA SINGH)

pillar of self-determination it may be worthwhile to throw more light on the
nature and character of the legal ties which remain the subject-matter of
Question II of General Assemblyresolution 3292(XXIX) by which the Court

is seised of the present request for an Advisory Opinion. No tribunal would
appear to depart from its judicial character if it were to state precisely the
implications ofthose ties in terms of decolonization which is the very object
and the main theme of the exercise pending before the General Assembly.
This is a vital aspect which has to be stated fully and in clear and un-

ambiguousterms to enlightenthe General Assembly.
In addition there are otheraspects,perhaps equally important; which merit
attention and require to be appropriately emphasized to convey the full
significanceof the Advisory Opinion. Thesematters which weighwith meare
briefly stated below.

Both Morocco and Mauritania have pleaded on certain pertinent aspects

and details of the decolonization process which need to be emphasized.
Counsel for Morocco in his oral argument before the Court stated:

"Even in the event that the General Assembly should decide that for
the implementation of the principle of self-determination, a referendum
should be held, even in such a case, it would be useful to know whether,
bearing in mind the existen.ceof legal ties with a country at the time of
colonization of this territory by.Spain, it would not be as well to lay

before the populations the problem of their future re-attachment, of
their return, or on the contrary of their detachment from, ex hypothesi,
their former mother country." (Hearing of 26 June 1975.)

"... thisproblem of thewordingof thequestionsto be put in somefuture
referendum is to some extent clarijied by the need for the General
Assembly to be inpossession of al1the elements ofthis matter. . ." (ibid.)
(emphasisadded).

The Court, havingreachedthe correctconclusion that there wereno legalties
of such anatureas might "affect the application of resolution 1514(XV)and,

in particular, of theapplication of theprinciple of self-determination throiigh
the free and genuine expression of the will of the peoples of the territory"
would appear to be justified in proceeding further by indicating the extent
to which those legal ties that did exist could have a bearing on the
decolonization process and if so what concrete shape it could take.

Those legal ties which the Court found to exist at the time of Spanish
colonization between Western Sahara and Morocco or Mauritania were not
of such a character asto justify today the reintegration or retrocession of the
territory withoutconsultingthe people.Themainreason for this conclusion is
simply that, at the timeof Spanishcolonization, there was no evidence of the80 WESTERNSAHARA (DECL.NAGENDRA SINGH)

existence of one single State comprising the territory of Western Sahara and
Morocco, or Western Sahara and Mauritania, which would have been
dismembered by the colonizer and thus justify reunion on decolonization at

the present time. Accordingly, thefactsand circumstances of this case would
not attract the provisions of paragraph 6 of resolution 1514 (XV) which
holds dismption of national unity or territorial integrity of a country as
incompatible with the Charter pf the United Nations and thus points to
reintegration of territory. Nevertheless, as the Court finds that-there were

certain legal ties in existence, it becomes necessary to proceed to assessthem
withthesole purpose of evaluating them to ascertain ifthey indicate a definite
step in terms of the decolonization process. In shortthe strength and efficacy
of thesetiesthough limited must stillbe held to be of such an order asto point
in the direction of the possible options which could be afforded to the
population in ascertaining the will of the people. These options, in

accordance with resolution 1541 (XV) as wellas 2625(XXV),could be either
integration with Morocco or with Mauritania or having freeassociation with
any one of them or for opting in favour of a sovereignindependent status of
the territory. Even if it conceded that the procedures for decolonization lie
within the exclusive province of the General Assembly it is yet appropriate
fora court to point out the relationship between the existence of the legalties

and the decolonization process in order fully to enlighten the General
Assembly. To do so is not to trespass on the prerogatives of the General
Assembly but to fulfil the role as the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations.
There are some valid reasons for going this farbut no farther. First, taking
into consideration the very raison d'êtreofresolution 3292(XXIX) it isclear

what the General Assemblyexpects inthe answer to Question II istheCourt's
appraisal of the nature of these legal ties "which must be understood as
referring tosuch legal ties as may materially affect the method or the policies
and procedures to be applied in the decolonization of WesternSahara". If the
Courtcannot be "unmindful of the purpose for which itsopinion issought" it

stands to reason that while remaining well within its judicial bounds the
Court should proceed far enough to make clear those aspects of the available
options which are open to the people of the territory in any method of their
consultation particularly when the Court holds that consultation isessential.
Thesecond reason isthat there have been specificpleadings on this matter
both by Morocco and Mauritania, as cited above, and these need not be

totally ignored.

