Separate Opinion of Judge Ago (translation)

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065-19801220-ADV-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
065-19801220-ADV-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPAIWTE OPINION OF JUDGE AG0

1.1subscribe to the Court's conclusions so far as the reply to be given to
the request for advisory opinion isconcerned. Those conclusions define the
mutual obligations iricumbent on the organization and host State in the
present case, in termis which largely correspond to what 1 myself have

found, though on tht: basis of grounds and reasoning which in part are
different.

In its Advisory Opinion the Court has made a series of pertinent
observations concerning the "establishment" of an international organi-
zation in the territory of a host State. 1would however have liked it on

this occasion to have given a precise and complete definition of the
very concept of such establishment, for 1 am convinced that this would
have been the best approach to the problem which the Court had to
face.
An international organization is like a State, a subject of international

law, but it is onewhich enjoys limited international legal capacity, and in
particular, unlike a State, it is a subject of law which lacks al1territorial
basis. Its "establishrrient" in the territory of a given State is therefore a
conditiosine qua non of itsactuallyfunctioning asan organization,carrying
on its activities and fulfilling its object and purpose. Furthermore, for this
conditionin turn to b'emet, it is indispensable that the appropnate mutual

consent shoiild crystallizebetween the organization in question and a State
which is ready to offer it the possibility of establishing its headquarters -
or a subsidiary seat - in its territory. Here, though it is certainly necessary
that the international organization, following deliberations by the organs
competent in the matter ander its own constitution, should manifest a

desire to establish its seat within the territory of a certain State. this is
clearly not sufficient by itself. That intention has to be matched by an
intention manifested on their side by the organs competent under that
State's constitution to accommodate the organization permanently within
its territory, and to create there the conditions essential to its functioning.

"Establishment" is therefore necessarily the subject of a bilateral agree-
ment between the "organization" as subject of law on the one side and the
"host State" as subject of law on the other, for, while it is true that an
international organiziition cannot be compelled to establish itself, contrary
to its own wishes, in the territory of one State rather than another, neither
can a State be compelled. if it is not so disposed, to welcome an interna-

tionalorganization within itsterritory and permit it there to carry on, in the INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (SEP. OP. AGO) 156

conditions indispensable therefor, the activities laid down in that organi-

zation's constitution. In making thisobservation, 1am simplyenlarging in
different language on the very appropriate remarks to be found in para-
graph 37 of the Advisory Opion.
However, this is b!i no means the last word on the subject of the nature
and specific content of the concept of establishment. That concept is a
"legal" concept, and theterm "establishment" is aterm oflaw. It would be
erroneous to understand establishment,a legalfact,as being the equivalent
of physical installation, because this may lead to the mistaken belief that
establishment has come about simply because a defacto installation has
taken place. As to the content of this concept, there is no doubt that it
involves quite a number of elements. Among these are some with entirely
or partly phYsid corinotations, even though sometimesenshrined in legal
provisions :e.g.,thedesignation of the town fixedupon as seat and, within
it, of the locality where the organization is to have its office and of the

buildings, whether enisting or to be erected, in which it is to be installe;
likewisethe timing aridplanning arrangementsfor thisinstallation, and its
eventualexecution. But there are alsoelements of a legalnature, which are
surely no less indispensable. These include, in particular,, the determina-
tion of the legalstatu,swhich the organization is to enjoy in the territory of
the host State. The cletermination of this legal status is, in my view, the
essential element of establishment qua legalfact : forupon it depends the
possibility of theorganization's taking up its functions and carrying on its
activities in fullindependence, without any interference by the host State,
while at the same tirne respecting the latter's territorial sovereignty.

1consider it necessary to stress this aspect, because in my viewit would
be absurd to imagine that the establishment of an organization in the
territory of a State couldcome about without the conditions enabling it to
exist and operate there asan international organization having first been

defined. It is such a definition which makes possible that CO-existenceof
two subjects of international law in one and the sarne territory whch
establishment essent.iallyconnotes. To take as an example the concrete
case with which the present Advisory Opinion isconcemed, 1would point
out that, had the Egyptian State insisted oncertainconditions whichatone
stage in the negotiations it wished to see included in the agreement
designed to fix the Organization's legal status in Egypt, and had the
Organization, for its part, persistently regarded them as unacceptable,
such an insuperable (disagreementwould obviously, it seems to me, have
resulted in there not being any "establishment" whatever. The existing
installation of theWI-IORegional Officein the premisesof the Alexandria
Sanitary Bureau would then have been no more than a fact provisionally
accomplished on the basis of an expected agreement which had ultimately
failed to materialize :a fact destined to vanish no less rapidly than it had
arisen.

This example aside, 1would add that, for the purpose of defining the
concept of establishment, it makes, to mymind, no real difference whether INTERPRITATION OF AGREEMENT (SEP. OP. AGO) 157

its various component elements al1materialize at the same time and, as
sometimeshappens, are lumped together in a single written instrument, or

appear separately in a gradua1 process, with the written instrument being
reserved for the finaIland conclusive element thereof, namely the deter-
mination of the legal status to be conferred upon the organization in the
territory of the host State.This happens no less frequently and is, in fact,
the present case.

It is, one may add, :stillmore evident in the second of the twohypotheses
that "establishment" is bynature a complex legal fact,and those Members
of the Court who share the viewpoint described in paragraph 39 of the
Advisory Opinion have made a point of stressing that in the present case
the agreement governing the establishment in question, while, in the
Court's words, a "single transaction", is none the less composed of various

particular understanclings which al1converge toone goal and which, ifthey
did not CO-exist,coultl scarcely have effect. 1believe in fact that even where
the legal act covering al1the various aspects of theestablishment consists in
a single instrument, the establishmentas such remains acomplex legal fact,
this being intrinsicallly its nature. At al1events, and quite aside from the

search for the most appropriate theoretical definition, what really matters
is that the establishmimt of an international organization in the territory of
a host State postulates the eventual CO-existenceof a number of elements
which, though distinct, al1contribute to the crystallization of a single legal
fact, which has no real existence unless and until it is completed and

perfected by one indispensable element, namely the determination of the
organization's legal status.

In sum, the establkhrnent of an international organization in the terri-
tory of a host State is;,to my way of thinking, a legal fact, emerging from
bilateral action, possessing the characteristics and content indicated

above, one which - as the Advisory Opinion points out inparagraph 43 -
connotes the inception of a lasting bilateral relationship between two
separate subjects of international law which are destined to CO-existin the
territory of the same State.

II. It follows that the existence of this bilateral relationshp, and the
nature of the legal factwhch underlies it, have to be kept in viewwhenever
either party shows signs of intending to bring this legal relationship to an
end. From that point of view it makes no appreciable difference whether
such an intention isevinced by the organization wishng at a given moment
to transfer its seat elsewhere, or by the State wishing to put an end to a

presence in its territory which it is not disposed to countenance in future.
Whatever the situation, 1find it obvious that the party contemplating the
cessation of the legal relationshp in question is under an obligation to
inform the other of its intention and of the reasons why it has come to
harbour it,and that b~othjointly must then review in good faith the causes

having prompted one of them to seek the termination of that relationship,
consider the possibili.tiesof overcoming any difficulty that mayhave arisen INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (SEP. OP. AGO) 158

and, failing these, seek ways and means of bringing the hitherto existing
establishment to an end in the most appropriatemannerand with the least
detriment to the interests of either. For it must always be borne in mind
that, objectively spe.aking, given the very nature of an international
organization and the requirements for its functioning, any change of seat

on its part - whether involving itsheadquarters or a major office - has to
be regarded as an exceptional event which can hardly be accomplished
without more or less profound and protracted disturbances in the lives
of both the organizati.on and the State which has been affording it hospi-
tality.

