Separate Opinion of Judge Ruda

Document Number
065-19801220-ADV-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
065-19801220-ADV-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE RUDA

1have voted in favour of the operative part of the Advisory Opinion.
However, 1would like to explain how, although 1reach somewhat similar
conclusions to those of the Court, 1do so by way of a different reason-
ing.
The first question submitted to the Court by the request for advisory
opinion isframed by reference to the negotiation and notice provisions of
Section 37 of the 1951 Agreement between the WHO and Egypt, and
relates to the eventuality of a transfer from Egypt of the WHO Regional
Officefor the Eastern Mediterranean. Now, this Section 37begins with the
words "The present Agreement may be revised", refers in the second
sentence to "the modifications tobe madeinits provisions" andends with
the phrase "the present Agreement may be denounced by either party
giving two years' notice". Therefore, in order to ascertain whether the
negotiation and notice provisions of Section 37 are applicable to the
eventuality just mentioned, we have to find out whether there is any
stipulation intheAgreement determining thesite ofthe Regional Office,or

laying down the requirements for its eventual removal, that could be the
object of negotiations and, subsequently, lead to modification or revision,
or todenunciation in caseoffailure, asprovided forin theSection. It seems
to me a logical premise that you cannot "revise" a treaty on apoint that is
not in it, except perhaps by way of adding a new clause or a new subject,
which is not the case here.
Let us begin with the preamble, which is alwaysa very useful part of an
instrument for definingits general purpose. This, in the present instance,
seemsto be clear, i.e.,to determine the privileges,immunities and facilities
to be granted by Egypt to the WHO, to therepresentatives of its Members,
and to its experts and officiais,"in particular with regard to its arrange-
ments in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and. . .regulating other
related matters".
The text of the Agreement confirms this general purpose. Most of the
articles are devoted to the concession of pnvileges, immunities and fa-
cilities, the exception being the articles dealing with what the preamble
calls "other related matters" :Article X, on the "Security of the Govem-
ment of Egypt", and the final provisions in Articles XI and XII. But 1can
findno clause in the text, including the prearnble, agreeing on Alexandria
as the site of the Eastern Mediterranean Regionai Office, or laying down
the requirements for a transfer from that site.

It is true that there are several allusions to the Office in the 1951
Agreement. In the definitions given in Article 1, "the Regional Office inAlexandria" ismentioned by name asone of the "principal" or "subsidiary
offices". Section 6 refers to "the premises of the Organization in Egypt" ;
Section 25 provides for additional diplomatic privileges and immunities
for "the Regional Director in Egypt and his Deputy" ;Section 30contains
an undertaking to the WHO for the provision of water, electricity, etc., to
"the premises placed at its disposal" and police supervision "for the
protection of the seat of the Organization".

1agreewith thecontention that the 1951Agreement wasmainly devoted
to regulating the conditions under which the Office would function in
Alexandria, and, even more, that no such agreement would have been
signed ifthe Office had not been located in Alexandria, but this does not
mean that Alexandria was chosen and agreed upon in the 1951Agreement
as the site of the Regional Office.
According to my interpretation, the 1951Agreement presupposes the
establishment of the Regional Office in Alexandria. The Office is not
created or established in this instrument, nor is the choice of site fixed

therein. This interpretation is in accordance with the facts as 1see them,
which 1 now propose to describe.
At its Third Session, the Interim Commission of the WHO, in 1947,
decided to instruct the Executive Secretary
"to get in touch with the authorities of the Pan Arab Sanitary Orga-
nization and to submit a report on the activities and status of that
organization" (WHO, Official Records, No. 5, p. 142).

Later, inSeptember 1947,at its Fourth Session,the Interim Commission
decided to appoint a subcommittee

"to study, in consultation with appropriate authorities, the relation-
ship to the WHO of the Sanitary Bureau at Alexandria, in the light of
ChapterXI of the WHO Constitution and the International Sanitary
Convention of 1938" (WHO, Official Records, No. 6, p. 220).

In the course of the discussions, the Interim Commission considered a
Report by the Egyptian Minister of Health on the Pan Arab Regional
Health Bureau (ibid., pp. 173-177)and the delegation of France pointed
out correctly that this Bureau "did not really exist" and that "the nego-

tiations regarding the integration of theAlexandria Epidemiological Intel-
ligence Bureau with the WHO should take place with the Egyptian
Government" (ibid, pp. 28 f.).
At the beginning of 1948,the Interim Commission decided, after con-
sidering the replies receivedfromGovernments and finding that therewas
not sufficient data available, to defer the question of the determination of
the geographical regions to the Health Assembly (WHO, OfficialRecords,
No. 7,p. 232). During its meetings, the Commission discussed a report by
the Executive Secretary, Part 38 of which, entitled "Location of Head-quarters and Regional Bureaux of the WHO7'mentioned a reply received

from the Government of Egypt stating that
"the competent authonties have declared that they are most anxious
to seea Regional Bureauestablished at Alexandria. Thebureau could
deal with al1questions coming within the scope of the WHO for the
entire Middle East" (ihid.,p. 135).

Greece favoured "the maintenance, as heretofore, of a regional organiza-
tion of the WHO in Alexandria" (ibid.).
In the supplementary Report of the Interim Commission to the First
World Assembly Dr. Stampar, Chairman of the Intenm Commission, in
May 1948recommended in a very comprehensive report, under the item
"Pre-existing Regional Organizations", that the Regional Health Centre
for the Near and Middle East be located in Alexandria (WHO, Officiul
Records, No. 12,pp. 65-75).
At the First World Health Assembly, the Committee on Headquarters
and Regional Organizations appointed a working groi(p. which recom-
mended that "a regional organization be established immediately . .with
headquarters at Alexandria" (WHO, Officiul Records, No. 13,p. 267). A
draft resolution wassubmitted byEgypt, butnotadopted, which, interuliu,
took into consideration

"the fact that the Egyptian Government has offered to place at the
disposa1 of the organization a large and suitable building, formerly
occupied by the Sanitary Maritime and Quarantine Board and pres-
ently occupied by the Regional Sanitary Bureau of Alexandria"

and recommended that the Regional Bureau be integrated with the WHO
asa regional organization (A/HQ/3,5 July 1948).Finally, on 10July 1948,
the Assembly, on the basis of a second report of the Committee (ibid.,
p. 80), adopted resolution WHA1.72 on the delineation of geographical

regions. This read as follows :
"The First World Health Assembly
Resolved on the delineation of the followingas geographical areas :
(1)Eastern Mediterranean Area,(2) Western Pacific Area, (3) South-
East Asia Area, (4) European Area, (5) African Area, (6) American

