Dissenting Opinion of Judge Evensen

Document Number
072-19870527-ADV-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
072-19870527-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE EVENSEN

1. In its request of 28 August 1984the Committee on Applications for
Review requested an advisory opinion of the Court on two questions
relating to Judgement No. 333of the United Nations Administrative Tri-

bunal, namely :
"1. In itsJudgement No. 333of 8June 1984(AT/DEC/333), did
the United Nations Administrative Tribunal fail to exercisejurisdic-
tion vested in it by not responding to the question whether a legal
impediment existedtothefurther employment inthe United Nations
of the Applicant after the expiry of his contract on 26 Decem-

ber 1983 ?
2. Did the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, in the same
Judgement No. 333,err on questions of law relating to provisions of
the Charter of the United Nations?"
Article 11,paragraph 1, ofthe Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
provides for the following four grounds of objection, which mayjustify a
request for an advisory opinion of the Court :

(a) the Tribunalhas exceeded itsjurisdiction orcompetence;
(b) theTribunalhas failedto exercisejurisdiction vestedinit ;
(c) the Tribunal has erred on a question of law relating to the provisions
of the United Nations Charter;
(d) the Tribunal has committed a fundamental errorin procedure which
has occasioned a failure ofjustice.

The applicationfor an advisory opinion was filedwithinthe time-limits
provided for in Article 11, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Statute of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal and in Article II of the Rules of
ProcedurefortheCommittee on Applications (doc. A/AC.86/2/Rev.3 of
25 March 1983). No substantial procedural objections exist as to the
Court's competence to comply with the request for an advisory opinion.
The Court has decided to do so in accordance with Article 96 of the
United Nations Charter.

2. The first issue addressed to the Court, whether the Administrative
Tribunal has failed "to exercisejurisdiction vested in itby not responding
tothe question whether alegalimpediment existedtofurther employment
in the United Nations", seemsto contain abstractions which maybecloud 160 APPLICATION FOR REVlEW (DISS. OP.EVENSEN)

the realissue. It seemsto emphasize procedural issuesrather than the sub-
stantiveissuesinvolved. In aprocedural sense,the Tribunal maybesaidto
have exercised itsjurisdiction. The case was pleaded before the Tribunal
and the Tribunal in its Judgement dealt with a host of issues and argu-
ments. One may agree or disagree with the Judgement on the merits. But
the testasto whether therehas been afailure to exercisejurisdiction "must
be the real one of whether the Tribunal addressed its mind tothe matters
on which a plea was based and drew its conclusions therefrom . . ."

(Applicationfor ReviewofJudgement No.158of theUnitedNationsAdmini-
strative Tribunal,I.C.J.Reports 1973,p. 193,para. 56).

The answer to the issue of whether the Tribunal failed to exercise its
jurisdiction in cases of this nature is in whether or not the Tribunal con-
scientiously andjudiciously evaluated the elements offactand lawinsuch
a manner asto use the powers and discretion vested init as a court of law
to reach a decision, both in regard tothe relevant facts andthe law.

In the FaslaAdvisory Opinion of 12July 1973the Court held to this
effect as follows :

"this ground of challenge covers situations where the Tribunal has
either consciously or inadvertentlyomitted to exercisejurisdictional
powers vestedinit and relevant foritsdecision ofthe case orofaparti-
cular material issue in the case" (I.C.J.Reports 1973,p. 189,para. 51,
emphasis added).

And the Court explains this principlein some detail as follows :
"Clearly, inappreciating whether or not the Tribunal has failed to
exercise relevantjurisdictional powers, theCourt must haveregard to
the substance of the matter and not merely to the form." (Ibid.,

pp. 189-190,para. 51,emphasis added.)
This Advisory Opinion also emphasizes that the Court must :

"appreciate in each instance, in the light of al1pertinent elements,
whether the Tribunaldid or did not infactexercise withrespecttothe
case thepowers vested in it and relevantto its decision"(ibid.,p. 190,
para. 51,emphasisadded).

The guidelines appended to this Advisory Opinion in the declaration
formulated by Judges Foster and Nagendra Singh are also relevant in the
present instance. It States:
"In such cases itwould be essentialto consider whether in coming
to itsconclusion theTribunal has remained within the margin ofrea-
sonable appreciation or what may be called a normal reasonable
exercise of discretion in the evaluation of the facts and issues ..."

(Ibid.,p. 218.)
Consequently, the relevant question to be decided in this case is notwhether the United Nations Administrative Tribunal failed to exercise its
jurisdiction; itobviously exercised itsjurisdiction. Thepertinent question
is rather that raised in question2, namely whether in exercising itsjuris-
diction, the Tribunal erred on questions oflawrelating tothe provisions of
the United Nations Charter.
1therefore agree with the findings of the Courton question 1,that the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal did not fail to exercisejurisdic-
tion vested in itby not responding to the question whether a legalimpedi-
ment existed to the further employment in the United Nations of the

Applicant after the expiry of his contract on 26December 1983.

3. The secondquestion addressedto theCourt iswhether the Adminis-
trative Tribunalin itsJudgement No. 333erred "on questions of law rela-
ting to provisions of the Charter of the United Nations". On this issue,
1feel constrained to present a dissenting opinion because 1do not share
the views expressed by the majority of the Court.
4. The main provisions of the United Nations Charter relevant to the
present case are found in Chapter XV of the Charter dealing with the
Secretariat; and especially in Articles 100and 101.
Article 100 provides :

"1. In the performance of their duties the Secretary-General and
the staffshallnotseek orreceiveinstructionsfromanygovernment or
from any other authority external to the Organization. They shall
refrain fromanyaction which might reflect on their position as inter-
national officials responsible only to the Organization.

2. Each Member of the United Nations undertakesto respect the
exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the
Secretary-General and the staff and not to seek to influencethem in
the discharge of their responsibilities."
Article 101provides in paragraphs 1and 3 :

"1. The staff shall be appointed by the Secretary-General under
regulations established by the General Assembly.

3. The paramount consideration in the employment of the staff
and in the determination of the conditions of service shall be the
necessity of securing the highest standards of efficiency, compe-
tence, and integrity. Due regard shall be paid to the importance of
recruiting the staff on as wide a geographical basis as possible."

In these Articles theCharter lays down general principles. These have
been implemented by the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules, as provided 162 APPLICATION FOR REVlEW (DISS.OP.EVENSEN)

for in Article 101,paragraph 1,of the Charter, and also by thejurispru-
dence of the Administrative Tribunal. The formulations contained in
Section IV,paragraph 5, of General Assembly resolution 37/126, which
the Respondent acknowledges to be binding on him, also belong to this
corpus of law.
Therefore, the question is whether the Tribunal, in its Judgement
No. 333,erred in interpreting and applying the relevant parts ofthis body
of law to the facts of the presentopinion.
5. The above principles oftheCharter havebeen reiterated and elabo-
rated in Article IV of the Staff Regulations. Thus, Article IV contains in
Regulation 4.4provisions which seem especially relevant forthe present
case. Itprovides :

"Subject to the provisions of Article 101, paragraph 3, of the
Charter, and without prejudice to the recruitment of fresh talent
at al1levels, thefullest regardshall be had, infilling vacancies,to the
requisite qualzjkationsand experienceofpersons already intheservice

of the UnitedNations." (Emphasisadded.)

Similar provisions are found in the Staff Rules, which contain detailed
rules as to the procedures to be followed in implementing the above-
mentioned provisions of the United Nations Charter and of the Staff
Regulations. Rule 104.14 of these Staff Rules provides, inter alia, in
subparagraph (a) (i): "An Appointment and Promotion Board shall
be established by the Secretary-General to give advice on the appoint-
ment, promotion and review of staff. . ."And according to sub-para-
graph (a) (ii), this Appointment and Promotion Board shall "in filling
vacancies, normallygivepreference,wherequalzj2ations are equal,to staff
membersalreadyintheSecretariat . .."(emphasis added.)
6. Tothe provisions oftheCharter and the Staff Regulations and Rules
must be added General Assembly resolution 37/126, section IV, para-
graph 5, which entails a further implementation of the aforementioned
principle. This paragraph of the resolution reads asfollows :

"5. Decidesthat staff members on fixed-term appointments upon
completion of five years of continuing good service shall be given
everyreasonableconsiderationfor a career appointment."

7. It is an established fact that Mr. Yakimetz had the unqualified
recommendations of his superior. His qualifications were rated excellent

and the need for his continued services and extensive experience as a
United Nations employee was likewise expressed and is part of the
records ofthis case.Thus, in regard to Mr. Yakimetz'sPerformance Eval-
uation Report of 3 November 1983, the Assistant Secretary-General
stated in his letter of 8November 1983(doc.AT/DEC/333, pp. 5-6)in no
uncertain terms that : "1have recently signed yourperformance report which showsthat
the excellent work you performed during the first year with the
Office.. .has been continued tothe fullsatisfaction ofyour ...super-

visors. 1am glad to note that you have fully met Ourexpectation of
continued professionalism, dedication to your task and hard work,
which wasthe basis for yourpromotion. Iconsideryouastaffmember
whosecontribution. ..meetsthehighdemandsofcompetenceandcom-
mitmentwhich are to be expected from a United Nations official. ..
1 find no difficulty in recommending a further extension of your
contract. .? (Emphasis added.)

In his letter of 29 October 1983,Mr. Yakimetz applied for "a further
extension of my contract" of employment or "even better a career
appointment". In reply to his letter, Mr. Yakimetz received on 23Novem-
ber 1983the following, rather peculiar, answer :

"Upon instruction bythe Officeofthe Secretary-General, 1wishto
inform you that it is not the intention of the Organization to extend
your fixed-term appointment beyond its expiration date, Le.,
26 December 1983."(Ann. 36to Applicant's Statement of Facts and
Argument.)

The letter seems extraordinary for several reasons. In form, its brevityis
excessive.Here, it should be borne in mind that Mr. Yakimetz had served
with distinction as a staff member ofthe United Nations for severalyears,
first in the period 1969-1977as a Reviser and then for a five-year term
from December 1977 to December 1982, extended with one year to
26December 1983,asa Reviserand subsequently as a Programme Officer
inthe Department of International Economic and Social Affairs.

In substance the letter offers no reasons for the refusal to consider an
extension of Mr.Yakimetz'semploymentcontract. There were no indica-
tions in the letter that his request for a career appointment had been
referred to the Appointment and Promotion Board established by the
Secretary-General "to give advice on the appointment, promotion and
review of staff in the General Service and Professional categories .. ."
(Staff Rule 104.14(a)(i)). Indeed it was not even acknowledged that his
request for acareer appointmenthad been registered, let alone been dealt
with. No reference was made as to whether the governing provision of
section IV,paragraph 5, of the General Assembly resolution 37/126 had
beencomplied with. Furthermore, no indications weregiventhat due con-
sideration had been given to Staff Rule 104.14(a) (ii), andto Article IV,
Regulation 4.4,of the Staff Regulations, which reads :

"the fullest regard shall be had, in filling vacancies, to the requisite 165 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.EVENSEN)

director-generalto full in with the wishes of every one of them."
(Emphasis added.)

9. 1shall now revert tothe central question whether the Applicant was
given "every reasonable consideration for a career appointment" as pro-
vided for inGeneral Assemblyresolution 37/126, section IV,paragraph 5.
Anadditional question is :how shallthe Secretary-Generalproperly exer-
cisehis discretionary powers in this respect and what specific procedures
recommend themselves in this regard?

As observed above, the Secretary-General of the United Nations exer-
cisesand must necessarily exerciseadiscretionarypower inrecruiting and
retaining staff members. But his discretion must be exercised within cer-
tain bounds and accepted guidelines,both of a general nature and more
specifically as provided forin regard to staff appointments.

The principal provisions governing the Secretary-General's compe-
tence to appoint the United Nations staff are contained in Article 101,
paragraph 1,ofthe United Nations Charter. "The staff shallbeappointed
by the Secretary-General under regulations establishedby the General
Assembly." (Emphasis added.) It follows that his discretionary power is
subject to regulations established by the General Assembly. These ques-
tions were discussed at the preparatory phases of the drafting of the

Charter.
In theCommentaryon the Charter ofthe United Nations by Goodrich,
Hambro and Simons (3rd. and rev. edn., p. 601) it is noted that in the
drafting of the Charter a proposa1 to share the Secretary-General's
authority in this respect withgovernmentswasnot accepted :

"During thediscussionsconcerningtheorganizationoftheSecretar-
iat inthe Administrativeand BudgetaryCommittee ...aproposa1was
submitted under whichappointments ofofficiaisof the Secretariat
wouldrequirethe concurrence ofthegovernmentsofthecandidatescon-
cerned.In support of this proposal, it was argued that governments
were in the best position to assess the qualifications of candidates,
that persons appointedshould command the confidence oftheir gov-
ernments, and that once appointed their exclusively international
responsibilitieswould be respected. The viewprevailed thatthe sug-
gested procedure would impinge on the exclusive responsibility of
the Secretary-General under Article 101 ."(Emphasis added.)

10. It follows from Article 101,paragraph 1, of the Charter that not
only has the Secretary-Generalbeen imbued with the power to appoint
the United Nations staff, but the Secretary-General must exercisehis
discretionary power. He cannot abide by orbe unduly influenced by the orders or wishes of governments,organizations or other external forces.
Secondly,and especiallyimportant, isthatthe Secretary-General's discre-
tionary power isnotsynonymouswithunlimitedorabsolutepowers.Under
general principles of law,this discretionarypower has to be exercised in
accordance with accepted governing procedures.
On the other hand, it is clearunder Staff Rule 104.12(b)that a fixed-
term appointment does not cany any legal expectancy of renewal or con-
version to a career appointment. Consequently, the discretionary power

ofthe Secretary-General is ofmajor importance forthe appointment and
composition of the Secretariat. It is equally clear that, in exercising his
discretionary power, the Secretary-General must apply certain estab-
lished standards and norms.

Reference may here be made to the basic requirements and standards
expressed in Judgement No. 54 of the Administrative Tribunal in the
Mauchcase. The Tribunal stated (p. 272,para. 5) :
"While the measure of power here was intended to be left com-

pletely within the discretion of the Secretary-General, this would not
authorizeanarbitraryorcapricious exerciseofthepoweroftermination,
nor theassignment ofspeciousor untmthfulreasonsfor the action
taken,suchas wouldconnotea lackofgoodfaith or due consideration
for therightsofthe staffmemberinvolved."(Emphasis added.)
Such an abuse of discretionarypower might result in a wilful or negligent
denial ofjustice not consonant with the exercise of such powers.