Paragraph 43of theAdvisory Opinion veryproperly emphasizesthat the
legal relations between an international organization and the host State
constitute a special régime.Theparagraphs which follow it treat at length
of the obligations to consult, negotiate and CO-operatewhich this special
régime implies,defining them in correct though ~autious terms. At the
same time they draw attention to the solidfoundation for theseobligations
which already exists in the principles of general international lawconcern-
ingthe subject of international organizations,as wellaswhat maybe called
the common principles emerging from the whole body of conventional

instruments conc1ude:dbetween States and international organizations. 1
have myselfnothng to add on this subject. On the otherhand 1would like
to make a few further observations with regard to the treaty-law specifi-
cally binding upon t.he WHO and Egypt, for 1 am one of those who
consider that the provisions of the Agreement of 25March 1951also apply
to the eventuality ofatransfer from Egypt oftheseat of theWHO Regional
Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.

1 do not propose fo dwell at any length on the question whether the
Agreement of 25 March 1951is a "host agreement" (accorddesiège).1find
it hardly feasible to contradict the opinion concordantly expressed by the
twocontractingpartir:~ on thispoint. On page 357ofVolume I(1948-1972)
of the HandbookofRt?solutiona sndDecisionsofthe WorldHealthAssemblv
and the Executive Boardthe successive stages in the conclusion of this
Agreement are set out under the heading "Host Agreement with the

Government of Egypt" ("Accord de siège avec le Gouvernement de
1'Egypte" in the French Recueil), and the same title is used on pages
356-358for the Agreements of the same nature - based moreover on the
same mode1 - concluded with the Governments of Switzerland, India, the
Phillipines, France and Denmark. The expression "host agreement" was
alsoused inthe correspondence of 1950between theGovernment of Egypt
and the WHO RegioinalOffice concerning the negotiation of that Agree-
ment ;it was asa "host agreement" that the instrument was defined in the
Royal Decree subrnit.tedto the Egyptian Parliament and received parlia-
mentary approval. In addition to these formal pointers, others may be
derived from an examination of the substantive content of the agreement. INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (SEP. OP. AGO) 159

For this purpose it i:;enough to take account of such essential articles as
Article III,which guarantees the Organization and its principal or sub-
sidiary organs "independence and freedom of action" as well as "absolute

freedom of meeting, including freedom of discussion and decision", or
again Article X, directed to guaranteeingEgypt againstany prejudice to its
security resulting from the activity of the WHO. These are undeniably
provisions characteristic of an agreement whose primary purpose is to
render possible and effective the "establishment" of that major organ of
the WHO known as the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office and not

merely, as some woiild have it through rather facile deduction from its
title's short list of purposes, to heap theenjoyment of certain privileges and
immunities upon an "establishment" already realized and perfected from
every point of view. 1 therefore find it evident that the 1951 Agreement
must be seen as a corriponent element of that "establishment" of the WHO
Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office in Egypt whose nature as a legal
fact 1have been stnving to make plain. It must in fact be seen as the final

and conclusive element in the whole process covered by the expression
"establishment", the element which contributes to it the indispensable
definition of the legal status of the organization inthe territory of the State
in which it establishesitsseat. 1do not think th1need expatiate furtheron
this point.

The point on wkich, on the other hand, 1consider it desirable to make

some further observations relates to the divergence of views - so amply
and efficiently sumnnarized in paragraphs 40 and 41 of the Advisory
Opinion - which has come to light arnong those who, while agreed in
recognizing that the 1951 Agreement formed part of the single though
composite transaction whereby the establishment of the WHO Regional
Office in Egypt was accomplished, nevertheless remain divided with res-

pect to one specific question. Their views in fact part Company on the
question whether the provisions of Section 37 of Article XII of the Agree-
ment can bc considered applicable in the event of a transfer of the seat of
the Office from Egypt.
1recognize that the wording of Section 37 is not a model of clarity. At
first sight it can certainly lead the reader to hesitate asto the answer to the
above question. On reflection, however, considerations of two kinds lead

me to think that the answer must be a positive one.

(a) In the first place, 1must say that a careful consideration of the text,
such as it is. of Section 37 suffices in itself topersuade me that it is highly
improbable, not to sa~yimpossible, that the parties can have intended to
provide so grave a sanction as the unilateral denunciation of the entire
Agreement merely to meet a possible failure to agree upon a partial

revision concerning this or that provision. Denunciation by Egypt of the
1951 host agreement would thus leave the Eastern Mediterranean
Regional Office, after expiry of the penod laid down in the final provision
of Section 37, totallydeprived of its special legal status and, consequently,of the conditions indispensable for its functioning '.The maintenance of
its establishment in Egypt would manifestly becomeimpossible. The ines-
capable conclusion, therefore, is that in granting each other a power of
unilateral denunciationthecontracting parties had in viewdifficulties of a
major kind liable, on account of their serious nature, to affect the desire of
the Organization or of the host State to maintain the Regional Office's
presence in Egypt.
1 would add that the transfer to another country of the seat of the
Regional Office wocild not be a step which must necessarily lead to the

extinction of the 195'1Agreement. The parties might possibly decide that it
should remain in force in respect of those provisions not bound up with the
existence in Egypt of the Regional Office, as well as such provisions as
might be addedpursuant, precisely, to an agreed revision.For example, the
replacement of the R.egionalOffice by a mere field office, or by an Egyp-
tian officelinked to theOrganization by someform of collaboration, rnight
serve as an occasion for so acting. In any case,it would be going much too
far, in my view, to regard the applicability of Section 37 to the eventuality
of one of theparties wishing to transfer theseat of theRegional Officefrom
Egypt as ruled out because such a transfer would exceed the theoretical
bounds of any "revision" of the Agreement.
The same kind of consideration impels me to make just one further
remark. 1would find ithardly explicableif, in the process ofcontracting an

agreement, the parties, on specifically broaching in one of its clauses the
question of its possible denunciation, should have chosen to settle it but
partially and deliberately left a vague possibility of denunciation under
general international law to subsist alongside the one textually provided
for in the agreement.
(b) Secondly, 1 wodd point out that the question which hasbeen raised
in this connection could not in any event be resolved without a close
examination of the origins of the clause embodied in Article XII, Sec-
tion 37, of the Agree:ment of 25 March 1951.
What those origins were has been abundantly stated and proved in the
course of the proceedings. The World Health Organization merely bor-
rowed, quite consciomly, from Article 30 of the Agreement between the
Swiss Federal Counicil and the International Labour Organisation,

adopted and signed on Il March 1946"to regulate the legal status of the
Organisation in Switz:erland",the wording whch it first employed in the
clause it inserted in Article 29 of the Agreement concluded with the Swiss
Federal Council "to regulate the legal status of the WHO" in July-August
1948. The WHO subsequently reproduced it, practically unchanged, in