Area.
1. Eastern Mediterruneun Area, compnsing the following coun-
tries: Egypt . . Cyprus . . .
Resolved that the Executive Board should be instructed : (1)to
establish regional organizations in accordance with the delineation of

geographical areas decided upon and as soon as the consent of the
majority of Memberssituated in such areas has been obtained ; (2)as
regards the Eastern Mediterranean Area, to integrate the Alexandria
Regional Bureau with WHO as soon as possible and (3) as regards
Europe . .."(WHO, Handbook of Resolutions, Vol. 1,p. 315). The First Session of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Committee
was held in Cairo, in February 1949. The Director-General of WHO
presented a statement (RC/EM/7) on the "Role of the Sanitary Bureau at

Alexandria as a Regional Bureau for Epidemiological Notifications and
information under the International Sanitary Conventions" which con-
cluded that integration with the WHO should not impair the functions
carried out efficiently by the Sanitary Bureau for many years and should
facilitate the CO-ordinationof thesefunctions with the WHO headquarters
and the Singapore Epidemiological Information Station.

The Agenda of the Meeting included as item 5 "Location of the
Regional Office" (RC/EM/6), as item 9 "Epidemiological Intelligence
Service" (RC/EM/7), as item 11"Integration of the Sanitary Bureau at
Alexandria" (RC/EM/3) and as item 12 "Draft Agreement of the Host
Government of the Regional Office". Document RC/EM/6, on the loca-
tion of the Regional Office, is a short report by the WHO Secretariat
citing Article XI (2) of the Agreement between the United Nations
and the WHO, which states that any regional office of the WHO
shall

"so far as practicable be closely associated with such regional or
branch offices as the United Nations may establish"

and pointingout the existence of FA0 and IL0 offices already located in
Cairo, and the intention of the United Nations to open an information
centre in that city. The report stressed the point that any actionaken by
the Regional Committee on the location of the Office should be provi-
sional, "until clearance is obtained" in negotiations with the United
Nations at the meeting of the Administrative Committee on Co-ordina-
tion.
At its Second Session, theRegional Committee dealt with an item on the
location of the Regional Office. After a declaration by the Director-
General, the contents of which are not givenin the minute, the delegate of
Egypt made a statement (RC/EM/9)

"to the effect that the Government of Egypt istaking steps to offer the
site and building at Alexandria to the WHO for a period of nine
years" ;

and the minute goes on :
"A motion was then made and adopted to recommend to the
Director-General and the Executive Board, subject to consultation
with the United Nations, the selection of Alexandria as the site of the
Regional Office. A resolution on this point will be prepared." At the next meeting, on the sameitem, thedelegate of Egyptread a draft
resolution whch was adopted and which I shalldescribe in detail, together

with other resolutions adopted at the same session of the Regional Com-
mittee. Two meetings later, item 9,"Epidemiological Intelligence Service"
and item 11, "Integration of the Sanitary Bureau at Alexandna", were
discussed together and a draft resolution was also adopted on integration,
whch 1 shall deal with later. It should be noted that in the course of the
debate the Director-General pointed out that provision "for taking over
the Bureau had been made" in the 1949Budget, and that the delegate of
Egypt announced that his Government

"was pleased to transfer the functions and al1related filesand records
of the Alexandria Bureau to the World Health Organization"

and also that the

"transfer would be made on the date on whch the Organization
notifies the Govemment of Egypt of the beginning of operations in
the Regional Office of the Eastern Mediterranean Region".

The Committee then approved a motion to begin the operations of the
Regional Office in July, because, according to the Egyptian delegate and

the Director-General, such a decision "would be in accord with the draft
budget for sixmonths". There wasdiscussed asa separate item, at the same
meeting, the "Draft Agreement with theHost Government", the Director-
General statingthat a draft agreement had been produced and handed to
the Egyptian Government, whose legal department was studying it. With
respect to the venue for the second session of theComrnittee, the delegate
of Egypt proposed Alexandria "in order that the firs[sic]meeting should
be held at the Regional Bureau" ; ths motion was supported by the
Director-General who said that "it wasdesirable tohave theearly meetings
at Regional Headquarters".
TheReport of the First Meeting of the Regional Committee to the Third
Session of the Executive Board (WHO, Of'icialRecords,No. 17,pp. 45 f.)
included a "Summary of resolutions and decisions" and the texts of two
resolutions and two statements by the delegate of Egypt. In the summary
of resolutions the Committee, under item No. 5,dealt with the "Location
of the Regional Office" and mentioned aresolution and a statement whch
were given as appendices. Appendix 4, "Resolution on Location of the
Regional Office", referred in its introduction to (1) the historical role of
Alexandria as a centre of epidemiological services, (2) to Article XI of the
Agreement between the United Nations and the WHO, (3)to the impor-
tance of establishing the Regional Officein the proximity of Cairo because
of the location there of several United Nations offices and (4) to119 INTERPRETATIONOF AGREEMENT(SEP. OP. RUDA)

"the desirability of the excellent site and buildings under favourable
conditions generously offered by the Government of Egypt",

and in conclusion resolved

"to recommend to the Director-General and the Executive Board,
subject to consultation with the United Nations, the selection of
Alexandria as the site of the Regional Office".
Appendix 3 included a statement by the Egyptian delegate in which he
announced that

"at its meeting of 6 February 1949 the Council of Minjsters has
agreed, subject to approval of the Parliament, to lease to the World
Health Organization, for the use of the Regional Office for the East-
ern Mediterranean Area, the site of land and the building thereon
which are at present occupied by the Quarantine Administration and
the Alexandria Health Bureau, for aperiod of nine years at a nominal
annual rent of P.T. IO",

an offer for which the Committee expressed its thanks.
The Report also referred, under item No. 9,to the "Integration of the
Alexandria Sanitary Bureau", mentioning a resolution reproduced as
Appendix 2,inwhich theCommittee,having regard to (1) the provisions of
Chapter XI of the WHO Constitution, (2) the resolution of the World
Health Assembly on the delineation of regions and (3) the services and
experience of the Sanitary Bureau at Alexandria. resolved

"to recommend to the Executive Board that in establishing the
Regional Organization and the Regional Officefor the Eastern Medi-
terranean the functions of the Alexandna Sanitary Bureau be inte-
grated with those of the Regional Organization of the World Health
Organization".