The Court has recognized the validity of the principle of self-

determination, "defined as the need to pay regard to the freely expressed
will of the peoples". Furthermore the Court has rightly concluded that the
need for ascertaining the freely expressed willof the people is not in any way
affected by the present request of the General Assembly for an advisory81 WESTERNSAHARA(DECL.NAGENDRA SINGH)

opinion. In my opinion the consultation of the people of the territory
awaiting decolonization is an inescapable imperative whether the method
followed on decolonization is integration or association or independence.

This is established by not only the general provisionsof the United Nations
Charter but also by specific resolutions of the General Assembly on this
subject.Apart from Articles 1,2,55 and 56of the Charter and paragraphs 2
and 5of resolution 1514(XV)which bring out this aspectgenerallythere are
also specific provisions such as contained in principles VI1 and IX of
resolution 1541(XV) which categorically state "integration should be the

result of the freely expressed wishes of the territory's peoples". It is principle
VI (c)of resolution 1541(XV) which prescribes integration as a method of
decolonization and principle IX (b)imposes the condition of consultation of
thepeople as the means ofachievingself-determination by integration. Again
resolution 2625 (XXV) concerning friendly relations goes a long way to
further emphasizethe point that on decolonization the "emergence into any

political status" has to be "freely determined by a people". Thus even if
integration ofterritory wasdemanded by an interestedState, as in thiscase,it
could not be had without ascertaining the freely expressed will of the
people - the very sinequa non of al1decolonization.

However, 1am in agreement with the clarification given by the Court to

that aspect of the matter which relates to certain cases in which the General
Assembly has dispensed with the requirement of consulting the inhabitants
of a given territory. It follows, in my view, that the principle of self-
determination could be dispensed with only if the free expression of the
will of the people was found to be axiomatic in the sense that the result was
known to be a foregone conclusion or that consultations had already taken

place in some form or that special features of the case rendered it
unnecessary. Such exceptionalcircumstances are possible and could existbut
they do not appearto be present in this case so asto do away with thesalutary
principle of ascertainment of the freely expressed will of the people of the
territory who could, on consultations, elect to integrate with any one of the
adjoining interested States if they so desired.
Again, cases falling under paragraph 6 of resolution 1514would remain

outside this rule. In any event,asstated earlier,the facts disclosed here do not
point to the application of that particular provision of theaid resolution.

III

Another aspect which is equally important to me relates to the Court's

observationsconcerning respect for the fundamental principle of consent to
jurisdiction if in any case the requirement of such consent was circumvented
by resorting to the advisory proceedings of the Court. In this case Spain has
not givenitsconsenttoadjudication of thequestionsformulated in resolution
3292 (XXIX). Furthermore, it did not agree to Morocco's proposa1 to move
the Court in contentious proceedings. It was necessary, therefore, for the 82 WESTERN SAHARA (DECL. NAGENDRA SINGH)

Court to clarifythe legalposition resultingfrom the Spanishcontention that
there waslack ofconsent to invoketheCourt'sjurisdiction. Theconclusion is
warranted that although there are two distinct channels of the Court's
jurisdiction, namely advisory and contentious and although "consent of
States, parties to a dispute,is the basis of the Court's jurisdiction in
contentious cases while the situation is different in regard to advisory
proceedings" since the Court's reply is only of an "advisory character" and
given "not to States but to the organ entitled to request" (I.C.JReports
1950, p. 71), there could still be certain circumstances in which lack of
consent of an interested State could render the givingof an advisoryopinion
incompatible with the Court's judicial character. The Court, therefore, has

stated that if a request for an advisory opinion was made in circumstances
which clearly disclosedthat the intention or therpose was to circumvent
the principle of consent a situation would arise in which "the powersof the
Court under the discretion given to it by Article 65, paragraph 1, of the
Statute would afford sufficient legal means to ensure respect for the
fundamental principle of consent tojurisdiction".
No suchbypassing of thissalutary principlehas taken place in thepresent
proceedings because the object of the request for an opinion has been to
obtain from the Court legaldvicewhichtheGeneral Assemblyconsidersof
assistance in the discharge of its functions in relation to the pending
decolonization ofaterritory. Whatisofimportance,therefore, inthiscontext

is the recognition given to the principle of judicial propriety which would
oblige the Court to refuse an opinion on the ground of the existence ofa
"compelling reason" for doing so, if the purpose behind the request for an
opinion was to defeat the principle that a State is not obliged to submit
disputes to judicial settlement without its consent. This also enlightens the
General Assembly in the use of Article 96 of the Charter by asserting that
consent of an interested State still continues to be relevant even in advisory
proceedings, "for the appreciation of the propriety of givingan opinion".