11. Concrete provisions in regard to the exercise of the Secretary-

General's discretionarypower in regard to staff appointments have been
spelt out in General Assemblyresolution 37/126, inthe Staff Regulations,
Article VI, Regulations 4.2 and 4.4,and in Staff Rule 104.4.

General Assembly resolution 37/126 provides in section IV, para-
graph 5:
"staff members on fixed-term appointments upon completion of
five years of continuing good service shallbegivenevery reasonable
considerationfora careerappointment" (emphasis added).

Section IV,paragraph 4,ofthe resolution provides thatthe organizations :

"should establish theirneeds forpermanent and fixed-term staffon a
continuing basis in conjunction with the human resources planning
process.. ."

In addition to General Assembly resolution 37/126, the rather firm

commitments made in the Staff Regulations, Article IV, Regulation 4.4, 167 APPLICATION FOR REVlEW (DISS.OP. EVENSEN)

and inthe StaffRules, Rule 104.14,would make ithighlyirregularto disre-
gard the Applicant for a career appointment. However, in view inter alia
of the correspondence that passed between the Secretary-General and
Mr. Yakimetz, 1feel compelled to assume that everyreasonable considera-
rionfor acareerappointmentwasnotgiven totheApplicantaccording tothe
terms and spirit of General Assemblyresolution 37/126.

12. In the letterof 13December 1983tothe Secretary-General (Ann. 39
to the Applicant's Statement of Facts and Argument), Mr. Yakimetz's
counsel refers to General Assembly resolution 37/126 (sec. IV, para. 5),
Staff Regulation 4.4,and Staff Rule 104.14,as wellasto Article 101,para-
graph 3, of the United Nations Charter.Inthat letter it is correctly main-
tained that Mr.Yakimetz'sapplicationfor an extension ofemployment or
a new career appointment should be given "every reasonable considera-
tion"; furthermore,that extraneous factorscould not be used to deny him
such "fair and reasonable consideration".

The reply letter of 21 December 1983,signed by Mr. Nègre ofthe
Secretariat on behalf of the Secretary-General (Ann. 40 to Applicant's
Statement of Facts and Argument), reveals that "every reasonable con-

sideration" was not given to Mr. Yakimetz's application because of
serious flaws in the underlying legal reasoning. This letter, on the con-
tras., gives unequivocal expression to the erroneous assumption that
Mr. Yakimetz could not benefit from the principle of "every reasonable
consideration" for continued employment because his situation was:
"not similar to that of 'most staff members' with comparable service
records, because your present contract was concluded on the basis of
secondment from yournational civilservice" (ibid.).

In passing, it may be mentioned that even the factual assertions here
quoted seem to be incorrect or at least tendentious. Furthermore,
Mr. Nègre's letter seems to assume that because of this original second-
ment, it would follow that a staff member, who initially worked in the
Secretariat on a secondment basis, should be barred from obtaining a
career contract "without the involvement of al1 the parties originally

involved". This seems to imply that a career appointment in such cases
would inherently be a kind of secondment contract in disguise. The fact
that a secondment contract "does not carry any expectancyof renewal or
of conversion to another type of appointment" is not intended to bar a
possible renewal thereof or a conversion to a career appointment. On the
contrary, this formulation envisages the possibility of renewal or conver-
sion when it is reasonable and expedientinthe concrete case.

An assumption to the effect that a career appointment would not be
possible unless such appointment was seconded, or at least met with the
approval ofthe previously seconding State, entails an error of lawrelating 168 APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW (DISS.OP. EVENSEN)

to provisions of the United Nations Charter. Nor would it serve the
best interests of the United Nations Organization, the Secretariat or its
individual members. Further somewhat bizarre developments seem to
confirm the impression thatMr. Yakimetz'sapplication wasnot givendue
consideration.
13. Thus, on 28 February 1983the Applicant received "a memoran-
dum" from Mr. Sadry, Director of the Division of Personnel Administra-
tion, informing him that Mr. Sadry had :

"been requested to communicate to you the decision by the Secre-
tary-General to place you on special leave with full pay, effective
1March 1983and until further notice" (Ann. 26to Applicant's State-
ment of Facts and Argument).

This unusual step was couched in harsh language. It took immediate
effect and it was for an indefinite period of time. Even more remarkable
is the fact that no reasons were given for this unusual step. Staff
Rule 105.2 (a)on Special Leave was quoted, but no explanations were
given as to why this provision was invoked. In this context, it should be
noted that in addition to special leave "for advanced study or research in

the interest of the United Nations, in cases of extended illness", special
leave can also be given "for other important reasons". It seemsto follow
fromthe drafting of the provisions of Staff Rule 105.2thatthese reasons
must be spelt out, especially when no request for special leave has been
made. The duration ofthisinvoluntaryleaveof absence wasalsoleftinthe
air, viz.,"until further notice".

When such extraordinary measures were summarily taken against a
respected staffmember, itseemsto followfromordinary decency and the
verynature ofthings that fulland detailed reasons shouldhave been given
for such steps.
In my respectful opinion, the Secretary-General should, in conformity
withprinciples ofjustice and equity,alsohave stipulated atime-limitfor a
reply of the Applicant and should not have enforced the measures until

such time-limit had expired and the Applicant had had theopportunity to
respond, to protest or to request negotiations in regard to this sudden and
unexpected curtailment of his employment prospects.
In my opinion, the Secretariat did not follow a reasonable procedure
when placing the Applicant on an involuntary and indefinite leave of
absence. Certain minimum procedural standards should have been com-
plied with in the exercise of such discretionary power.
Certain statements inJudgement No. 333ofthe Administrative Tribu-
nal seempertinent in thiscontext. On page 18,paragraph XX,the Judge-
ment states:

"The Tribunal would however express its dissatisfac wtihothe
failure of the Respondent to record sufficiently early and in specific 169 APPLICATION FOR REVlEW (DISS.OP. EVENSEN)

terms the factthat hehad giventhe question of the Applicant's career
appointment 'every reasonable consideration' as enjoined by the
General Assemblyresolution. However,thisomissiononthepart ofthe
Respondent has notcausedany discernible injuryto the Applicant ..."
(Emphasisadded.)

The statement that such omission on the part of the defendant has not
caused any discernible injury seems surprising in light of the fact that
Mr. Yakimetz'sappointment wasnot renewed and hisrequest for acareer
appointment passed over in silence.
14. One question that arises is how the proper exercise ofthe discre-
tionary power by the Secretary-General is to.be implemented in the
absence in the Staff Regulations of any specified procedure, and without
an indication of the process by which the decision of the Secretary-

General has been arrived at, and the reasons therefor. Neither the Staff
Regulations northe Staff Rules contain provisions asto the procedure to
follow. Nevertheless, the Secretary-General is not entitled to act without
due process.
In my opinion, the absolute lack of formality in the decision-making
procedure inthe Yakirnetzcase,aswellasthe lackof reasons which would
substantiatethe operative conclusions of the decision, border on a denial
of justice. Thus, in connection with the question of the exercise of the
Secretary-General's discretionary power, serious abuse of this discre-
tionary power may have been committed when, in a memorandum of
11March 1983bythe Secretary-General's office,the Applicant wasprohi-
bited from enteringthepremisesof the UnitedNations "untilfurther notice"
(Ann. 29 to Applicant's Statement of Facts and Argument). No reasons
were giventherefor. Furthermore,according to the available information,
Mr. Yakimetz wasalso prohibited from visitingthe United Nations cafe-

teria.Yet,itshould beborneinmind that Mr. Yakimetz still had avalidcon-
tractof employment.The legal basis for these steps was and istenuous. No
factual or legal grounds were given for this extraordinary decision other
than the unrevealing statementthat :
"at thisjuncture and pending further review,it is in the best interest

of the Organization that you do not enter the premises of the
United Nations" (Ann. 30 of Applicant's Statement of Facts and
Argument).

But what about the justified interests of the Applicant? Such an excep-
tional ban must have been been felt by Mr. Yakimetz - and regarded by
others in the staff and elsewhere- as demeaning.

15. It followsfrombasic principlesofjustice and reasonablebehaviour
in dealings with the members of the Secretariat that adequate reasons
should have been given in writing to Mr. Yakimetz, spelling out why he
was not accorded a careerappointment.
Asa matter offact,the Applicantdid not receivean answerto his appli-cation for a career appointment, and has not up to this day received any
communication in response to it.
The above chain of unusual events seems to me to indicate that
Mr. Yakimetz's application for a career appointment did not receive the
reasonable consideration required under General Assembly resolu-

tion 37/126. It is furthermore unlikely that due regard was paid to the
provisions ofArticle IV,Regulations 4.2and 4.4,ofthe Staff Regulations,
and to Staff Rule 104.14. Furtherdevelopments seemto confirm this con-
clusion.
Although he wasrefused permission to workin his established officein
the Headquarters building for unspecified reasons, later Mr. Yakimetz
was allowed to work in quarters across the Street,in the Chrysler Building
and then in the Burroughs Building. When the new CD-2 Building was
opened, hewaspermitted to rejoin hissection and serveout his contract in
that building.
The Court does not possess adequate information about the under-
lying reasons for these steps. But at least they also seem to throw a rather
revealing light on the question whether the Applicant was given "every
reasonable consideration for a career appointment" according to
General Assembly resolution 37/126. Whatever the underlying reasons

may have been, they cannot have been lack of qualifications for the job
or lack of persona1 integrity as Mr. Yakimetz was promoted to P-5
on 29 June 1983,obviously in recognition of his qualifications and his
dedication to his work in the service of the Organization.

1feelcompelled to deduce alsofrom these occurrences that "every rea-
sonable consideration for a career appointment" was hardly accorded to
the Applicant.
16. In rounding offthe examination ofwhat shouldbe the standardfor
the exercise of his discretionarypower conferred upon an administrative
officer,mention may be made of the following additional elements :the
requirement laid down in the United Nations Charter, Article 100,to the
effectthat neither the Secretary-General nor hisstaffshall "seekor receive
instructions from any government or from any authority external to the
Organization" mustbecomplied with.Article 101,paragraph 3,must like-
wise be borne in mind, stipulating that the Secretary-General must pro-

vide for a staff with "the highest standards of efficiency,cornpetence, and
integrity";furthermore, thatthe Secretary-Generalmust pay attention to
"the importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a geographical basis as
possible".
Mention should also be made of the following elements :

(a) the obligation to act in good faith and with reasonable regard for
accepted standards of reasonable behaviour;
(b) the obligation to take into reasonable consideration the rights and
obligations of the staff in general and the staff member involved in
particular; (c)in applying the standard of reasonable consideration, the possibility
of a career appointmentshould obviously have been evaluated, and a
reasoned reaction to Mr. Yakimetz should have been given without

undue delay.
17. In dealing with the question whether the United Nations Adminis-
trative Tribunalin Judgement No. 333"erred on questions oflaw relating
to provisions ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations", the legalnature ofthe
concept of secondment must briefly be touched upon.
The application and legalconsequences oftherather elusiveconcept of
secondment must be undertaken in the light of the principles briefly
examined above. Thus, Article 100 of the United Nations Charter
provides that in the exercise of their duties, the members of the
United Nations Secretariat "shall not seek or receive instructions from

any government or from any other authority external to the Organiza-
tion". The staff members shall furthermore "refrain from any action
which might reflect on their position as internationalofficials responsible
only to the Organization". These basic obligations arefurther elaborated
in Article 1of the Staff Regulations.
18. Neither the United Nations Charter nor the Staff Regulations and
Staff Rules contain provisions on secondment. On the contrary, the very
principle of secondment may raise certain questions in regard to Arti-
cle 100ofthe United Nations Charter and to the above-mentioned provi-
sions of the Staff Regulations.
One conclusion to be drawn from these provisions isthat, if aseconded
person later applies for a renewal of his appointment and especially a
career appointment, hisearliersecondmentappointmentshould inprinciple
not act as a legalimpediment against such renewal orcareerappointment.
It may be in the interest of the Organization to secure for its Secretariat
staff members who have demonstrated their qualifications and have

acquired valuable experience as previously seconded appointees.

In itsJudgement No. 333the Administrative Tribunal stated that :
"IV. In his letter of 21December 1983addressed tothe Applicant,
the Respondent concluded, that, sincethe involvement of al1parties
concerned wasnecessary for the renewal ofthe Applicant's appoint-
ment, such renewal was impossible in the circumstances."

This statement of the Tribunal is a simplification so severe as to make
it untenable. The possibility of a career appointment, independent of
secondment, seemsto have been neglected or disregarded bythe Admini-
strative Tribunal. Secondment may be a useful tool inasmuch as a person
seconded by his Government may be presumed to have the persona1and
professional qualifications for the appointment in question. Career-
appointees will, ofcourse,also frequently have some officia1recommen-
dations short of officia1secondment. 172 APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. EVENSEN)

In Mr. Yakimetz's Application for Review of the Administrative
Tribunal Judgement No. 333 (doc. A/AC.86/R.117, p. 5, para. 9) one
problem of secondment was succinctlysummed up as follows :

"did the Respondent err in his beliefthat having once servedunder a
contract labelled 'secondment', the Applicant was thereby perma-
nently disabled from further United Nations service under anyother
form of contract or appointment".

In my opinion, this is a basic issue in the case which the Administrative
Tribunal seems to have obscured.
One essential aspect of thisissuewas dealt with by Judge ~inold Kean
in his dissenting opinion asfollows(Judgement No. 333,p. 23,para. 10) :

"there was in the circumstances no possibility, and no desire on the
part ofthe Government or ofthe ~~plicant, that he should rejoin the
service of that Government, from which he had recently resigned.
The only effect, therefore, of a supposed preclusive agreement
(expressed or implied) would have been to prevent the Applicant
from being employed, then or at any future time, by the United
Nations, however valuable or necessaryhisservicesmight be. It can-
not be believed that the Respondent would ever have been a party
to so unreasonable an agreement, bearing in mind the provision
of Article 101.3 ofthe Charter. ..that 'theparamountconsideration
in the employment of the staff. ..shall be the necessity of securing
the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity'.

(Emphasis added.)"