Appendix 5reproduced a statement by the Egyptian delegate in wiuch he
recalled that the Government of Egypt had assumed the functions and
carried on the services of the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau in accordance
with a declaration made by his Govemment at the Intemational Sanitary
Conference of 1938.The statement added that :
"In consideration of theresolution onintegration of theAlexandria
Sanitary Bureau with the World Health Organization, the Govern-
ment of Egypt is pleased to transfer these functions and al1related

files and records to the World Health Organization.

This transfer will bemade asof the date onwhich theWorld Health
Organization notifies the Government of Egypt of the commence-
ment of operations in the Regional Office for the Eastern Mediter-
ranean Area." This statement was received with thanks by the Committee.
TheSummary of Resolutions and Decisions hadotherpoints ofinterest.
Under item No. 8, the Committee "requested the Director-General and
the Executive Board to establish the regional office and commence work
on 1 July 1949", under item No. 10, the Committee "noted that the
Director-General would negotiate an agreement with the Government of
Egypt", under item No. 12,the Committee"nominated, for consideration

of the Executive Board, Dr. Ali Tewfik Shousha Pasha, for the position of
Regional Director", and under item No. 13, the Committee "noted the
draft budget of the Regional Office" for 1949.
The Third Session of the Executive Board of WHO adopted in March
1949, after having considered the report of the Committee, resolution
EB3.R30, which reads as follows :

"The Executive Board
(1) Conditionally approves the selection of Alexandna as the site
of the Regional Officefor the EasternMediterranean Area, this action
being subject to consultation with the United Nations ;
(2) Requests the Director-General to thank the Government of
Egypt for its generous action in placing the site and buildings at
Alexandna at the disposal of the Organization for a period of nine
years at a nominal rate of 10piastres a year ;
(3) Approves the establishment of the Regional Office for the
Eastern Mediterranean Area, operations to commence on or about
1July 1949 ;

(4) Approves the resolution of the Regional Committee that 'the
functions of the Alexandna Sanitary Bureau be integrated witkin
those of the Regional Organization of the World Health Organiza-
tion' ;
(5) Authorizes the Director-General to express appreciation to the
Government of Egypt for the transfer of functions, files and records
of the Alexandna Sanitary Bureau to the Organization upon com-
mencement of operations in the Regional Office" (WHO, Handbook
of Resolutions, Vol. 1, pp. 331 f.).

At the same session(ibid.,p. 332)the ExecutiveBoard appointed SirAli
Tewfik Shousha Pasha as Regional Director for the Eastern Mediterra-
nean, for fiveyears, beginning 1July 1949.According to Article 52of the
WHO Constitution. "The head of the regional officeshallbe the Regional
Director . . .".
Resolution EB3.R30 appears to me to have been the instrument that
decided on the location of the Regional Office, subject to certain condi-
tions. There had been an offer from the EgyptianGovernment placing the

site and buildings at Alexandna of the pre-existing Regional Sanitary
Bureau at the disposal of the new organization for nine years ;this offer,
according to the statement made by the Egyptian delegate at the FirstMeeting of the Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean, was
subject to the approval of the Egyptian Parliament. The offerwas accepted
and the Executive Board decided to select Alexandria as the site of the
Regional Office, and approved its establishment subject to consultations
with the United Nations, its operations to commence in the near future.
This was one of the actions taken in resolution EB3.R30,whch dealt with
the location of the Office.
The other action taken was the integration of the Alexandria Sanitary
Bureau withn the Regional Office. It seems tome that the terminology of
the resolution is clear: what was integrated were "the functions" of the

Bureau. In other words, the previous functions of the Bureau were to be
performed in the future by the Regional Office, and for this purpose
the Government of Egypt transferred the Bureau's files and records.
Although Article 54 of the WHO Constitution is not mentioned in
resolution EB3.R30, this seems to have been done in pursuance thereof,
even though Article 54 refers to "inter-governmental regional organi-
zations" and the Sanitary Bureau was an office of the Egyptian
Government.
1 draw a distinction between these two actions, i.e., establishing the
location of the Regional Office and the integration of the Alexandria
Bureau with the Regional Office, because they have a different purpose.
The functions performed by the Alexandria Bureau and its files and
records could have been transferred, "integrated", within the Regional
Office while at the same time the seat was nevertheless established in
another location than Alexandria.
The choice of the siteof the Regional Officewassubject to consultations
with the United Nations, whch took place inMay 1949,without objection
from the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination of the Economic

and Social Council (E/ 1340, pp. 13f.).
The approval of the Egyptian Parliament was givenin Law No. 66of 29
May 1949,which approved the leaseto the WHO of the land in Alexandria
occupied by the Quarantine Administration (i.e., the Alexandria Bureau)
which was in the public domain, for a nominal rent, to serveas the site of
the Regional Office (Journul officiel du Gouvernement egyptien, 6eannée,
16juin 1949,no81, p. 1).

The conditions laid down by Egypt and the WHO were thus fulfilled at
the end of May 1949.
Here,it isworth whiletocompare resolution EB3.R30with thedecisions
taken in connection with the establishment of other WHO regional orga-
nizations and sites of regional offices. There are various types of resolu-
tion.
A companson of the decisions taken by the Executive Board regarding
the sites ofvarious regional offices shows that in two cases, Manila and
Copenhagen, approval was made subject to the conclusion of a host
agreement, which was not the case with respect to Alexandna or the other
offices.122 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (SEP.OP.RUDA)

My conclusions from these facts are the following :

(1) there was an offer from the Egyptian Governmentto the WHO of a
site and building at Alexandria for the Eastern Mediterranean Regional
Office, subject to the approval of the Egyptian Parliament ;
(2) this offer was accepted by the WHO, subject to consultations with
the United Nations ;
(3) both conditions were fulfilled in May 1949 ;

(4) the Egyptian Government integrated the functions of the Alexan-
dria Sanitary Bureau with the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Organiza-
tion and transferred its files and records to the latter ;
(5) the Officecommenced operations inJuly 1949,with abudget, astaff
and a Director ; and
(6) the establishment of the seat of the Regional Office in Alexandria
was not made subject to the conclusion of a host agreement.