M. AMMOUNV , ice-Président, MM. FORSTERP , ETRÉN,DILLARD, DE

CASTRO j, ges, et M. BONI,juge ad hoc, joignent àl'avis consultatif les
exposésde leur opinion individuelle.

M. RUDA,juge, joint à l'avis consultatif l'exposé de son opinion
dissidente.

(Paraphé)M.L.

(Paraphé)S.A.

Bilingual Content

78 SAHARA OCCIDENTAL (DÉCL. IGNACIO-PINTO)

M. IGNACIO-PINTO ju,ge, fait la déclarationsuivante:

Je n'ai pusouscrire qu'en partie a l'avisde la Cour internationalede Justice
en datedu 16octobre 1975etseulementparceque, en son dernier considérant
(par. 162),la Cour

«conclut que les élémentset renseignements portés à sa connaissance
n'établissent l'existend'aucun lien de souveraineté territoriale entre le
territoire du Sahara occidental d'une part, le Royaume du Maroc ou
l'ensemble mauritanien d'autre part. La Cour n'a donc pas constaté

l'existence de liensjuridiques de nature à modifier l'application de la
résolution 1514 (XV) quant a la décolonisation et en particulier l'ap-
plication du principe de l'autodétermination grâceàl'expressionlibre et
authentiquede la volonté des populations du territoire»

Je rejette en conséquencetoutela partie de l'exposéde la Cour qui déclare
qu'au moment de la colonisation espagnole il y avait des liens juridiques
d'allégeanceentre lesultan du Maroc etcertaines tribus du territoire en même
temps que d'autres liensjuridiques entre l'ensemble mauritanien et le terri-

toire du Sahara occidental.
Mon opposition contre l'avis consultatif provient de ce que je considère
que,s'ilappertque la Cour estfondée a sedéclarer compétente auxtermesdes
dispositions de I'article 96 de la Charte des Nations Unies d'une part et de
I'article5 du Statut de la Cour d'autre part pour recevoir de l'Assemblée
généraledes Nations Unies la requêted'avis consultatif, il eût étéopportun

qu'en raison de certaines circonstances de la cauab initiola Cour, usant de
son pouvoir discrétionnaire, après avoir déclaré recevablela requêtequant à
la forme, la rejette quant au fondparceque lesquestions tellesqu'ellesétaient
poséesconstituent une sorte de questions pièges,lesquelles amenaient de
toutemanièreàlaréponseattendue enl'espèce,lareconnaissance dedroitsde

souverainetéau Maroc d'une part et àla Mauritanie d'autre part sur telle ou
telle autre partie du Sahara occidental.
Pour abréger et éviterdes répétitions inutiles,je puis me rallier aux
observations de M. Petrénportant sur l'interprétation duparagraphe 162de
l'aviset les raisons pour lesquelles mon collègue,comme moi-même,rejette
dans ce paragraphetout cequi neconcerne pas lesliensde souverainetésurle

territoire de la part du Maroc ou de l'ensemble mauritanien, partie du
paragraphe que je puis accepter.

Judge NAGENDRA SINGHmakes the following declaration:

While agreeing with the Advisory Opinion and the emphasis that it places
on ascertainment of the willof the people "genuinely expressed" as the basic

70 WESTERNSAHARA(DECL.IGNACIO-PINTO) 78

Judge IGNACIO-PINTO makes the followingdeclaration:

[Translation]

1 have been able to subscribe only in part to the Opinion of the
InternationalCourt of Justice dated 16 October 1975 and only because in the
final paragraph of its reasoning, paragraph162, the Court's

"... conclusion is that the materials and information presented to it do
not establish any tie of territorial sovereignty between the territory of
Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Morocco or the Mauritanian
entity. Thus the Court has not found legal ties of such a nature as might
affect the application of resolution514(XV) in the decolonization of
Western Sahara and, in particular, of the principle of self-determination

through thefree and genuineexpression of the will ofthe peoples of the
Territory."

