Separate Opinion of Judge Sette-Camara

Document Number
065-19801220-ADV-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
065-19801220-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OFJUDGE SETTE-CAMARA

1 fully subscribe to the decision and operative part of the Advisory
Opinion, but, sincemyreasoning dealswith some pointsnotcontemplated
by the Court, 1feel myself bound toappend a separate opinionsetting out
my views.
There is no doubt about the right of the World Health Organization to
resort to an advisory opinion of the Court in matters related to theinter-
pretation of the Agreement of 25 Mach 1951between the World Health
Organization and Egypt. This right isbased on Article 96,paragraph 2, of
the Charter of the United Nations, Article 65, paragraph 1, ofthe Statute
of the Court and Article X, paragraph 2, of the Agreement between the
World Health Organization and the United Nations adopted by the First
World Health Assembly on 15November 1947.MoreoverArticle 76of the
Constitution of the World Health Organization expressly reserves such
right to the Organization.The advisoryjurisdiction of the Court is there-
fore properly resorted to and soundly established. On the other hand,
notwithstanding the discretionary nature of the Court's power to give
advisory opinions, in its whole existence there has been no instance in

which this power was exercised in a negative way. In pursuance of its
longstandingjurisprudence, the Court could hardly refuse to comply with
the request of the World Health Organization.
It isequally clear that therequest isrelated to a "legal question", namely
the interpretation of a treaty clause, and that there is no "legal question
actually pending" between the parties. The Court was confronted with
copious evidence of profound discrepancies of view among the States
belonging to the Eastern Mediterranean regional organization, and among
other States in the World Health Assembly, regarding theproposed trans-
fer of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office from Alexandria. But
those are disputes, occurnng within the organs of an international
organization, which do not concern the Court at least until they reach the
stage at which they are projected into the treaty relationship between the
World Health Organization and Egypt.

1am convinced that theAdvisory Opinion isright wheninparagraph 35,
itgoesbeyond the strict and narrowformulation of the questionsput to it
by resolution WHA33.16 to investigate and consider the true legal ques-

tion behind the request. As the Court rightly points out,

"if it is to remain faithful to the requirements of itsjudicial character
in the exercise of its advisoryjurisdiction it must ascertain what are the legal questions really in issue in questions formulated in a
request",

for fear that

"a reply to questions of the kind posed in the present request may if
incomplete, be not only ineffectual but actually misleading as to the
legal rules applicable to the matter under consideration".

The broad consideration of al1the pertinent legalissuesinvolved, even if
that would mean to go beyond the limited phraseology of the questions
contained in the request, is consistent with the jurisprudence of the Court.
The Permanent Court of International Justice already went so far as to
admit the procedure of expanding the context of some submissions even
in contentious cases. Indeed in Judgment 11, Interpretation of Judgments

Nos. 7 und 8 (Factoty ut Chorzow), the Court stated :

"In sodoing the Court does not consider itself as bound simply to
reply 'yes'or 'no'to the propositions formulated in the submissions of

the German Applications. It adopts this attitude because, for the
purpose of the interpretation of a judgment it cannot be bound by
formulae chosen by theParties concerned, but must be able to take an
unhampered decision." (P.C.I.J., SeriesA, No. 13, p. 15.)

On the next page it added :
"C nstrued in any other way, the Application in question would
not c ltisfy the expressconditions laid down by the above-mentioned

artic e ; and the Court, as it has already had occasion to observe in
pre .ious judgments, may within reasonable limits disregard the
de ects of form of documents placed before it."

Like~ ise in the Advisory Opinion on the Delimitation of the Polish-
Czechos.wukiun Frontier, the so-calledJuworzina case (P.C.I.J., Series B,
No. 8, p. ;O), the Permanent Court held :

"A, -ording to the actual language of the prearnble of the request,
the question upon whch the Court is asked for an advisory opinion
principally concerns thefrontier in the region of Spisz, and the written
and oral information supplied bears almost entirely on this point.
Nevertheless the Court feels obliged to express an opinion upon the

Polish case, and consequently upon the frontiers in the Duchy of
Teschen and the territory of Orava, in sofar as the delimitation of the
frontier in those regions and in the territory of Spisz may be inter-
dependent. In drafting the Request, the Council made a point of
referring expressly to the conclusions of the respective cases submit-
ted by the two parties, and the discussion which took place in the
Council of theLeague of Nations, as well asthegeneral terms in whch

thequestion itself is stated,appearto indicate that theopinion should
embrace the whole range of the cases submitted." Again in the Advisory Opinion on Cornpetence of the Internationul

Labour Organisation (P.C.I.J., Series B, Nos. 2 und 3,p. 59) the Permanent
Court decided to restrict the meaning of the request for advisory opinion
presented to it. It then stated :

"The words used imply that the 'other questions' are to bequestions
essentially of the same nature for the present purpose as that of the
organisation and development of means of production ; but such
'other questions' are not specified, and the Court does not undertake
to say what they may be."

The International Court of Justice, in the Advisory Opinion on Adn~is-
sihilitv of Heurings of Petitioners ht. the Conlnlittee on South West Africu
(I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 26). did not depart from this jurisprudence. It
stated :

"It was in these circumstances that the question was submitted to
the Court. While the question in terms refers to the grant of oral
hearings by the Committee. the Court interprets it as meaning :
whether it is legally open to the General Assembly to authorize the

Committee to grant oral hearings to petitioners. The Court must
therefore deal with the broader question as to whether it would be
consistent with its previous Opinion of 11July 1950for the General
Assembly to authorize the Committee on South West Africa to grant
oral hearings to petitioners."

Moreover in the Advisory Opinion on Certuin Esperzses of the United
Nutions (I.C.J. Reports 1962. pp. 157 f.) the Court found :

"Although the Court will examine Article 17 in itself and in its
relation to the rest of the Charter. it should be noted that at least three
separate questions might arise in the interpretation of paragraph 2of
this Article. One question is that of identifying what are the 'expenses
of the Organization' : a second question might concern apportion-
ment by the General Assembly :while a third question might involve

the interpretation of the phrase 'shallbe borne by the Members'. It is
the second and third questions which directly involve 'the financial
obligations of the Members', but it is only the first question which is
posed by the request for the advisory opinion. The question put to the
Court has to do with a moment logically anterior to apportionment,
just as aquestion of apportionment would be anterior to aquestion of
Members' obligation to pay."

And the Court concluded :
"It has been asked to answer a specific question related to certain identifiedexpenditures which have actuallybeen made, but the Court
would not adequately discharge the obligation incumbent on it unless
it exarnined in some detail various problems raised by the question
which the General Assembly has asked." (Ibid.,p. 158.)

Contrary to the assertion in some quarters, the WHO or indeed any
international organization, has the right to remove its regional offices.
In the light of Articles 43,44,45 and 46 of the Constitution of theWorld

Health Organizationit seems indisputable that the Organization enjoys an
unfettered right to decide on the location of its headquarters and the
headquarters of its regional committees and regional offices. Indeed it
would run counter to the actual texts of the majority of the constitutions or
international organizations to deny the latter such right,including the right
to transfer their headquarters and the sites of their organs if they sodeem

fit. On this point it is enough to recall Section 23 of the United Nations
Headquarters Agreement, which gives to the Organization the unilateral
right to decide on the permanence of its headquarters in New York, and
Section 24, which provides :

"This agreement shall cease to be in force if the seat of the United
Nations is removed from the territory of the United States, except for
such provisions as may be applicable in connection with the orderly
termination of the operations of the United Nations at its seat in the

United States and the disposition of the property therein."

Indeed the Lake SuccessAgreement of 1947neither contains any provision
for denunciation nor lays down periods of notice for the termination of the
treaty. If that is so with what - considering the huge interests involved in
one side or the other - is the most important of headquarters agreements,
it would be extraordinary to contend that a denunciation clause with a

prescribed period of noticefortermination of the treaty is indispensable in
treaties between international organizations and host countries relating to
the location of headquarters.
Moreover 1 do not believe that agreements of that kind enshrine an
obligation on the part of the Organization to keep their offices operating in
the territory of the host State. In the 1951 WHO-Egypt Agreement the

obligations of the Organization are clearly spelled out in Sections 26
(privileges and immunities granted only in the interests of the organiza-
tion),3 1 (respect for the security of the Egyptian Government), 32 and 33
(CO-operation for the settlement of local disputes), and 34 (settlement of
disputes relating to theagreement). No provision exists according to which

the Organization is bound to keep its office operating in Egypt. In fact,
even if the possibility of transfer is disregarded it might happen that for
different reasons the Organization would find it necessary to discontinuethe operation of its regional organ. And it seems that nothing in the 1951

Agreement would constitute a legal obstacle to a decision of such a
kind.
Again on the matter of integration, issue may bejoined with those who
make too much of it. As one deals with the constitutional problems of the
WHO underlying the question before the Court, attention should be paid
to the so-called "integration" of the Alexandna Sanitary Bureau under

Article 54 of the Constitution. Article54 is mainly concerned with the Pan
American Sanitary Organization, represented by the Pan American Sani-
tary Bureau and the Pan American Sanitary Conferences, which should
be "in due course integrated with the Organization", as well as al1other
inter-governmentul regionul heulth orgunizutions (emphasis supplied). The
article adds that "this integration should be effected as soon as practicable

through common action based on mutual consent of thecompetent autho-
rities, expressed through the orgunizutions concerned" (emphasissupplied).
The Sanitary, Maritime and Quarantine Board of Egypt, or the Egyptian
Quarantine Board, lost itsinter-governmentallcharacter on the conclusion
of the Pans International Sanitary Convention of 31 October 1938,whose
Article 1 stipulated :

"The Sanitary, Maritime and Quarantine Board of Egypt shall be
abolished and itsfunctions shall be performed by the Egyptian sani-
tary authorities in pursuance of the provisions of the International
Sanitary Convention of 1926,as amended under the terms of Article 2

below. The transfer of servicesshall take place three months after the
entry into force of the present Convention."

Appended to the Convention appeared a Declaration by the delegation
of the Royal Egyptian Government accepting the new responsibilities
including theengagement to retain, "in thecapacity of Egyptian officials",
foreign experts and foreign permanent officials.

Moreover, when the text of Article 54was drafted during the New York
1946International Health Assembly the main problem considered was the
situation of the Pan American Sanitam Bureau. The onlv delenationuto
raise the question of the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau was the Egyptian
delegation (see WHO, Officia1Records, No. 1,p. 24). Neither of the two
alternative texts discussed included the word "integration" (ihid.,Ann. 23,

p. 73). This concept was resorted to by the Harmonizing Committee of 16
members and there were doubts about the real meaning of the word
"integration". On the other hand, one of the most relevant resolutions
concerning "integration" of the Alexandna Sanitary Bureau, namely
EB3.R3O deals with the integration of functions only, and contains no
reference to Article 54of the Constitution. Therefore,although the process
of absorption of the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau into the structure of the

WHO and its transformation to the Eastern Mediterranean Regional
Office was frequently referred to as "in:egrationfl, 1 do not think that it allows the conclusion that the status of the Alexandria Bureau is different
from that of the other regional offices and that it should be treated in a

distinct manner in the eventuality of transfer. The theory of the "predes-
tination" of Alexandria for the role of the site of the EMRO is not
altogether very convincing, since there were previous regional offices for
the exchange of epidemiological information in other places, such as
Tehran, Tangiers and Singapore. If that was the mark of "predestination",
the Regional Office for South-East Asia should be in Singapore and not
New Delhi, and the headquarters of the WHO itself should be in Paris,

where the venerable "Office international d'Hygiène publique" was so
active from 1907 until the outbreak of the Second World War.