' It should not be forgotten that at the time Egypt hadnot evenbecome apartyto the
Convention on the Privileges and Imrnunities of the Specialized Agencies, which it was
to ratify onlylate; furi.hermore, ths general convention does not contain clauses
nization in the territory of a host State, such as Articles III and X of the 1951Agree-
ment.eventuality of the radical revision which would be entailed by a change in
the seat of the organization. Considering, therefore, that the WHO plainly
intended to follow the model so conveniently afforded by the 1946ILO/

Switzerland Agreement when it came to conclude its own Agreement with
the same State in 1948,as also in proceeding to the conclusion of al1its
otherhost agreements, 1find it truly difficult to imagine that this formula
acquired in what, so to speak, were derivative instruments some other
meaning and scope than it possessed in the underlying model.
The reader of these conclusions will readily appreciate that 1 have not
been persuaded by thiereasoning of those who argue that the provisions of
Section 37in Article XII of the WHO/Egypt host agreement of 25 March
195 1must be regarded as totally irrelevant to thequestionslaid before the
Court in the present case.
Being lex specialis,a treaty provision in force between two parties has
inherent priority ovirr such rules of a general nature as may also be
applicable between them. It consequently remains my view that consid-
eration of the provision in questionought to havebeen givenpride ofplace
in the process by which the Court reached its opinion in the case. At the
same time, 1 would not for a moment deny that it was useful, indeed
needful, to turn to general internationallaw in order to seekin the overall
principles and rules governing the law of treaties and the law of interna-
tionalorganizations aconfirmation of theconclusions drawnfrom those of
treaty-interpretation. It is moreover a fact that, in the present case, the

parties' mutual obligations are finally expressible in the same terms, no
matter from what sourcederived.One could scarcely detail the obligation
of consultation laid down in the second sentence of Section 37 more
effectively in respect of the present case than has been done in para-
graph 49 and the operative part of the Advisory Opinion. Even where the
obligation of noticestated at the end of Section 37isconcerned, itmust not
be forgotten that thiij provision is obviously a residual rule intended to
provide a fair yardstick for application solely if it proves impossible to
agree upon the "reasonable period of notice" mentioned in subparagraph
(c)of the Court's definition of the parties' obligations. It was from this
standpoint that 1felt able to concur in theconclusions of the Court and the
Advisory Opinion in whch they are set forth.

(Signed) Roberto Aco.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. AG0

1. Je me suis rallié aux conclusions de la Cour en ce qui concerne la
réponseàdonner àlademande d'avis consultatif qui lui a été adressée. Ces
conclusions définissent les obligations réciproques dont sont tenus en
l'espècel'organisation concernée et 1'Etat hôte, dans des termes qui cor-

respondent dans une large mesure àceux auxquels moi-mêmeje parviens,
bien que sur la base d'un raisonnement et de motifs partiellement diffé-
rents.
La Cour aformulédans son avis une séried'observations pertinentes au

sujet de 1'~établissement ))d'une organisation internationale sur le terri-
toire d'un Etat hôte. J'aurais toutefois souhaité qu'à cette occasion elle
donne une définition préciseet complète de la notion mêmede cet éta-
blissement, étantconvaincu que c'eût étéle meilleur moyen d'affronter le
problème poséà la Cour.

Une organisation internationale est, comme un Etat, un sujet de droit
international, mais possédant une capacité juridique internationale res-
treinte et surtout, à la différence de I'Etat, elle est un sujet dépourvu de
toute base territoriale. Son (<établissement ))sur le territoire d'un Etat

donné est donc la condition sine quu non pour que l'organisation puisse
fonctionner en tant que telle,exercer son activité etpoursuivre sesbuts. Par
ailleurs, pour que cette condition puisse se réaliser, il est indispensable
qu'un consentement mutuel à cet effet se forme entre l'organisation elle-
mêmeet un Etat disposé à lui offrir la possibilitéd'établir sursonterritoire

le siègeprincipal, voire aussi un siègesecondaire. La volonté manifestée
par l'organisation internationale, àla suited'une délibération deses orga-
nes constitutifs compétents, d'établir sonsiègesur le territoire d'un Etat
déterminé,est certes nécessaire maisellen'estévidemmentpas suffisante à
elle seule. Elle doit rencontrer la volonté manifestée de leur côté par les

organes constitutionnels compétents de cet Etat de l'accueillir de façon
permanente sur son territoire et d'y créer lesconditions nécessairespour
son fonctionnement. L'o établissement ))est donc nécessairement l'objet
d'un accord bilatéral entre le sujet (<organisation ))d'une part et le sujet
<<Etat hôte de l'autre, car s'ilest vrai que personne ne saurait forcer une

organisation internationale à s'établir contre sa volonté sur le territoire
d'un Etat plutôt que d'un autre, personne ne saurait non plus forcer un Etat
à accueillir sur son territoire une organisation internationale et à lui per-
mettre d'exercer dans les conditions indispensables l'activité prévuepar
son acteconstitutif, si ledit Etat n'est pas disposéàle faire. En notant cela, SEPAIWTE OPINION OF JUDGE AG0

1.1subscribe to the Court's conclusions so far as the reply to be given to
the request for advisory opinion isconcerned. Those conclusions define the
mutual obligations iricumbent on the organization and host State in the
present case, in termis which largely correspond to what 1 myself have

found, though on tht: basis of grounds and reasoning which in part are
different.

In its Advisory Opinion the Court has made a series of pertinent
observations concerning the "establishment" of an international organi-
zation in the territory of a host State. 1would however have liked it on

this occasion to have given a precise and complete definition of the
very concept of such establishment, for 1 am convinced that this would
have been the best approach to the problem which the Court had to
face.
An international organization is like a State, a subject of international

law, but it is onewhich enjoys limited international legal capacity, and in
particular, unlike a State, it is a subject of law which lacks al1territorial
basis. Its "establishrrient" in the territory of a given State is therefore a
conditiosine qua non of itsactuallyfunctioning asan organization,carrying
on its activities and fulfilling its object and purpose. Furthermore, for this
conditionin turn to b'emet, it is indispensable that the appropnate mutual

consent shoiild crystallizebetween the organization in question and a State
which is ready to offer it the possibility of establishing its headquarters -
or a subsidiary seat - in its territory. Here, though it is certainly necessary
that the international organization, following deliberations by the organs
competent in the matter ander its own constitution, should manifest a

desire to establish its seat within the territory of a certain State. this is
clearly not sufficient by itself. That intention has to be matched by an
intention manifested on their side by the organs competent under that
State's constitution to accommodate the organization permanently within
its territory, and to create there the conditions essential to its functioning.

"Establishment" is therefore necessarily the subject of a bilateral agree-
ment between the "organization" as subject of law on the one side and the
"host State" as subject of law on the other, for, while it is true that an
international organiziition cannot be compelled to establish itself, contrary
to its own wishes, in the territory of one State rather than another, neither
can a State be compelled. if it is not so disposed, to welcome an interna-

tionalorganization within itsterritory and permit it there to carry on, in theje ne fais qu'élaborerend'autres termeslesremarques trèsappropriéesqui
figurent au paragraphe 37 de l'avis de la Cour.