1consequently reject al1that part of the Court's statement which declares
that at the time of colonization by Spain there were legal ties of allegiance
between the Sultan of Morocco and certain tribes of theterritom at the same
time as other legal ties between the Mauritanian entity and the territory of
Western Sahara.
Myobjection to the Advisory Opinion isdue to the factthat 1consider that,

evenifitappearsthat the Court isjustified indeclaring itselfcompetent under
the provisions of Article96 of the Charter of the United Nations on the one
hand, and of Article65 of the Statute of the Court on the other, to receive
from the United Nations General Assembly the request for an advisory
opinion, it would have been proper by reason of certain circumstances in the
case ab initiofor theCourt, availing itself of itsdiscretionary power, and after

having declared the request receivable as to the form, to reject it as to the
substance, because the questions as put are, as it were, loaded questions,
leading in any case to the answer awaited in this particular instance, namely
the recognition of rights of sovereignty of Morocco on the onehand and of
Mauritania on the other over some part or other of Western Sahara.
For the sake of brevity and to avoid useless repetition, 1can support the
observations of Judge Petrén concerning theinterpretation of paragraph162

of the Opinion and the groundson which mycolleague,like myself,rejectsal1
of that paragraph other than where it deals with the question of any tie
of territorial sovereigntybetween the territory and Morocco and the Mauri-
tanian entity- a part of the paragraph which 1can accept.

M.NACENDR SAINGH, ju\e, fait la déclaration suivante:
[Traduction]

Bien que je souscrive à l'avis consultatif et que j'approuve son insistance
sur la nécessitd'une expression authentique de la volontédes populations, 79 WESTERN SAHARA(DECL.NAGENDRA SINGH)

pillar of self-determination it may be worthwhile to throw more light on the
nature and character of the legal ties which remain the subject-matter of
Question II of General Assemblyresolution 3292(XXIX) by which the Court

is seised of the present request for an Advisory Opinion. No tribunal would
appear to depart from its judicial character if it were to state precisely the
implications ofthose ties in terms of decolonization which is the very object
and the main theme of the exercise pending before the General Assembly.
This is a vital aspect which has to be stated fully and in clear and un-

ambiguousterms to enlightenthe General Assembly.
In addition there are otheraspects,perhaps equally important; which merit
attention and require to be appropriately emphasized to convey the full
significanceof the Advisory Opinion. Thesematters which weighwith meare
briefly stated below.

Both Morocco and Mauritania have pleaded on certain pertinent aspects

and details of the decolonization process which need to be emphasized.
Counsel for Morocco in his oral argument before the Court stated:

"Even in the event that the General Assembly should decide that for
the implementation of the principle of self-determination, a referendum
should be held, even in such a case, it would be useful to know whether,
bearing in mind the existen.ceof legal ties with a country at the time of
colonization of this territory by.Spain, it would not be as well to lay

before the populations the problem of their future re-attachment, of
their return, or on the contrary of their detachment from, ex hypothesi,
their former mother country." (Hearing of 26 June 1975.)

"... thisproblem of thewordingof thequestionsto be put in somefuture
referendum is to some extent clarijied by the need for the General
Assembly to be inpossession of al1the elements ofthis matter. . ." (ibid.)
(emphasisadded).

The Court, havingreachedthe correctconclusion that there wereno legalties
of such anatureas might "affect the application of resolution 1514(XV)and,

in particular, of theapplication of theprinciple of self-determination throiigh
the free and genuine expression of the will of the peoples of the territory"
would appear to be justified in proceeding further by indicating the extent
to which those legal ties that did exist could have a bearing on the
decolonization process and if so what concrete shape it could take.

Those legal ties which the Court found to exist at the time of Spanish
colonization between Western Sahara and Morocco or Mauritania were not
of such a character asto justify today the reintegration or retrocession of the
territory withoutconsultingthe people.Themainreason for this conclusion is
simply that, at the timeof Spanishcolonization, there was no evidence of the SAHARA OCCIDENTAL(DÉCL.NAGENDRA SINGH) 79
fondement de l'autodétermination,iln'estpeut-êtrepas inutilede chercherà

mieux cerner la nature et le caractère des liens juridiques qui constituent
l'objet de la question II de la résolution 3292 (XXIX) de l'Assemblée
généralep , ar laquelle la Cour a été saisiede la présente requpour avis
consultatif. Sans paraître sortir de son rôle judiciaire, un tribunal peut
préciserl'effetdeceslienssurladécolonisation,quidemeurelebutet lethème
essentieldestravaux en cours àl'Assemblée généraleC. 'estlà un aspect vital
qui doit être énoncéen détailet sans équivoqueafin d'éclairerl'Assemblée
générale.
En outre, d'autres aspects, peut-être tout aussi importants, méritentde
retenir l'attention et doivent êtresoulignéscomme il convient pour que la
portéedel'avisconsultatif soitpleinementappréciée.Cesaspectsessentiels à
mesyeuxsont brièvementindiquésci-dessous.