19. Myconclusions on thisbrief examination ofthe concept of second-
ment are the following:

There may exist an inherent conflict between the provisions in Arti-
cle 100of the United Nations Charter onthe independence and integrity
of the Secretariat and the practice of secondment if the principle ofsec-
ondment is too rigidly applied. At least in cases of career appointments,
lack of secondment cannot constitute a legal impediment for further
employmentinthe United Nations. In myopinion, itmust also beopento
a staffmember,whose appointment isbased ona contract ofsecondment,
to applyfora new stint in the Secretariat onthe basis of a career contract.

In view of the foregoing, 1find that the Administrative Tribunal in its
Judgement No. 333 of 8June 1984erred on questions of law relating to
provisions ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations. Tterred in acquiescing in
the Secretary-General's apparent failure to apply regulations binding
upon him under Article 101,paragraph 1,of the Charter. It erred in not
finding that the administrativemeasures taken against Mr.Yakimetzwere
inconsistent with Article 100 of the Charter. And it erred under Arti-cle 101,paragraph 3, of the Charter in treating government consent to
Secretariat appointments as aparamount consideration.

Since1disagree withthe Advisory Opinion inregard to question 2,1am
constrained to filethis dissenting opinion.

20. In concluding, may 1add some observations on an issue relating
both to question 1 and question 2, namely what are the legal conse-
quences, if any, of the fact that Mr. Yakimetz changed his permanent
residence and opted for United States' nationality.
Judge Ustor stressed in his opinion in Judgement No. 333 of the Ad-
ministrative Tribunal (p. 19)that:

"the Applicant was . . .not eligible for consideration for a career
appointment. In any event, the Applicant, in view of the circum-
stances in which he elected to break histies with his country, 'could
no longer claimto fulfilthe conditions governingemploymentin the
United Nations' and could not expect that any consideration would
lead to his career employment."

This statement seems too absolute to be tenable. In the foregoing, 1have
examined the requirement laid down in General Assembly resolu-
tion 37/126 that "every reasonable consideration shall be given to a staff
member's application fora career appointment".
In his statement, Judge Ustor seems to turn this principle upsidedown
in actually claiming that no consideration whatever shouldbe given to a
"Yakimetz category" applicationfora career appointment. 1am likewise
concerned that Judge Ustor's absolutism comes very close to infringing
upon the principles underlying Article 100 ofthe Charter of the United
Nations concerning the independence and integrity of staff members,
and also close to infringing upon basic principles of law spelt out in

the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948,
interalia, the principles laid down in Articles 13and 15thereof to the
effect that: "Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his
own, and return to his country" (Art. 13,para. 2), and the provisions of
Article 15,paragraph 2,that :"No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his
nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality."
Of course, a change in nationality may create certain complications,
both inview oftheneed and effectsofsecondment and ofthe provisions in
the United Nations Charter, Article 101,paragraph 3, to the effect that:
"Due regard shall be paid to the importance of recruiting the staff on as
wide a geographical basis as possible."
But the "paramount consideration", expressed in Article 101, para-
graph 3, of the Charter, refers to "the necessity of securing the highest
standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity" in appointing staffmembers. These qualifications Mr. Yakimetz undoubtedlypossessed. It
maybe said that the Applicant upheld hisloyaltiesto the United Nations
Organization in spite of certain pressures and adversities.In myopinion,
the question of breaking ties with a government is a two-way street.
Possibly,a government may break its ties with a citizenin various ways.
Should this situation have an absolute impact on his chances of a career
appointment? In my opinion,the answer must be in the negative.

Towhatextentmere changeor fesidenceshouldhaveadverseeffectsseems
even lessobvious.The fact that a person servesfor a great number of his
adult years in a country or citywherethat organ ofthe United Nations is
situated, might often make it natural for a staff member to establish his
residencethere. Hypersensitivityfrom thenationalgovernmen intsuchcases
shouldnot beencouraged. In such cases,afirstsecondmentshouldbe suffi-
cient for the continued service of such staff member and if difficulties
arise, a career appointment might ease the situation. The Staff Rules do
not preclude changes of residential status.

In its Judgement No. 326 (p. 8, para. VII), the Fischmancase, the
Administrative Tribunal entertained a somewhat different viewin refer-
ringto an Information Circularof 19January 1954to the followingeffect :

"The decision of a staff member to remain on or acquire perma-
nent residence status in... [the]country [oftheir duty station]in no
way represents an interest of the United Nations. On the contrary,
this decisionmayadverselyaffectthe interestsofthe United Nations
in the case of internationally recruited staff members in theProfes-
sional category ..."

This formulation seemsto me much too categorical. Such restrictions on
the essential freedom of highly qualified professional persons may, for
many reasons, adverselyaffectthe interests ofthe United Nations in pre-
ventingthe Organization from obtaining qualified personnel or in losing
seasoned personnel whohaveworked withthe United Nations Organiza-
tion foralongtime,and havethus acquired invaluableexpertiseinand for
the United Nations.
These views,applied to the present case, indicate that Mr. Yakimetz's
establishment of permanent residency in New York and his application
for United Statescitizenshipcould not be regarded asabar to hisapplica-
tion for a career appointment.

(Signed)Jens EVENSEN.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE EVENSEN

1. In its request of 28 August 1984the Committee on Applications for
Review requested an advisory opinion of the Court on two questions
relating to Judgement No. 333of the United Nations Administrative Tri-

bunal, namely :
"1. In itsJudgement No. 333of 8June 1984(AT/DEC/333), did
the United Nations Administrative Tribunal fail to exercisejurisdic-
tion vested in it by not responding to the question whether a legal
impediment existedtothefurther employment inthe United Nations
of the Applicant after the expiry of his contract on 26 Decem-

ber 1983 ?
2. Did the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, in the same
Judgement No. 333,err on questions of law relating to provisions of
the Charter of the United Nations?"
Article 11,paragraph 1, ofthe Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
provides for the following four grounds of objection, which mayjustify a
request for an advisory opinion of the Court :

(a) the Tribunalhas exceeded itsjurisdiction orcompetence;
(b) theTribunalhas failedto exercisejurisdiction vestedinit ;
(c) the Tribunal has erred on a question of law relating to the provisions
of the United Nations Charter;
(d) the Tribunal has committed a fundamental errorin procedure which
has occasioned a failure ofjustice.

The applicationfor an advisory opinion was filedwithinthe time-limits
provided for in Article 11, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Statute of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal and in Article II of the Rules of
ProcedurefortheCommittee on Applications (doc. A/AC.86/2/Rev.3 of
25 March 1983). No substantial procedural objections exist as to the
Court's competence to comply with the request for an advisory opinion.
The Court has decided to do so in accordance with Article 96 of the
United Nations Charter.

2. The first issue addressed to the Court, whether the Administrative
Tribunal has failed "to exercisejurisdiction vested in itby not responding
tothe question whether alegalimpediment existedtofurther employment
in the United Nations", seemsto contain abstractions which maybecloud OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. EVENSEN

[Traduction]

1. Dans sa requêtedu 28 août 1984,le Comité desdemandes de réfor-
mation a prié laCour de donner un avis consultatif sur deux questions
relatives aujugement no333du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies
qui sont libelléescommesuit:

1) Dans sonjugement no333,du 8juin 1984(AT/DEC/333), le
Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies a-t-ilmanqué d'exercer sa
juridiction en ne répondantpasàla question de savoir s'ilexistait un
obstaclejuridique au renouvellement de l'engagement du requérant
àl'organisation desNations Unies aprèslavenue àexpiration deson
contrat le 26décembre1983?

2) LeTribunal administratif des Nations Unies, dans lemêmeju-
gement no333,a-t-ilcommisune erreur dedroit concernant lesdispo-
sitions de la Charte des Nations Unies?
L'article 11,paragraphe 1,du statut du Tribunal administratif prévoit
quatre motifs de contestation permettant de présenter la Cour une re-

quêtepour avis consultatif:
a) leTribunala outrepassésajuridiction ou sacompétence;
b) leTribunaln'a pas exercésajuridiction;
c) leTribunala commisune erreur de droitconcernant lesdispositions de
la Charte des Nations Unies;
d) le Tribunal a commis, dans la procédure,une erreur essentielle qui a

provoquéun mal-jugé.
La demande d'avis consultatif a étéenregistréeans les délaisprévus
l'article 11,paragraphes 1 et 2, du statut du Tribunal administratià et
l'article II du règlementintérieurdu Comité desdemandes de réforma-
tion (doc. A/AC.86/2/Rev.3 du 25mars 1983).La compétencede la Cour

pour donner suite àla demande d'avisne se heurtait àaucun grave obs-
tacle de procédureet la Cour a décidéd'y donner suite conformément à
l'article 96de la Charte des Nations Unies.

2. La première question poséeà laCour,qui estde savoirsile Tribunal
administratif amanqué ((d'exercersajuridiction enne répondantpas à la
question de savoir s'ilexistait un obstaclejuridique au renouvellement de
l'engagement du requérant à l'organisation des Nations Unie», semble 160 APPLICATION FOR REVlEW (DISS. OP.EVENSEN)

the realissue. It seemsto emphasize procedural issuesrather than the sub-
stantiveissuesinvolved. In aprocedural sense,the Tribunal maybesaidto
have exercised itsjurisdiction. The case was pleaded before the Tribunal
and the Tribunal in its Judgement dealt with a host of issues and argu-
ments. One may agree or disagree with the Judgement on the merits. But
the testasto whether therehas been afailure to exercisejurisdiction "must
be the real one of whether the Tribunal addressed its mind tothe matters
on which a plea was based and drew its conclusions therefrom . . ."

(Applicationfor ReviewofJudgement No.158of theUnitedNationsAdmini-
strative Tribunal,I.C.J.Reports 1973,p. 193,para. 56).

The answer to the issue of whether the Tribunal failed to exercise its
jurisdiction in cases of this nature is in whether or not the Tribunal con-
scientiously andjudiciously evaluated the elements offactand lawinsuch
a manner asto use the powers and discretion vested init as a court of law
to reach a decision, both in regard tothe relevant facts andthe law.

In the FaslaAdvisory Opinion of 12July 1973the Court held to this
effect as follows :

"this ground of challenge covers situations where the Tribunal has
either consciously or inadvertentlyomitted to exercisejurisdictional
powers vestedinit and relevant foritsdecision ofthe case orofaparti-
cular material issue in the case" (I.C.J.Reports 1973,p. 189,para. 51,
emphasis added).

And the Court explains this principlein some detail as follows :
"Clearly, inappreciating whether or not the Tribunal has failed to
exercise relevantjurisdictional powers, theCourt must haveregard to
the substance of the matter and not merely to the form." (Ibid.,

pp. 189-190,para. 51,emphasis added.)
This Advisory Opinion also emphasizes that the Court must :

"appreciate in each instance, in the light of al1pertinent elements,
whether the Tribunaldid or did not infactexercise withrespecttothe
case thepowers vested in it and relevantto its decision"(ibid.,p. 190,
para. 51,emphasisadded).

The guidelines appended to this Advisory Opinion in the declaration
formulated by Judges Foster and Nagendra Singh are also relevant in the
present instance. It States:
"In such cases itwould be essentialto consider whether in coming
to itsconclusion theTribunal has remained within the margin ofrea-
sonable appreciation or what may be called a normal reasonable
exercise of discretion in the evaluation of the facts and issues ..."

(Ibid.,p. 218.)
Consequently, the relevant question to be decided in this case is notcomporter desélémentsabstraitsquirisquent demasquer levéritablepro-
blème. Ellesembleinsister sur les aspects de procédure plus que sur les
questions de fond. Du point de vue de la procédure, on peut dire que le
Tribunal a exercésajuridiction. L'affaire a étéplaidée devanlteTribunal
etcelui-cia examinédans sonjugement ungrand nombre de problèmeset
d'arguments. Sur le fond, on peut approuver lejugement ou ne pas l'ap-
prouver. Mais pour savoir s'il y a eu non-exercice de la juridiction «on

doit appliquer ce qui est le vrai critère et déterminersi le Tribunal a fait
porter sa réflexionsur les bases de la demande et en a tiré ses propres
conclusions ..» (Demandede réformationdujugement no158du Tribunal
administratifdesNations Unies,C.I.J.Recueil 1973,p. 193,par. 56.)
Répondre àla question de savoir si le Tribunal a manqué d'exercer sa
juridiction dans des affaires de cettenature revientà dire sioui ou non le
Tribunal a consciencieusement etjudicieusement évalué lesélémentsde
fait et de droit de façonà exercersespouvoirs et notamment le pouvoir
discrétionnairedont iljouit entantquetribunalpour parvenir à une déci-
sion,en fait comme en droit.
C'est dans ce sens que la Cour s'est prononcéedans l'avis consultatif
qu'ellea donnéle 12juillet 1973 à propos de l'affaire Fasla:

«ce motif de contestation ne visedonc que les cas où, soitsciemment
soitparinadvertance,leTribunal n'apas exercé lespouvoirsjuridiction-
nelsqu'ildétientetquiluipermettent de statuer à l'égardd'une affaire
ou d'un élémenitmportant d'une affaire »(C.I.J. Recueil1973,p. 189,
par. 51;les italiquessont de moi).

La Cour explicite ce principe de la façon suivante :
((11est clair que,pour déterminersi le Tribunal a exercédes pou-
voirsjuridictionnels applicablesen l'espèce, laCourdoittenircompte

de la substance et pas seulement de la forme.» (Ibid., p. 189-190,
par. 51;les italiquessont de moi.)
Dans cet avis consultatif,la Cour souligneaussi qu'ellea l'obligation

((d'apprécierdans chaque cas,comptetenu de tous lesélémentsper-
tinents, si le Tribunal a utiliséen l'affairespouvoirsjuridictionnels
qu'ilpossédaie ttquiluipermettaientdestatuer» (ibid., p. 190,par. 51;
les italiquessont de moi).

La déclaration de MM. Foster et Nagendra Singh jointe à cet avis
consultatif contient des indications qui sont également pertinentes en
l'espèce. Il est dit:
«Mais il faudrait alors se demander si,pour parvenir à sa conclu-
sion, le Tribunal n'est pas sorti d'une marge d'appréciation raison-

nable et de ce qu'on pourrait appeler une évaluation normale des
faits de la cause.»(Ibid.,p. 218.)