Par là, toutefois, tout n'est pas encore dit quantànature et au contenu
spécifiquede la notion d'établissement.Cette notion est une notion (<ju-
ridique O, et le terme établissement )est un terme de droit. 11serait faux
d'entendre l'établissement,fait juridique, comme étantl'équivalentd'une
installation matérielle. Celaprécisémenp teut amenerl'erreur decroire que
I'établissementest réalisé simplementparce qu'une installation de faita eu
lieu. Quant aucontenude la notion en question, ellecomporte,sansaucun
doute, unepluralitéd'élémentsd ,ont certains peuvent êtreentoutoupartie
des élémentsmatériels, mêmes'ils sont prévusparfois dans des disposi-
tions dedroit. Telles sont la désignationdelavilledestinée à êtrelesiègede

l'organisation, la détermination, dans cette ville, de l'endroit et des bâti-
ments existants ou à construire où l'organisation est censée s'installer, la
prévisiondu calendrier et des modalités de cette installation, et enfin la
réalisationmêmede celle-ci.Mais d'autres élémentsn , on moinsindispen-
sables certes, sont des élémentsde droit, tellenotamment ladétermination
dustatutjuridique qui sera celuide l'organisation sur le territoire de 1'Etat
hôte. La détermination de ce statut juridique est, à mes yeux, l'élément
essentiel de I'établissemententendu comme fait juridique :c'est de lui en
effet que dépend la possibilité pour l'organisation d'entreprendre ses
fonctions et d'exercer son activitéen pleine indépendance, sans aucune
interférencede la part de 1'Etathôte, quoique dans le respect par I'orga-
nisation de la souveraineté territoriale de ce dernier.

J'estime utile de souligner tout particulièrement cet aspect, car à mon
avis il serait absurde d'imaginer qu'il puissey avoir établissement d'une
organisation sur le territoire d'un Etat sans que soient définies lescondi-
tionslui permettant précisément d'exister et d'agiren tant qu'organisation
internationale. C'est par une telle définitionqu'est rendue possible cette
coexistence des deux sujets de droit international sur un même territoire,
par laquelle l'établissement setraduit. Me référant à titre d'exemple au cas
concret qui aformél'objet de l'avisde la Cour,je voudrais releverqu'ilme
semble évidentque sil'Etat égyptienavait insistésur certainesconditions
qu'à un moment donnédes négociationsil aurait voulu voir figurer dans
l'accord destiné àfixer le statut juridique de l'organisation en Egypte, et si
l'organisation, de son côté, avait persisté à considérer ces conditions
comme inacceptables, ce désaccordinsurmontable aurait eu pour consé-

quence qu'il n'y aurait pas eu d'oétablissement rdu tout. L'installation
déjà intervenue du Bureau régionalde l'OMS dans les locaux du Bureau
sanitaire d'Alexandrie n'aurait alors été qu'un fait provisoirement réalisé
sur la base d'une prévision d'accordqui se serait ensuite révéléie nconsis-
tante : un fait destiné à disparaître tout aussi rapidement qu'il s'était
produit.
Sortant de l'exemple, je voudrais ajouter qu'à mon avis il n'y a pas de
véritabledifférence, s'agissantde définirla notion d'établissement, selon INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (SEP. OP. AGO) 156

conditions indispensable therefor, the activities laid down in that organi-

zation's constitution. In making thisobservation, 1am simplyenlarging in
different language on the very appropriate remarks to be found in para-
graph 37 of the Advisory Opion.
However, this is b!i no means the last word on the subject of the nature
and specific content of the concept of establishment. That concept is a
"legal" concept, and theterm "establishment" is aterm oflaw. It would be
erroneous to understand establishment,a legalfact,as being the equivalent
of physical installation, because this may lead to the mistaken belief that
establishment has come about simply because a defacto installation has
taken place. As to the content of this concept, there is no doubt that it
involves quite a number of elements. Among these are some with entirely
or partly phYsid corinotations, even though sometimesenshrined in legal
provisions :e.g.,thedesignation of the town fixedupon as seat and, within
it, of the locality where the organization is to have its office and of the

buildings, whether enisting or to be erected, in which it is to be installe;
likewisethe timing aridplanning arrangementsfor thisinstallation, and its
eventualexecution. But there are alsoelements of a legalnature, which are
surely no less indispensable. These include, in particular,, the determina-
tion of the legalstatu,swhich the organization is to enjoy in the territory of
the host State. The cletermination of this legal status is, in my view, the
essential element of establishment qua legalfact : forupon it depends the
possibility of theorganization's taking up its functions and carrying on its
activities in fullindependence, without any interference by the host State,
while at the same tirne respecting the latter's territorial sovereignty.

1consider it necessary to stress this aspect, because in my viewit would
be absurd to imagine that the establishment of an organization in the
territory of a State couldcome about without the conditions enabling it to
exist and operate there asan international organization having first been

defined. It is such a definition which makes possible that CO-existenceof
two subjects of international law in one and the sarne territory whch
establishment essent.iallyconnotes. To take as an example the concrete
case with which the present Advisory Opinion isconcemed, 1would point
out that, had the Egyptian State insisted oncertainconditions whichatone
stage in the negotiations it wished to see included in the agreement
designed to fix the Organization's legal status in Egypt, and had the
Organization, for its part, persistently regarded them as unacceptable,
such an insuperable (disagreementwould obviously, it seems to me, have
resulted in there not being any "establishment" whatever. The existing
installation of theWI-IORegional Officein the premisesof the Alexandria
Sanitary Bureau would then have been no more than a fact provisionally
accomplished on the basis of an expected agreement which had ultimately
failed to materialize :a fact destined to vanish no less rapidly than it had
arisen.

This example aside, 1would add that, for the purpose of defining the
concept of establishment, it makes, to mymind, no real difference whetherque lesdiversélémentsquiy interviennent se réalisent tousen même temps
et forment ensemble I'obiet d'un uniaue instrument écrit. comme il arrive
parfois, ou qu'ils appar&ssent séparkment au cours d'un processus suc-
cessif, l'instrument écritétantalors réservéàl'élément final ec toncluant de

ce processus, à savoir àla détermination du statutjuridique àreconnaître à
l'organisation dans 1'Etat hôte. Ce qui est le cas tout aussi souvent et
notamment en l'espèce actuelle.
Dans la seconde hypothèse, le caractère de faitjuridique complexe que
revêt1'~établissement se révèle,pourrait-on dire,plusclairementencore,

et ceux d'entre nous qui partagent le point de vue rapporté au paragra-
phe 39 de l'avis de la Cour n'ont pas manqué de mettre eri évidenceque
dans ce cas l'accord régissant cetétablissement constitue à son tour. pour
employer des termes de la Cour, une (<transaction unique ))nais composée
de diverses ententes particulières, qui concourent toutes àun seul but et ne

sauraient, l'une sans l'autre, produire leur effet. Je crois en vt.ritéque même
dans le cas où l'acte juri'dique prévoyant tous les divers aspects de l'éta-
blissement est constitué par un seul instrument, l'établissementcomme tel
reste un fait juridique complexe, ce caractère étant inhérent à la nature
mêmede ce fait juridique. En tout cas, mêmeen faisant abstraction de la
recherche de la définition théorique la plus appropriée, ce qui compte

vraiment c'est que l'établissement d'uneorganisation internationale sur le
territoire d'un Etat hôte comporte nécessairement une réunion idéale
d'éléments distincts. mais concourant tous à former un fait iuridiaue
unique, qui n'existe réellement que s'il est complétéet parachevé par
l'élémentindispensable de la détermination du statut juridique de I'orga-

nisation.
En résumé, l'établissement d'une organisationinternationale sur le ter-
ritoire d'un Etat hôte est dans ma pensée un fait juridique d'origine
bilatérale, ayant les caractères et lecontenu indiqués, et qui- comme l'avis
de la Cour lesouligne àsonparagraphe 43 - comporte l'instauration d'une

relation juridique bilatérale permanente entre les deux sujets distincts du
droitinternational qui,dorénavant, se trouveront coexister sur le territoire
d'un Etat déterminé.