Le Maroc et la Mauritanie ont évoqué l'un etl'autre certains aspects et
détailspertinentsdu processusde décolonisationqu'ilimporte de releverici.
Danssonexposéoral, l'undesconseilsdu Maroc s'estexpriméencestermes:

«D'ailleurs, mêmedans l'hypothèseoù l'Assembléegénéraledéci-
derait que, pour la miseen Œuvredu principe de la libre détermination,
ilconvientderecourir àun référendumd ,ans cecas-làaussibien,ilserait
utile de savoir si,compte tenu de l'existencede liensjuridiques avec un
pays au moment de la colonisation par l'Espagne de ce territoire, il ne
conviendrait pas de poseraux populations le problèmedeleurrattache-

ment, de leur retour, ou au contraire de leur détachement,e qui, par
hypothèse, serait leur ancienne mère patrie.» (Audience du 26juin
1975.)
«ce problèmede l'aménagement desquestions dans un éventuelréfé-
rendumest donc éclairéd ,ans unecertaine mesure,par la nécessitpour

l'Assembléegénérale d'êtreaucourantde toutes lesdonnéesde l'aflaire»
(ibid.(lesitaliquessont de moi).
La Cour, étantparvenue à bon droità la conclusion qu'il n'existait pas de
liensjuridiques«denature à modifierl'applicationde la résolution151..et
en particulier l'application du principe d'autodéterminaton grâce'expres-

sion libre et authentique de la volontédespopulations du territoire»,paraît
être fondée à aller plus loin pour indiquer dans quelle mesure les liens
juridiques qui existaient en fait pourraient avoir une incidence sur le
processus de décolonisationet, dans cecas,sousquelleformeconcrète.
Cesliensjuridiques entre leSahara occidental etleMarocou la Mauritanie
dont la Cour a constatél'existenceau moment de la colonisation espagnole
n'étaientpas tels qu'ils puissent justifieraujourd'hui la réintégrationou la
rétrocession du territoire sans consultation de ses habitants. La raison
essentielledecetteconclusion estsimplementlasuivante: rien n'indiquequ'à80 WESTERNSAHARA (DECL.NAGENDRA SINGH)

existence of one single State comprising the territory of Western Sahara and
Morocco, or Western Sahara and Mauritania, which would have been
dismembered by the colonizer and thus justify reunion on decolonization at

the present time. Accordingly, thefactsand circumstances of this case would
not attract the provisions of paragraph 6 of resolution 1514 (XV) which
holds dismption of national unity or territorial integrity of a country as
incompatible with the Charter pf the United Nations and thus points to
reintegration of territory. Nevertheless, as the Court finds that-there were

certain legal ties in existence, it becomes necessary to proceed to assessthem
withthesole purpose of evaluating them to ascertain ifthey indicate a definite
step in terms of the decolonization process. In shortthe strength and efficacy
of thesetiesthough limited must stillbe held to be of such an order asto point
in the direction of the possible options which could be afforded to the
population in ascertaining the will of the people. These options, in

accordance with resolution 1541 (XV) as wellas 2625(XXV),could be either
integration with Morocco or with Mauritania or having freeassociation with
any one of them or for opting in favour of a sovereignindependent status of
the territory. Even if it conceded that the procedures for decolonization lie
within the exclusive province of the General Assembly it is yet appropriate
fora court to point out the relationship between the existence of the legalties

and the decolonization process in order fully to enlighten the General
Assembly. To do so is not to trespass on the prerogatives of the General
Assembly but to fulfil the role as the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations.
There are some valid reasons for going this farbut no farther. First, taking
into consideration the very raison d'êtreofresolution 3292(XXIX) it isclear

what the General Assemblyexpects inthe answer to Question II istheCourt's
appraisal of the nature of these legal ties "which must be understood as
referring tosuch legal ties as may materially affect the method or the policies
and procedures to be applied in the decolonization of WesternSahara". If the
Courtcannot be "unmindful of the purpose for which itsopinion issought" it

stands to reason that while remaining well within its judicial bounds the
Court should proceed far enough to make clear those aspects of the available
options which are open to the people of the territory in any method of their
consultation particularly when the Court holds that consultation isessential.
Thesecond reason isthat there have been specificpleadings on this matter
both by Morocco and Mauritania, as cited above, and these need not be

totally ignored.