Since the doctrine of "integration", individualizing the Bureau of Alex-
andria as a "unique" situation, has no bearing on the operative part of the
Advisory Opinion, 1 was able to concur in its approval. The foregoing

remarks are therefore addressed to setting forth my views concerning
references in the reasoning to "integration under Article 54 of the Con-
stitution".

It is undeniable that the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau played an impor-
tant role in the history of international sanitaryco-operationespecially in
performing its dutiesas the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office of the
WHO since 1 July 1949.It is a long and rich history, which goes back to

183 1.In 1843 a health council similar to the one at Constantinople was
created in Egypt, which in 1852inherited the attributions of the latter.This
sesquicentennial body, by virtue of its experience and its situation at the
crossroads of the traditional pilgrimages, may be proud of an impressive
record of services rendered to the international community, since the old
days when international health problems were confined to the common
work in the fight against the age-old scourges of plague, cholera, yellow

fever and smallpox. It is likearise beyond any doubt that Egypt has a
flawless record as a host country. Furthermore, it is clear that severance of
diplomatic relations with the host country in no way affects the function-
ing of an international organization or its organs, as the every-day routine
work of the United Nations in New York abundantly proves, and as is
provided in Article 82 of the 1975 Vienna Convention on the Represen-

tation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of
Universal Character. Were it for the Court to decide whether or not the
EMRO should be transferred, al1these arguments would probably carry a
lot of weight. But ths is not its task. The advisability and desirability of the
transfer of the office can only be decided by the World Health Assembly,
which is empowered by Articles 43 and 44 of its Constitution to do so.It is in the World Health Assembly that these arguments should be put
fonvard.

The Court has a different task. The World Health Assembly, by reso-
lution WHA33.16 of 20 May 1980,put to the Court two questions relating
to the hypothetical situation of a decision favourable to the transfer being
taken in the future. This involves the interpretation of a treaty clause and
the consequences of such an interpretation.

There is no doubt that Article 3 1of the Vienna Convention on the Law
of Treaties embodies the rules of general international law on the inter-
pretation of treaties, especially the overriding rule of paragraph 1,accord-
ing to which :"A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance
with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their
context and in the light of its object and purpose." Of course the Vienna

Convention does not apply to the Agreement before the Court, since it is
not an agreement between States, but between a State and an international
organization. But its provisions would apply inasmuch as they embody
rules of international law to which the parties would be subject indepen-
dently of the Convention(Art. 3 (h)).Already in the Advisory Opinion on
theLepl Consequencesfor States of the Continued Presetweof South Africu

in Numihiu (I.C.J. Reports 1971, p. 47) the Court held : "The rules laid
down by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties .. . may in many
respects be considered as a codification of existing customary law on the
subject." And the rules of Article 31 are undoubtedly of that kind.

Therefore the work of the Court if it were conîined to the narrow limits

of the questions in the request could not but be the task of interpreting
Section 37 of the 1951 Agreement in good faith in accordance with the
ordinary meaning of its terms and in the light of the object and purpose of
the treaty, taking into consideration the rules of paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of
Article 3 1,and the supplementary means of interpretation provided for in
Article 32.
The first question before the Court referred specifically to the "nego-

tiations" and "notice" provisions of Section 37. What exactly are those
provisions? The "negotiations" referred to in Section 37 are those relating
to the revision of the treaty ("The present Agreement may be revised at the
request of either Party. In thisevent the two parties shall consult each other
concerning the modifications to be made in its provisions"). It is this
process of consultation that iscalled "negotiations" in the second sentence
of the proviso. Section 37 does not deal with any other kind of "negotia-

tions". So what is in issue is the "revision" or modification of the treaty.
And, furthermore, the final part of the provision states that it is in the caseoffailure of suchnegotiations to resultinan understanding within oneyear
that the Agreement may be denounced by either party's giving two years'
notice. The two years'notice is related to denunciation, and denunciation
is allowed only upon the failure of the negotiations to result in an under-
standing within one year. This isthe ordinary meaning of thewords used in
the text if interpreted in good faith and 1cannot see how they could be
interpreted othenvise. It seemsevident that the intention to avoid a clear
cut and individualized provision regulating denunciation was behind it.
Denunciation is an important stage in the life and expiry of a treaty. It is
not usual for adenunciation clause tocomedisguised under themantle ofa
provision dealing with another matter.

The "travaux préparatoires" relating to the wording of Section 37 con-
firm such an interpretation. The formula of Section 37 is a standard text,
which appears in a series of similar treaties, going back to an agreement

between the Swiss Federal Council and the International Labour Organ-
isation concerning the latter's legal status in Switzerland adopted and
signed on 11March 1946.It gavebirth to awholegeneration of agreements
embodying the sarne form of words, including the Agreement concerning
the legal status of the World Health Organization approved by the First
World Health Assembly on 17July 1948and by the SwissFederal Council
on 21August 1948.Indeed, one could go still further back in search of the
roots of the wording of Section 37. The 1926 modus vivendi concluded
between the League of Nations and Switzerland contained in Article XIV
the following text :

"The above rules of the modus vivendi can only be modified by
agreement between the organisations of the League of Nations and
the Federal Political Department. If, however, an agreement cannot
be reached, it shall always be open to the Federal Government or to
the organisations of the League of Nations to denounce the whole or
part of the rules of thmodus vivendi. In thiscase,the rules mentioned
in the denouncement shall remain in force for one year from the date
of such denouncement." (League of Nations, Officiul Journal, 7th
Year, No. 10,p. 1424.)

The wording of the International Labour Organisation-Switzerland
Agreement, Article 30,and of the World Health Organization-Switzerland
Agreement, Article 29, is identical to the wording of Section 37.The only
difference is that in those Agreements, the sentences are separated into
three paragraphs, while in Section 37 the whole proviso is incorporated
into one. The United Nations-Swiss Federal Council Intenm Agreement,
signed at Berne on 11June 1946and at New York on 1July 1946,which is
still the host agreement for the Organizationin Geneva (though euphem-
isticallycalled "Provisional Arrangement"), in itsFinal Article repeats the
wording of the 1926 modus vivendi, with a reduction of theperiod of notice
to three months. Moreover,from what remains of theprocès-verbauxof the negotiations
which took place on 1,2,3 and 11March 1946,leading to the conclusions

of the Agreement between the SwissFederal Council and the International
Labour Organisation concerning its legal status in Switzerland, it seems
clear that the Swiss Government, represented by Professor Guggenheim,
was keen on theinclusion of a denunciation clausewith six months' notice
in the treaty. The International Labour Organisation, represented by
Mr. Jenks,proposed the form of words which, with some changes, finally

led to Article 30, and which was the seed of similarprovisions in a whole
series of host agreements. Apparently the Jenks formula was intended to
avoid a denunciation clause proper and to replace it by the admission of
revision by mutual agreement of theparties. As is clear from the origins of
the wording of Section37,the right of denunciation arises only on failure,

at the end of one year of negotiations, to agree on revision. In theeconomy
of this formula, which is repeated in a score of similar treaties, denuncia-
tion is irrevocably linked with revision.

Now, could the removal of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office
from Alexandria be accomplished through the revision of the treaty? 1
believe that, from the very fact that theAgreement is a "host" agreement -
and 1submit it is - the transfer of the international regional organfrom its
present site,which is at thecentre of the Agreements provisions, would be
much more than a revision. It would indeed be tantamount to a termi-

nation of the agreement by depriving it of its object and purpose. Removal
of the Office would, therefore, fall outside the scope of Section 37, which
deals with the hv~a.hesis of the continuation in force of a modified
agreement. and not with the termination of the agreement by denun-
ciation, unless in the specific case of the failure of negotiations for

revision.
The fact is that,outside the context of a revision procedure, the treaty
contains no general denunciation clause. On this specific point it can be
equated with the treaties dealt with inArticle 56of theVienna Convention
on the Law of Treaties, namely, treaties which contain no provision
regarding termination,denunciation or withdrawal, always on the under-

standing that Article 56embodies rules of general international law within
the meaning of Article 3 (h). Incidentally, Article 56 of the draft articles of
the International Law Commission on treaties concluded between States
and international organizations or between international organizations is
identical with the text of the Vienna Convention.

1submit that it would be reasonable to regard the two conditions laid
downin subparagraphs (a) and (h)of paragraph 1of Article 56 as opening
the door to denunciation even in the absence of a general clause providing
for denunciation in the 1951Agreement. Indeed, itwould be extraordina6
were the parties to a headquarters agreement to exclude the possibility of

denunciation or withdrawal. In addition, the nature of the agreement, a host agreement, constitutes a typical case of an implied right of denun-
ciation, especiallyon the part of theOrganization, asthe International Law
Commission expressly recognized in itscommentaries on Article 56of the
draft articles on treaties concluded between States and international
organizations or between international organizations. There is no doubt
that headquarters agreements that do not contain a general denunciation
clause, and they are the majority, cannot by their very nature exclude

denunciation. If this is so,it can hardlybe disputed that, under the rulesof
general international law enshrined in Article 56 of the Vienna Conven-
tion, the Agreement may be terminated by denunciation and that in that
casea reasonable period of noticemust be given.Paragraph 2ofArticle 56,
however, goes beyond the recognized rules of general international law,
and wasconstructed by the International LawCommission under the aegis
of the progressive development of international law. The twelve months'
notice for denunciation or withdrawal is to be regarded only as an indi-
cation ofwhat would be areasonableperiod.And it isin thiscontext that it
is resorted to in paragraph 49 of the Advisory Opinion of the Court.

A controversial point in the proceedings was whether the 1951Agree-
ment is or is not a "host agreement". The concept of "host agreement" is
probably broader than that of "headquarters agreement", since agree-
ments might be signed with countries that play the role of hosts to tem-
porary gatherings and conferences. But frequently the two expressions are
taken as having the sarnemeaning. What characterizesa "host agreement"
is that itontains a series of provisions intended to regulate the relation-
ship between the host State and the international organization regarding
thepermanent siteof the organization or ofone ofitsorgans in theterritory

of the host State. Not many host agreements contain a form of words
similar to the one in Section 2 of the (New York) United Nations Head-
quarters Agreement, which States : "The seat of the United Nations shall
be the headquarters district." The United Nations-Switzerland Agree-
ment, the host agreement for the second most important site of the Orga-
nization, contains nothing of the sort. Neither do the majority of host
agreements. The 1951Agreement, apart from the direct reference in Sec-
tion 1 (v)to the "Secretariat and the Regional Office in Alexandria" and
repeated mention of the Regional Director, deals with problems that go
beyond an agreement or privileges,immunities and facilities. It deals in a
very elaborate way with the status of representatives of members, who
would not be going to Egypt unless to attend business of the Regional
Office. Section 23 (2) (d)provides for the right of officials of the Organi-
zation to import free of duty furniture and effects "at the timeof taking up
their post in Egypt". That is a typical provision of a host agreement,
because it relates to people allocated for a long stay in the territory of the
host country and not to officials on temporary mission on Egyptian ter-ritory. Section 30(1)ensures thesupply ofelectricity,water and gasand the
removal of refuse, which have nothing to do with provisions dealing with
privileges and immunities. Paragraph (2) of the sarne Section deals with
"police supervision for the protection of the seat of the organization".
These are provisions obviously intended to regulate relationships of a
permanent character,different from those coveringprivileges,immunities
and facilitiesexclusively,as,for instancethose containedin theAgreement
between Egypt and the WHO for the Provision of Services,of 25 August
1950.Of course, as happens with most host agreements, the 1951Agree-
ment includes the bulk of the usual provisions related to privileges,immu-
nities and facilities, or theprovisions that the Conventionon the Privileges

and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies, approved by the General
Assembly of the United Nations on 21 November 1947,in Section 1 (i)
calls "standard clauses", namely clausesdealing withjuridical personality,
property, funds and assets, facilities in respect of communications, abuse
of privileges, recognition of a United Nations laissez passerand the set-
tlement of disputes. But the difference is that in host agreements those
problems are considered in the light of the needs of the permanent pre-
senceof an international organization in the terntory of the hostState. The
195 1Agreementcorresponds to the general line of a considerable number
of host agreements concluded after the war, including the other host
agreements for Regional Officesof the WHO. It isfaithfully aligned on the
model draft agreement between the WHO and a Host Country, which is
given as Annex F to document EMR/EBWG/3. This model was de-
veloped in 1948 and established the format for al1the host agreements

concluded by the Organization. Moreover, throughout the negotiations
with the Egyptian Government and the procedures of approval by the
World Health Assembly and the ExecutiveBoard, it wasalways referred to
as a "host agreement" (see Hundbook of Resolutions and Decisions of the
World Health Assernblyand the Executive Board, Vol. 1,p. 357 - Section3
of the chapter on "Host Agreements" entitled "Host Agreement with the
Government of Egypt").