II. L'existence de la relationbilatérale ci-dessus indiquéeet lanature du
faitjuridique qui est à son origine doivent donc êtregardéesprésentes à

l'esprit au moment où I'une ou l'autre partie manifesterait l'intention de
mettrefin à ladite relationjuridique. De ce point de vue là il n'ya guèrede
différence entre l'hypothèse où cette intention serait manifestée par I'or-
ganisation désireuseàun moment donnéde transférer son siègeailleurs,ou
bien par I'Etat, désireuxde mettre fin à une présence sur son territoire à

laquelle il n'est plus disposé à consentir à l'avenir. Quelle que soit la
situation, ilme semble aller de soiqu'une obligationincombe àla partie qui
envisage la cessationde la relationjuridiqueen question de saisirl'autre de
son intention et des raisons qui la motivent, et que les deux parties sont
alors tenues d'examiner ensemble de bonne foi les raisons qui poussent

I'une d'elles àenvisager la terminaison de la relation indiquée,d'examiner INTERPRITATION OF AGREEMENT (SEP. OP. AGO) 157

its various component elements al1materialize at the same time and, as
sometimeshappens, are lumped together in a single written instrument, or

appear separately in a gradua1 process, with the written instrument being
reserved for the finaIland conclusive element thereof, namely the deter-
mination of the legal status to be conferred upon the organization in the
territory of the host State.This happens no less frequently and is, in fact,
the present case.

It is, one may add, :stillmore evident in the second of the twohypotheses
that "establishment" is bynature a complex legal fact,and those Members
of the Court who share the viewpoint described in paragraph 39 of the
Advisory Opinion have made a point of stressing that in the present case
the agreement governing the establishment in question, while, in the
Court's words, a "single transaction", is none the less composed of various

particular understanclings which al1converge toone goal and which, ifthey
did not CO-exist,coultl scarcely have effect. 1believe in fact that even where
the legal act covering al1the various aspects of theestablishment consists in
a single instrument, the establishmentas such remains acomplex legal fact,
this being intrinsicallly its nature. At al1events, and quite aside from the

search for the most appropriate theoretical definition, what really matters
is that the establishmimt of an international organization in the territory of
a host State postulates the eventual CO-existenceof a number of elements
which, though distinct, al1contribute to the crystallization of a single legal
fact, which has no real existence unless and until it is completed and

perfected by one indispensable element, namely the determination of the
organization's legal status.

In sum, the establkhrnent of an international organization in the terri-
tory of a host State is;,to my way of thinking, a legal fact, emerging from
bilateral action, possessing the characteristics and content indicated

above, one which - as the Advisory Opinion points out inparagraph 43 -
connotes the inception of a lasting bilateral relationship between two
separate subjects of international law which are destined to CO-existin the
territory of the same State.

II. It follows that the existence of this bilateral relationshp, and the
nature of the legal factwhch underlies it, have to be kept in viewwhenever
either party shows signs of intending to bring this legal relationship to an
end. From that point of view it makes no appreciable difference whether
such an intention isevinced by the organization wishng at a given moment
to transfer its seat elsewhere, or by the State wishing to put an end to a

presence in its territory which it is not disposed to countenance in future.
Whatever the situation, 1find it obvious that the party contemplating the
cessation of the legal relationshp in question is under an obligation to
inform the other of its intention and of the reasons why it has come to
harbour it,and that b~othjointly must then review in good faith the causes

having prompted one of them to seek the termination of that relationship,
consider the possibili.tiesof overcoming any difficulty that mayhave arisenéventuellementensemble la possibilitéde surmonter les difficultéssurve-
nues et, sinon, de rechercher ensemble les moyens de mettre fin à I'éta-

blissementjusqu'alors existant dela manièrela plus appropriéeetla moins
préjudiciableauxintérêtd seI'une commedel'autre partie. Cela engardant
à l'esprit lefait qu'un changement de sièged'une organisation internatio-
nale - de son siègecentral ou du siègede l'unde sesbureaux principaux -
doit êtrecompris, àla lumièred'une considérationobjective de la nature
d'une organisation internationale et des conditions de son fonctionne-
ment,commeun fait exceptionnel etpouvant difficilement êtreréalisé sans
que des perturbations plus ou moins profondes et plus ou moins prolon-
géesseproduisent, aussibien dans laviedel'organisation que dans cellede
1'Etatqui lui ajusqu'alors accordéson hospitalité.
Le paragraphe 43 de l'avis souligne opportunément l'existence entre
l'organisation internationale et 1'Etat hôte d'un régime spécialde rela-

tionsjuridiques. A leur tour, les paragraphes suivants ont étéamplement
consacrés à une définitioncorrecte encore queprudente desobligations de
consultation, de négociation et de coopération par lesquelles ce régime
spécialsetraduit. Ilsmettent aussienévidenceque cesobligations trouvent
déjà une base sûre dans les principes du droit international général
concernant la matière des organisations internationales, ainsi que de ce
que l'on pourrait appeler les principes communs qui se dégagentde l'en-
semble des instruments conventionnels conclus entre des Etats et des
organisations internationales. A ce sujet je n'ai, pour ma part, rien à
ajouter. Je voudrais, par contre, formuler encore quelques réflexions à
propos du droitinternational conventionnelliant spécifiquement l'OMSet
1'Egypte. Je suis en effet de ceux qui estiment que les dispositions de
l'accord du 25mars 195 1s'appliquent aussi à l'hypothèsed'un transfert
-- -
hors d'Egypte du siègedu Bureau régionalde la ~editerranée orientale de
l'OMS.
Je ne m'attarderai pas longtemps sur l'examen de la question du carac-
tère d'<(accord de siègeo (hostagreement)de l'accord du 25 mars 1951.Il
me semble difficile de contredire à ce sujet l'opinion concordamment
expriméepar I'une et l'autre des parties contractantes. A la page 357 du
volume 1(1948-1972)du Recueildes résolutions et décision ds ['Assemblée
mondiale de la Santéet du Conseilexécutif, les étapes successives de la
conclusion de cet accord sont exposéessousle titre <(Accord de siègeavec
le Gouvernement de 1'Egypte (<<Host Agreement with the Government
of Egypt ))dans l'édition anglaisedesHandbook),etla mêmedénomination
est utilisée,aux pages 356à 359,pour les accords de mêmenature conclus,
d'après le même modèle d'ailleurs, avec les Gouvernements de la Suisse,

de l'Inde, des Philippines, de la France et du Danemark. L'expression
anglaise hostagreementaété d'autre part employéedans lacorrespondance
échangéeen 1950entrele Gouvernement égyptienet leBureau régionalde
l'OMSau sujet de la négociation dudit accord ;c'estentant qu'~accord de
siège >)(host agreement)que l'accord a étédéfini dans le décret royal
présentéau Parlement égyptienet que l'approbation parlementaire a été
donnée à son sujet.A ces donnéesde caractère formel, on peut en ajouter INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (SEP. OP. AGO) 158

and, failing these, seek ways and means of bringing the hitherto existing
establishment to an end in the most appropriatemannerand with the least
detriment to the interests of either. For it must always be borne in mind
that, objectively spe.aking, given the very nature of an international
organization and the requirements for its functioning, any change of seat

on its part - whether involving itsheadquarters or a major office - has to
be regarded as an exceptional event which can hardly be accomplished
without more or less profound and protracted disturbances in the lives
of both the organizati.on and the State which has been affording it hospi-
tality.