Par conséquent, lavraie question àtrancher n'est pas de savoir si le Tri-whether the United Nations Administrative Tribunal failed to exercise its
jurisdiction; itobviously exercised itsjurisdiction. Thepertinent question
is rather that raised in question2, namely whether in exercising itsjuris-
diction, the Tribunal erred on questions oflawrelating tothe provisions of
the United Nations Charter.
1therefore agree with the findings of the Courton question 1,that the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal did not fail to exercisejurisdic-
tion vested in itby not responding to the question whether a legalimpedi-
ment existed to the further employment in the United Nations of the

Applicant after the expiry of his contract on 26December 1983.

3. The secondquestion addressedto theCourt iswhether the Adminis-
trative Tribunalin itsJudgement No. 333erred "on questions of law rela-
ting to provisions of the Charter of the United Nations". On this issue,
1feel constrained to present a dissenting opinion because 1do not share
the views expressed by the majority of the Court.
4. The main provisions of the United Nations Charter relevant to the
present case are found in Chapter XV of the Charter dealing with the
Secretariat; and especially in Articles 100and 101.
Article 100 provides :

"1. In the performance of their duties the Secretary-General and
the staffshallnotseek orreceiveinstructionsfromanygovernment or
from any other authority external to the Organization. They shall
refrain fromanyaction which might reflect on their position as inter-
national officials responsible only to the Organization.

2. Each Member of the United Nations undertakesto respect the
exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the
Secretary-General and the staff and not to seek to influencethem in
the discharge of their responsibilities."
Article 101provides in paragraphs 1and 3 :

"1. The staff shall be appointed by the Secretary-General under
regulations established by the General Assembly.

3. The paramount consideration in the employment of the staff
and in the determination of the conditions of service shall be the
necessity of securing the highest standards of efficiency, compe-
tence, and integrity. Due regard shall be paid to the importance of
recruiting the staff on as wide a geographical basis as possible."

In these Articles theCharter lays down general principles. These have
been implemented by the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules, as providedbunal administratif a manquéd'exercer sajuridiction; il est évidentqu'il
l'aexercée.Le vrai problème est celui qui est soulevédansla question 2 :
en exerçant sajuridiction, le Tribunal a-t-il commis une erreur de droit
concernant les dispositions de laCharte des Nations Unies?

Je partage donc lesconclusions dela Cour surla question 1àsavoirque
leTribunal n'apas manquéd'exercersajuridiction en ne répondantpas à

la question de savoir s'ilexistait un obstaclejuridique au renouvellement
de l'engagementdu requérant àl'organisation desNations Unies aprèsla
venue àexpiration de son contrat le 26décembre1983.

3. La seconde question posée à la Cour est de savoir sile Tribunalad-
ministratif, dans son jugement no 333, a «commis une erreur de droit
concernant lesdispositions delaCharte desNations Unies».Surcepoint,
je me vois contraint de présenterune opinion dissidente carje ne partage

pas les vues expriméespar la majoritédesmembres de laCour.
4. Lesprincipales dispositions delaCharte desNations Unies quisont
pertinentes enl'espècefigurent au chapitreXVde laCharte etconcernent
le Secrétariat;ce sont en particulier lesarticles 100et 101.
L'article 100est ainsi libellé

«1. Dans l'accomplissementdeleursdevoirs, leSecrétairegénéral
et le personnel ne solliciteront ni n'accepteront d'instructions
d'aucun gouvernement ni d'aucune autorité extérieure àl'organisa-
tion. Ils s'abstiendront de tout acte incompatible avec leur situation
de fonctionnaires internationaux et ne sont responsables qu'envers
l'organisation.
2. Chaque Membre de l'Organisation s'engage à respecter le
caractère exclusivement international des fonctions du Secrétaire
général etdu personnel et à ne pas chercher à les influencer dans
l'exécutionde leurtâche. »

L'article 101dispose ce qui suit dans ses paragraphes 1et :

«1. Le personnel est nommépar le Secrétaire général conformé-
ment aux règles fixéespar l'Assembléegénérale. »

«3. Laconsidérationdominante dans lerecrutement et la fixation
desconditions d'emploi du personnel doit êtrela nécessitéd'assurer
à l'organisation les servicesde personnes possédant les plus hautes
qualitésde travail, de compétence etd'intégrité.Sera dûment prise
en considération l'importance d'un recrutement effectuésur une
basegéographiqueaussi large que possible. ))

Dans cesarticles, laCharte énoncedesprincipes généraux. Ceux-co int
étémisen Œuvrepar lestatut etlerèglementdu personnel, conformément 162 APPLICATION FOR REVlEW (DISS.OP.EVENSEN)

for in Article 101,paragraph 1,of the Charter, and also by thejurispru-
dence of the Administrative Tribunal. The formulations contained in
Section IV,paragraph 5, of General Assembly resolution 37/126, which
the Respondent acknowledges to be binding on him, also belong to this
corpus of law.
Therefore, the question is whether the Tribunal, in its Judgement
No. 333,erred in interpreting and applying the relevant parts ofthis body
of law to the facts of the presentopinion.
5. The above principles oftheCharter havebeen reiterated and elabo-
rated in Article IV of the Staff Regulations. Thus, Article IV contains in
Regulation 4.4provisions which seem especially relevant forthe present
case. Itprovides :

"Subject to the provisions of Article 101, paragraph 3, of the
Charter, and without prejudice to the recruitment of fresh talent
at al1levels, thefullest regardshall be had, infilling vacancies,to the
requisite qualzjkationsand experienceofpersons already intheservice

of the UnitedNations." (Emphasisadded.)

Similar provisions are found in the Staff Rules, which contain detailed
rules as to the procedures to be followed in implementing the above-
mentioned provisions of the United Nations Charter and of the Staff
Regulations. Rule 104.14 of these Staff Rules provides, inter alia, in
subparagraph (a) (i): "An Appointment and Promotion Board shall
be established by the Secretary-General to give advice on the appoint-
ment, promotion and review of staff. . ."And according to sub-para-
graph (a) (ii), this Appointment and Promotion Board shall "in filling
vacancies, normallygivepreference,wherequalzj2ations are equal,to staff
membersalreadyintheSecretariat . .."(emphasis added.)
6. Tothe provisions oftheCharter and the Staff Regulations and Rules
must be added General Assembly resolution 37/126, section IV, para-
graph 5, which entails a further implementation of the aforementioned
principle. This paragraph of the resolution reads asfollows :

"5. Decidesthat staff members on fixed-term appointments upon
completion of five years of continuing good service shall be given
everyreasonableconsiderationfor a career appointment."

7. It is an established fact that Mr. Yakimetz had the unqualified
recommendations of his superior. His qualifications were rated excellent

and the need for his continued services and extensive experience as a
United Nations employee was likewise expressed and is part of the
records ofthis case.Thus, in regard to Mr. Yakimetz'sPerformance Eval-
uation Report of 3 November 1983, the Assistant Secretary-General
stated in his letter of 8November 1983(doc.AT/DEC/333, pp. 5-6)in no
uncertain terms that : DEMANDE DE REFORMATION (OP. DISS.EVENSEN) 162

àl'article 101,paragraphe 1,de la Charte, ainsi que par lajurisprudence
du Tribunal administratif. Ladisposition figurant dans leparagraphe 5de
la sectionIVde la résolution37/ 126de l'Assembléegénérale,que le dé-
fendeur reconnaît êtretenud'appliquer,appartient aussi à cettecatégorie
de textes.
Il s'agit donc de savoir si le Tribunal, dans son jugement no 333, a

commis une erreur en interprétant et en appliquant aux faits qui font
l'objetdu présentavis ceux de cestextes quiétaientpertinents.
5. Les principes susmentionnés de la Charte ont été repriset déve-
loppésau chapitre IVdu statut du personnel. C'estainsique lechapitre IV
contient,àson article 4.4,des dispositions qui semblent particulièrement
pertinentes en l'espèce.Ony lit:

«Sous réserve desdispositions du paragraphe 3 de l'article 101de
la Charte, et sans entraver l'apport de talents nouveaux aux divers
échelons, ildoit êtreleinement tenucompte,pourlesnominationsaux
postes vacants,desaptitudesetdel'expériencequepeuventposséderdes
personnes qui sontdéjàau service de l'organisation.» (Les italiques
sont de moi.)

Desdispositions analoguessetrouvent dans lerèglementdu personnel;
rlles comportent des règlesdétailléessur les modalitésd'application des
dispositions susmentionnéesde laCharte des Nations Unies et du statut
iu personnel. La disposition 104.14du règlementdu personnel dispose

notamment à son alinéaa)i): «Le Secrétairegénéral constitue un comité
ies nominations et despromotions chargéde donner des conseils sur les
lominations, les promotions et la revision de la situationd..fonction-
naires.Selonl'alinéaa)ii), lecomité«lorsqu'ilya des postes àpourvoir,
donnenormalementlapréférence à, titres égaux, auxfonctionnairesdu Se-
crétariat))esitaliques sont de moi).
6. Aux dispositions de la Charte, du statut et du règlement du per-
sonnel il faut ajouter le paragraphe 5 de la section IV de la résolu-
:ion 37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale,qui prévoit d'autres modalités
d'application du principe susmentionné.Ceparagraphe est ainsi libellé :

((5. Décideque, lorsque des fonctionnaires nommés pour une
duréedéterminée auront accompli cinq annéesde servicecontinu en
donnant satisfaction, leur cas sera pris équitablement en considéra-
tion aux fins d'une nomination de carrière.

7. C'estun fait établique le supérieurhiérarchiquede M. Yakimetz le

louait sans réserve.Lesétatsde servicede celui-ciétaientexcellents;ainsi
qu'ilressort du dossier de l'affaire,ilaégalement édit qu'ilfallait conti-
nuer à s'assurer ses services eà bénéficierde sa longue expériencede
fonctionnaire de l'organisation. A propos du rapport d'appréciationdu
comportement professionnel de M.Yakimetz, établile 3novembre 1983,
le Sous-Secrétaire général a clairementdéclarédans sa lettre du 8 no-
vembre 1983(doc. AT/DEC/333, p. 6): "1have recently signed yourperformance report which showsthat
the excellent work you performed during the first year with the
Office.. .has been continued tothe fullsatisfaction ofyour ...super-

visors. 1am glad to note that you have fully met Ourexpectation of
continued professionalism, dedication to your task and hard work,
which wasthe basis for yourpromotion. Iconsideryouastaffmember
whosecontribution. ..meetsthehighdemandsofcompetenceandcom-
mitmentwhich are to be expected from a United Nations official. ..
1 find no difficulty in recommending a further extension of your
contract. .? (Emphasis added.)

In his letter of 29 October 1983,Mr. Yakimetz applied for "a further
extension of my contract" of employment or "even better a career
appointment". In reply to his letter, Mr. Yakimetz received on 23Novem-
ber 1983the following, rather peculiar, answer :

"Upon instruction bythe Officeofthe Secretary-General, 1wishto
inform you that it is not the intention of the Organization to extend
your fixed-term appointment beyond its expiration date, Le.,
26 December 1983."(Ann. 36to Applicant's Statement of Facts and
Argument.)

The letter seems extraordinary for several reasons. In form, its brevityis
excessive.Here, it should be borne in mind that Mr. Yakimetz had served
with distinction as a staff member ofthe United Nations for severalyears,
first in the period 1969-1977as a Reviser and then for a five-year term
from December 1977 to December 1982, extended with one year to
26December 1983,asa Reviserand subsequently as a Programme Officer
inthe Department of International Economic and Social Affairs.

In substance the letter offers no reasons for the refusal to consider an
extension of Mr.Yakimetz'semploymentcontract. There were no indica-
tions in the letter that his request for a career appointment had been
referred to the Appointment and Promotion Board established by the
Secretary-General "to give advice on the appointment, promotion and
review of staff in the General Service and Professional categories .. ."
(Staff Rule 104.14(a)(i)). Indeed it was not even acknowledged that his
request for acareer appointmenthad been registered, let alone been dealt
with. No reference was made as to whether the governing provision of
section IV,paragraph 5, of the General Assembly resolution 37/126 had
beencomplied with. Furthermore, no indications weregiventhat due con-
sideration had been given to Staff Rule 104.14(a) (ii), andto Article IV,
Regulation 4.4,of the Staff Regulations, which reads :

"the fullest regard shall be had, in filling vacancies, to the requisite «Je viens de signer le rapport d'appréciation du comportement
professionnel vous concernant d'où il ressort que l'excellent travail
que vous avez accompli au cours de votre première annéeau bureau
..a continuéde donner pleinement satisfaction à vos supérieurs...Je
noteavec plaisir que vous avezrépondupleinement ànotreattente en
continuant de faire preuve des qualités professionnelles, du dévoue-

ment et del'ardeur au travail qui avaient justifiévotre promotion.Je
considèreque vousêtes unfonctionnaire dontlacontribution ..satisfait
aux normeslesplus élevéed se compétence etde dévouement qui sont
attendues d'un fonctionnaire de l'ONU ...je ne vois aucune diffi-
cultéà recommanderune nouvelle prolongation de votre contrat ..))
(Les italiques sont de moi.)

Dans sa lettre du 29 octobre 1983,M. Yakimetz a demandé «un re-
nouvellement de [son]contrat » ou ((mieux encore [sa]nomination à titre
définitif)).Le23novembre 1983,M. Yakimetz a alors reçu la réponsesui-
vante, qui est assez singulière:

«Sur instructions du cabinet du Secrétairegénéralj,e tiens à vous
informer que l'organisation n'a pas l'intention de prolonger votre
engagement pour une duréedéterminéeau-delà de sa date d'expira-
tion,à savoir le26décembre1983. »(Annexe 36 à l'exposédes faits et
plaidoirie du requérant.)