The Court has recognized the validity of the principle of self-

determination, "defined as the need to pay regard to the freely expressed
will of the peoples". Furthermore the Court has rightly concluded that the
need for ascertaining the freely expressed willof the people is not in any way
affected by the present request of the General Assembly for an advisoryl'époquede lacolonisation espagnole un seul Etat,englobant lesterritoires du
Sahara occidental et du Maroc, ou le Sahara occidental et la Mauritanie, ait
été démembré par le colonisateur, fait qui justifierait sa reconstitution au

stade actuel de la décolonisation. Par suite, les circonstances de l'espèce
sortent du cadre du paragraphe 6 de la résolution1514 (XV), selon lequel la
destruction de l'uniténationale et de l'intégritéterritoriale d'un pays est
incompatible avec la Charte des Nations Unies, ce qui militerait donc en
faveur d'une réintégration. Néanmoins, puisqulea Cour constate l'existence
de certains liensjuridiques, il devient nécessaired'examiner ces liens à seule

fin d'apprécier l'importance qu'ils peuvent revêtirdans le processus de
décolonisation et de rechercher s'ils appellent l'adoption d'une mesure
précise.En un mot, la force et l'effectivitéde ces liens, bien que limitées,
doivent êtreconsidéréescomme pouvant donnerune indication de9options
qui pourraient êtreoffertes à la population afin qu'elle exprime sa volonté.
Conformément aux résolutions 1541 (XV) et 2625 (XXV), ces options

pourraient êtresoit l'intégration au Maroc ou à la Mauritanie, soit la libre
association avec l'un de ces deux Etats, soit encore le choix d'un statut
souverain et indépendant pour le territoire. Mêmesi l'on admet que les
méthodesde décolonisationsont du ressort exclusif de l'Assemblée générale,
il appartient cependant à un tribunal de souligner les rapports entre l'exis-
tence de liens juridiques .et le processus de décolonisation,afin d'éclairer

pleinement l'Assemblée.Agir ainsi, ce n'estpas empiétersur lesprérogatives
de l'Assemblée,mais remplir le rôle qui incombe à la Cour comme organe
judiciaire principal des Nations Unies.
Il existe d'excellentes raisons d'aller jusque-là mais pas plus loin. Tout
d'abord, si l'on tient compte de la raison d'être mêmdee la résolution3292
(XXIX), il est clair que ce que l'Assembléegénéraleattend, en réponseà la
question II,c'estune évaluationpar la Cour de la nature des liensjuridiques

«qui pourraient influer sur la politique à suivre pour la décolonisation du
Sahara occidental ».S'il estvrai que «la Courne saurait oublier l'objeten vue
duquel l'avis est sollicit», il va sans dire que sans sortir de son rôle de
tribunal elle peut aller jusqu'à éclairerces aspects des options ouvertes à la
population du territoire, quel que soit le mode de consultation, à fortiori
quand la Cour juge cette consultation essentielle.

La seconde raison est que le Maroc et la Mauritanie ont l'un et l'autre
plaidé cet aspect de la question, comme on l'a vu, et qu'il ne faudrait pas
totalement le méconnaître.

La Cour a reconnu la validitédu principe de l'autodétermination,« défini
comme répondant à la nécessitéde tenir compte de la volonté librement
expriméedes peuples ».Elle a en outre conclu àjuste titre que la demande
d'avis ne diminue en rien la nécessitéde déterminer la voIontélibrement
expriméede la population. A mon sens, la consultation des habitants du81 WESTERNSAHARA(DECL.NAGENDRA SINGH)

opinion. In my opinion the consultation of the people of the territory
awaiting decolonization is an inescapable imperative whether the method
followed on decolonization is integration or association or independence.

This is established by not only the general provisionsof the United Nations
Charter but also by specific resolutions of the General Assembly on this
subject.Apart from Articles 1,2,55 and 56of the Charter and paragraphs 2
and 5of resolution 1514(XV)which bring out this aspectgenerallythere are
also specific provisions such as contained in principles VI1 and IX of
resolution 1541(XV) which categorically state "integration should be the

result of the freely expressed wishes of the territory's peoples". It is principle
VI (c)of resolution 1541(XV) which prescribes integration as a method of
decolonization and principle IX (b)imposes the condition of consultation of
thepeople as the means ofachievingself-determination by integration. Again
resolution 2625 (XXV) concerning friendly relations goes a long way to
further emphasizethe point that on decolonization the "emergence into any

political status" has to be "freely determined by a people". Thus even if
integration ofterritory wasdemanded by an interestedState, as in thiscase,it
could not be had without ascertaining the freely expressed will of the
people - the very sinequa non of al1decolonization.