Aconsequence of the factthat the 1951Agreement isahost agreement is
that the transfer of the EMRO from Alexandria would deprive it of its
raison d'êtreand would therefore be tantamount toitstermination, sinceit

is a bilateral agreement.
Consequently, the transfer of the Regional Office cannot be achieved
through the procedure of revision or modification of the treaty provisions
which isdealt with in Section 37.If the Office isremovedfrom Alexandria,
the treaty will become void and empty of meaning.
1have submitted that Section 37 does not apply, because it deals pri-marily with revision of the Agreement and that denunciation is allowed
only if the attempt to revise the treaty fails to succeed within a year. But,

on the other hand, host agreements are by their very nature eminently
denounceable treaties, on account of thenormal unfettered competence of
international organizations to decide on thelocation of their offices,with a
fewexceptions such as the International Court ofJustice,the International
Monetary Fund and theWorld Bank, whoseheadquarters are laid downin
their Constitutions. If it be admitted that the 1951Agreement does not
contain a denunciation clause proper - and 1believe it does not - it will
inevitably faIl within the puwiew of Article 56of the Vienna Convention
on the LawofTreaties,as an expression ofgeneralinternational law.It isin
the light of those general principles of the law of treaties that the problem
of theremoval of the Officeand of the denunciation of the 195 1Agreement
should be considered. Furthermore,it would be inadmissible to accept that
the transfer could be undertaken without a certain reasonable time having
been agreed upon between the parties for the orderly termination of the

activities of the EMRO in Alexandria. That is why 1 fully support the
Advisory Opinion's cal1upon the World Health Organization toenter into
negotiations with Egypt, if ever the removal of the Office isdecided by the
World Health Assembly.

Paragraph 49 of the Advisory Opinion rightly emphasizes the mutual
obligations of the Organization and Egypt to CO-operateunder the appli-
cable legalprinciples and rulesin theevent of adecision of the Assemblyin
favour of the transfer. Consultations in good faith should take place (1)
concerning the conditions and modalities according to which the transfer
should be effected, once the WHA decides upon it ;(2) regarding the
various arrangements needed to carry out the transfer in an orderly man-
ner and with a minimum of prejudice to the work of the Organization and
theinterests of Egypt ;(3)concerning a reasonable penod of notice for the
termination of the contractual relationship.

1think the Advisory Opinion was wise to depart from the narrow and
literal consideration of the clause of the agreement under discussion in
order to deal in depth with the much more meaningful aspects of the
general need for the protection of the interests of international organiza-
tions and host Statesin cases where the conventional relationship is tobe
terminated. Any such transfer should take into account the legitimate
interests ofbothparties. The relationship between thehost countryand the
international organizationshould alwaysbe one of full understanding and
CO-operation,in order to create that climate of stability and security which
is indispensable to the steady enhancement of the important role of mul-
tilateral diplomacy.

(SigneJ doséSETTE-CAMARA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OFJUDGE SETTE-CAMARA

1 fully subscribe to the decision and operative part of the Advisory
Opinion, but, sincemyreasoning dealswith some pointsnotcontemplated
by the Court, 1feel myself bound toappend a separate opinionsetting out
my views.
There is no doubt about the right of the World Health Organization to
resort to an advisory opinion of the Court in matters related to theinter-
pretation of the Agreement of 25 Mach 1951between the World Health
Organization and Egypt. This right isbased on Article 96,paragraph 2, of
the Charter of the United Nations, Article 65, paragraph 1, ofthe Statute
of the Court and Article X, paragraph 2, of the Agreement between the
World Health Organization and the United Nations adopted by the First
World Health Assembly on 15November 1947.MoreoverArticle 76of the
Constitution of the World Health Organization expressly reserves such
right to the Organization.The advisoryjurisdiction of the Court is there-
fore properly resorted to and soundly established. On the other hand,
notwithstanding the discretionary nature of the Court's power to give
advisory opinions, in its whole existence there has been no instance in

which this power was exercised in a negative way. In pursuance of its
longstandingjurisprudence, the Court could hardly refuse to comply with
the request of the World Health Organization.
It isequally clear that therequest isrelated to a "legal question", namely
the interpretation of a treaty clause, and that there is no "legal question
actually pending" between the parties. The Court was confronted with
copious evidence of profound discrepancies of view among the States
belonging to the Eastern Mediterranean regional organization, and among
other States in the World Health Assembly, regarding theproposed trans-
fer of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office from Alexandria. But
those are disputes, occurnng within the organs of an international
organization, which do not concern the Court at least until they reach the
stage at which they are projected into the treaty relationship between the
World Health Organization and Egypt.

1am convinced that theAdvisory Opinion isright wheninparagraph 35,
itgoesbeyond the strict and narrowformulation of the questionsput to it
by resolution WHA33.16 to investigate and consider the true legal ques-

tion behind the request. As the Court rightly points out,

"if it is to remain faithful to the requirements of itsjudicial character
in the exercise of its advisoryjurisdiction it must ascertain what are OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. SETTE-CAMARA

Je souscrisentièrernent à la décisionet au dispositif de l'avis consultatif
mais, étant donné qiie mon raisonnement porte sur certains points qui
n'ont pas étéenvisagés par la Cour, je me sens obligé d'y joindre une
opinion individuelle exposant mes idées.

Le droit de l'0rga:nisation mondiale de la Santéde demander un avis
consultatif A la Cour sur des points mettant en jeu l'interprétation de
l'accord du 25 mars 1951 entre l'organisation mondiale de la Santé et
1'Egypte ne fait aucun doute. Ce droit se fonde sur l'article 96, paragra-
phe 2, de la Charte des Nations Unies, l'article 65, paragraphe 1,du Statut

de la Cour et l'article X, paragraphe 2, de l'accord entre I'Organisation
mondiale de la Santéet I'Organisation des Nations Unies, adopté par la
première Assembléemondiale dela Santéle 15novembre 1947.En outre,
l'article 76 de la Coinstitution de I'Organisation mondiale de la Santé
réserveexpressément ce droit à I'Organisation. La Cour est donc réguliè-

rement saisie dans sa compétence consultative et celle-ci est bien fondée.
D'autre part, malgré lecaractère discrétionnaire du pouvoir conféréà la
Cour en matière consiiltative, iln'estpas d'exemple que,depuissacréation,
elle ait exercénégativement ce pouvoir. Conformément à sa longue juris-
prudence, la Cour pourrait difficilement refuser de donner suite à la

requêtede I'Organisation mondiale de la Santé.
11appert également que la demande d'avis consultatif a trait à une
((questionjuridique n,à savoir l'interprétation d'une clause d'un traité,et
qu'il n'y a pas de (qluestionjuridique actuellement pendante )>entre les

parties. On a fourni ila Cour d'abondantes preuves des profondes diver-
gences de vues entre les Etats appartenant àl'organisation régionaledela
Méditerranée orientale - et entre d'autres Etats - au sein de l'Assemblée
mondiale de la Santé,quant au projet visant àtransférerhors d'Alexandrie
le Bureau régional de la Méditerranée orientale. Mais ce sont là des

divergences qui se sont manifestées à l'intérieur des organes d'une insti-
tution internationale et qui n'intéressent pas la Cour, aussi lontemps du
moins qu'elles ne se :situent pas au niveau des relations conventionnelles
entre I'Organisation mondiale de la Santéet I7Egypte.
Je suis convaincu qu'au paragraphe 35 de son avis consultatif la Cour a

eu raison d'aller au-delà du libelléstrict et littéral des questions qui lui ont
étéposéespar la résolution WHA33.16, et d'étudier et de creuser la véri-
table question juridique soulevéepar la requête.Comme la Cour l'a très
justement fait observer :

<pour rester ficlèleaux exigences de son caractère judiciaire dans
l'exercice de sa compétence consultative, elle doit rechercher quelles the legal questions really in issue in questions formulated in a
request",

for fear that

"a reply to questions of the kind posed in the present request may if
incomplete, be not only ineffectual but actually misleading as to the
legal rules applicable to the matter under consideration".

The broad consideration of al1the pertinent legalissuesinvolved, even if
that would mean to go beyond the limited phraseology of the questions
contained in the request, is consistent with the jurisprudence of the Court.
The Permanent Court of International Justice already went so far as to
admit the procedure of expanding the context of some submissions even
in contentious cases. Indeed in Judgment 11, Interpretation of Judgments

Nos. 7 und 8 (Factoty ut Chorzow), the Court stated :

"In sodoing the Court does not consider itself as bound simply to
reply 'yes'or 'no'to the propositions formulated in the submissions of

the German Applications. It adopts this attitude because, for the
purpose of the interpretation of a judgment it cannot be bound by
formulae chosen by theParties concerned, but must be able to take an
unhampered decision." (P.C.I.J., SeriesA, No. 13, p. 15.)

On the next page it added :
"C nstrued in any other way, the Application in question would
not c ltisfy the expressconditions laid down by the above-mentioned

artic e ; and the Court, as it has already had occasion to observe in
pre .ious judgments, may within reasonable limits disregard the
de ects of form of documents placed before it."