Cette lettre semble extraordinaire pour plusieurs raisons. Du point de
vue de la forme, elleest d'une brièvetexcessive. A ce sujet, on se rappel-
lera que M. Yakimetz avait étéun excellent fonctionnaire de I'Organisa-
tion, pendant nombre d'années, d'abordde 1969 à 1977en tant que revi-
seur, puis de décembre 1977 à décembre 1982,pendant une période de
cinq ans prolongée d'une annéejusqu'au 26 décembre 1983,en qualité

de reviseur puis d'administrateur de programmes au département des
affaires économiqueset socialesinternationales.
La lettre ne fournit en fait aucune explication au refus d'envisager une
prolongation du contrat de M.Yakimetz. Il n'yest pas indiquéque sa de-
mande de nomination de carrièreavaitététransmiseau comitédes nomi-
nations etdespromotions constituépar leSecrétairegénérale« tchargéde
donner des conseils sur lesnominations, lespromotions etlarevision de la
situation des agents des servicesgénérauxetdes fonctionnaires de lacaté-
goriedesadministrateurs » (disposition 104.14a)i) du règlementdu per-
sonnel). Il n'yest même pasdit que sa candidature à un poste de carrière
avait été enregistrée etncore moins qu'elle était à l'examen. Rien n'in-
dique s'ila ététenu comptede la disposition applicable du paragraphe 5
de lasection IVde larésolution 37/126de l'Assembléegénérale.Enoutre,

il n'est pas préciséque la disposition 104.14a) ii) a été dûment priseen
considération,non plus que l'article 4.4 du chapitre IVdu statut du per-
sonnel, aux termes duquel :
«il doit être pleinement tenu compte, pour les nominations aux postesvacants, des aptitudes etde l'expérienceque peuvent posséder
des personnes qui sontdéjà au service de l'organisation.

Devant le refus du Secrétariatde prolonger le contrat de M. Yakimetz,
son supérieurhiérarchique, leSous-Secrétairegénéral à laplanification et
à lacoordinationdes programmes, a faitconnaîtreson avisdans une lettre
du 2 décembre1983qu'il a adresséeau Sous-Secrétairegénéraa lux ser-
vices du personnel (doc. AT/DEC/333, p. 7). Il lui a notamment écrit:

«11me paraît extraordinaire qu'une telle décision soitprise sans
que le principal responsable du bureau concerné soit consulté,
d'autant plus que le fonctionnaire viséa rendu pendant onze ansdes
servicesd'uneexcellentequalitéàl'organisation,qu'on luiattribuait il
y a encore quatre semaines la note la plus élevépossible dans son
rapport d'évaluation,qu'ila étépromu àla classe P-5et éluau début
de l'annéevice-présidentde la commission des nominations et des
promotions, et enfin que ce fonctionnaire s'acquitte actuellement de

tâches importantes - pour l'une desquelles il esà certains égards
exceptionnellement qualifié..»(Lesitaliques sont de moi.)
8. Bien entendu, toute décisiondu Secrétairegénérad le prolonger ou
de nepasprolonger un contrat de serviceau Secrétariatde l'Organisation
des Nations Unies ou d'accorder à un fonctionnaireune nomination de
carrière relèvede son pouvoir discrétionnaire. Pourtant, comme le Tri-
bunal administratif de l'organisation internationale du Travail l'a dé-

claré enl'affaireRosescu(jugement no431,p. 7,par. 5) :
«Bien que la décisionde renouveler ou de ne pas renouveler l'en-
gagement d'un fonctionnaire relèvedu pouvoir d'appréciation, elle
n'échappe pas entièrement au contrôle du Tribunal. Elle est au
contraire susceptible d'être censurée lorsqu'elest atteintede vices
telsque l'incompétence,lvaiolationde règlesdeforme oudeprocédure,
l'erreurdefait oudedroit,l'omissionde tenircomptedefaits essentiels,

ledétournemend tepouvoiroul'inexactitudemanifestedes conclusions
tiréesdu dossier.(Lesitaliques sont de moi.)
Au sujet de la nécessitéde consulter le gouvernement de 1'Etatinté-
ressélorsque le renouvellement de l'engagement d'un de ses fonction-
naires estenvisagé,leTribunal administratif a relevécequi suiten l'affaire
Rosescu(ibid.,p. 7-8,par. 6):

«s'il s'agitde renouveler le contrat d'un tel fonctionnaire, ilest com-
préhensible que l'organisation consulte de nouveau 1'Etatmembre,
qui peut avoir de sérieuses raisons de réengagerson ancien agent.
Toutefois,ilnes'ensuitpas queleDirecteurgénérd aliveseplieraveu-
glémentaudésirde I'Etataveclequelilapriscontact.Certes,ils'incline
àjuste titredevantuneoppositionfondée expresséme outimplicitement
surdes motifslégitimesE. n revanche, ilnesauraitrenoncer àprendre

unemesurefavorable à l'organisatioà laseule$n deseconformer à la
manièrede voird'unEtat membre. Le souci d'une organisation d'en- 165 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP.EVENSEN)

director-generalto full in with the wishes of every one of them."
(Emphasis added.)

9. 1shall now revert tothe central question whether the Applicant was
given "every reasonable consideration for a career appointment" as pro-
vided for inGeneral Assemblyresolution 37/126, section IV,paragraph 5.
Anadditional question is :how shallthe Secretary-Generalproperly exer-
cisehis discretionary powers in this respect and what specific procedures
recommend themselves in this regard?

As observed above, the Secretary-General of the United Nations exer-
cisesand must necessarily exerciseadiscretionarypower inrecruiting and
retaining staff members. But his discretion must be exercised within cer-
tain bounds and accepted guidelines,both of a general nature and more
specifically as provided forin regard to staff appointments.

The principal provisions governing the Secretary-General's compe-
tence to appoint the United Nations staff are contained in Article 101,
paragraph 1,ofthe United Nations Charter. "The staff shallbeappointed
by the Secretary-General under regulations establishedby the General
Assembly." (Emphasis added.) It follows that his discretionary power is
subject to regulations established by the General Assembly. These ques-
tions were discussed at the preparatory phases of the drafting of the

Charter.
In theCommentaryon the Charter ofthe United Nations by Goodrich,
Hambro and Simons (3rd. and rev. edn., p. 601) it is noted that in the
drafting of the Charter a proposa1 to share the Secretary-General's
authority in this respect withgovernmentswasnot accepted :

"During thediscussionsconcerningtheorganizationoftheSecretar-
iat inthe Administrativeand BudgetaryCommittee ...aproposa1was
submitted under whichappointments ofofficiaisof the Secretariat
wouldrequirethe concurrence ofthegovernmentsofthecandidatescon-
cerned.In support of this proposal, it was argued that governments
were in the best position to assess the qualifications of candidates,
that persons appointedshould command the confidence oftheir gov-
ernments, and that once appointed their exclusively international
responsibilitieswould be respected. The viewprevailed thatthe sug-
gested procedure would impinge on the exclusive responsibility of
the Secretary-General under Article 101 ."(Emphasis added.)

10. It follows from Article 101,paragraph 1, of the Charter that not
only has the Secretary-Generalbeen imbued with the power to appoint
the United Nations staff, but the Secretary-General must exercisehis
discretionary power. He cannot abide by orbe unduly influenced by the tretenir des relations harmonieuses avectous les Etats membres ne
doit pas conduirele Directeur général àfaire la volontéde chacun

d'eux.»(Lesitaliques sont de moi.)
9. Je reviensmaintenant àlaquestion essentielle, celledesavoirsilecas
du requérant aété pris ((équitablemene tn considération aux fins d'une

nomination de carrière)), comme le prévoit leparagraphe 5 de la sec-
tion IV de la résolution37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale.Il faut aussi se
demander comment le Secrétairegénéravla exercer dûment son pouvoir
discrétionnaireen lamatièreetquellessont lesmodalités particulièresqui
s'imposent à cet égard.
Le Secrétaire généradle l'organisation des Nations Unies, comme je
l'ai relevéplus haut, exerceet doit nécessairement exercerunpouvoir dis-
crétionnaire lorsdu recrutement et de l'engagement des fonctionnaires.
Mais il doit l'exercer dans certaines limites et selon certains principes
directeurs reconnus, parfois généraux et parfois plus précis, comme
c'estle cas pourla nomination des fonctionnaires.
Les principales dispositions régissant la compétence du Secrétaire
général en matièrede nomination du personnel de l'organisation se
trouvent à l'article 101,paragraphe 1, de la Charte des Nations Unies,

aux termes duquel : Le personnel est nommépar le Secrétaire général
conformément aux règlfeis xéespar 1Assemblée généra »le(.Les italiques
sont de moi.) Il en résultequeson pouvoir discrétionnaireest soumis aux
règles fixéespar l'Assembléegénérale. Ces questionsont étédébattues
lors des travaux préparatoiresde la Charte.
Dans l'ouvrage de Goodrich, Hambro et Simons intitulé Commentary
to the Charter of the United Nations(3e éd.revisée, p.601) il est dit
quependantla rédactiondela Charte uneproposition visant à partager ce
pouvoir de nomination entre le Secrétairegénéral eltesgouvernements a
été rejetée

«Au cours des débats surl'organisation du Secrétariatqui eurent
lieuà la commission administrative et budgétaire...il a étproposé
que la nominationdesfonctionnairesdu Secrétariat soit subordonnée
à l'accorddugouvernementducandidat intéressé Po.ur appuyer cette
proposition, on a fait valoir que ce sont les gouvernements qui sont
les mieux placéspour juger des qualités descandidats, que les per-
sonnes nommées devaient jouir de la confiance de leur gouverne-
ment et qu'une foisnommées leursfonctionsexclusivement interna-
tionales seraient ainsi respectées.Mais la majorité a considérque

la procédure proposéeempiéterait sur la responsabilité exclusive
impartie au Secrétaire généraplar l'article 101.(Les italiques sont
de moi.)
10. Il résultede l'article 101,paragraphe 1,delaChartenon seulement

que le Secrétairegénéral aétéinvesti du pouvoir de nommer lepersonnel
de l'organisation maisqu'ilesttenud'exercersonpouvoir discrétionnaire.
Ilnepeutpas seplier auxordres ouaux vŒuxdegouvernements etd'orga- orders or wishes of governments,organizations or other external forces.
Secondly,and especiallyimportant, isthatthe Secretary-General's discre-
tionary power isnotsynonymouswithunlimitedorabsolutepowers.Under
general principles of law,this discretionarypower has to be exercised in
accordance with accepted governing procedures.
On the other hand, it is clearunder Staff Rule 104.12(b)that a fixed-
term appointment does not cany any legal expectancy of renewal or con-
version to a career appointment. Consequently, the discretionary power

ofthe Secretary-General is ofmajor importance forthe appointment and
composition of the Secretariat. It is equally clear that, in exercising his
discretionary power, the Secretary-General must apply certain estab-
lished standards and norms.

Reference may here be made to the basic requirements and standards
expressed in Judgement No. 54 of the Administrative Tribunal in the
Mauchcase. The Tribunal stated (p. 272,para. 5) :
"While the measure of power here was intended to be left com-

pletely within the discretion of the Secretary-General, this would not
authorizeanarbitraryorcapricious exerciseofthepoweroftermination,
nor theassignment ofspeciousor untmthfulreasonsfor the action
taken,suchas wouldconnotea lackofgoodfaith or due consideration
for therightsofthe staffmemberinvolved."(Emphasis added.)
Such an abuse of discretionarypower might result in a wilful or negligent
denial ofjustice not consonant with the exercise of such powers.

11. Concrete provisions in regard to the exercise of the Secretary-

General's discretionarypower in regard to staff appointments have been
spelt out in General Assemblyresolution 37/126, inthe Staff Regulations,
Article VI, Regulations 4.2 and 4.4,and in Staff Rule 104.4.

General Assembly resolution 37/126 provides in section IV, para-
graph 5:
"staff members on fixed-term appointments upon completion of
five years of continuing good service shallbegivenevery reasonable
considerationfora careerappointment" (emphasis added).

Section IV,paragraph 4,ofthe resolution provides thatthe organizations :

"should establish theirneeds forpermanent and fixed-term staffon a
continuing basis in conjunction with the human resources planning
process.. ."

In addition to General Assembly resolution 37/126, the rather firm

commitments made in the Staff Regulations, Article IV, Regulation 4.4,nisations, ou à d'autres pressions extérieures, nise laisser indûment in-
fluencer par eux. Il esà noter aussi que le pouvoir discrétionnaire du
Secrétairegénéral n'estpas synonyme d'attributions illimitéoesabsolues.
Selon les principes générauxdu droit, ce pouvoir discrétionnaire doit

s'exercerconformément àdes modalités reconnues.
En revanche, il estdit clairement dansla disposition 104.12)du règle-
ment du personnel que lesnominations de duréedéterminéen'autorisent
pas leur titulaire compter sur une prolongation ou sur une nomination
de carrière.En conséquence, lepouvoir discrétionnairedu Secrétairegé-
néralrevêtune importance capitale pour la composition du Secrétariatet
la nomination des fonctionnaires. De même, il est clairque le Secrétaire
général,dans l'exercice de son pouvoir discrétionnaire, est tenu d'appli-
quer certaines règles et normes bienétablies.
Ilconvient derappeler icilesconditions etrèglesélémentairesénoncées
dans lejugement no54du Tribunal administratif à l'occasion de l'affaire
Mauch.Le Tribunal a déclaré alors (p.251,par. 5) :

«Sil'on avoulu dans ce domaine laisser au Secrétairegénérau l ne
entière liberté d'action,lnesaurait cependantuserdesespouvoirsde
façon arbitraireoucapricieusenidonner,du licenciement,unmotifspé-
cieuxouinexactquirévélerau itnmanquedebonnefoiouun méprisdes
droitsdufonctionnaire en cause.»(Lesitaliques sont de moi.)

Un tel abus du pouvoir discrétionnaire risquerait d'aboutir àun dénide
justice, voulu ou non, qui serait incompatible avec l'exercice de ce pou-
voir.
11. Des dispositions concrètes relativesà l'exercice par le Secrétaire
généralde son pouvoir discrétionnaire en matière de nomination du
personnel figurent dans la résolution 37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale,
dans le chapitre IV, articles 4.2 et 4.4, du statut du personnel et dans la
disposition 104.4du règlementdu personnel.

Larésolution 37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale dispose, au paragraphe 5
de sa section IV:
«lorsque des fonctionnaires nomméspour une durée déterminée
auront accompli cinqannéesde servicecontinu en donnant satisfac-
tion,leurcassera priséquitablement en considératio aux$ns d'une
nominationdecarrière)) (les italiques sont de moi).

Leparagraphe 4 de la mêmesectiondela résolution disposeque lesorga-
nisations :

((déterminentde façon continue leurs besoins en personnel perma-
nent et en personnel nommépour une durée déterminéeen même
temps qu'elles appliquent le processus de planification des res-
sourceshumaines D.