Therefore, the Regional Office had already been factually and juridi-
cally established in its site in Alexandria since 1949,two years before the
signature of the 1951Agreement, and its settlement was not linked to the
conclusion of thehost agreement.Consequently,thefacts seem topoint to
an interpretation of the terms of that treaty to the effect that its text
presupposed that the Regional Office was already established in Alexan-
dria.
1find nothng in the text of the 1951Agreement, in its context, or in its
object and purpose to show that it dealt with the establishment of the seat
of the Regional Office or its removal. On the contrary, the circumstances
previous toits conclusion discloseaprior agreement on thisquestion of the
site of the Office. 1 interpret the 1951Agreement as a treaty which deals
with privileges, immunities and facilities and not with the seat or removal

of the Regional Office.

1do not attach legal importance to the description by some of the 1951
Agreement as a "host" or "headquarters" agreement despite the fact that
the title under which it was registered ' with the United Nations was :
"Agreement between the World Health Organization and theGovernment
of Egypt for the purposes of determining the privileges, immunities and
facilities tobe granted inEgypt by theGovernment to theOrganization, to
therepresentatives ofitsMembers and toits experts and officials,signedat
Cairo, on 25 March 1951 ." What is important is the content of the treaty
and what nghtsand obligations wereassumed by virtueof thatinstrument.
1cannot deduce from the merelabelling of the 1951Agreement asa "host"
or "headquarters" agreement that the location of the office in Alexandria
forms part ofitsprovisions. It istrue, as 1have saidbefore, that most of the

'According to Article 8, paragraph 1 (b), of the Regulations for Registration of
Treaties and International Agreements, approved by General Assembly resolution 97
(1)of 14December 1946,the Register shall comprise, interaliua,record :"The title
given to the instrumentby the parties."123 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (SEP. OP. RUDA)

provisions of the 1951 Agreement are based on the maintenance of the
Office in Egypt, but this does not mean that the parties agreed in 195 1that
the Office was to be located in Alexandria ; that had alreadybeen agreed in

1949. It has been contended that the 1951 Agreement integrates and
displaces any prior understanding and the proof of this assertion is said to
lie in a statement made by Mr.Zarb, a member of the Secretariat, when he
stated in the Fourth World Health Assembly that :

"although the Organization thus enjoyed the most courteous treat-
ment, it would be highly desirable for such treatment to be accorded
de jure and not only de fucto" (WHO, Officiul Records, No. 35,
p. 315).

1interpret this statement, where Mr.Zarb refers to "treatment", to refer
to the privilege of temporary exemption from customs duties already
enjoyed by the Office, on the basis of the unilateral decision adopted by

Egypt and communicated by the Ministry of Public Health to the Director
on 23 June 1949.On the other hand, 1cannot see,explicitly or implicitly, in
any of the provisions of the 1951Agreement an intention to integrate or
displace any prior understanding.
To my mind, the Regional Office was established at Alexandria by an
agreement between Egypt and the WHO, which was reached through a

series of successive acts which progressively expressed the will of both
parties to locate the Office in Alexandria and which culminated in reso-
lution EB3.R30, the approval of the Egyptian Parliament signified in Law
No. 66 and the non-opposition of the United Nations to the choice of
Alexandria.
It is well known that international law does not impose any given form

for the conclusion of an agreement, provided that there is sufficient evi-
dence of the intention of the parties to create rights and obligations, i.e., to
produce legal effects. There is no legal distinction between formal and
informa1 agreements, because the validity of a treaty does not depend on
the adoption of any form ; it therefore is up to the parties to choose such
form as they think fit for assuming international obligations.

There was, of course, no forma1agreement, in 1949.selecting Alexandria
as the site of theRegional Office, but the common will of the WHO and
Egypt to such effect was very clearly expressed in successiveacts of one and
the other party, whch together consti tute an international binding engage-
ment. 1 see no reason to consider these engagements as not producing

contractual legal effects ;effects which were not subject to the conclusion
of any other agreement.

The problem that the Court faces in Question 1 is simply whether the
1951Agreement does or does not provide for thelocation or removal of the
Alexandria Office, because Section 37 laid down a procedure for the
revision and potential denunciation of the "present Agreement". Since 1find nothingin the 1951Agreement that refersto thesesubjects,whichhad
already been dealt with in a previous agreement in 1949, 1 am forced to
conclude that Section 37isnot applicable "in the event thateither party to
the Agreement wishes to have the Regional Office transferred from the
territory of Egypt".
But 1 think that a simple negative answer to Question 1could lead to
misleading legal conclusions, because, as the Court says, a rule of inter-
national law "does not operate in avacuum, it operates in relation to facts
and in the context of a wider framework of legal rules of which it forms
only a part". Moreover, 1seethe role of the Court in advisoryproceedings
as giving the organ or organization that has requested an opinion the
maximum possible legal assistance within the margin of the true legal
issues before the Court. For these reasons, 1believe that it is necessary,
after havingfound that Question 1should be answeredin the negative, to
go into other rules provided for in general international law and the
agreements in force between the WHO and Egypt, whch determine the
obligationsincumbentupon them should either of them desirea transfer of
the Regional Office.

As 1have stated several timesbefore,1am of theopinion that there was,
in 1949, an informa1agreement, with full legal effects, on the selection of
Alexandria as the site of theegional Office.This agreement, although it
has no outright denunciation clause,is, under the law of treaties,the kind
of agreement which is subject to denunciation, because there is no obli-
gation on the part of the Organization to remain in a given place, and,
reciprocally, the host State is not obliged to keep an international orga-
nization or any of its branches on its territory without its consent.

Therefore, there is no rule that could impede the WHO and Egypt, if
either of them so wish, to bring about the removal of theegional Office
from Alexandria through unilateral action.
But this transfer could not becarried out withoutkinginto account the
legitimateinterests of the otheride.For this reason, the WHO and Egypt,
as the Court has stated in paragraph 49 and in the operative part of the
Advisory Opinion, should consult each other in good faith and negotiate
the conditions and modalities of the transfer, bearing in mind that a
reasonable period of time should be allowed for the removal, because the
orderly termination of the operations of theegional Officeshouldbe the

paramount consideration to be taken into account.