Paragraph 43of theAdvisory Opinion veryproperly emphasizesthat the
legal relations between an international organization and the host State
constitute a special régime.Theparagraphs which follow it treat at length
of the obligations to consult, negotiate and CO-operatewhich this special
régime implies,defining them in correct though ~autious terms. At the
same time they draw attention to the solidfoundation for theseobligations
which already exists in the principles of general international lawconcern-
ingthe subject of international organizations,as wellaswhat maybe called
the common principles emerging from the whole body of conventional

instruments conc1ude:dbetween States and international organizations. 1
have myselfnothng to add on this subject. On the otherhand 1would like
to make a few further observations with regard to the treaty-law specifi-
cally binding upon t.he WHO and Egypt, for 1 am one of those who
consider that the provisions of the Agreement of 25March 1951also apply
to the eventuality ofatransfer from Egypt oftheseat of theWHO Regional
Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.

1 do not propose fo dwell at any length on the question whether the
Agreement of 25 March 1951is a "host agreement" (accorddesiège).1find
it hardly feasible to contradict the opinion concordantly expressed by the
twocontractingpartir:~ on thispoint. On page 357ofVolume I(1948-1972)
of the HandbookofRt?solutiona sndDecisionsofthe WorldHealthAssemblv
and the Executive Boardthe successive stages in the conclusion of this
Agreement are set out under the heading "Host Agreement with the

Government of Egypt" ("Accord de siège avec le Gouvernement de
1'Egypte" in the French Recueil), and the same title is used on pages
356-358for the Agreements of the same nature - based moreover on the
same mode1 - concluded with the Governments of Switzerland, India, the
Phillipines, France and Denmark. The expression "host agreement" was
alsoused inthe correspondence of 1950between theGovernment of Egypt
and the WHO RegioinalOffice concerning the negotiation of that Agree-
ment ;it was asa "host agreement" that the instrument was defined in the
Royal Decree subrnit.tedto the Egyptian Parliament and received parlia-
mentary approval. In addition to these formal pointers, others may be
derived from an examination of the substantive content of the agreement.d'autres tiréesde l'examen du contenu substantiel de l'accord. Il suffit de

prendre en considération à cette fin des articles essentiels comme l'arti-
cle III, qui garantità l'organisation et àses organes principaux ou sub-
sidiaires1'0indépendanceet la liberté d'action ))de mêmeque la ((liberté
absolue de réunion, ..de discussion et dedécision ))ou encorecomme l'ar-
ticle X qui entend garantir 1'Egyptecontre tout préjudice àsa sécuritédu
fait de l'activitéde l'OMS. Il y alà indéniablement des dispositions typi-
ques d'un accord destiné avant tout à rendre possible et efficace 1'éta-
blissement enEgypte de cetorganeprincipal del'organisation qu'étaitle
Bureau régionalde la Méditerranée orientaleet non pas seulement, comme

on voudrait un peu facilement le déduirede l'indication résuméede ses
buts qui figure en son en-tête, à ajouter par surcroît la jouissance de
certains privilègeset de certaines immunités à un <<établissement ))déjà
réaliséet parfait sous tous ses aspects. 11me semble donc évident que
dans l'accord de 1951il faut voir un élémentconstitutif de cet << établis-
sement ))en Egypte du Bureau régionalde la Méditerranée orientalede
l'OMSdontje me suisattaché àreleverlecaractèrede faitjuridique. Ilfaut
précisément y voirl'élémentfinal et concluant du processus entier que
recouvre le nom d'établissement, l'élément qu luii apporte la définition
indispensable du statut juridique de l'organisation sur le territoire de

1'Etatoù elle établitson siège.Je ne crois pas devoir épiloguerdavantage
à ce sujet.
Le point sur lequel j'estime par contre utile de formuler quelques
considérations complémentairesest celui qui touche à la divergence de
vues - si amplement et si efficacement résuméeaux paragraphes 40 et 41
de l'avisconsultatif- qui s'estmanifestéedans le groupe de ceux qui,tout
en se trouvant unis pour reconnaître que l'accord de 195 1fait partie de la
transaction, unique encore que composite, en vertu de laquelle l'établis-
sement en Egypte du Bureau régionalde l'OMS s'est réalisér,estent tou-

tefois diviséssur une question spécifique.Leurs opinions se partagent en
effet sur lepoint de savoir silesdispositions de la section 37de l'article XII
de cet accord peuvent ou non êtreconsidéréescomme applicables à I'hy-
pothèse d'un transfert hors d'Egypte du siègedudit Bureau.
Je reconnais aue la formulation de la section37 n'est Dasun modèlede
clarté.De prime abord elle peut certainement amener le lecteur à hésiter
quant àla réponse àdonner à la questionénoncée.Ala réflexion,toutefois,
deux ordres deconsidérationsm'amènent à penser que cette réponsedoive
être~ositive.
a) En premier lieu,je voudrais observer qu'un examen attentif du texte

en tant aue tel de la section 37 m'amène à lui seul déià à estimer fort
improbable, pour ne pas dire impossible, que les parties aient entendu
prévoirune sanction aussigravequela dénonciation unilatéraledel'accord
dans son entier, rien quepour un éventueldéfautd'ententesurune revision
partielle concernant telle ou telle disposition de l'accord. Une dénoncia-
tion par 1'Egyptede l'accord de siègede 195 1 laisserait alors le Bureau
régionaldela Méditerranéeorientale, aprèsl'écoulementdu délaiprévu à
la dernière disposition de la section 37 dudit accord, complètement privé INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (SEP. OP. AGO) 159

For this purpose it i:;enough to take account of such essential articles as
Article III,which guarantees the Organization and its principal or sub-
sidiary organs "independence and freedom of action" as well as "absolute

freedom of meeting, including freedom of discussion and decision", or
again Article X, directed to guaranteeingEgypt againstany prejudice to its
security resulting from the activity of the WHO. These are undeniably
provisions characteristic of an agreement whose primary purpose is to
render possible and effective the "establishment" of that major organ of
the WHO known as the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office and not

merely, as some woiild have it through rather facile deduction from its
title's short list of purposes, to heap theenjoyment of certain privileges and
immunities upon an "establishment" already realized and perfected from
every point of view. 1 therefore find it evident that the 1951 Agreement
must be seen as a corriponent element of that "establishment" of the WHO
Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office in Egypt whose nature as a legal
fact 1have been stnving to make plain. It must in fact be seen as the final

and conclusive element in the whole process covered by the expression
"establishment", the element which contributes to it the indispensable
definition of the legal status of the organization inthe territory of the State
in which it establishesitsseat. 1do not think th1need expatiate furtheron
this point.