Compte tenu non seulement de la résolution37/126 de l'Assemblée gé-
nérale,mais aussi des conditions assez strictes énoncées au chapitreIV, 167 APPLICATION FOR REVlEW (DISS.OP. EVENSEN)

and inthe StaffRules, Rule 104.14,would make ithighlyirregularto disre-
gard the Applicant for a career appointment. However, in view inter alia
of the correspondence that passed between the Secretary-General and
Mr. Yakimetz, 1feel compelled to assume that everyreasonable considera-
rionfor acareerappointmentwasnotgiven totheApplicantaccording tothe
terms and spirit of General Assemblyresolution 37/126.

12. In the letterof 13December 1983tothe Secretary-General (Ann. 39
to the Applicant's Statement of Facts and Argument), Mr. Yakimetz's
counsel refers to General Assembly resolution 37/126 (sec. IV, para. 5),
Staff Regulation 4.4,and Staff Rule 104.14,as wellasto Article 101,para-
graph 3, of the United Nations Charter.Inthat letter it is correctly main-
tained that Mr.Yakimetz'sapplicationfor an extension ofemployment or
a new career appointment should be given "every reasonable considera-
tion"; furthermore,that extraneous factorscould not be used to deny him
such "fair and reasonable consideration".

The reply letter of 21 December 1983,signed by Mr. Nègre ofthe
Secretariat on behalf of the Secretary-General (Ann. 40 to Applicant's
Statement of Facts and Argument), reveals that "every reasonable con-

sideration" was not given to Mr. Yakimetz's application because of
serious flaws in the underlying legal reasoning. This letter, on the con-
tras., gives unequivocal expression to the erroneous assumption that
Mr. Yakimetz could not benefit from the principle of "every reasonable
consideration" for continued employment because his situation was:
"not similar to that of 'most staff members' with comparable service
records, because your present contract was concluded on the basis of
secondment from yournational civilservice" (ibid.).

In passing, it may be mentioned that even the factual assertions here
quoted seem to be incorrect or at least tendentious. Furthermore,
Mr. Nègre's letter seems to assume that because of this original second-
ment, it would follow that a staff member, who initially worked in the
Secretariat on a secondment basis, should be barred from obtaining a
career contract "without the involvement of al1 the parties originally

involved". This seems to imply that a career appointment in such cases
would inherently be a kind of secondment contract in disguise. The fact
that a secondment contract "does not carry any expectancyof renewal or
of conversion to another type of appointment" is not intended to bar a
possible renewal thereof or a conversion to a career appointment. On the
contrary, this formulation envisages the possibility of renewal or conver-
sion when it is reasonable and expedientinthe concrete case.

An assumption to the effect that a career appointment would not be
possible unless such appointment was seconded, or at least met with the
approval ofthe previously seconding State, entails an error of lawrelating article 4.4, du statut du personnel et dans la disposition 104.14du règle-
ment du personnel, il aurait ététoutà fait irrégulierde rejeter la candi-
dature du reauérant aux fins d'une nomination de carrière. Or. au vu
notamment de la correspondance échangée entrele Secrétairegénéralet
M. Yakimetz, force m'est de conclure que le cas du requérant n'apas été
pris équitablemenetn considérationaux fins d'une nominationde carrière
selon la lettre et l'esprit de la résolution37/126 de l'Assemblée générale.
12. Dans la lettre qu'il a adresséele 13décembre 1983au Secrétaire
général (annexe39 à l'exposédes faits et plaidoirie du requérant), le

conseil deM. Yakimetz mentionne la résolution37/126 (sect. IV,par. 5)
de l'Assemblée générale, l'article.4 du statut du personnel et la disposi-
tion 104.14 du règlement du personnel ainsi que l'article 101, para-
graphe 3,dela Charte desNations Unies. Dans cette lettre, ilestdàjuste
titre que la demande de M. Yakimetz tendant àce que son engagement
soit prolongéou àce qu'il soit nommé à un poste de carrière devait être
prise ((équitablement en considération» et que des élémentsnon perti-
nents ne sauraient empêcherque sa candidature asoit prise équitable-
ment et raisonnablement en considération ».
La réponsedu 21 décembre1983,signéeau nom du Secrétairegénéral
par M. Nègre(annexe 40 à l'exposédes faits et plaidoirie du requérant),
révèlequela demande de M. Yakimetz n'a pas été «prise équitablement
en considération» car le raisonnement juridique a étéentachéde graves

vices.Il ressort clairement de cette lettre qu'on estàtort de l'idéeque
M.Yakimetz ne pouvait pas êtremis aubénéficedu principe selon lequel
un cas comme le sien doit être«pris équitablement en considération))
aux fins d'un maintien en fonctions parce quesa situation n'étaitpasla
mêmeque celle de «la plupart des fonctionnaires » ayant des étatsde
service comparables »; la raison suivante lui est donné:«votre présent
contrat a étéconclusur la base d'un détachementde la fonction publique
de votre pays» (ibid.).
On peut relever en passant que mêmece qui est dit des faits paraît
inexact ou du moins tendancieux. De surcroît, M. Nègresemble partir
du principe, dans sa lettre, qu'un fonctionnaire détachédèsle débutpour
travailler au Secrétariat ne devraitpas pouvoir êtrenomméà un poste de
carrière «sans la participation de toutes les parties initialement en
cause». Cela semble impliquer qu'une nomination de carrière serait en

* fait, dans de telles circonstances, une sorte de contrat de détachement
déguisé.Le fait que des contrats de détachement ((n'autorisentpas leur
titulaire comptersur une prolongation ou sur une nomination d'un
type différent ne doit pas constituer un obstacle àun éventuelrenou-
vellement de ces contrats ou à leur conversion en une nomination de
carrière. Au contraire, ce libellévise la possibilitéd'un renouvellement
ou d'une conversion, s'ilapparaît raisonnable et opportun d'y procéder
dans un casconcret.
C'est commettre une erreur de droit concernant des dispositions de la
Charte desNations Unies que deprésumer qu'une nomination de carrière
ne serait possible qu'avecun détachementou du moins avec le consente- 168 APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW (DISS.OP. EVENSEN)

to provisions of the United Nations Charter. Nor would it serve the
best interests of the United Nations Organization, the Secretariat or its
individual members. Further somewhat bizarre developments seem to
confirm the impression thatMr. Yakimetz'sapplication wasnot givendue
consideration.
13. Thus, on 28 February 1983the Applicant received "a memoran-
dum" from Mr. Sadry, Director of the Division of Personnel Administra-
tion, informing him that Mr. Sadry had :

"been requested to communicate to you the decision by the Secre-
tary-General to place you on special leave with full pay, effective
1March 1983and until further notice" (Ann. 26to Applicant's State-
ment of Facts and Argument).

This unusual step was couched in harsh language. It took immediate
effect and it was for an indefinite period of time. Even more remarkable
is the fact that no reasons were given for this unusual step. Staff
Rule 105.2 (a)on Special Leave was quoted, but no explanations were
given as to why this provision was invoked. In this context, it should be
noted that in addition to special leave "for advanced study or research in

the interest of the United Nations, in cases of extended illness", special
leave can also be given "for other important reasons". It seemsto follow
fromthe drafting of the provisions of Staff Rule 105.2thatthese reasons
must be spelt out, especially when no request for special leave has been
made. The duration ofthisinvoluntaryleaveof absence wasalsoleftinthe
air, viz.,"until further notice".

When such extraordinary measures were summarily taken against a
respected staffmember, itseemsto followfromordinary decency and the
verynature ofthings that fulland detailed reasons shouldhave been given
for such steps.
In my respectful opinion, the Secretary-General should, in conformity
withprinciples ofjustice and equity,alsohave stipulated atime-limitfor a
reply of the Applicant and should not have enforced the measures until

such time-limit had expired and the Applicant had had theopportunity to
respond, to protest or to request negotiations in regard to this sudden and
unexpected curtailment of his employment prospects.
In my opinion, the Secretariat did not follow a reasonable procedure
when placing the Applicant on an involuntary and indefinite leave of
absence. Certain minimum procedural standards should have been com-
plied with in the exercise of such discretionary power.
Certain statements inJudgement No. 333ofthe Administrative Tribu-
nal seempertinent in thiscontext. On page 18,paragraph XX,the Judge-
ment states:

"The Tribunal would however express its dissatisfac wtihothe
failure of the Respondent to record sufficiently early and in specificment de 1'Etatayant précédemment accordé le détachement.Ce ne serait
pas non plus dans l'intérêdte l'organisation, du Secrétariatet des fonc-
tionnaires. D'autres faits assez bizarres semblent confirmer l'impression
que lacandidature de M.Yakimetzn'apas été dûment prise en considéra-
tion.

13. C'est ainsique le 28 février1983le requérant areçu de M. Sadry,
directeur de la division d'administration du personnel, un «mémo-
randum »dans lequel celui-ci l'informait de ce qui s:it
«il m'aété demandéde vous communiquer la décisiondu Secrétaire

généraldevousplacer en congéspécial à plein traitementà compter
du le'mars 1983etjusqu'à nouvelordre» (annexe 26 à l'exposédes
faits et plaidoirie du requérant).

M. Sadry n'avait pas mâchéses mots pour lui signifier cette mesure
inhabituelle. Elle entrait immédiatement en vigueur et ce pour un temps
indéterminé.Qui plus est,ellen'étaitpas motivée.Ladisposition 105.2 a)
du règlement du personnel relative aux périodes de congé spécial était
citée,maisiln'étaitpas dit pourquoi cettedispositionétaitinvoquée.Ace
propos il convient de noter que, en plus du congé spécialqui peut être
accordé aux fonctionnaires soit «pour leur permettre de poursuivre des
études ou des recherches dans l'intérêdte l'organisation, soit en cas de
maladie prolongée », un congé spécial peut égalemenlteur être accordé
«pourtouteautre raison importante ».Ilmesembledécoulerdu libelléde
la disposition 105.2du règlementdu personnel que cette raison doit être
fournie, surtout lorsque aucune demande de congéspécial n'a été pré-
sentée.La duréede ce congéspécialnon sollicité n'apas non plus été

précisée;il s'appliquait «jusqu'à nouvelordre ».
Lorsque de telles mesures extraordinaires sont sommairement prisesà
l'égardd'un fonctionnaire respecté,il semble que la moindre des choses
serait de bien les motiver.

Qu'il me soitpermis de dire que le Secrétairegénéralurait dû aussi, en
vertu des principes de justice et d'équit,ixer au requérantun délaide
réponseet qu'il n'aurait pas dû mettre lesdites mesures en application
avant la fin de cedélaiet avant que lerequérantaitpu répondre,protester
ou demanderun entretien àpropos de cette atteintebrutale et inattendue
à son avenir professionnel.
Amon avis,leSecrétariatn'apas suiviune procédure équitableenmet-
tant lerequérant,sans qu'il'aitsollicité,encongéspéciailllimité.Il aurait
fallurespecter un minimum derèglesdeprocéduredansl'exerciced'untel

pouvoir discrétionnaire.
Certains passages du jugement no333 du Tribunal administratif sem-
blent mériter d'êtrerelevés à ce sujet. Il est dità la page 20, para-
graphe XX, du jugement:
«Le Tribunal tient toutefois à marquer sa réprobation devant le

fait que ledéfendeurn'apas indiquésuffisammenttôt etde façon spé- 169 APPLICATION FOR REVlEW (DISS.OP. EVENSEN)

terms the factthat hehad giventhe question of the Applicant's career
appointment 'every reasonable consideration' as enjoined by the
General Assemblyresolution. However,thisomissiononthepart ofthe
Respondent has notcausedany discernible injuryto the Applicant ..."
(Emphasisadded.)

The statement that such omission on the part of the defendant has not
caused any discernible injury seems surprising in light of the fact that
Mr. Yakimetz'sappointment wasnot renewed and hisrequest for acareer
appointment passed over in silence.
14. One question that arises is how the proper exercise ofthe discre-
tionary power by the Secretary-General is to.be implemented in the
absence in the Staff Regulations of any specified procedure, and without
an indication of the process by which the decision of the Secretary-

General has been arrived at, and the reasons therefor. Neither the Staff
Regulations northe Staff Rules contain provisions asto the procedure to
follow. Nevertheless, the Secretary-General is not entitled to act without
due process.
In my opinion, the absolute lack of formality in the decision-making
procedure inthe Yakirnetzcase,aswellasthe lackof reasons which would
substantiatethe operative conclusions of the decision, border on a denial
of justice. Thus, in connection with the question of the exercise of the
Secretary-General's discretionary power, serious abuse of this discre-
tionary power may have been committed when, in a memorandum of
11March 1983bythe Secretary-General's office,the Applicant wasprohi-
bited from enteringthepremisesof the UnitedNations "untilfurther notice"
(Ann. 29 to Applicant's Statement of Facts and Argument). No reasons
were giventherefor. Furthermore,according to the available information,
Mr. Yakimetz wasalso prohibited from visitingthe United Nations cafe-

teria.Yet,itshould beborneinmind that Mr. Yakimetz still had avalidcon-
tractof employment.The legal basis for these steps was and istenuous. No
factual or legal grounds were given for this extraordinary decision other
than the unrevealing statementthat :
"at thisjuncture and pending further review,it is in the best interest

of the Organization that you do not enter the premises of the
United Nations" (Ann. 30 of Applicant's Statement of Facts and
Argument).

But what about the justified interests of the Applicant? Such an excep-
tional ban must have been been felt by Mr. Yakimetz - and regarded by
others in the staff and elsewhere- as demeaning.

15. It followsfrombasic principlesofjustice and reasonablebehaviour
in dealings with the members of the Secretariat that adequate reasons
should have been given in writing to Mr. Yakimetz, spelling out why he
was not accorded a careerappointment.
Asa matter offact,the Applicantdid not receivean answerto his appli- cifique qu'il avait pris équitablement en considération le cas du re-
quérantaux fins d'une nomination de carrière commel'yenjoignait
la résolutiondel'Assembléegénérale.Cependant,cetteomissiondela

part du défendeur n'apas causé depréjudice notableau requérant ..»
(Lesitaliques sont de moi.)
11peut paraître surprenant d'affirmer que ladite omission du défendeur
n'apas causéde préjudicenotableau requérantétantdonnéque I'engage-

ment de M. Yakimetz n'a pas étérenouveléet que sa candidature à un
poste de carrière a étépassée soussilence.
14. 11s'agit notamment de savoir comment le Secrétairegénéral doit
dans lesformesexercer son pouvoir discrétionnaire,enl'absence de toute
procédurespécifiée dans le règlementdu personnel et sans que rien n'in-
dique en l'occurrence par quel processus le Secrétaire estparvenu à sa
décisionni ce qui l'amotivée. Nile statutni le règlementdu personnel ne
contiennent de dispositions sur la procédureà suivre, ce qui ne veut pas
dire que le Secrétaire général puissegirsans respecter les formes.