Like~ ise in the Advisory Opinion on the Delimitation of the Polish-
Czechos.wukiun Frontier, the so-calledJuworzina case (P.C.I.J., Series B,
No. 8, p. ;O), the Permanent Court held :

"A, -ording to the actual language of the prearnble of the request,
the question upon whch the Court is asked for an advisory opinion
principally concerns thefrontier in the region of Spisz, and the written
and oral information supplied bears almost entirely on this point.
Nevertheless the Court feels obliged to express an opinion upon the

Polish case, and consequently upon the frontiers in the Duchy of
Teschen and the territory of Orava, in sofar as the delimitation of the
frontier in those regions and in the territory of Spisz may be inter-
dependent. In drafting the Request, the Council made a point of
referring expressly to the conclusions of the respective cases submit-
ted by the two parties, and the discussion which took place in the
Council of theLeague of Nations, as well asthegeneral terms in whch

thequestion itself is stated,appearto indicate that theopinion should
embrace the whole range of the cases submitted." sont véritablement les questions juridiques que soulèvent les de-

mandes formulées dans une requête )),
car,

<(une réponse incomplète à des questions comme celles de la requête
peut non seulemient êtreinefficace mais induire réellementen erreur

sur les règlesjuridiques qui régissentle sujet examiné )>.
Un examen global de touslesproblèmesjuridiques en jeu est compatible

avec lajurisprudence de la Cour, mêmes'ilnécessiteque l'on aille au-delà
du libellérestreint des questions figurant dans la requête.La Cour per-
manente de Justice internationale a été jusqu'à admettre la procédure
consistant i élargir le contexte de certaines conclusions, même dans

des affaires contentieuses. Qui plus est, dans sonarrêtno 11 sur I'lnterpré-
tution des arrêtsnos7 et 8 (Usine de Chorzow), la Cour permanente a
déclaré :

(En procédant a cet examen, la Cour ne se considère pas comme
tenue de répondre simplement par oui ou non aux propositions for-
muléesdans les c:onclusionsde la requête allemande.Elle se place àce
point de vue par des formules choisies par les Parties en cause, mais

doit pouvoir se prononcer librement. j) (C.P.J.I., série A no 13,
p. 15.)

A la page suivante, 1.aCour a ajouté :

(1Selon toute .autre interprétation, en effet, la requêteen question
ne satisferait pas auxconditions formelles poséespar ledit article ;et,
comme elle a déj,ieu l'occasion de ledire dans des arrêtsantérieurs,la
Cour peut, dans des limites raisonnables. faire abstraction desimper-

fections de formie des pièces qui lui sont soumises. >)
De même,dans son avis consultatif sur la Délimitutionde lufrontière

polono-tchéco.~lovuquee,n l'affaire dite de Juworrinu (C.P.J. I., sérieB no8,
p. 50), la Cour permanente a dit :

(Laquestionsur laquelle l'avisconsultatif de la Cour est demandé
concerne, selon les termes mêmes du paragraphe introductif de la
requête, principalement la frontière dans la région de Spisz, et la

documentation écrite et orale porte presque exclusivement sur ce
point. Toutefois, la Cour estime ne pouvoir se dispenser de se pro-
noncer sur la thèse polonaise, et partant sur les frontières dans le
duché de Teschen et dans le territoire d'Orava, pour autant que la
délimitation dans ces régionset celle dans le territoire de Spisz pour-

raient dépendre l'unede l'autre. En formulantla requête,le Conseil a
tenu à renvoyer expressément aux conclusions des thèses présentées
par les deux parties, et la discussion qui a eu lieu au Conseil de la
Sociétédes Nations, aussi bien que les termes générauxdela question

mêmeparaissent indiquer que l'avis doit porter sur l'ensemble de ces
thèses. Again in the Advisory Opinion on Cornpetence of the Internationul

Labour Organisation (P.C.I.J., Series B, Nos. 2 und 3,p. 59) the Permanent
Court decided to restrict the meaning of the request for advisory opinion
presented to it. It then stated :

"The words used imply that the 'other questions' are to bequestions
essentially of the same nature for the present purpose as that of the
organisation and development of means of production ; but such
'other questions' are not specified, and the Court does not undertake
to say what they may be."

The International Court of Justice, in the Advisory Opinion on Adn~is-
sihilitv of Heurings of Petitioners ht. the Conlnlittee on South West Africu
(I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 26). did not depart from this jurisprudence. It
stated :

"It was in these circumstances that the question was submitted to
the Court. While the question in terms refers to the grant of oral
hearings by the Committee. the Court interprets it as meaning :
whether it is legally open to the General Assembly to authorize the

Committee to grant oral hearings to petitioners. The Court must
therefore deal with the broader question as to whether it would be
consistent with its previous Opinion of 11July 1950for the General
Assembly to authorize the Committee on South West Africa to grant
oral hearings to petitioners."

Moreover in the Advisory Opinion on Certuin Esperzses of the United
Nutions (I.C.J. Reports 1962. pp. 157 f.) the Court found :

"Although the Court will examine Article 17 in itself and in its
relation to the rest of the Charter. it should be noted that at least three
separate questions might arise in the interpretation of paragraph 2of
this Article. One question is that of identifying what are the 'expenses
of the Organization' : a second question might concern apportion-
ment by the General Assembly :while a third question might involve

the interpretation of the phrase 'shallbe borne by the Members'. It is
the second and third questions which directly involve 'the financial
obligations of the Members', but it is only the first question which is
posed by the request for the advisory opinion. The question put to the
Court has to do with a moment logically anterior to apportionment,
just as aquestion of apportionment would be anterior to aquestion of
Members' obligation to pay."

And the Court concluded :
"It has been asked to answer a specific question related to certain INTERPRÉTATION DE L'ACCORD (OP. IND. SETTE-CAMARA) 180

De même,dans sori avis consultatif sur la Compétencede 1'Orgunisation

internationale du Travail (C.P.J.I., série B nos 2 et3, p. 59), la Cour per-
manente a décidé d'interpréter strictementla requêtepour avis consultatif
qui lui avait été soumise. A cette occasion, elle s'est exprimée en ces
termes :

<(La terminologie mêmeindique que ces ((autres questions ))sont
des questions qui, pour les fins du présent avis, doivent êtreconsi-

déréescomme étant essentiellement de mêmenature que celles ten-
dant à organiser et à développer les moyens de production ; mais les
autres questio:ns ne sont pas précisées,et la Cour ne saurait
entreprendre de les définir. ))

La Cour internationale de Justice, dans son avis consultatif sur l'Ad-
missibilité deI'uuditiorzdepétitionnuirespar le Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain

(C.I.J. Recueil 1956,p. 26), ne s'est pas écartée de cettejurisprudence. Elle
a alors déclaré:

<<C'est dans ces circonstances que la question a étésoumise à la
Cour. Alors que la question se réfère expressémentà des audiences à
accorder par le Comité,la Cour l'interprète comme ayant pour objet
de déterminer si 'l'Assemblée généraleest habilitéeen droit àautoriser

le Comitéa accorder des audiences àdes pétitionnaires. La Cour doit
par conséquent examiner la question plus large portant sur le point
suivant : l'Assembléegénéralese conformerait-elle àl'avis consultatif
du Il juillet 1950, en autorisant le Comité du Sud-Ouest africain à

accorder des audiences à des pétitionnaires ?
De plus, dans son avis consultatif sur Certaines dépenses desNatiorzs

Unies (C. I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 157-158), la Cour a présentéI'observation
suivante :

((La Cour se ;propose d'examiner l'article 17 en lui-mêmeet dans
ses relations avecle reste dela Charte, mais il convient de noter qu'au
moins trois quesitionsdistinctes pourraient seposer en cequiconcerne

l'interprétation (lu paragraphe 2 de cet article. La première question
est celle de l'identification des (<dépenses de l'organisation ));une
seconde question aurait trait à la répartition des dépenses par l'As-
semblée généralte ; et une troisième porterait sur l'interpréation des

mots ((sont supportées par les Membres ))Les deuxième et troisième
questions visent directement les obligations financières des Mem-
bres O,mais c'est uniquement la première que est soulevée par la
demande d'avisconsultatif. La question soumise àlaCour seréfèreau

moment qui prc-cèdelogiquement la répartition des dépenses, de
même qu'une question relative à cette répartition serait antérieure a
une question touchant à l'obligation des Etats Membres de payer. ))

Et la Cour a conclu en ces termes :

<(Onlui a demandéde répondre à une question précisequi a trait à identifiedexpenditures which have actuallybeen made, but the Court
would not adequately discharge the obligation incumbent on it unless
it exarnined in some detail various problems raised by the question
which the General Assembly has asked." (Ibid.,p. 158.)

Contrary to the assertion in some quarters, the WHO or indeed any
international organization, has the right to remove its regional offices.
In the light of Articles 43,44,45 and 46 of the Constitution of theWorld

Health Organizationit seems indisputable that the Organization enjoys an
unfettered right to decide on the location of its headquarters and the
headquarters of its regional committees and regional offices. Indeed it
would run counter to the actual texts of the majority of the constitutions or
international organizations to deny the latter such right,including the right
to transfer their headquarters and the sites of their organs if they sodeem

fit. On this point it is enough to recall Section 23 of the United Nations
Headquarters Agreement, which gives to the Organization the unilateral
right to decide on the permanence of its headquarters in New York, and
Section 24, which provides :

"This agreement shall cease to be in force if the seat of the United
Nations is removed from the territory of the United States, except for
such provisions as may be applicable in connection with the orderly
termination of the operations of the United Nations at its seat in the

United States and the disposition of the property therein."

Indeed the Lake SuccessAgreement of 1947neither contains any provision
for denunciation nor lays down periods of notice for the termination of the
treaty. If that is so with what - considering the huge interests involved in
one side or the other - is the most important of headquarters agreements,
it would be extraordinary to contend that a denunciation clause with a

prescribed period of noticefortermination of the treaty is indispensable in
treaties between international organizations and host countries relating to
the location of headquarters.
Moreover 1 do not believe that agreements of that kind enshrine an
obligation on the part of the Organization to keep their offices operating in
the territory of the host State. In the 1951 WHO-Egypt Agreement the

obligations of the Organization are clearly spelled out in Sections 26
(privileges and immunities granted only in the interests of the organiza-
tion),3 1 (respect for the security of the Egyptian Government), 32 and 33
(CO-operation for the settlement of local disputes), and 34 (settlement of
disputes relating to theagreement). No provision exists according to which

the Organization is bound to keep its office operating in Egypt. In fact,
even if the possibility of transfer is disregarded it might happen that for
different reasons the Organization would find it necessary to discontinue INTERPRÉTATION DE L'ACCORD (OP. IND. SETTE-CAMARA) 181

certaines dépenses déterminéesqui ontétéeffectivement faites mais la
Cour n'exercerait pas de façon adéquate l'obligation qui lui incombe

si elle n'examinait en détail les différents problèmes soulevéspar la
question que l'Assembléegénéralelui a posée. ))(Ihidp. .,158.)

Contrairement à ce que I'on soutient parfois, I'OMS, comme d'ailleurs
toute organisation intt:rnationale, a le droit de déplacerses bureaux régio-

naux. Vu les articles 43, 4445 et 46 de la Constitution de I'Organisation
mondiale de la Santé,il paraît incontestable que I'OMSa le droit absolu de
décider de l'emplacement de son siège etde ses comitéset bureaux régio-
naux. Il serait d'ailleurs contraire au texte mêmede la majoritédes consti-
tutions des organisations internationales de leur dénier ce droit, y com-

pris ledroit de transférer leur siègeet celuide leursorganes si elleslejugent
bon. Sur cepoint, il suffitde rappeler lecontenu de la section 23de l'accord
de siègede I'Organisation des Nations Unies,qui donne àl'organisation le
droit de décider unilatéralement de maintenir ou non son siège à New
York, ainsi que de la section 24, qui dispose :

((Dans le cas oiùle siègede l'organisation des Nations Unies serait
transférk hors du territoire des Etats-Unis, le présent accord cessera
d'êtreen vigueur, exceptionfaite toutefois de cellesde sesdispositions
qui seraient nécessairespour la terminaison régulière des activitésde
I'Organisation des Nations Unies dans son siège des Etats-Unis et

pour la disposition de celles de ses propriétés quis'y trouvent. 1)
L'accord de Lake Success de 1947ne contient d'ailleurs aucune disposition

sur la dénonciation eit ne prescrit aucun préavis avant la résiliation du
traité.S'ilen est ainsi pour le plus important des accords de siège - si l'on
songe aux vastes intéi-êts en jeu de part et d'autre - il serait étonnant
qu'une clause de dénonciation prévoyant un préavis soit indispensable

dans les traités conclus par des organisations internationales avec despays
hôtes en ce qui concei-nela localisation de leur siège.