The point on wkich, on the other hand, 1consider it desirable to make

some further observations relates to the divergence of views - so amply
and efficiently sumnnarized in paragraphs 40 and 41 of the Advisory
Opinion - which has come to light arnong those who, while agreed in
recognizing that the 1951 Agreement formed part of the single though
composite transaction whereby the establishment of the WHO Regional
Office in Egypt was accomplished, nevertheless remain divided with res-

pect to one specific question. Their views in fact part Company on the
question whether the provisions of Section 37 of Article XII of the Agree-
ment can bc considered applicable in the event of a transfer of the seat of
the Office from Egypt.
1recognize that the wording of Section 37 is not a model of clarity. At
first sight it can certainly lead the reader to hesitate asto the answer to the
above question. On reflection, however, considerations of two kinds lead

me to think that the answer must be a positive one.

(a) In the first place, 1must say that a careful consideration of the text,
such as it is. of Section 37 suffices in itself topersuade me that it is highly
improbable, not to sa~yimpossible, that the parties can have intended to
provide so grave a sanction as the unilateral denunciation of the entire
Agreement merely to meet a possible failure to agree upon a partial

revision concerning this or that provision. Denunciation by Egypt of the
1951 host agreement would thus leave the Eastern Mediterranean
Regional Office, after expiry of the penod laid down in the final provision
of Section 37, totallydeprived of its special legal status and, consequently,de statut juridique spécialet donc des conditions indispensables à son
fonctionnement lLemaintien desonétablissementen Egyptedeviendrait
manifestement impossible. Force est donc de penser qu'en s'attribuant
réciproquement la faculté d'une dénonciation unilatérale,les parties
contractantes ont euenvuedesdifficultésd'ordre majeur,susceptibles,par

leur gravité,d'affecter la volontéde l'organisation ou de 1'Etathôte de
maintenir la présencedu Bureau régionalen Egypte.
J'ajouterai que le transfert éventuel dans un autre pays du siègedu
Bureau régionaln'est pas une mesure devant nécessairementamener I'ex-
tinction de l'accordde 1951.Lesparties pourraient éventuellementdécider
qu'ilreste en vigueurpour lesdispositions non liées à l'existenceen Egypte
du Bureau régional, ainsique pour celles qui pourraient être ajoutées,
précisément à la suite d'une revision consensuelle. Le remplacement du

Bureau régional,par exemple, par un simple office local ou par un bureau
égyptien lié à l'organisation par une forme donnée de collaboration,
pourrait en êtrel'occasion.Entout cas,ilmeparaîtrait absolument excessif
d'exclure l'applicabilitéde la section 37 à l'hypothèse où l'une desparties
souhaiterait transférerle siègedu Bureau régionalhors d'Egypte au motif
qu'un tel transfert dépasserait l'hypothèse d'une ((revision ))de I'ac-
cord.
Dans ce mêmeordre deconsidérationsje nepuismanquer d'ajouter une
dernièreremarque. Il me paraîtrait difficilement explicable que lesparties

contractantes, en abordant expressément dans une clause de l'accord
qu'elles concluaient la question de sa dénonciation éventuelle, n'aient
entendu réglerque partiellement cettequestion et aientintentionnellement
laissé subsister une vague possibilité de dénonciation d'aprèsle droit
international général, à côtéde celle prévuedans le texte de I'accord.
b) En deuxième lieu, je voudrais observer que la question qui a été
soulevée à ce sujet ne saurait en tout cas êtrerésoluequ'après examen
attentif des origines de la clause inséréedans l'article XII, section 37, de
I'accord du 25 mars 1951.

11aétéditetprouvéadahundanriam, aucoursdelaprocédure,quellesont
été cesorigines.L'Organisation mondiale dela Santén'afait qu'emprunter
sciemment à l'article 30 de I'accord entre le Conseil fédéralsuisse et l'Or-
ganisation internationale du Travail, adopté et signé le Il mars 1946
(<pour réglerle statut juridique de cette organisation en Suisse H,la for-
mule de la clause qu'elle a fait figurer d'abord à l'article 29de I'accord
conclu avec le Conseil fédéralsuisse <pour réglerle statut juridique de
l'OMS )enjuillet-août 1948.Par la suite ellel'areproduite, pratiquement

inchangée,dansla section 37de l'article XII de I'accord de siègede 1951

'Il convient de ne pas oublier qu'a l'époque1'Egypten'avait mêmepas souscrit àla
convention sur les privilèges et immunités des institutions spécialisées. Ellene la
clauses comparables a celles d'un accord d'établissement d'une organisation sur le
territoire d'un Etat hôte, les articles III etccord de 1951par exemple.of the conditions indispensable for its functioning '.The maintenance of
its establishment in Egypt would manifestly becomeimpossible. The ines-
capable conclusion, therefore, is that in granting each other a power of
unilateral denunciationthecontracting parties had in viewdifficulties of a
major kind liable, on account of their serious nature, to affect the desire of
the Organization or of the host State to maintain the Regional Office's
presence in Egypt.
1 would add that the transfer to another country of the seat of the
Regional Office wocild not be a step which must necessarily lead to the

extinction of the 195'1Agreement. The parties might possibly decide that it
should remain in force in respect of those provisions not bound up with the
existence in Egypt of the Regional Office, as well as such provisions as
might be addedpursuant, precisely, to an agreed revision.For example, the
replacement of the R.egionalOffice by a mere field office, or by an Egyp-
tian officelinked to theOrganization by someform of collaboration, rnight
serve as an occasion for so acting. In any case,it would be going much too
far, in my view, to regard the applicability of Section 37 to the eventuality
of one of theparties wishing to transfer theseat of theRegional Officefrom
Egypt as ruled out because such a transfer would exceed the theoretical
bounds of any "revision" of the Agreement.
The same kind of consideration impels me to make just one further
remark. 1would find ithardly explicableif, in the process ofcontracting an

agreement, the parties, on specifically broaching in one of its clauses the
question of its possible denunciation, should have chosen to settle it but
partially and deliberately left a vague possibility of denunciation under
general international law to subsist alongside the one textually provided
for in the agreement.
(b) Secondly, 1 wodd point out that the question which hasbeen raised
in this connection could not in any event be resolved without a close
examination of the origins of the clause embodied in Article XII, Sec-
tion 37, of the Agree:ment of 25 March 1951.
What those origins were has been abundantly stated and proved in the
course of the proceedings. The World Health Organization merely bor-
rowed, quite consciomly, from Article 30 of the Agreement between the
Swiss Federal Counicil and the International Labour Organisation,

adopted and signed on Il March 1946"to regulate the legal status of the
Organisation in Switz:erland",the wording whch it first employed in the
clause it inserted in Article 29 of the Agreement concluded with the Swiss
Federal Council "to regulate the legal status of the WHO" in July-August
1948. The WHO subsequently reproduced it, practically unchanged, in

' It should not be forgotten that at the time Egypt hadnot evenbecome apartyto the
Convention on the Privileges and Imrnunities of the Specialized Agencies, which it was
to ratify onlylate; furi.hermore, ths general convention does not contain clauses
nization in the territory of a host State, such as Articles III and X of the 1951Agree-
ment.avec 1'Egypteet dans les dispositions correspondantes des accords de siège
conclus avec les autres Etats hôtes de bureaux régionaux.