(SigneJd .M. RUDA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE RUDA

1have voted in favour of the operative part of the Advisory Opinion.
However, 1would like to explain how, although 1reach somewhat similar
conclusions to those of the Court, 1do so by way of a different reason-
ing.
The first question submitted to the Court by the request for advisory
opinion isframed by reference to the negotiation and notice provisions of
Section 37 of the 1951 Agreement between the WHO and Egypt, and
relates to the eventuality of a transfer from Egypt of the WHO Regional
Officefor the Eastern Mediterranean. Now, this Section 37begins with the
words "The present Agreement may be revised", refers in the second
sentence to "the modifications tobe madeinits provisions" andends with
the phrase "the present Agreement may be denounced by either party
giving two years' notice". Therefore, in order to ascertain whether the
negotiation and notice provisions of Section 37 are applicable to the
eventuality just mentioned, we have to find out whether there is any
stipulation intheAgreement determining thesite ofthe Regional Office,or

laying down the requirements for its eventual removal, that could be the
object of negotiations and, subsequently, lead to modification or revision,
or todenunciation in caseoffailure, asprovided forin theSection. It seems
to me a logical premise that you cannot "revise" a treaty on apoint that is
not in it, except perhaps by way of adding a new clause or a new subject,
which is not the case here.
Let us begin with the preamble, which is alwaysa very useful part of an
instrument for definingits general purpose. This, in the present instance,
seemsto be clear, i.e.,to determine the privileges,immunities and facilities
to be granted by Egypt to the WHO, to therepresentatives of its Members,
and to its experts and officiais,"in particular with regard to its arrange-
ments in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and. . .regulating other
related matters".
The text of the Agreement confirms this general purpose. Most of the
articles are devoted to the concession of pnvileges, immunities and fa-
cilities, the exception being the articles dealing with what the preamble
calls "other related matters" :Article X, on the "Security of the Govem-
ment of Egypt", and the final provisions in Articles XI and XII. But 1can
findno clause in the text, including the prearnble, agreeing on Alexandria
as the site of the Eastern Mediterranean Regionai Office, or laying down
the requirements for a transfer from that site.

It is true that there are several allusions to the Office in the 1951
Agreement. In the definitions given in Article 1, "the Regional Office in OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. RUDA

[Truduction]

J'aivotéen faveur du dispositif del'avisconsultatif. Toutefois,je tiens à
expliquer pourquoi, tout en parvenant à peu prèsaux mêmesconclusions

que la Cour. je suis un raisonnement différent.

La première question soumise à la Cour dans la requêtepour avis
consultatif se rapporte aux clauses de négociation et de préavis de la
section 37de l'accord de 195 1entre I'OMSet 1'Egypteet visel'éventualité
d'un transfert hors d'Egypte du Bureau régionalde l'OMS pour la Médi-
terranée orientale. Cette section 37commence par les mots :<(Le présent
accord peut être revisé ...>)mentionne à la deuxième phrase les (modifi-
cations-qu'il pourrait y avoir lieu d'apporter aux dispositions et se ter-

mine par les mots <(leprésent accordpeut êtredénoncépar l'uneou l'autre
partie moyennant un préavisde deux ans o. Par conséquent, afin de s'as-
surer de I'applicabilitéau transfert susmentionné des clauses de néycia-
tion et de préavisde 1,asection 37,nous devons nous demander si l'accord
contient des clauses fixant l'emplacement du Bureau régional ou pré-
voyant les conditionij applicables à son transfert éventuel, clauses qui
pourraient faire l'objet de négociationset, par suite, entraîner des modi-

fications, la revision ou, en cas d'échec,la dénonciation que prévoit la
section 37. Il me semb'lelogique que l'onne puisse pas (reviser >)cequi ne
figure pas dans un traité, à moins que l'on ne se propose d'ajouter une
nouvelle clause sur uin nouvel objet, ce qui n'est pas le cas ici.
Commençons par le préambule, qui est toujours une partie très utile
d'un instrument car il permet d'en définirle but général.En l'espèce,il
semble êtreclair :il s')agitde déterminerles privilèges,immunitéset faci-
litésdevant être accordéspar 1'Egypte à I'OMS,aux représentants de ses

membres, à ses experts et à ses fonctionnaires <(notamment pour ce qui
concerne les arrangements pour la régionde la Méditerranée orientale ...
[et a] régler diversesautres questions connexes o.
Le texte de l'accord confirme cebut généralL . a plupart des articles sont
consacrés àl'octroi de privilèges,immunitéset facilités,exceptionfaite des
articles relatifà ce que le préambule appelle (<diverses autres questions
connexes )):l'article X sur la(Sécurité du Gouvernement del'Egypte et
les dispositions finales, aux articles XI et XII. Cependant, je ne parviens à

trouver aucune clause, dans l'accord ou dans son préambule, acceptant
commeemplacement (duBureau régionalpourla Méditerranée orientalela
ville d'Alexandrie ou fixant les conditions de transfert de ce Bureau hors
d'Alexandrie.
Il est vrai que l'accord de 1951 contient de multiples référencesau
Bureau. Le Bureau régional à Alexandrie H est expressément cité commeAlexandria" ismentioned by name asone of the "principal" or "subsidiary
offices". Section 6 refers to "the premises of the Organization in Egypt" ;
Section 25 provides for additional diplomatic privileges and immunities
for "the Regional Director in Egypt and his Deputy" ;Section 30contains
an undertaking to the WHO for the provision of water, electricity, etc., to
"the premises placed at its disposal" and police supervision "for the
protection of the seat of the Organization".

1agreewith thecontention that the 1951Agreement wasmainly devoted
to regulating the conditions under which the Office would function in
Alexandria, and, even more, that no such agreement would have been
signed ifthe Office had not been located in Alexandria, but this does not
mean that Alexandria was chosen and agreed upon in the 1951Agreement
as the site of the Regional Office.
According to my interpretation, the 1951Agreement presupposes the
establishment of the Regional Office in Alexandria. The Office is not
created or established in this instrument, nor is the choice of site fixed

therein. This interpretation is in accordance with the facts as 1see them,
which 1 now propose to describe.
At its Third Session, the Interim Commission of the WHO, in 1947,
decided to instruct the Executive Secretary
"to get in touch with the authorities of the Pan Arab Sanitary Orga-
nization and to submit a report on the activities and status of that
organization" (WHO, Official Records, No. 5, p. 142).

Later, inSeptember 1947,at its Fourth Session,the Interim Commission
decided to appoint a subcommittee

"to study, in consultation with appropriate authorities, the relation-
ship to the WHO of the Sanitary Bureau at Alexandria, in the light of
ChapterXI of the WHO Constitution and the International Sanitary
Convention of 1938" (WHO, Official Records, No. 6, p. 220).