De plus, je ne pense pas que les accords de ce genre entraînent pour

l'organisation l'obligation de maintenir ses bureaux dans le territoire de
1'Etathôte. Dans l'accord de 195 1entre I'OMS et l'Egypte, les obligations
de I'Organisation sont clairement énoncées aux sections 26 ((Privilègeset
immunités accordés uniquement dans l'intérêtde l'organisation ))),31
(<Précautions nécessairesàla sécuritédu Gouvernement égyptien »),32et

33 (OCollaboration pour le règlement des différends locaux D) et 34
(ORèglement des divergences de vues portant sur l'accord »).Cet accord
ne contient aucune disposition obligeant I'Organisation à maintenir son
Bureau en Egypte. En fait, mêmesi I'on écartela possibilitéde transfert, il
se pourrait que, pour différentes raisons, I'Organisation juge nécessairedethe operation of its regional organ. And it seems that nothing in the 1951

Agreement would constitute a legal obstacle to a decision of such a
kind.
Again on the matter of integration, issue may bejoined with those who
make too much of it. As one deals with the constitutional problems of the
WHO underlying the question before the Court, attention should be paid
to the so-called "integration" of the Alexandna Sanitary Bureau under

Article 54 of the Constitution. Article54 is mainly concerned with the Pan
American Sanitary Organization, represented by the Pan American Sani-
tary Bureau and the Pan American Sanitary Conferences, which should
be "in due course integrated with the Organization", as well as al1other
inter-governmentul regionul heulth orgunizutions (emphasis supplied). The
article adds that "this integration should be effected as soon as practicable

through common action based on mutual consent of thecompetent autho-
rities, expressed through the orgunizutions concerned" (emphasissupplied).
The Sanitary, Maritime and Quarantine Board of Egypt, or the Egyptian
Quarantine Board, lost itsinter-governmentallcharacter on the conclusion
of the Pans International Sanitary Convention of 31 October 1938,whose
Article 1 stipulated :

"The Sanitary, Maritime and Quarantine Board of Egypt shall be
abolished and itsfunctions shall be performed by the Egyptian sani-
tary authorities in pursuance of the provisions of the International
Sanitary Convention of 1926,as amended under the terms of Article 2

below. The transfer of servicesshall take place three months after the
entry into force of the present Convention."

Appended to the Convention appeared a Declaration by the delegation
of the Royal Egyptian Government accepting the new responsibilities
including theengagement to retain, "in thecapacity of Egyptian officials",
foreign experts and foreign permanent officials.

Moreover, when the text of Article 54was drafted during the New York
1946International Health Assembly the main problem considered was the
situation of the Pan American Sanitam Bureau. The onlv delenationuto
raise the question of the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau was the Egyptian
delegation (see WHO, Officia1Records, No. 1,p. 24). Neither of the two
alternative texts discussed included the word "integration" (ihid.,Ann. 23,

p. 73). This concept was resorted to by the Harmonizing Committee of 16
members and there were doubts about the real meaning of the word
"integration". On the other hand, one of the most relevant resolutions
concerning "integration" of the Alexandna Sanitary Bureau, namely
EB3.R3O deals with the integration of functions only, and contains no
reference to Article 54of the Constitution. Therefore,although the process
of absorption of the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau into the structure of the

WHO and its transformation to the Eastern Mediterranean Regional
Office was frequently referred to as "in:egrationfl, 1 do not think that it INTERPRÉTATION DE L'ACCORD (OP. IND. SETTE-CAMARA) 182

mettre fin aux opérations de sonorgane régional. Il semble que l'accord de

195 1 ne contienne aiicune disposition qui puisse constituer un obstacle
juridique à une décision de cet ordre.
Sur la question de l'intégration aussi, on peut discuter les vues de ceux
qui lui attachent une importance excessive. Quand on considère les pro-

blèmes constitutionnels qui se posent à I'OMS dans le contexte de la
question soumise à la Cour, il convient de sepencher sur ce qu'on a appelé
1'0 intégration » du B,ureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie, effectuée en applica-
tion de l'article 54 de la Constitution. L'article 54 concerne surtout l'Or-

ganisation sanitaire panaméricaine, représentéepar le bureau sanitaire
panaméricain et les conférences sanitaires panaméricaines, qui (Iseront
intégrésen temps voulu dans l'organisation ))de mêmeque <(toutes autres
orgurzisurionsrégionalesintergouvernementales 1).(Italiquesajoutés.) L'ar-
ticle prévoit aussi que <(cette intégration s'effectuera dès que possible par

une action commune, basée sur le consentement mutuel des autorités
compétentes, exprimépar les orgunisationsintéressées )(italiquesajoutés).
Le Conseil sanitaire maritime et quarantenaire d'Egypte. ou Conseil qua-
rantenaire égyptien, a perdu son caractère intergouvernemental par suite

de la conclusion de la convention sanitaire internationale de Paris en date
du 31 octobre 1938. dont l'article 1 dispose :

Le Conseil sinitaire maritime et quarantenaire d'Egypte sera

supprimé et les attributions en seront exercéespar les autorités sani-
taires égyptiennes, conformément aux dispositions de la convention
sanitaire internationale de 1926. telle qu'elle est modifiée par I'ar-
ticle 2 ci-après. Le transfert des services s'opérera trois mois après

l'entréeen vigueiur de la présente convention. 1)

En annexe àla convention. on trouve une déclaration de la délégationdu
Gouvernement royal ,égyptienacceptant ses nouvelles responsabilités. v

compris l'obligation dc maintenir (1en leur qualité de fonctionnaires égyp-
tiens ))les experts et employés de nationalité étrangère.
De plus. lors de la rédaction de l'article 54, pendant l'Assembléeinter-
nationale de la Santé tenue à New York en 1946, c'est la situation du
bureau sanitaire panainéricain qui a retenu essentiellement l'attention. La

seule délégation quiait soulevé laquestion du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexan-
drie a étéla délégationde 1'Egypte(voir OMS, Actes officiels, no 1.p. 29).
Ni l'un ni l'autre des deux textes qui ont été discutésne contenait le mot
((intégration ))(ihid., a.nnexe23,p. 73). Cette notion a étéintroduite par le

comitéd'harmonisation de seize membres et des doutes ont étéexprimés
quant à la significati~nnréelle du mot (intégration ». D'autre part, la
résolution la plus pertinente concernant 1'<i(ntégration » du Bureau sani-
taire d'Alexandrie, à savoir la résolution EB3.R30, ne fait pas mention de

l'article 54de la Constitution. Par conséquent, si leprocessusd'absorption
du Bureau sanitaire dqAlexandrie dans la structure de I'OMS et sa méta-
morphose en Bureau régionalde la Méditerranée orientale a été fréquem-
ment qualifiée d'~intkgration O,je ne crois pas qu'on puisse en conclure allows the conclusion that the status of the Alexandria Bureau is different
from that of the other regional offices and that it should be treated in a

distinct manner in the eventuality of transfer. The theory of the "predes-
tination" of Alexandria for the role of the site of the EMRO is not
altogether very convincing, since there were previous regional offices for
the exchange of epidemiological information in other places, such as
Tehran, Tangiers and Singapore. If that was the mark of "predestination",
the Regional Office for South-East Asia should be in Singapore and not
New Delhi, and the headquarters of the WHO itself should be in Paris,

where the venerable "Office international d'Hygiène publique" was so
active from 1907 until the outbreak of the Second World War.

Since the doctrine of "integration", individualizing the Bureau of Alex-
andria as a "unique" situation, has no bearing on the operative part of the
Advisory Opinion, 1 was able to concur in its approval. The foregoing

remarks are therefore addressed to setting forth my views concerning
references in the reasoning to "integration under Article 54 of the Con-
stitution".

It is undeniable that the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau played an impor-
tant role in the history of international sanitaryco-operationespecially in
performing its dutiesas the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office of the
WHO since 1 July 1949.It is a long and rich history, which goes back to

183 1.In 1843 a health council similar to the one at Constantinople was
created in Egypt, which in 1852inherited the attributions of the latter.This
sesquicentennial body, by virtue of its experience and its situation at the
crossroads of the traditional pilgrimages, may be proud of an impressive
record of services rendered to the international community, since the old
days when international health problems were confined to the common
work in the fight against the age-old scourges of plague, cholera, yellow

fever and smallpox. It is likearise beyond any doubt that Egypt has a
flawless record as a host country. Furthermore, it is clear that severance of
diplomatic relations with the host country in no way affects the function-
ing of an international organization or its organs, as the every-day routine
work of the United Nations in New York abundantly proves, and as is
provided in Article 82 of the 1975 Vienna Convention on the Represen-

tation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of
Universal Character. Were it for the Court to decide whether or not the
EMRO should be transferred, al1these arguments would probably carry a
lot of weight. But ths is not its task. The advisability and desirability of the
transfer of the office can only be decided by the World Health Assembly,
which is empowered by Articles 43 and 44 of its Constitution to do so. INTERPRETATION DE L'ACCORD (OP. IND. SETTE-CAMARA) 183

que le statut du Bureau d'Alexandrie est différent de celui des autres
bureaux régionaux el.qu'il devrait être traitéd'une façon spéciale dans
l'éventualitéd'un transfert. Tout compte fait, la théoriede la prédesti-

nation ))d'Alexandrie comme emplacement du BRMO n'est pas très
convaincante, puisqu"il existait déjààd'autres endroits des bureaux régio-
naux s'occupant de laidiffusion de renseignements épidémiologiques,par
exemple à Téhéran,àTangeret à Singapour. Si c'étaitlà le signe distinctif
de la prédestinatiori ))le Bureau régional pour l'Asie du Sud-Est aurait

dû êtreinstallé à Sirigapour et non à New Delhi, et le siège de l'OMS
elle-mêmedevrait êtreà Paris, où le vénérableOffice international d'hy-
giène publique a été extrêmementactif de 1907 jusqu'au début de la
seconde guerre mondliale.
Etant donné que la doctrine de 1'0intégration D,qui singulariserait la
situation unique u du Bureau d'Alexandrie, n'a aucune incidence sur le

dispositif de l'avis consultatif, j'ai pu souscrire à celui-ci. Les remarques
qui précèdentont donc pour objet d'exposer mesvues sur les allusionsque
l'on trouve dans les motifs de l'avis à l'intégration conformément à
l'article 54 de la Constitution o.