La disposition de base de l'accord OIT-Suisse de mars 1946a elle-même

une origine toute particulière. La négociation de l'accord en question, au
lieu de suivre, comme il est courant, le choix définitif du siègede I'orga-
nisation, l'a par contre précédé. Autrementdit le statut juridique de I'or-
ganisation a étéconsensuellement défini sur la base de la prévisionque le
choix de ce siège tomberait définitivement sur Genève. Le but de cette
opération anticipéeétaitmanifestement de mettre la direction de l'OIT en

état de fournir deux indications à la vingt-neuvième session de la confé-
rence qui allait s'ouvrir à Montréal en été1946et qui devait examiner les
questions constitutionnelles, y compris celle de la détermination du siège
central ' de l'organisation : 1)que le Gouvernement suisse avait indiqué
(<quela plus cordialebienvenue serait réservéeau Bureau international du
Travail à Genève, en tout temps u,et 2) que, se conformant à l'intention

manifestée par la mêmeoccasion, de garantir par un accord avec l'Orga-
nisation toute l'indépendance voulue pour lui permettre de s'acquitter de
manière efficace de ses obligations internationales i)2,le même gouverne-
ment avait en fait déjà conclu avec l'OIT un accord, signé le11mars 1946,
qui confirmait cette intention.
Or, comme l'avis consultatif le rappelle brièvement au paragraphe 4 1,

pendant les négociations entre les deux parties, qui étaientrespectivement
représentéespar les regrettésjuristes Wilfred Jenks et Paul Guggenheim,
deux tendances se heurtèrent. Désireusede mettre l'accord àl'abri de toute
reconsidération possible de la part du gouvernement hôte et surtout d'as-
surer définitivement la stabilité de son établissement en Suisse, I'Organi-
sation proposait de prévoir que l'accord ne puisse êtrereviséque d'un

commun accord entre lesparties et que toute dénonciation unilatérale soit
donc exclue. Le Gouvernement helvétiquepréféraitpar contre se ménager
la possibilité d'une telle dénonciation. Les parties se rencontrèrent donc
sur un compromis et c'est ce compromis qui se trouve consigné dans la
formule de l'article 30 de l'accord Suisse-OIT.

A la lumière de ces faits, et vu les points de départ respectifs des parties
contractantes, la double conclusion me semble s'imposer que l'unitéde
vues s'est faite entre elles sur une faculté de dénonciation unilatérale
strictement contenue dans leslimites des dispositions de I'article 30 et que
le terme (<revision D employé dans cette clause a été entendu dans son

acception la plus large, couvrant notamment l'hypothèse de cette revision

' Question rendue actuelle par la nécessitéd'amender l'article de la Constitution
prévoyant que le BIT serait établi au siègede la Sociétédes Nations.

* Voir, sur tout cela,les rapports de la délégationde la conférencepour les questions
constitutionnelles sur les travaux de sa première session, Lo21janvier- 15février
1946. paragraphe 32, page 26.radicale qu'entraînerait un changement du siège de l'organisation. Et
étant donnéque l'OMS a clairement voulu suivre le modèle si opportu-
némentfourni par l'accord Suisse-OIT de 1946dans la conclusion de son
accord de 1948avecle mêmeEtat, ainsi que dansla conclusion de tous les
autres accords de siègeauxquels elle a procédé,il me semble vraiment
difficile de concevoir que cette formule ait acquis, dans ces instruments

pour ainsi dire dérivés,ne signification et une portée différentesde celles
du modèle d'origine.
Au vu de cesconclusions, l'oncomprendra aisémentqueje n'aiepas été
sensible à l'argumentation de ceux qui soutiennent que les dispositions
figurant àla section 37del'article XIIde l'accordde siègeOMS-Egypte du
25mars 195 1 doivent êtreconsidérées commeétantdépourvues de toute
pertinence par rapport aux questions actuellement soumises a la Cour.
Une disposition denature conventionnelle envigueur entre deux parties
a, vu sa nature de [ex specialisla priorité par rapport aux règles de
caractère général également applicablesdans leurs relations. C'est pour-
quoi je reste de l'avis que la prise en considération de cette disposition

aurait dû avoir la priorité dans la formation de l'opinion de la Cour en
l'espèce.Cela dit,je megardebiendevouloircontester l'utilité, voiremême
la nécessité,de rechercher, dans les principes et les règlesdu droit inter-
national général régissanlte droit des traitéset le droit des organisations
internationales, une confirmation du bien-fondé desconclusions établies
sur la base du droit conventionnel. C'est d'ailleurs unfait que, dans le cas
actuel, les obligations réciproquesà la charge des parties se définissent
finalement de la mêmemanière,quelle que soit la source d'où on les fait
découler. L'obligationde consultation prévue à la deuxièmedisposition de
la section 37 pourrait difficilement s'articuler plus efficacement, par rap-
port à notre cas, que dela maniére quifigure au paragraphe 49 de l'aviset

dans son dispositif. Mêmeen ce qui concerne l'obligation de préavis
qu'énonce infine la section 37,il ne faut pas oublier que cette disposition
constitue manifestement une règle résiduelledestinée à fournir un critère
équitable,ne devant s'appliquer qu'en cas d'impossibilitéde s'accorder à
propos de ce <préavis raisonnable ))qui est mentionné à l'alinéac)de la
définition que donne la Cour des obligations des parties. C'est dans cet
esprit quej'ai pu m'associer aux conclusions de la Cour et àl'avisqui les
énonce

(Signé) Roberto AGOeventuality of the radical revision which would be entailed by a change in
the seat of the organization. Considering, therefore, that the WHO plainly
intended to follow the model so conveniently afforded by the 1946ILO/

Switzerland Agreement when it came to conclude its own Agreement with
the same State in 1948,as also in proceeding to the conclusion of al1its
otherhost agreements, 1find it truly difficult to imagine that this formula
acquired in what, so to speak, were derivative instruments some other
meaning and scope than it possessed in the underlying model.
The reader of these conclusions will readily appreciate that 1 have not
been persuaded by thiereasoning of those who argue that the provisions of
Section 37in Article XII of the WHO/Egypt host agreement of 25 March
195 1must be regarded as totally irrelevant to thequestionslaid before the
Court in the present case.
Being lex specialis,a treaty provision in force between two parties has
inherent priority ovirr such rules of a general nature as may also be
applicable between them. It consequently remains my view that consid-
eration of the provision in questionought to havebeen givenpride ofplace
in the process by which the Court reached its opinion in the case. At the
same time, 1 would not for a moment deny that it was useful, indeed
needful, to turn to general internationallaw in order to seekin the overall
principles and rules governing the law of treaties and the law of interna-
tionalorganizations aconfirmation of theconclusions drawnfrom those of
treaty-interpretation. It is moreover a fact that, in the present case, the

parties' mutual obligations are finally expressible in the same terms, no
matter from what sourcederived.One could scarcely detail the obligation
of consultation laid down in the second sentence of Section 37 more
effectively in respect of the present case than has been done in para-
graph 49 and the operative part of the Advisory Opinion. Even where the
obligation of noticestated at the end of Section 37isconcerned, itmust not
be forgotten that thiij provision is obviously a residual rule intended to
provide a fair yardstick for application solely if it proves impossible to
agree upon the "reasonable period of notice" mentioned in subparagraph
(c)of the Court's definition of the parties' obligations. It was from this
standpoint that 1felt able to concur in theconclusions of the Court and the
Advisory Opinion in whch they are set forth.

(Signed) Roberto Aco.

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Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Ago (translation)

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