In the course of the discussions, the Interim Commission considered a
Report by the Egyptian Minister of Health on the Pan Arab Regional
Health Bureau (ibid., pp. 173-177)and the delegation of France pointed
out correctly that this Bureau "did not really exist" and that "the nego-

tiations regarding the integration of theAlexandria Epidemiological Intel-
ligence Bureau with the WHO should take place with the Egyptian
Government" (ibid, pp. 28 f.).
At the beginning of 1948,the Interim Commission decided, after con-
sidering the replies receivedfromGovernments and finding that therewas
not sufficient data available, to defer the question of the determination of
the geographical regions to the Health Assembly (WHO, OfficialRecords,
No. 7,p. 232). During its meetings, the Commission discussed a report by
the Executive Secretary, Part 38 of which, entitled "Location of Head- l'un des (organes principaux ou subsidiaires u dans les définitions don-
néesà l'article premier. La section 6 mentionne (<les locaux de l'organi-
sation situésen Egypte » ; la section 25prévoit desprivilègeset immunités

diplomatiques supplémentaires pour (<le directeur régionalen Egypte et
son adjoint ; la section 30 stipule, au profit de l'OMS, l'obligation de
fournir de l'eau, de l'électricité,tc., pour les locaux mis àsa disposition ))
ainsi que la surveillance de police pour (<la protection des locaux de
l'organisation o.

Je souscris à l'idéeque l'accord de 1951 avait pour but principal de
réglementer les conditions de fonctionnement du Bureau à Alexandrie et,
plus encore, qu'aucuin accord de ce genre n'aurait étésignési le Bureau
régional n'avait pas (été établi à Alexandrie, mais cela ne veut pas dire

qu'Alexandrie ait étéchoisie et approuvée dans l'accord de 195 1 comme
siègedu Bureau régional.
Selon mon interprétation, l'accord de 195 1présupposel'établissementdu
Bureau régional à Al'exandrie. 11n'a pour objet ni de créer nid'établirle
Bureau régional et ni: stipule pas non plus le choix de son emplacement.

Cette interprétation e.stconforme aux faits tels queje les vois et tels queje
me propose de les dkcrire maintenant.
A sa troisième session. en 1947,la Commission intérimaire de I'OMS a
chargé le secrétaire exécutif

((de se mettre en relations avec les autorités de l'Organisation sani-
taire panarabe et de soumettre ... un rapport sur les activités et la

situatjon de cette organisation (OMS, Actes officiels, no 5,
p. 142).

Plus tard, en septembre 1947, à sa quatrième session, la Commission
intérimaire a décidé de nommer un sous-comité

(pour étudier, en consultation avec les autorités compétentes, les
relations du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie avec I'OMS, à la lumière
du chapitre XI de la Constitution de l'OMS et des dispositions de la

Convention sanitaire internationale de 1938 ))(OMS, Actes officiels.
no6. p. 220).

Au cours des discussions, la Commission intérimaire a examiné un
rapport du ministre de l'hygiènepublique d'Egypte sur le Bureau sanitaire
régional panarabe (ihid., p. 173-177) et le déléguéde la France a fait
justement observer qu'((il n'existait pas en réalité )) de Bureau, et que

<(les négociations au sujet de l'intégration dans I'OMS du Bureau de ren-
seignements épidémiologiques d'Alexandrie devraient avoir lieu avec le
Gouvernement égyptien ))(ihid., p. 28-29).
Au début de 1948, après avoir examiné les réponses fournies par les
gouvernements et censtaté qu'il n'existait pas encore de données suffi-

santes, la Commission intérimaire a décidé de déférerla question de la
détermination des régionsgéographiques àl'Assembléede la Santé(OMS,
Actes officiels, no 7, p.232). Au cours de ses réunions, la Commission a
discuté d'un rapport du secrétaire exécutif, dont la partie 38, intituléequarters and Regional Bureaux of the WHO7'mentioned a reply received

from the Government of Egypt stating that
"the competent authonties have declared that they are most anxious
to seea Regional Bureauestablished at Alexandria. Thebureau could
deal with al1questions coming within the scope of the WHO for the
entire Middle East" (ihid.,p. 135).

Greece favoured "the maintenance, as heretofore, of a regional organiza-
tion of the WHO in Alexandria" (ibid.).
In the supplementary Report of the Interim Commission to the First
World Assembly Dr. Stampar, Chairman of the Intenm Commission, in
May 1948recommended in a very comprehensive report, under the item
"Pre-existing Regional Organizations", that the Regional Health Centre
for the Near and Middle East be located in Alexandria (WHO, Officiul
Records, No. 12,pp. 65-75).
At the First World Health Assembly, the Committee on Headquarters
and Regional Organizations appointed a working groi(p. which recom-
mended that "a regional organization be established immediately . .with
headquarters at Alexandria" (WHO, Officiul Records, No. 13,p. 267). A
draft resolution wassubmitted byEgypt, butnotadopted, which, interuliu,
took into consideration

"the fact that the Egyptian Government has offered to place at the
disposa1 of the organization a large and suitable building, formerly
occupied by the Sanitary Maritime and Quarantine Board and pres-
ently occupied by the Regional Sanitary Bureau of Alexandria"

and recommended that the Regional Bureau be integrated with the WHO
asa regional organization (A/HQ/3,5 July 1948).Finally, on 10July 1948,
the Assembly, on the basis of a second report of the Committee (ibid.,
p. 80), adopted resolution WHA1.72 on the delineation of geographical

regions. This read as follows :
"The First World Health Assembly
Resolved on the delineation of the followingas geographical areas :
(1)Eastern Mediterranean Area,(2) Western Pacific Area, (3) South-
East Asia Area, (4) European Area, (5) African Area, (6) American

Area.
1. Eastern Mediterruneun Area, compnsing the following coun-
tries: Egypt . . Cyprus . . .
Resolved that the Executive Board should be instructed : (1)to
establish regional organizations in accordance with the delineation of

geographical areas decided upon and as soon as the consent of the
majority of Memberssituated in such areas has been obtained ; (2)as
regards the Eastern Mediterranean Area, to integrate the Alexandria
Regional Bureau with WHO as soon as possible and (3) as regards
Europe . .."(WHO, Handbook of Resolutions, Vol. 1,p. 315). INTERPRE~ATION DE L'ACCORD (OP. IND. RUDA) 116

((Siègede l'OMS et bureaux régionaux )>faisait étatd'une réponsereçue
du Gouvernement égyptien,selon quoi :

((les autoritéscompétentesont montrélevif intérêq tu'ellesportent à
voir s'établir un bureau régional à Alexandrie. Ce bureau pourra
traiter toutes les questions relevant de l'organisation mondiale de la
Santé,pour tout le Moyen-Orient ))(ibid.,p. 135).