A mon sens, cette absence totale de formalisme dans la procédure de
prise de décision en l'affaireakimetzet l'absence de toute raison indi-
quant comment le Secrétairegénéralest parvenu à sa décision frisent le

dénidejustice. S'agissantde l'exercicedu pouvoir discrétionnaire du Se-
crétaire générali,l se pourrait donc bien qu'ungraveabusde cepouvoir
ait été commis quand, par le mémorandumdu 11mars 1983émanantdu
cabinet du Secrétairegénéral,il a étéinterdit au requérant de pénétrer
dansl'enceintede l'organisation des NationsUnies ((jusqu'ànouvelordre))
(annexe 29 à l'exposé des faits etplaidoirie du requérant). Cette interdic-
tion n'a pas été motivée. Eonutre, selon les renseignements disponibles,
M. Yakimetz s'est aussi vu interdire l'accèà la cafétériade l'organisa-
tion.IInefautpas oublierqueM. Yakimetzétaitencoretitulaired'uncontrat
d'engagement encoursdevalidité. Lefondement juridique de cesmesures
étaitetreste ténu.Aucun motif de faitni de droit n'aédonné à l'appui de
cette décision extraordinaire, si ce n'estcette vague explication

«il étaitdans l'intérête l'organisation,àce stade et dans l'attente
d'un examen plus approfondi de la question, que vous ne pénétriez
pas dans l'enceintede l'organisation des Nations Unies(annexe 30
àl'exposédes faits et plaidoirie du requérant).

Mais qu'en est-il des intérêtslégitimesdu requérant? Une interdiction
aussi exceptionnelle doit avoir été ressentiepar M. Yakimetz et consi-
déréeaussi bien par ses collèguesque dans d'autres milieux comme dés-
honorante.
15. Il découle des principes fondamentaux de justice et de correction
envers le personnel du Secrétariatqu'il aurait fallu fournir par écrit
M. Yakimetz des raisons adéquates à l'appui de la décisionde ne pas lui
accorder une nomination de carrière.

En fait,le requérantn'a pasreçu de réponse àsacandidature àun postecation for a career appointment, and has not up to this day received any
communication in response to it.
The above chain of unusual events seems to me to indicate that
Mr. Yakimetz's application for a career appointment did not receive the
reasonable consideration required under General Assembly resolu-

tion 37/126. It is furthermore unlikely that due regard was paid to the
provisions ofArticle IV,Regulations 4.2and 4.4,ofthe Staff Regulations,
and to Staff Rule 104.14. Furtherdevelopments seemto confirm this con-
clusion.
Although he wasrefused permission to workin his established officein
the Headquarters building for unspecified reasons, later Mr. Yakimetz
was allowed to work in quarters across the Street,in the Chrysler Building
and then in the Burroughs Building. When the new CD-2 Building was
opened, hewaspermitted to rejoin hissection and serveout his contract in
that building.
The Court does not possess adequate information about the under-
lying reasons for these steps. But at least they also seem to throw a rather
revealing light on the question whether the Applicant was given "every
reasonable consideration for a career appointment" according to
General Assembly resolution 37/126. Whatever the underlying reasons

may have been, they cannot have been lack of qualifications for the job
or lack of persona1 integrity as Mr. Yakimetz was promoted to P-5
on 29 June 1983,obviously in recognition of his qualifications and his
dedication to his work in the service of the Organization.

1feelcompelled to deduce alsofrom these occurrences that "every rea-
sonable consideration for a career appointment" was hardly accorded to
the Applicant.
16. In rounding offthe examination ofwhat shouldbe the standardfor
the exercise of his discretionarypower conferred upon an administrative
officer,mention may be made of the following additional elements :the
requirement laid down in the United Nations Charter, Article 100,to the
effectthat neither the Secretary-General nor hisstaffshall "seekor receive
instructions from any government or from any authority external to the
Organization" mustbecomplied with.Article 101,paragraph 3,must like-
wise be borne in mind, stipulating that the Secretary-General must pro-

vide for a staff with "the highest standards of efficiency,cornpetence, and
integrity";furthermore, thatthe Secretary-Generalmust pay attention to
"the importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a geographical basis as
possible".
Mention should also be made of the following elements :

(a) the obligation to act in good faith and with reasonable regard for
accepted standards of reasonable behaviour;
(b) the obligation to take into reasonable consideration the rights and
obligations of the staff in general and the staff member involved in
particular;de carrière et aucune communication àce sujet ne lui est parvenueà ce

jour.
Cette séried'événementsinhabituels me semble indiquer que la can-
didature de M. Yakimetz à un poste de carrièren'a pas été priseéquita-
blement en considération comme l'exigeait la résolution 37/126 de
l'Assembléegénérale. Il estd'autre part peu probable que lesdispositions
du chapitre IV, articles 4.2 et.4, du statut du personnel et ainsi que la
disposition 104.14du règlement du personnel aient étédûment respec-
tées.Les événementsqui ont suivi semblent confirmer cette conclusion.
Pourdes raisons qui n'ontpas étéspécifiéeM s,.Yakimetz s'estvuinter-
dire de travailler dans son propre bureau du bâtiment du Siège maisil a
étéautorisé par la suite travailleàquelque distance de là, d'abord dans
le bâtiment Chrysler puis dans le bâtiment Burroughs. Lorsque le nou-

veau bâtiment CD-2 aétéprêitl,a étéautorisé àretourner danssa section
et àtravailler dans ce bâtiment jusqu'à l'expiration de son contrat.
La Cour ne possède pasde renseignements adéquatssur lesraisons qui
sous-tendent ces mesures. Mais il semble au moins que celles-ci contri-
buent à éclairerquelque peu la question de savoir sile cas du requéranta
été pris((équitablementen considération aux fins d'une nomination de
carrière»conformément àla résolution37/126 de l'Assembléegénérale.
Quelles que puissent avoir étéces raisons, il ne peut pas s'agir d'un
manque d'aptitude ni d'un manque d'intégrité puisque M.Yakimetza été
promu à la classe P-5le29juin 1983et que cette promotion récompensait
manifestement sesqualitésprofessionnelles etsondévouementau service
de l'organisation.

Je mevois forcéde conclure de ces événements que le cas du requérant
n'a guèreété pris ((équitablementen considérationaux fins d'une nomi-
nation de carrièreB.
16. Pour terminer l'examen de ce que devrait être lanorme régissant
l'exercice du pouvoir discrétionnaire conféréà un fonctionnaire chargé
de l'administration, on peut mentionner lesélémentscomplémentairec si-
après.Il fautrespecter l'article 100delaCharte desNations Unies, suivant
lequel ni leSecrétairegénéranli lepersonnel «ne solliciteront ni n'accep-
teront d'instructions d'aucun gouvernement ni d'aucune autorité exté-
rieure àl'Organisation». Il faut aussi tenir compte du paragraphe 3 de
l'article 101,aux termes duquel leSecrétairegénéradloitassurerà l'Orga-

nisation les servicesde personnes ((possédantles plus hautes qualitésde
travail, de compétenceet d'intégrité))et dans lequel il est ajoutéque le
Secrétaire générad loit prendre en considération ((l'importance d'un re-
crutement effectuésur une base géographique aussi large que possible B.
Il convient de mentionner égalementles élémentssuivants :

a) l'obligation d'agirde bonne foiet comptedûmenttenu des normes ad-
mises en matièrede comportement;
b) l'obligation de prendre dûment en considérationles droits et devoirs
du personnel en généralet du fonctionnaire concerné en particulier; (c)in applying the standard of reasonable consideration, the possibility
of a career appointmentshould obviously have been evaluated, and a
reasoned reaction to Mr. Yakimetz should have been given without

undue delay.
17. In dealing with the question whether the United Nations Adminis-
trative Tribunalin Judgement No. 333"erred on questions oflaw relating
to provisions ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations", the legalnature ofthe
concept of secondment must briefly be touched upon.
The application and legalconsequences oftherather elusiveconcept of
secondment must be undertaken in the light of the principles briefly
examined above. Thus, Article 100 of the United Nations Charter
provides that in the exercise of their duties, the members of the
United Nations Secretariat "shall not seek or receive instructions from

any government or from any other authority external to the Organiza-
tion". The staff members shall furthermore "refrain from any action
which might reflect on their position as internationalofficials responsible
only to the Organization". These basic obligations arefurther elaborated
in Article 1of the Staff Regulations.
18. Neither the United Nations Charter nor the Staff Regulations and
Staff Rules contain provisions on secondment. On the contrary, the very
principle of secondment may raise certain questions in regard to Arti-
cle 100ofthe United Nations Charter and to the above-mentioned provi-
sions of the Staff Regulations.
One conclusion to be drawn from these provisions isthat, if aseconded
person later applies for a renewal of his appointment and especially a
career appointment, hisearliersecondmentappointmentshould inprinciple
not act as a legalimpediment against such renewal orcareerappointment.
It may be in the interest of the Organization to secure for its Secretariat
staff members who have demonstrated their qualifications and have

acquired valuable experience as previously seconded appointees.

In itsJudgement No. 333the Administrative Tribunal stated that :
"IV. In his letter of 21December 1983addressed tothe Applicant,
the Respondent concluded, that, sincethe involvement of al1parties
concerned wasnecessary for the renewal ofthe Applicant's appoint-
ment, such renewal was impossible in the circumstances."

This statement of the Tribunal is a simplification so severe as to make
it untenable. The possibility of a career appointment, independent of
secondment, seemsto have been neglected or disregarded bythe Admini-
strative Tribunal. Secondment may be a useful tool inasmuch as a person
seconded by his Government may be presumed to have the persona1and
professional qualifications for the appointment in question. Career-
appointees will, ofcourse,also frequently have some officia1recommen-
dations short of officia1secondment. c) la nécessitéévidente d'envisager unenomination de carrière pour
M.Yakimetzlors de laprise en considérationéquitablede son cas etla
nécessitédeluienfaire connaître lerésultatsansdélaietenlemotivant.

17. On ne peut examiner la question de savoir si, dans,son jugement
no333, le Tribunal administratif a ((commis une erreur de droit concer-
nant lesdispositions de la Charte desNations Unies »sansétudierbriève-
ment la naturejuridique de la notion de détachement.
L'application et les conséquencesjuridiques de la notion assez vague
de détachement doivent êtreenvisagées à la lumière des principes qui
viennent d'êtreexaminéssuccinctement.C'estainsi que I'article 100de la
Charte dispose que, dans l'accomplissement de leurs devoirs, les fonc-
tionnaires du SecrétariatdesNations Unies«ne solliciteront ni n'accepte-
ront d'instructions d'aucun gouvernement ni d'aucune autoritéextérieure
à l'organisation ».D'autre part lesfonctionnaires ((s'abstiendront detout
acte incom~atibie avec leur situation de fonctionnaires internationaux

[qui]nesont responsables qu'enversl'organisation ».Cesobligationsfon-
damentalessont développées à I'article l du statut du personnel.
18. Ni la Charte des Nations Unies, ni le statut et le règlementdu per-
sonnel ne contiennent de dispositions relatives au détachement. Il se
pourrait par contre que le principe mêmedu détachement soulève des
questions liéesàI'article 100de laCharte etaux dispositions susmention-
néesdu règlementdu personnel.
Une des conclusions àtirer de cesdispositions est que, siune personne
détachéedemande que son engagement soit renouveléou plus spéciale-
ment qu'on la nomme à un poste de carrière, sa précédente nomination,
fondéesurundétachement,nedevraitenprincipepas constituerunobstacle
juridique àun renouvellementou à une nominationde carrière.L'Organi-
sation peut avoir intérêtà s'assurer pour le Secrétariat les services de
fonctionnaires ayant fait la preuve de leurs qualitéset ayant acquis une

expérienceprécieuseentant que fonctionnaires détachés.
Dans sonjugement no333,leTribunal administratif a déclaré:
« IV. Dans lalettre qu'ila adresséele 21décembre1983au requé-
rant, le défendeura conclu que, comme la participation de toutes les
parties en cause étaitnécessairepour que l'engagement du requérant
soitrenouvelé,ilétaitimpossible enl'espècede prendre une décision
dans ce sens.»

Cettedéclarationdu Tribunal constitue une simplification sigravequ'elle
est indéfendable. Le Tribunal semble ne pas avoir envisagéou ne pas
avoirvoulu envisagerl'éventualité d'unenomination de carrièreindépen-
dante d'un détachement.Le détachementpeut êtreun procédéutile dans
la mesure où l'onpeut escompter qu'une personne détachéepar songou-
vernement aura bien les qualités personnelles et professionnelles corres-
pondant à l'emploi en question. Certes, les personnes nommées à des
postes de carrière le sont aussi souvent sur recommandation officielle,
mêmeen l'absence de détachement. 172 APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. EVENSEN)

In Mr. Yakimetz's Application for Review of the Administrative
Tribunal Judgement No. 333 (doc. A/AC.86/R.117, p. 5, para. 9) one
problem of secondment was succinctlysummed up as follows :

"did the Respondent err in his beliefthat having once servedunder a
contract labelled 'secondment', the Applicant was thereby perma-
nently disabled from further United Nations service under anyother
form of contract or appointment".

In my opinion, this is a basic issue in the case which the Administrative
Tribunal seems to have obscured.
One essential aspect of thisissuewas dealt with by Judge ~inold Kean
in his dissenting opinion asfollows(Judgement No. 333,p. 23,para. 10) :

"there was in the circumstances no possibility, and no desire on the
part ofthe Government or ofthe ~~plicant, that he should rejoin the
service of that Government, from which he had recently resigned.
The only effect, therefore, of a supposed preclusive agreement
(expressed or implied) would have been to prevent the Applicant
from being employed, then or at any future time, by the United
Nations, however valuable or necessaryhisservicesmight be. It can-
not be believed that the Respondent would ever have been a party
to so unreasonable an agreement, bearing in mind the provision
of Article 101.3 ofthe Charter. ..that 'theparamountconsideration
in the employment of the staff. ..shall be the necessity of securing
the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity'.