Il est incontestable que le Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie ajoué un rôle
important dans 1'hi:jtoire de la coopération sanitaire internationale,

notamment en s'acquittant de ses devoirs en tant que Bureau régional de
l'OMS pour la Méditerranéeorientale depuis le lerjuillet 1949.Il possède
une longue et riche histoire, qui remonte à 1831. En 1843, un conseil
sanitaire analogue à celui de constantinople a été créé eE ngypte, et il a
repris en 1852les attributions de celui-ci. Cet organisme, qui existe depuis

un siècleet demi, peut certes, en raison de son expérience etde sa situation
au carrefour des routes traditionnelles de pèlerinage, êtrefier de son
impressionnant palmarès de services rendus a la communauté internatio-
nale, depuis l'époque où les problèmes internationaux de santé consis-
taient seulement à assurer une collaboration dans la luttecontre les fléaux
séculaires qu'étaient la peste, le choléra,la fièvrejaune et la variole. Il ne

fait d'ailleurs aucun doute que 1'Egypte s'est toujours comportée d'une
manière irréprochableen sa qualitéde pays hôte. De plus, ilest clair que la
rupture de relations diplomatiques avec le pays hôte n'affecte en aucune
façon le fonctionnement d'une organisation internationale ou de ses orga-
nes, comme le prouve abondamment la vie quotidienne de l'organisation
des Nations Unies f~New York et comme le prévoit l'article 82 de la

convention de Vienne de 1975 sur la représentation des Etats dans leurs
relations avec les organisationsinternationales de caractère universel. S'il
appartenait à la Cour de décider si le BRMO doit être transféré ou non,
tous ces arguments pèseraient sans doute d'un poids considérable. MaisIt is in the World Health Assembly that these arguments should be put
fonvard.

The Court has a different task. The World Health Assembly, by reso-
lution WHA33.16 of 20 May 1980,put to the Court two questions relating
to the hypothetical situation of a decision favourable to the transfer being
taken in the future. This involves the interpretation of a treaty clause and
the consequences of such an interpretation.

There is no doubt that Article 3 1of the Vienna Convention on the Law
of Treaties embodies the rules of general international law on the inter-
pretation of treaties, especially the overriding rule of paragraph 1,accord-
ing to which :"A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance
with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their
context and in the light of its object and purpose." Of course the Vienna

Convention does not apply to the Agreement before the Court, since it is
not an agreement between States, but between a State and an international
organization. But its provisions would apply inasmuch as they embody
rules of international law to which the parties would be subject indepen-
dently of the Convention(Art. 3 (h)).Already in the Advisory Opinion on
theLepl Consequencesfor States of the Continued Presetweof South Africu

in Numihiu (I.C.J. Reports 1971, p. 47) the Court held : "The rules laid
down by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties .. . may in many
respects be considered as a codification of existing customary law on the
subject." And the rules of Article 31 are undoubtedly of that kind.

Therefore the work of the Court if it were conîined to the narrow limits

of the questions in the request could not but be the task of interpreting
Section 37 of the 1951 Agreement in good faith in accordance with the
ordinary meaning of its terms and in the light of the object and purpose of
the treaty, taking into consideration the rules of paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of
Article 3 1,and the supplementary means of interpretation provided for in
Article 32.
The first question before the Court referred specifically to the "nego-

tiations" and "notice" provisions of Section 37. What exactly are those
provisions? The "negotiations" referred to in Section 37 are those relating
to the revision of the treaty ("The present Agreement may be revised at the
request of either Party. In thisevent the two parties shall consult each other
concerning the modifications to be made in its provisions"). It is this
process of consultation that iscalled "negotiations" in the second sentence
of the proviso. Section 37 does not deal with any other kind of "negotia-

tions". So what is in issue is the "revision" or modification of the treaty.
And, furthermore, the final part of the provision states that it is in the casetelle n'est pas la tâch'ede la Cour. L'opportunité du transfert du Bureau
ne peut être décidéeque par l'Assemblée mondiale de la Santé, qui
est habilitée à cet effet par les articles 43 et 44 de sa Constitution. C'est

à l'Assemblée mondiale de la Santé que ces arguments doivent être
présentés.
La tâche qui incombe à la Cour est différente. Par sa résolution
WHA33.16 du 20 mai 1980,l'Assembléemondialede la Santéa soumis àla

Courdeux questions concernant la situation hypothétique qui apparaîtrait
au cas où une décision favorable au transfert du Bureau régional serait
prise a l'avenir. La réponseà ces questions requiert l'interprétation d'une
clause conventionnelle et dépend des conséquences de cette interpréta-

tion.
Il ne fait pas de doute que l'article 3 1 dela convention de Vienne sur le
droit des traités consacre les règlesdu droit international relatives à l'in-
terprétation des traités. Auparagraphe 1de cette disposition. on trouve en

particulier la règlede base selon laquelle : i(Un traité doit êtreinterprété
debonne foi suivant le sens ordinaire à attribuer aux termes du traitédans
leur contexte et à la lumière de son objet et de son but. » Certes, la
convention de Vienne ne s'applique pas à l'accord à l'examen puisque ce
n'est Das un accord conclu entre des Etats mais entre un Etat et une
r
organisation internationale. Ses dispositions s'y appliquent cependant
dans la mesure où elles consacrent des règlesde droit international aux-
quelles les parties sont soumises indépendamment de la convention
(art. 3 hi). Dans l'avis consultatif au'elle a donné sur les Conséuuence.~
,,
juridiques pour les Erurs de lu prksence continue de l'Afrique du Sud en
Nunlihie (C.I.J. Recu1~il1971p , . 47), la Cour déjà déclaré: Les règlesde
la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités ... peuvent, à bien des
égards,êtreconsidérées commeune codification du droit coutumier exis-

tant dans ce domaine. )\Or la règlede l'article 3 1appartient sans aucun
doute à cette catéeuirie.
En conséquence, si la Cour restait dans les limites étroites des questions
poséesdans la requête,ellene pourrait queprocéder àl'interprétation dela
section 37 de l'accord de 1951, de bonne foi et conformément au sens

ordinaire à attribuer à ses termes, àla lumièrede son objet et de son biit, ct
en tenant compte des règlesdes paragraphes 2,3 et 4 de l'article 31ainsi
que des moyens complémentaires d'interprétation prévus à l'article 32.

La première question posée à la Cour porte spécifiquement sur les
clauses de i,négociation ,)et de préavis» de la section 37. Quelles sont
exactement ces clauscis?Les <(négociations ))viséesà la section 37 sont les
négociations relatives à la revision de l'accord (O Le présent accord peut

êtrereviséà la demande de l'une ou l'autre partie. Dans cette éventualité,
les deux parties se consultent sur les modifications qu'il pourrait y avoir
lieu d'apporter aux diispositions du présent accord O).C'estcetteprocédure
de consultation qui est désignéepar le terme <(négociations )) dans la

troisième phrase de la section 37. Cette disposition ne vise aucune autre
sorte de <<négociations )).C'est donc la (Irevision ou la modification duoffailure of suchnegotiations to resultinan understanding within oneyear
that the Agreement may be denounced by either party's giving two years'
notice. The two years'notice is related to denunciation, and denunciation
is allowed only upon the failure of the negotiations to result in an under-
standing within one year. This isthe ordinary meaning of thewords used in
the text if interpreted in good faith and 1cannot see how they could be
interpreted othenvise. It seemsevident that the intention to avoid a clear
cut and individualized provision regulating denunciation was behind it.
Denunciation is an important stage in the life and expiry of a treaty. It is
not usual for adenunciation clause tocomedisguised under themantle ofa
provision dealing with another matter.

The "travaux préparatoires" relating to the wording of Section 37 con-
firm such an interpretation. The formula of Section 37 is a standard text,
which appears in a series of similar treaties, going back to an agreement

between the Swiss Federal Council and the International Labour Organ-
isation concerning the latter's legal status in Switzerland adopted and
signed on 11March 1946.It gavebirth to awholegeneration of agreements
embodying the sarne form of words, including the Agreement concerning
the legal status of the World Health Organization approved by the First
World Health Assembly on 17July 1948and by the SwissFederal Council
on 21August 1948.Indeed, one could go still further back in search of the
roots of the wording of Section 37. The 1926 modus vivendi concluded
between the League of Nations and Switzerland contained in Article XIV
the following text :

"The above rules of the modus vivendi can only be modified by
agreement between the organisations of the League of Nations and
the Federal Political Department. If, however, an agreement cannot
be reached, it shall always be open to the Federal Government or to
the organisations of the League of Nations to denounce the whole or
part of the rules of thmodus vivendi. In thiscase,the rules mentioned
in the denouncement shall remain in force for one year from the date
of such denouncement." (League of Nations, Officiul Journal, 7th
Year, No. 10,p. 1424.)

The wording of the International Labour Organisation-Switzerland
Agreement, Article 30,and of the World Health Organization-Switzerland
Agreement, Article 29, is identical to the wording of Section 37.The only
difference is that in those Agreements, the sentences are separated into
three paragraphs, while in Section 37 the whole proviso is incorporated
into one. The United Nations-Swiss Federal Council Intenm Agreement,
signed at Berne on 11June 1946and at New York on 1July 1946,which is
still the host agreement for the Organizationin Geneva (though euphem-
isticallycalled "Provisional Arrangement"), in itsFinal Article repeats the
wording of the 1926 modus vivendi, with a reduction of theperiod of notice
to three months.traitéqui est en question. Il est dit en outre, à la fin de la section 37, que
c'est au casoù, dan:; le délaid'un an, ces négociations n'aboutiraient pas à

une entente, que I'accord peut être dénoncépar l'une ou l'autre partie
moyennant un préavis de deux ans. Ce préavis de deux ans concerne la
dénonciation, laquelle n'est possible qu'au cas où, dans un délaid'un an,
les négociations n'aboutissent pas àune entente. Tel est le sens ordinaire à
attribuer aux termes de ce texte, interprétés debonne foi, etje ne vois pas
comment on pourrait les interpréter-autrement. Il paraît évident que la

section 37 a étéélaboréeavec l'intention d'éviterune disposition nette et
distincte sur la dénonciation. La dénonciation d'un traite est importante
puisque son existence ou son inexistence en dépend. Il est rare qu'une
clause de dénonciairionse présente sous le couvert d'une clause relative a
une autre question.
Cette interprétation est confirméepar les travaux préparatoires relatifs
au libellé delasecti,on37. La formule que l'on y trouve est une clause type

qui figure dans toute une sériede traités semblables, remontant à l'accord
entre le Conseil fédéralsuisse et l'organisation internationale du Travail
concernant le statut juridique de cette Organisation en Suisse, adopté et
signéle 11 mars 194,6.Cet accord a donnénaissance àtoute une génération
d'accords reprenant les mêmes termes,en particulier I'accord concernant
le statut juridique de l'organisation mondiale de la Santé,approuvéparla

première Assembléemondialede la Santéle 17juillet 1948et par leConseil
fédéralsuisse le 21 août 1948. On pourrait mêmeremonter encore plus
haut dans la recherche des origines du libelléde la section 37. Le modus
vivendi de 1926conclu entre la Sociétédes Nations et la Suisse contient, à
l'articlXIV, le passage suivant :

<Les règles du nlodus vivendi énoncéesci-dessus ne pourront être
modifiées que de concert entre les organismes de la Sociétédes
Nations et le Département politique fédéral.Au cas, toutefois, où un
accord ne pourrait êtreréaliséi,l sera possible, soit au Gouvernement
fédéral,soit ailx organismes de la Société desNations de dénoncer

tout oupartie clesrèglesdu nlodlu vivendi.Dans ce cas, lesrèglesvisées
dans la dénonciation demeureront en vigueur pendant une année à
dater de cette dénonciation. » (Sociétédes Nations, Journul officiel,
7' année, no IO,p. 1424.)