La Grèce appuyait «le maintien, comme par le passé, d'une organisation
régionalede l'OMS à Alexandrie ))(ibid., loc. cit.).
Dans le rapport supplémentaire de la Commission intérimaire à la
première Assembléemondiale de la Santé,le docteur Stampar, président
de la Commissionintérimaire, arecommandéen mai 1948,souslepoint de
l'ordre du jour intituli: Organisations régionalespréexistantes )),que le

centre sanitaire régionalpour le Proche et le Moyen-Orient soit établi à
Alexandrie (OMS, Ac.tes officielsno 12,p. 65-75).
A lapremièreAssembléemondiale dela Santé,lacommission du siègeet
de l'organisation régionalea constituéun groupe de travail, qui a recom-
mandé (l'établissement immédiat d'une organisation régionale ...avec
siège à Alexandrie ))(OMS, Actes officielsno 13,p. 267). L'Egypte a pré-
senti. un projet de résolution, qui n'a toutefois pas étéadopté, tenant

compte entre autres
du fait que le Gouvernement égyptiena offert de mettre à la dis-
position de l'Organisation des bâtiments importants et adéquats,
précédemment oczcupés par le Conseil sanitaire maritime et quaran-
tenaire et actuellement occupés par le Bureau sanitaire régional

d'Alexandrie )>
et a recommandé quele Bureau d'Alexandrie soit intégrédans l'OMS en
tant qu'organisation régionale (A/HQ/3, 5juillet 1948).Enfin, 1'Assem-
blée.sur la base du deuxième rapport de la commission (ibid.,p. 80), a
adoptéle IOjuillet 1948la résolution WHA1.72relative àla délimitation

des régions, qui dispose :
<(La première Assembléemondiale de la Santé

Décide de déterminerles régionssuivantes comme régions géogra-
phiques : 1) régionde la Méditerranée orientale,2) régiondu Paci-
fique occidental, 3) région du Sud-Est asiatique, 4) région euro-
péenne, 5) régionafricaine, 6) régionaméricaine.
1. Régionde Io Méditerranée orientale ,omprenant les pays sui-

vants : Egypte ...Chypre ...
Décide de charger le Conseil exécutif :1)de constituer des organi-
sations régionalesen tenant compte de la délimitation des régions
géographiques établies,dès que sera acquis le consentement de la
majoritédes Etatismembres situésdans lesdites régions ;2) en ce qui

concerne la régionde la Méditerranéeorientale, d'intégrer aussitôt
que possible le Buireaurégional d'Alexandriedans l'OMS ; et 3)en ce
qui concerne l'Europe ...))(OMS, Recueil des résolutions et décisions,
vol. 1, p. 315). The First Session of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Committee
was held in Cairo, in February 1949. The Director-General of WHO
presented a statement (RC/EM/7) on the "Role of the Sanitary Bureau at

Alexandria as a Regional Bureau for Epidemiological Notifications and
information under the International Sanitary Conventions" which con-
cluded that integration with the WHO should not impair the functions
carried out efficiently by the Sanitary Bureau for many years and should
facilitate the CO-ordinationof thesefunctions with the WHO headquarters
and the Singapore Epidemiological Information Station.

The Agenda of the Meeting included as item 5 "Location of the
Regional Office" (RC/EM/6), as item 9 "Epidemiological Intelligence
Service" (RC/EM/7), as item 11"Integration of the Sanitary Bureau at
Alexandria" (RC/EM/3) and as item 12 "Draft Agreement of the Host
Government of the Regional Office". Document RC/EM/6, on the loca-
tion of the Regional Office, is a short report by the WHO Secretariat
citing Article XI (2) of the Agreement between the United Nations
and the WHO, which states that any regional office of the WHO
shall

"so far as practicable be closely associated with such regional or
branch offices as the United Nations may establish"

and pointingout the existence of FA0 and IL0 offices already located in
Cairo, and the intention of the United Nations to open an information
centre in that city. The report stressed the point that any actionaken by
the Regional Committee on the location of the Office should be provi-
sional, "until clearance is obtained" in negotiations with the United
Nations at the meeting of the Administrative Committee on Co-ordina-
tion.
At its Second Session, theRegional Committee dealt with an item on the
location of the Regional Office. After a declaration by the Director-
General, the contents of which are not givenin the minute, the delegate of
Egypt made a statement (RC/EM/9)

"to the effect that the Government of Egypt istaking steps to offer the
site and building at Alexandria to the WHO for a period of nine
years" ;

and the minute goes on :
"A motion was then made and adopted to recommend to the
Director-General and the Executive Board, subject to consultation
with the United Nations, the selection of Alexandria as the site of the
Regional Office. A resolution on this point will be prepared." Le Comité régional de la Méditerranée orientale a tenu sa première
réunionau Caire en février1949.LeDirecteur généralde l'OMS aprésenté

une déclaration (RC/EM/7) sur (Le rôle du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexan-
drie en tant que bureiiu régional pour la transmission des notifications et
des informations épidémiologiquesprévuesdans lesconventions sanitaires
internationales O, dans laquelle il concluait qu'il est indispensable d'assu-

rer que l'intégration du Bureau dans I'OMS ne porte pas atteinte à des
fonctions qui ont étéefficacement exercéespar lui depuis de nombreuses
années. L'intégration doit viser uniquement à faciliter la coordination de
ces fonctions avec celles qui incombent au bureau du siègede I'OMS ainsi

qu'à la station d'informations épidémiologiquesde Singapour.
Le point 5 de I'orclre du jour de la réunion était intitulé ((Siège du
Bureau régional ))(RC/EM/6), le point 9 Service de renseignements
épidémiologiques >)(FLC/EM/7), lepoint 11 (<Intégration du Bureau sani-

taire d'Alexandrie )) (RC/EM/3) et le point 12 Projet d'accord avec
1'Etat hôte du Bureau régional )).Le document RC/EM/6, concernant le
siège du Bureau régional. est un bref rapport du Secrétariat de l'OMS
citant l'articleXI, alinéa 2, de l'accord passéentre les Nations Unies et
I'OMS, qui stipule :