(Emphasis added.)"

19. Myconclusions on thisbrief examination ofthe concept of second-
ment are the following:

There may exist an inherent conflict between the provisions in Arti-
cle 100of the United Nations Charter onthe independence and integrity
of the Secretariat and the practice of secondment if the principle ofsec-
ondment is too rigidly applied. At least in cases of career appointments,
lack of secondment cannot constitute a legal impediment for further
employmentinthe United Nations. In myopinion, itmust also beopento
a staffmember,whose appointment isbased ona contract ofsecondment,
to applyfora new stint in the Secretariat onthe basis of a career contract.

In view of the foregoing, 1find that the Administrative Tribunal in its
Judgement No. 333 of 8June 1984erred on questions of law relating to
provisions ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations. Tterred in acquiescing in
the Secretary-General's apparent failure to apply regulations binding
upon him under Article 101,paragraph 1,of the Charter. It erred in not
finding that the administrativemeasures taken against Mr.Yakimetzwere
inconsistent with Article 100 of the Charter. And it erred under Arti- Dans lademande de réformationdujugement no333du Tribunaladmi-
nistratif forméepar M. Yakimetz (doc. A/AC.86/R.117, p. 4,par. 9),il est
donnéun aperçu succinct de ce problème de détachement :

«le défendeur a-t-il commis une erreur en estimant qu'ayant anté-
rieurement étéemployé dans lecadre d'un contrat qualifiéde «déta-
chement »,le requérantétaitde ce fait privéde manièrepermanente
de la possibilitéd'être employé a l'organisation des Nations Unies
au titre d'un contrat ou d'une nomination d'un type différent».
Amon avis,ceproblème estfondamental enl'espèce etleTribunal semble

l'avoirocculté.
Un aspect essentiel deceproblèmeaétéévoquécommesup itar M. Kean
dans sonopinion dissidente ('jugementno333, p.26,par. 10):
«Dans le cas du requérant, il était impossible, étant donné les
circonstances, que le requérant reprenne ses fonctions au sein de
l'administration nationale dont il venait de démissionner, ceque ne
souhaitait d'ailleurs ni le gouvenement ni le requérant. Par consé-

quent, un accord présuméd'exclusion (explicite ou implicite)
n'aurait eu pour effet que d'empêcherle requérant d'être employé
par l'ONU, immédiatementou a une date ultérieure, aussiprécieux
ou indispensables que ses services puissent être. Il est impensable
que le défendeur ait jamais étépartie a un accord aussi déraison-
nable, étantdonné que l'article 101.3de la Charte ..stipule que «la
considérationdominantedans lerecrutement et la fixation descondi-
tions d'emploi du personnel doit êtrela nécessitéd'assurer à l'Or-
ganisation les services de personnes possédant les plus hautes
qualitésde travail, de compétence et d'intégrité».(Les italiques sont
de moi.) ))

19. Mesconclusions, aprèscet examen rapide de la notion de détache-
ment, sont les suivantes:
Un conflit fondamental entre les dispositions de l'article 100 de la
Charte relatives a l'indépendance et à l'intégritédu Secrétariat et lapra-

tique du détachement risque de surgir si le principe du détachement est
appliquétrop strictement. Pour le cas d'une nomination de carrière,tout
au moins,l'absence de détachementnesaurait constituer un obstaclejuri-
dique a un nouvel engagement a l'organisation. A mon avis, le fonction-
naire dont l'engagement repose sur un contrat de détachement doit aussi
pouvoir solliciter une période de service au Secrétariat, au titre d'un
contrat permanent.
Au vu de ce qui précède,je conclus que leTribunal administratif, dans
sonjugement no333du 8juin 1984,a commis des erreurs de droit concer-
nant des dispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies. Il a commis une
erreur en entérinant le manquement manifeste du Secrétaire généraq lui
n'a pas appliqué les dispositions réglementaires du paragraphe 1de l'ar-
ticle 101de la Charte, qui s'imposaientà lui. Il a commis une erreur en ne
concluant pas que les mesures administratives prises à l'encontre decle 101,paragraph 3, of the Charter in treating government consent to
Secretariat appointments as aparamount consideration.

Since1disagree withthe Advisory Opinion inregard to question 2,1am
constrained to filethis dissenting opinion.

20. In concluding, may 1add some observations on an issue relating
both to question 1 and question 2, namely what are the legal conse-
quences, if any, of the fact that Mr. Yakimetz changed his permanent
residence and opted for United States' nationality.
Judge Ustor stressed in his opinion in Judgement No. 333 of the Ad-
ministrative Tribunal (p. 19)that:

"the Applicant was . . .not eligible for consideration for a career
appointment. In any event, the Applicant, in view of the circum-
stances in which he elected to break histies with his country, 'could
no longer claimto fulfilthe conditions governingemploymentin the
United Nations' and could not expect that any consideration would
lead to his career employment."

This statement seems too absolute to be tenable. In the foregoing, 1have
examined the requirement laid down in General Assembly resolu-
tion 37/126 that "every reasonable consideration shall be given to a staff
member's application fora career appointment".
In his statement, Judge Ustor seems to turn this principle upsidedown
in actually claiming that no consideration whatever shouldbe given to a
"Yakimetz category" applicationfora career appointment. 1am likewise
concerned that Judge Ustor's absolutism comes very close to infringing
upon the principles underlying Article 100 ofthe Charter of the United
Nations concerning the independence and integrity of staff members,
and also close to infringing upon basic principles of law spelt out in

the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948,
interalia, the principles laid down in Articles 13and 15thereof to the
effect that: "Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his
own, and return to his country" (Art. 13,para. 2), and the provisions of
Article 15,paragraph 2,that :"No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his
nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality."
Of course, a change in nationality may create certain complications,
both inview oftheneed and effectsofsecondment and ofthe provisions in
the United Nations Charter, Article 101,paragraph 3, to the effect that:
"Due regard shall be paid to the importance of recruiting the staff on as
wide a geographical basis as possible."
But the "paramount consideration", expressed in Article 101, para-
graph 3, of the Charter, refers to "the necessity of securing the highest
standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity" in appointing staffM. Yakimetz étaientincompatibles avec l'article 100de la Charte. Et il a
commis une erreur concernant le paragraphe 3 de l'article 101 de la
Charte en regardant comme une considération dominante le consente-
ment d'un gouvernement au recrutement d'un fonctionnaire au Secréta-
riat.
C'est parce que je suis en désaccord avec ce qui est dit dans l'avis
consultatifà propos delaquestion2 quej'aidû rédigerlaprésenteopinion
dissidente.
20. Pour conclure, je souhaite ajouter quelques observations sur un

pointquiconcerne àlafoislaquestion 1etlaquestion 2, à savoirlesconsé-
quences juridiques éventuelles,s'il y en a, du fait que M. Yakimetz a
changéde résidencepermanente et opté pour la nationalité américaine.
M. Ustor a souligné,dans la déclaration qu'il a jointe au jugement
no333du Tribunal administratif (p. 22),que :
«le requérantneremplissait pas lesconditions requises pourque son
cas soit pris en considérationaux finsd'une nomination de carrière.

En tout étatde cause, vu les circonstances dans lesquelles il a choisi
de rompre avec son pays, le requérant «ne pouvait plus prétendre
remplir lesconditionsqui régissent l'emploiàl'organisation desNa-
tions Unies»et il ne pouvait s'attendreàce que l'examen de sa can-
didature aboutisse àune nomination permanente B.
Cette assertion paraît trop catégorique pour être soutenable.J'ai exa-

minéplushaut ladisposition delarésolution 37/126 de l'Assemblée géné-
rale selon laquelle le cas des fonctionnaires «sera pris équitablement en
considérationaux fins d'une nomination de carrière ».
Dans sa déclaration, M. Ustor semble renverser ce principe en affir-
mant en fait qu'ilne faut aucunement prendre en considération aux fins
d'une nomination de carrièrele cas des fonctionnaires appartenant àla
catégoriede M.Yakimetz.Ce qui mepréoccupeégalement,c'estque l'ab-
solutisme de M.Ustor friselaviolation desprincipes surlesquelsreposent
l'article 100de la Charte, ceux qui ont traitl'indépendanceet àl'inté-
gritédesfonctionnaires, ainsique desprincipesjuridiques fondamentaux
énoncésdans la déclarationuniverselle des droits de l'homme du 10dé-
cembre 1948,et notamment ceux des articles 13et 15,aux termes des-
quels :«Toutepersonne a ledroit de quittertout pays,ycompris lesien,et

de revenir dans son pays)) (art. 13,par. 2); «Nul ne peut êtrearbitraire-
ment privédesanationaliténidu droit de changer denationalité»(art. 15,
par. 2).
Certes, un changement de nationalitérisque de créerdescomplications
du point de vue des nécessitéset des effets du détachementainsi que de
la disposition du paragraphe 3 de l'article 101de la Charte,qui est ainsi
rédigée: «Sera dûment prise en considérationl'importance d'un recru-
tement effectuésurune base géographiqueaussi large que possible. »
Or, la ((considération dominante)) définieau paragraphe 3 de l'ar-
ticle 101de laCharte doitêtre «la nécessitéd'assurerà l'Organisation les
services de personnes possédant les plus hautes qualitésde travail, demembers. These qualifications Mr. Yakimetz undoubtedlypossessed. It
maybe said that the Applicant upheld hisloyaltiesto the United Nations
Organization in spite of certain pressures and adversities.In myopinion,
the question of breaking ties with a government is a two-way street.
Possibly,a government may break its ties with a citizenin various ways.
Should this situation have an absolute impact on his chances of a career
appointment? In my opinion,the answer must be in the negative.

Towhatextentmere changeor fesidenceshouldhaveadverseeffectsseems
even lessobvious.The fact that a person servesfor a great number of his
adult years in a country or citywherethat organ ofthe United Nations is
situated, might often make it natural for a staff member to establish his
residencethere. Hypersensitivityfrom thenationalgovernmen intsuchcases
shouldnot beencouraged. In such cases,afirstsecondmentshouldbe suffi-
cient for the continued service of such staff member and if difficulties
arise, a career appointment might ease the situation. The Staff Rules do
not preclude changes of residential status.

In its Judgement No. 326 (p. 8, para. VII), the Fischmancase, the
Administrative Tribunal entertained a somewhat different viewin refer-
ringto an Information Circularof 19January 1954to the followingeffect :

"The decision of a staff member to remain on or acquire perma-
nent residence status in... [the]country [oftheir duty station]in no
way represents an interest of the United Nations. On the contrary,
this decisionmayadverselyaffectthe interestsofthe United Nations
in the case of internationally recruited staff members in theProfes-
sional category ..."

This formulation seemsto me much too categorical. Such restrictions on
the essential freedom of highly qualified professional persons may, for
many reasons, adverselyaffectthe interests ofthe United Nations in pre-
ventingthe Organization from obtaining qualified personnel or in losing
seasoned personnel whohaveworked withthe United Nations Organiza-
tion foralongtime,and havethus acquired invaluableexpertiseinand for
the United Nations.
These views,applied to the present case, indicate that Mr. Yakimetz's
establishment of permanent residency in New York and his application
for United Statescitizenshipcould not be regarded asabar to hisapplica-
tion for a career appointment.

(Signed)Jens EVENSEN. DEMANDE DE RÉFORMATION (OP.DISS.EVENSEN) 174

compétenceet d'intégrité » dans le recrutement des fonctionnaires. Ces
qualités,M. Yakimetz les possédait indéniablementO . n peut dire que le
requérantestresté loyal àl'égardde l'organisation malgrécertaines pres-
sions etcertains revers.Amon avis,larupture desliens avecun gouverne-
ment n'est pas unilatérale.Il y a différentes manièresdont un gouverne-
ment peut rompre sesliens avecl'un de ses ressortissants. Cette situation

doit-elle modifier radicalement leschances de celui-cid'êtrenommé àun
poste decarrière? Selon moi, ilfaut répondrepar la négativeàcette ques-
tion.
Onvoitencoremoinsbiendansquelle mesureleseulchangementde rési-
dencedevrait avoiruneffetdéfavorable. Souvent, le fait qu'une personne
soit en poste pendant unebonne partie de sa vied'adulte dans un pays ou
dans une ville où se trouve situé l'organe des Nations Unies pour lequel
elletravaille peut l'amenertout naturellement yétablirsarésidence.Ilne
fautpas encouragerlegouvernementd'origine àmanifesterenpareilcasune
susceptibilitéexcessive.ans ces circonstances, unpremier détachement
devrait suffire pour maintenir le fonctionnaire dans ses fonctions et, en

cas de difficultés,une nomination de carrière pourrait êtrela solution. Le
règlementdu personnel n'interdit pas de changer de résidence.
Dans sonjugement no326(affaire Fischman,p. 8,par. VII), le Tribunal
administratif a soutenu un point de vue légèrementdifférent. Il s'est
référé àla circulaire du 19janvier 1954,aux termes de laquelle:

«La décision d'un fonctionnaire de conserver ou d'acquérir le
statut de résidentpermanent dans ..lepays [deson lieud'affectation]
ne va nullement dans le sens des intérêtsde l'organisation des Na-
tions Unies. Cette décision risque au contraire de nuire aux intérêts
de l'organisation dans lecasdes administrateurs recrutéssur leplan
international..))

Il me semble que cette conclusion est beaucoup trop catégorique.Res-
treindre ainsi les libertés fondamentales de personnes possédant de
hautes qualités professionnelles risque, pour de nombreuses raisons, de
nuire aux intérêtsde l'organisation des Nations Unies, en l'empêchant
d'obtenir des fonctionnaires qualifiés ou en lui faisant perdre des per-
sonnes bien adaptées,qui ont passéde longues années à son service et y
ont ainsi acquis une compétence précieusepour elle.
Appliquées àlaprésenteaffaire, cesconsidérations montrent que lefait
que M. Yakimetz a établisa résidencepermanente àNew York et qu'il a
demandéla citoyenneté américaine nesaurait être considéré commu en
obstacle àl'examen de sacandidature à un poste de carrière.

(Signé)Jens EVENSEN.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Evensen

Links