Le texte de l'article 30 de l'accord entre l'organisation internationale du
Travail et la Suisse et celui de l'article 29 de l'accord entre l'Organisation
mondiale de la Sanitéet la Suisse sont identiques au texte de la section 37.
La seule différence réside en ce que, dans ces accords, les phrases sont
réparties en trois paragraphes. tandis qu'à la section 37 toutes les clauses

sont regroupéesen un seul. L'arrangement provisoire entrel'organisation
des Nations Unies et le Conseil fédéralsuisse,signéàBerne le 1 1juin 1946
et à New York le Ierjuillet 1946,qui constitue encore I'accord d'établis-
sement de l'organisation à Genève(bien qu'il soit appelépar euphémisme
Accord provisoiri: O) reprend en son article final la rédaction du modu~
vivendi de 1926, avl:c un préavis réduit a trois mois. Moreover,from what remains of theprocès-verbauxof the negotiations
which took place on 1,2,3 and 11March 1946,leading to the conclusions

of the Agreement between the SwissFederal Council and the International
Labour Organisation concerning its legal status in Switzerland, it seems
clear that the Swiss Government, represented by Professor Guggenheim,
was keen on theinclusion of a denunciation clausewith six months' notice
in the treaty. The International Labour Organisation, represented by
Mr. Jenks,proposed the form of words which, with some changes, finally

led to Article 30, and which was the seed of similarprovisions in a whole
series of host agreements. Apparently the Jenks formula was intended to
avoid a denunciation clause proper and to replace it by the admission of
revision by mutual agreement of theparties. As is clear from the origins of
the wording of Section37,the right of denunciation arises only on failure,

at the end of one year of negotiations, to agree on revision. In theeconomy
of this formula, which is repeated in a score of similar treaties, denuncia-
tion is irrevocably linked with revision.

Now, could the removal of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office
from Alexandria be accomplished through the revision of the treaty? 1
believe that, from the very fact that theAgreement is a "host" agreement -
and 1submit it is - the transfer of the international regional organfrom its
present site,which is at thecentre of the Agreements provisions, would be
much more than a revision. It would indeed be tantamount to a termi-

nation of the agreement by depriving it of its object and purpose. Removal
of the Office would, therefore, fall outside the scope of Section 37, which
deals with the hv~a.hesis of the continuation in force of a modified
agreement. and not with the termination of the agreement by denun-
ciation, unless in the specific case of the failure of negotiations for

revision.
The fact is that,outside the context of a revision procedure, the treaty
contains no general denunciation clause. On this specific point it can be
equated with the treaties dealt with inArticle 56of theVienna Convention
on the Law of Treaties, namely, treaties which contain no provision
regarding termination,denunciation or withdrawal, always on the under-

standing that Article 56embodies rules of general international law within
the meaning of Article 3 (h). Incidentally, Article 56 of the draft articles of
the International Law Commission on treaties concluded between States
and international organizations or between international organizations is
identical with the text of the Vienna Convention.

1submit that it would be reasonable to regard the two conditions laid
downin subparagraphs (a) and (h)of paragraph 1of Article 56 as opening
the door to denunciation even in the absence of a general clause providing
for denunciation in the 1951Agreement. Indeed, itwould be extraordina6
were the parties to a headquarters agreement to exclude the possibility of

denunciation or withdrawal. In addition, the nature of the agreement, a En outre, d'aprè~c, e qui nous reste des procès-verbaux des négociations

qui ont eu lieu les 1 2,3 et 11mars 1946et ont abouti àla conclusion de
l'accord entre le Conseil fédéralsuisse et l'organisation internationale du
Travail relatif au statut juridique de l'organisation en Suisse,lparaît clair
que le Gouvernement suisse, représentépar M. Guggenheim, tenait beau-
coup à introduire dans le traité une clause de dénonciation avec préavis
de six mois. L'Organisation internationale du Travail, représentée par
M. Jenks, a proposé un libellé qui, après quelques modifications. est

finalement devenu l'article 30 et est àl'origine de dispositions semblables
figurant dans toute une série d'accordsd'établissement. Apparemment, la
formule de M. Jenks visait àéviter l'insertiond'une clause de dénonciation
proprement diteet àson remplacement par unedisposition permettant une
revision opéréed'un commun accord par les parties. Compte tenu de la

genèsede la section 37,le droit de dénonciation ne prend manifestement
naissance que si, au bout d'une année, des négociations menées en vue
d'une revision ont échoué.Dans l'économiede ce texte, qui se retrouve
dans toute une série de traités,la dénonciation est indissolublement liée à
la revision.
Cela étant, le transfert du Bureau régional de la Méditerranée orientale
hors d'Alexandrie pourrait-il s'opérerpar voie de revision du traité? Je

pense que, du fait mêmeque I'accord est un accordd'établissement ))- et
c'en est un selon moi - le transfert de l'organisme international régional,
qui est au centre des dispositions de I'accord, impliquerait beaucoup plus
au'une revision de celles-ci. Cela éauivaudrait en réalitéà mettre fin à
l'accord en le privant de son but et de son objet. Le transfert du Bureau
sortirait donc du cadre de la section 37, qui vise l'éventualitédu maintien

en vigueur de I'accord modifié mais ne vise pas sa disparition par voie de
dénonciation. si ce n'est dans le cas particulier où les négociations en vue
d'une revision échouent.

Le fait est que 112traité ne contient aucune clause généralede dénon-

ciation indépendamment d'une procédure de revision. Sur ce point parti-
culier, il peut êtreis sur le mêmeplan que les traitésvisésàl'article 56de
la convention de 'Vienne sur le droit des traités, à savoir ceux qui ne
contiennent pas de dispositions relatives à l'extinction, à la dénonciation
ou au retrait, étant toujours entenduque I'article 56 consacre des règlesde
droit international généralau sens de l'article 3 b). Soit dit en passant,

l'article 56 du projet d'articles de la Commission du droit international
relatif aux traités <:onclusentre Etats et organisations internationales ou
entre organisation!; internationales est identique par son libellé à la dis-
position correspondante de la convention de Vienne.
Il serait à mon avis raisonnable de considérer aue les deux conditions
énoncéesaux alinéas u) et h) du paragraphe 1 de l'article 56 donnent la
faculté de dénoncer l'accord de 1951, même en l'absencede toute clause

généralede dénonciation dans cet instrument. Il serait d'ailleurs étonnant
de priver les parties à un accord de siègede toute possibilité de dénon-
ciation ou de retrait. En outre, l'accord en question est par nature un host agreement, constitutes a typical case of an implied right of denun-
ciation, especiallyon the part of theOrganization, asthe International Law
Commission expressly recognized in itscommentaries on Article 56of the
draft articles on treaties concluded between States and international
organizations or between international organizations. There is no doubt
that headquarters agreements that do not contain a general denunciation
clause, and they are the majority, cannot by their very nature exclude

denunciation. If this is so,it can hardlybe disputed that, under the rulesof
general international law enshrined in Article 56 of the Vienna Conven-
tion, the Agreement may be terminated by denunciation and that in that
casea reasonable period of noticemust be given.Paragraph 2ofArticle 56,
however, goes beyond the recognized rules of general international law,
and wasconstructed by the International LawCommission under the aegis
of the progressive development of international law. The twelve months'
notice for denunciation or withdrawal is to be regarded only as an indi-
cation ofwhat would be areasonableperiod.And it isin thiscontext that it
is resorted to in paragraph 49 of the Advisory Opinion of the Court.

A controversial point in the proceedings was whether the 1951Agree-
ment is or is not a "host agreement". The concept of "host agreement" is
probably broader than that of "headquarters agreement", since agree-
ments might be signed with countries that play the role of hosts to tem-
porary gatherings and conferences. But frequently the two expressions are
taken as having the sarnemeaning. What characterizesa "host agreement"
is that itontains a series of provisions intended to regulate the relation-
ship between the host State and the international organization regarding
thepermanent siteof the organization or ofone ofitsorgans in theterritory

of the host State. Not many host agreements contain a form of words
similar to the one in Section 2 of the (New York) United Nations Head-
quarters Agreement, which States : "The seat of the United Nations shall
be the headquarters district." The United Nations-Switzerland Agree-
ment, the host agreement for the second most important site of the Orga-
nization, contains nothing of the sort. Neither do the majority of host
agreements. The 1951Agreement, apart from the direct reference in Sec-
tion 1 (v)to the "Secretariat and the Regional Office in Alexandria" and
repeated mention of the Regional Director, deals with problems that go
beyond an agreement or privileges,immunities and facilities. It deals in a
very elaborate way with the status of representatives of members, who
would not be going to Egypt unless to attend business of the Regional
Office. Section 23 (2) (d)provides for the right of officials of the Organi-
zation to import free of duty furniture and effects "at the timeof taking up
their post in Egypt". That is a typical provision of a host agreement,
because it relates to people allocated for a long stay in the territory of the
host country and not to officials on temporary mission on Egyptian ter- INTERPRÉTA.TIONDE L'ACCORD (OP. IND. SETTE-CAMARA) 187

accord d'établissement et il constitue donc un cas typique d'accord impli-
quant un droit de denonciation, spécialementde la part de l'organisation,
ainsi que la Commission du droit international l'a expressément reconnu

dans son commentatire de l'article 56 du projet d'articles relatif aux traités
conclus entre Etats et organisations internationales ou entre organisations
internationales. 11ne fait aucun doute que les accords de siège qui ne
contiennent pas de clause généralede dénonciation, et ce sont les plus
nombreux, ne peuvent pas par nature exclure la dénonciation. Dans ces

conditions, on ne saurait guère contester que, selon les règles du droit
international consacrées à l'article 56 de la convention de Vienne, il peut
êtremis fin à l'acclord par voie de dénonciation, et qu'en pareil cas un
préavis raisonnable doit êtredonné. Cependant, le paragraphe 2 de l'ar-
ticle 56 va au-delà des règlesreconnues du droitinternational général,et la
Commission du droit international l'a interprété sousl'angle du dévelop-

pement progressif cludroit international. Le délaide dénonciation ou de
retrait de douze mois ne doit êtreconsidéréque comme une indication de
ce qui serait un délai raisonnable. C'est bien dans ce sens que la Cour s'y
réfèreau paragraphe 49 de son avis consultatif.