However, 1am in agreement with the clarification given by the Court to

that aspect of the matter which relates to certain cases in which the General
Assembly has dispensed with the requirement of consulting the inhabitants
of a given territory. It follows, in my view, that the principle of self-
determination could be dispensed with only if the free expression of the
will of the people was found to be axiomatic in the sense that the result was
known to be a foregone conclusion or that consultations had already taken

place in some form or that special features of the case rendered it
unnecessary. Such exceptionalcircumstances are possible and could existbut
they do not appearto be present in this case so asto do away with thesalutary
principle of ascertainment of the freely expressed will of the people of the
territory who could, on consultations, elect to integrate with any one of the
adjoining interested States if they so desired.
Again, cases falling under paragraph 6 of resolution 1514would remain

outside this rule. In any event,asstated earlier,the facts disclosed here do not
point to the application of that particular provision of theaid resolution.

III

Another aspect which is equally important to me relates to the Court's

observationsconcerning respect for the fundamental principle of consent to
jurisdiction if in any case the requirement of such consent was circumvented
by resorting to the advisory proceedings of the Court. In this case Spain has
not givenitsconsenttoadjudication of thequestionsformulated in resolution
3292 (XXIX). Furthermore, it did not agree to Morocco's proposa1 to move
the Court in contentious proceedings. It was necessary, therefore, for theterritoire en instance de décolonisation est un impératif absolu, que la
méthodesuivie pour la décolonisation soit I'intégration,l'association ou

l'indépendance.C'estcequi ressortnon seulementdesdispositionsgénérales
de la Charte des Nations Unies mais aussi de résolutions particulièresde
l'Assemblée généraleconsacrées à cesujet.Outrelesarticles1,2,55 et56dela
Charte et les paragraphes 2 et 5 de la résolution1514(XV),qui insistent de
manièregénéralesur cet aspect,on trouvedesdispositionsexpressescomme
lesprincipes VI1et IX de la résolution1541(XV),quiénoncent catégorique-
mentquela libreassociation ouI'intégration«doitrésulterdudésirlibrement
exprimédespopulations duterritoire ».C'estleprincipe VIc)dela résolution
1541(XV)quireconnaît quel'intégration peut êtreuneméthod deedécoloni-
sation et le principe IX b)oblige à consulter la population pour réaliser
l'autodéterminationpar cettevoie.Demême larésolution2625(XXV)surles
relations amicales revient sur la question pour souligner que lors de la
décolonisation l'aboutissement à un statut politique quelconque doit être
((librement décidépar un peuple ».Ainsi, alors mêmeque l'un des Etats
intéressésrevendique l'intégrationd'un territoire, comme dans la présente

affaire, on ne saurait procédersans s'êtreassuréde la volonté librement
expriméedeshabitants - cequiconstituelesinequa nondetoutedécolonisa-
tion.
Je suis néanmoins d'accord avecles éclaircissementsdonnéspar la Cour
sur certains cas où l'Assembléegénéralen'a pas cru devoir consulter les
habitants d'unterritoire.lenrésulteselonmoiqueleprincipe del'autodéter-
mination n'estécarté que dans la mesure où l'onconsidèrecommeallant de
soilalibreexpression dela volontédela population, encesensque i'onsaitle
résultat acquis d'avance ouque des consultations ont déjàeu lieu sous une
formequelconqueouencorequecertainesparticularitésrendentcetteconsul-
tation superflue. Descirconstances aussiexceptionnellessont possibles;elles
peuvent serencontrer, mais ellesne sont pas présentesdans l'affaireactuelle
au point que l'onpuisseécarterleprincipesalutaire dela déterminationdela
volontélibrementexprimée delapopulation duterritoirequi, consultée,peut,

siellelesouhaite,choisir de s'intégrern'importe lequeldes Etats intéressés
avoisinants.
Je répèteque les cas relevant du paragraphe 6 de la résolution 1514
échappent àcette règle.Detoute façon, commeon l'avu, lesfaits dela cause
ne paraissent pas appeler l'application de cettedisposition particulière.

III

Un autre aspect qui me paraît égalementimportant concerne les obser-
vations formuléespar la Cour au sujet du principe fondamental du consen-
tement à lajuridiction dans lecas où l'onutiliserait la voieconsultativepour
éluderlanécessitédececonsentement.Danslaprésenteaffaire,l'Espagnen'a
pas consentià ceque lesquestionsénoncées dans la résolution3292(XXIX)
soientportéesdevantlaCour. Ellen'avait pasaccepténonpluslaproposition
marocaine de saisir la Cour au contentieux.11incombait donc àla Cour de 82 WESTERN SAHARA (DECL. NAGENDRA SINGH)