La question de savoir si l'accord de 195 1 est ou non un « accord d'éta-
blissement >)(en anglais host agreement) a été controverséeau cours de la
procédure. Cette na,tion est probablement plus large que celle d'« accord
de siège ))puisque clesarrangements peuvent êtresignes avec des pays qui

accueillent, en tant qu'Etats hôtes, des réunions et conférences tempo-
raires. Mais il est fréquent que l'on donne le même sensà ces deux
ex~ressions. Un accord d'établissement se caractérise Dar le fait au'il
contient un certain nombre de dispositions visant à régler les rapports
entre 1'Etathôte et l'organisation internationale en ce qui concerne le siège
permanent de celle-ci ou le siègede l'un de ses organes sur le territoire de

1'Etathôte. Peu de ces accords contiennent des termes semblables à ceux
qui figurent àla section2 de l'accord de siègede l'organisation des Nations
Unies (àNew York), qui est ainsi libellée :<<Le siègede l'organisation des
Nations Unies est le district administratif.))L'accord entrel'organisation
des Nations Unies et la Suisse, qui concerne le deuxième siège,par ordre

d'importance. de l'Organisation, ne contient rien de la sorte. Il en va de
mêmede la majorité des accords d'établissement. L'accordde 195 1,même
si l'on excepte la référencedirecte au Secrétariat ))et au <Bureau régio-
nal àAlexandrie »,qui est faite àla section 1,v), ainsi que les nombreuses
mentions du Direct'eur régional, porte sur des questions qui dépassent le
cadre d'un accord sur les privilèges, immunités et facilités.11traite, d'une

manière très détaillléed, u statut des représentants des membres, dont la
présenceen Egypte s'expliquait seulement par la nécessitéde s'occuper des
affaires du Bureau régional. La section 23, paragraphe 2 d), proclame le
droit dont jouissent les fonctionnaires de l'organisation d'importer en
franchise de douane leurs meubles et effets «lors de leur entréeen fonctionritory. Section 30(1)ensures thesupply ofelectricity,water and gasand the
removal of refuse, which have nothing to do with provisions dealing with
privileges and immunities. Paragraph (2) of the sarne Section deals with
"police supervision for the protection of the seat of the organization".
These are provisions obviously intended to regulate relationships of a
permanent character,different from those coveringprivileges,immunities
and facilitiesexclusively,as,for instancethose containedin theAgreement
between Egypt and the WHO for the Provision of Services,of 25 August
1950.Of course, as happens with most host agreements, the 1951Agree-
ment includes the bulk of the usual provisions related to privileges,immu-
nities and facilities, or theprovisions that the Conventionon the Privileges

and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies, approved by the General
Assembly of the United Nations on 21 November 1947,in Section 1 (i)
calls "standard clauses", namely clausesdealing withjuridical personality,
property, funds and assets, facilities in respect of communications, abuse
of privileges, recognition of a United Nations laissez passerand the set-
tlement of disputes. But the difference is that in host agreements those
problems are considered in the light of the needs of the permanent pre-
senceof an international organization in the terntory of the hostState. The
195 1Agreementcorresponds to the general line of a considerable number
of host agreements concluded after the war, including the other host
agreements for Regional Officesof the WHO. It isfaithfully aligned on the
model draft agreement between the WHO and a Host Country, which is
given as Annex F to document EMR/EBWG/3. This model was de-
veloped in 1948 and established the format for al1the host agreements

concluded by the Organization. Moreover, throughout the negotiations
with the Egyptian Government and the procedures of approval by the
World Health Assembly and the ExecutiveBoard, it wasalways referred to
as a "host agreement" (see Hundbook of Resolutions and Decisions of the
World Health Assernblyand the Executive Board, Vol. 1,p. 357 - Section3
of the chapter on "Host Agreements" entitled "Host Agreement with the
Government of Egypt").

Aconsequence of the factthat the 1951Agreement isahost agreement is
that the transfer of the EMRO from Alexandria would deprive it of its
raison d'êtreand would therefore be tantamount toitstermination, sinceit

is a bilateral agreement.
Consequently, the transfer of the Regional Office cannot be achieved
through the procedure of revision or modification of the treaty provisions
which isdealt with in Section 37.If the Office isremovedfrom Alexandria,
the treaty will become void and empty of meaning.
1have submitted that Section 37 does not apply, because it deals pri-en Egypte )>.C'est 1,àune disposition typique d'un accord d'établissement ;
elle vise en effet des personnes affectées pour une longue durée sur le

territoire de 1'Etat hôte, et non des fonctionnaires en mission temporaire
sur le territoire égyptien. Le paragraphe 1 de la section 30 garantit la
fourniture d'électricité, d'eauet de gaz ainsi que l'enlèvement des ordures,
ce qui n'a rien à voir avec les dispositions relatives aux privilèges et

immunités. Le paragraphe 2 de cette section a trait à (la surveillance de
police qu'exigent la protection des locaux de l'organisation et... Ces
dispositions visent manifestement à régler des rapports d'un caractère
permanent : elles se distinguent de celles qui portent exclusivement sur
les privilèges, immunités et facilités,comme celles que contient I'accord

concernant la fourniture de services, conclu le 25 août 1950entre 1'Egypte
et I'OMS. Certes - et c'est aussi le cas pour la plupart des accords d'éta-
blissement - l'accord de 1951 contient toute la série des dispositions
habituelles relative,aux privilèges, immunités et facilités,ou les disposi-

tions que la convention sur les privilèges et immunités des institutions
spécialisées,approuvée par l'Assemblée générale desNations Unies le
21 novembre 1947, qualifie à sa section 1, i), de clauses standards )),
expression qui vise les clauses concernant la personnalité juridique, les
biens, fonds et avoirs, lesfacilitésdecommunications, l'abus des privilèges,

la reconnaissance des laissez-passer des Nations Unies et le règlement des
différends. Ce qui fait toute la différence, c'est que, dans les accords
d'établissement, ce:;problèmes sont envisagésdu point de vue des besoins
résultant de la présencepermanente d'une organisation internationalesur

le territoire de l'Eta.thôte. L'accord de 195 1correspond, dans ses grandes
lignes, à beaucoup d'accords d'établissement conclus après la guerre, y
compris les autres accords d'établissement relatifs àdes bureaux régionaux
de l'OMS. Il est fidèlement alignésur le modèle de projet d'accord entre

I'OMS et un Etat hôte qui est reproduit à l'annexe F au document EMR/
EBWG/3. Ce modkle a étémis au oint en 1948et il a servi de cadre àtous
les accordsd'établissement conclus par l'organisation. Par ailleurs,tout au
long des négociations avec le Gouvernement égyptien et pendant la pro-
cédure d'approbaticon par l'Assembléemondiale de la Santéet le Conseil

exécutif,I'accord en question a toujours étéqualifiéde <host agreement ))
et en français d'o accord de siège (voir Recuelldes résolutionset décrsrons
de I'Assemhléemond~alede la Santéet du Conseil exécutif,vol. 1,p. 357 -
section 3 du chapitre sur les Accords de siège )),intitulée Accord de

siège avec le Gouvernement de I7Egypte O).
Comme I'accord de 1951 est un accord de siègeet que c'est un traité
bilatéral, on lui ôtei-ait sa raison d'être,ce qui reviendrait à y mettre fin, si
on retirait le Bureau régional d'~lexandrie.

En conséquence,le transfert du Bureau régionalne peut pas s'opérerpar
voie de revision ou de modification des dispositions de I'accord, selon la
procédure prévue ;iila section 37. Si le Bureau est retiré d'Alexandrie,
I'accord devient nul et vide de sens.

J'ai dit quela section 37ne s'applique pasparce qu'elle vise avant tout lamarily with revision of the Agreement and that denunciation is allowed
only if the attempt to revise the treaty fails to succeed within a year. But,

on the other hand, host agreements are by their very nature eminently
denounceable treaties, on account of thenormal unfettered competence of
international organizations to decide on thelocation of their offices,with a
fewexceptions such as the International Court ofJustice,the International
Monetary Fund and theWorld Bank, whoseheadquarters are laid downin
their Constitutions. If it be admitted that the 1951Agreement does not
contain a denunciation clause proper - and 1believe it does not - it will
inevitably faIl within the puwiew of Article 56of the Vienna Convention
on the LawofTreaties,as an expression ofgeneralinternational law.It isin
the light of those general principles of the law of treaties that the problem
of theremoval of the Officeand of the denunciation of the 195 1Agreement
should be considered. Furthermore,it would be inadmissible to accept that
the transfer could be undertaken without a certain reasonable time having
been agreed upon between the parties for the orderly termination of the

activities of the EMRO in Alexandria. That is why 1 fully support the
Advisory Opinion's cal1upon the World Health Organization toenter into
negotiations with Egypt, if ever the removal of the Office isdecided by the
World Health Assembly.

Paragraph 49 of the Advisory Opinion rightly emphasizes the mutual
obligations of the Organization and Egypt to CO-operateunder the appli-
cable legalprinciples and rulesin theevent of adecision of the Assemblyin
favour of the transfer. Consultations in good faith should take place (1)
concerning the conditions and modalities according to which the transfer
should be effected, once the WHA decides upon it ;(2) regarding the
various arrangements needed to carry out the transfer in an orderly man-
ner and with a minimum of prejudice to the work of the Organization and
theinterests of Egypt ;(3)concerning a reasonable penod of notice for the
termination of the contractual relationship.

1think the Advisory Opinion was wise to depart from the narrow and
literal consideration of the clause of the agreement under discussion in
order to deal in depth with the much more meaningful aspects of the
general need for the protection of the interests of international organiza-
tions and host Statesin cases where the conventional relationship is tobe
terminated. Any such transfer should take into account the legitimate
interests ofbothparties. The relationship between thehost countryand the
international organizationshould alwaysbe one of full understanding and
CO-operation,in order to create that climate of stability and security which
is indispensable to the steady enhancement of the important role of mul-
tilateral diplomacy.

(SigneJ doséSETTE-CAMARA. INTERPR~TATION DE L'ACCORD (OP. IND. SETTE-CAMARA) 189

revision de l'accord, letquela dénonciation n'est possible que si la tentative
de revision échoue a~ubout d'une année. Pourtant, les accords d'établis-
sement sont au plus haut point, vu leur nature même, destraités dénon-
çables étant donnéque les organisations internationalesont normalement
toute liberté de choisir l'emplacement de leurs bureaux, à quelques excep-
tions près, comme la Cour internationale de Justice, le Fonds monétaire

international et la Banque mondiale, dont les actes constitutifs fixent le
siège. Si l'on admet que l'accord de 195 1 ne contient pas de clause de
dénonciation proprement dite - ce qui est à mon avis le cas- cet accord
tombe immanquablement sous le coup de l'article 56 de la convention de
Vienne sur le droit clestraités qui exprime le droit international général.

C'est à la lumière de ces principes généraux du droit des traités que
devraient êtreconsidérésleproblème du retrait du Bureau régional et celui
de la dénonciation de l'accord de 195 1.En outre, on ne saurait admettre
que le transfert puisse avoir lieu sans que les parties se soient mises
d'accord sur un délairaisonnable permettant au Bureau régionald'Alexan-

drie de mettre fin à ses activités de manière ordonnée. C'est pourquoi
j'approuve pleinement l'appel lancé àl'organisation mondiale dela Santé
dans l'avis consultatif pour qu'elle entamedes négociations avec l'Egypte,
au cas où l'Assemblée mondiale de la Santé déciderait de transférer le
Bureau.
Au paragraphe 49 de l'avis consultatif, la Cour met l'accent avec raison

sur les obligations réciproques de l'organisation et de l'Egypte, qui
seraient tenues de coopérer, en vertu des principes et règlesjuridiques
applicables au cas où l'Assembléeprendrait une décision favorable au
transfert. Des consu'ltations de bonne foi devraient avoir lieu sur : 1)les
conditions et modalités selon lesquelles le transfert devrait avoir lieu, une

fois qu'il serait décidépar l'Assemblée; 2) les diverses dispositions à
prendre pour que le transfert s'effectue en bon ordre et de manière ànuire
le moins possible aux travaux de l'organisation et auxintérêtsde l'Egypte ;
3) le préavis raisonn.able à donner pour mettre fin aux relations contrac-
tuelles.
Je pense que la Cour a bien fait de ne pas se borner dans son avis

consultatif à un examen étroitet littéral de la clause de l'accord en cause
mais d'étudier en profondeur, car cela est beaucoup plus important, la
nécessitéde protéger,d'une manièregénéralel,esintérêts desorganisations
internationales et de.sEtats hôtes lorsque leurs relations conventionnelles
doivent prendre fin. Pour tout transfert comme celui dont il s'agit, il

faudrait tenir compte des intérêtslégitimesdes deux parties. Les rapports
entre 1'Etat hôte et Il'organisation internationale devraient toujours être
caractériséspar une totale compréhension et une entière coopération, afin
que s'instaure ce clinnat de stabilité et de sécurité quiest indispensable si
l'on veut que le rôle important de la diplomatie multilatérale aille en se
développant.

(Signé J)sé SETTE-CAMARA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Sette-Camara

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