Court to clarifythe legalposition resultingfrom the Spanishcontention that
there waslack ofconsent to invoketheCourt'sjurisdiction. Theconclusion is
warranted that although there are two distinct channels of the Court's
jurisdiction, namely advisory and contentious and although "consent of
States, parties to a dispute,is the basis of the Court's jurisdiction in
contentious cases while the situation is different in regard to advisory
proceedings" since the Court's reply is only of an "advisory character" and
given "not to States but to the organ entitled to request" (I.C.JReports
1950, p. 71), there could still be certain circumstances in which lack of
consent of an interested State could render the givingof an advisoryopinion
incompatible with the Court's judicial character. The Court, therefore, has

stated that if a request for an advisory opinion was made in circumstances
which clearly disclosedthat the intention or therpose was to circumvent
the principle of consent a situation would arise in which "the powersof the
Court under the discretion given to it by Article 65, paragraph 1, of the
Statute would afford sufficient legal means to ensure respect for the
fundamental principle of consent tojurisdiction".
No suchbypassing of thissalutary principlehas taken place in thepresent
proceedings because the object of the request for an opinion has been to
obtain from the Court legaldvicewhichtheGeneral Assemblyconsidersof
assistance in the discharge of its functions in relation to the pending
decolonization ofaterritory. Whatisofimportance,therefore, inthiscontext

is the recognition given to the principle of judicial propriety which would
oblige the Court to refuse an opinion on the ground of the existence ofa
"compelling reason" for doing so, if the purpose behind the request for an
opinion was to defeat the principle that a State is not obliged to submit
disputes to judicial settlement without its consent. This also enlightens the
General Assembly in the use of Article 96 of the Charter by asserting that
consent of an interested State still continues to be relevant even in advisory
proceedings, "for the appreciation of the propriety of givingan opinion".

M. AMMOUNV , ice-Président, MM. FORSTERP , ETRÉN,DILLARD, DE

CASTRO j, ges, et M. BONI,juge ad hoc, joignent àl'avis consultatif les
exposésde leur opinion individuelle.

M. RUDA,juge, joint à l'avis consultatif l'exposé de son opinion
dissidente.

(Paraphé)M.L.

(Paraphé)S.A.préciser lasituation en droit, l'Espagne soutenant qu'ylavait absence de
consentement à la juridiction de la Cour. S'il est vrai qu'il y a deux voies
d'accès distinctesla Cour, la voieconsultative et la voiecontentieuse, et que
le consentement des Etats parties à un différend est le fondement de la

juridiction enmatière contentieuse alors qu'il en est autrement en matière
d'avis,puisque l'avisde la Cour n'a qu'unaractèreconsultatif »et qu'il est
donné «non awrEtats, mais àl'organe habilitépour lelui demander »(C.I.J.
Recueil1950,p. 74Qilestjustifiéde conclure quedans certainescirconstances
le défaut de conse&m@ d'un Etat-intéressépourrait rendre le prononcé
d'un avisconsultatif incompatible avec lecaractèrejudiciaire de la Cour. La
Coura donc déclaré qu&une demande d'avis consultatif était faitedans des

circonstances indiquant clairement quel'intention ou lebut étaitdetourner le
principe du consentement, il en résulterait une situation dans laquelle le
« pouvoir discrétionnaire que la ~ou$?ient de l'arti65, paragraphe 1, du
Statut fournirait des moyens juridiques suffisants pour assurer le respect du
principe fondamental du consentement à lajuridiction ».

Ce principe salutaire n'a pas été élén l'espèceattendu que la demande

d'avis visait obtenir de la Cour des conseils juridiques que l'Assemblée
généraleestimaitutiles pour exercer sesfonctions en vue de la décolonisation
prochaine d'un territoire. L'important dans ce contexte est donc d'avoir
reconnu que des considérationsd'opportunitéjudiciaire constitueraient une
raison« décisive» de refuser d'émettreun avis, si lebut de la requêteétaitde
tourner le principe suivant lequel un Etat n'est pas tenu de soumettre ses

différends au règlement judiciaire contre sa volonté. La Cour renseigne
d'autre part l'Assembléegénéralsur l'application de l'art96lde la Charte
en déclarant que le consentement d'un Etat reste pertinent, en matière
consultative,«pour appréciers'ilest opportun de rendre un avis ».

Vice-President AMMOUN,Judges FORSTERP , ETRÉN,DILLARD and DE
CASTRO and Judge ad lzocBONI append separate opinions to the Opinion
of the Court.

Judge RUDA appends a dissenting opinion to the Opinion of the Court.

(Initialled) ML.

(Initialled)S.A.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Nagendra Singh (as appended immediately after the advisory opinion)

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