(<Dans la mesure du possible. les bureaux régionaux ou les
branches que l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé pourrait établir
seront en rapports étroits avec les bureaux régionaux ou lesbranches
que l'organisation des Nations Unies pourrait établir »,

et rappelant l'existence des bureaux de la FA0 et de l'OIT déjà installésau
Caire, ainsi que l'intention de l'organisation des Nations Unies d'établir
un centre d'information dans cette ville. Le rapport souligne que toute
décisionprise par le Comitérégionalau sujet de l'emplacementdu Bureau

aura nécessairement un caractère provisoire jusqu'au moment ou elle
aura étératifiée )àl'issuede négociations avecles Nations Unieslorsde la
réunion du Comité administratif de coordination.
A sa seconde session, le Comité régional a examiné la question de

l'emplacement du Bureau régional. Après une déclaration du Directeur
général, qui n'est pais reproduite dans le procès-verbal, le déléguéde
I'Egypte a fait une déclaration (RC/EM/9) selon laquelle

le Gouvernement égyptien a accepté de louer à l'organisation
mondiale de la Santéla parcelle de terrain et les bâtiments qui y sont
élevés... [à] Alexandrie pour une durée de neuf ans ));

et le procès-verbal poursuit ainsi :

<<Une motion aensuite été présentée et adoptée recommandant au
Directeur généralet au Conseil exécutif, sous réserved'en référerà
l'organisation des Nations Unies, de choisir Alexandrie comme

emplacement du bureau régional. Une résolution sera rédigéeà ce
sujet. )) At the next meeting, on the sameitem, thedelegate of Egyptread a draft
resolution whch was adopted and which I shalldescribe in detail, together

with other resolutions adopted at the same session of the Regional Com-
mittee. Two meetings later, item 9,"Epidemiological Intelligence Service"
and item 11, "Integration of the Sanitary Bureau at Alexandna", were
discussed together and a draft resolution was also adopted on integration,
whch 1 shall deal with later. It should be noted that in the course of the
debate the Director-General pointed out that provision "for taking over
the Bureau had been made" in the 1949Budget, and that the delegate of
Egypt announced that his Government

"was pleased to transfer the functions and al1related filesand records
of the Alexandria Bureau to the World Health Organization"

and also that the

"transfer would be made on the date on whch the Organization
notifies the Govemment of Egypt of the beginning of operations in
the Regional Office of the Eastern Mediterranean Region".

The Committee then approved a motion to begin the operations of the
Regional Office in July, because, according to the Egyptian delegate and

the Director-General, such a decision "would be in accord with the draft
budget for sixmonths". There wasdiscussed asa separate item, at the same
meeting, the "Draft Agreement with theHost Government", the Director-
General statingthat a draft agreement had been produced and handed to
the Egyptian Government, whose legal department was studying it. With
respect to the venue for the second session of theComrnittee, the delegate
of Egypt proposed Alexandria "in order that the firs[sic]meeting should
be held at the Regional Bureau" ; ths motion was supported by the
Director-General who said that "it wasdesirable tohave theearly meetings
at Regional Headquarters".
TheReport of the First Meeting of the Regional Committee to the Third
Session of the Executive Board (WHO, Of'icialRecords,No. 17,pp. 45 f.)
included a "Summary of resolutions and decisions" and the texts of two
resolutions and two statements by the delegate of Egypt. In the summary
of resolutions the Committee, under item No. 5,dealt with the "Location
of the Regional Office" and mentioned aresolution and a statement whch
were given as appendices. Appendix 4, "Resolution on Location of the
Regional Office", referred in its introduction to (1) the historical role of
Alexandria as a centre of epidemiological services, (2) to Article XI of the
Agreement between the United Nations and the WHO, (3)to the impor-
tance of establishing the Regional Officein the proximity of Cairo because
of the location there of several United Nations offices and (4) to A la réunion suivainte, et sur le mêmesujet, le délégué de I7Egypte a
donnélecture d'un projet de résolution,qui a étéadoptéetque j'analyserai
endétail,ainsi que d'alutresrésolutionsadoptéeslors de la même sessiondu
Comité régional. A la quatrième séance,le point 9, Service de rensei-

gnements épidémiologiques r), et le point 11, (Intégration du Bureau
sanitaire d'A1exandn.e )),ont été étudiés ensembleet l'on a également
adopté un projet de résolution concernant l'intégration, dont je parlerai
plus tard. 11convient de noter qu'au cours du débatle Directeur générala
relevéque <<la disposition relative au transfert du Bureau avait été faite

dans [le budget] de 11949 ))et le déléguéde 1'Egypte a déclaré que son
gouvernement était

(<heureux de transférerles attributions du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexan-
drie ainsi que tous ses dossiers et archives à l'OMS )>

et que

<(ce transfert aur~alieu à la date à laquelle l'organisation notifiera au

Gouvernement égyptienle débutdu fonctionnement du Bureau régio-
nal de la Méditerranée orientale n.

Le Comité a alors approuvé une motion visant acommencer le travail du

Bureau régional en juillet, parce que, selon le délégué de 1'Egypte et le
Directeur général,une telle décision <(concorderait avec le projet de bud-
get établipour six mois ))Au cours de la même séanceo ,n a abordé,en tant
quepoint distinct de l'ordre dujour, l'examen du Projet d'accord avec le
Gouvernement égyptien D,et le Directeur générala informé les membres

qu'un projet d'accord avait été présenté au Gouvernement égyptien,qui
l'avait mis à l'étude ;au Contentieux. Concernant le lieu de la seconde
session du Comité,le délégué de 1'Egyptea proposé Alexandrie <<afin que
la première (sicréunionse tienne au Bureau régional >); cette motion aété

appuyée par le Directceurgénéral quia déclaré qu'a il étaitsouhaitable de
tenir les premières réunions au siègerégional M.
Le rapport sur la première session du Comité régional présentéà la
troisième session du Conseil exécutif(OMS, Actes officiels, no 17,p. 45-46)
comprend un ((Résuniédes résolutions et décisions », ainsi quele texte de

deux résolutions et de deux déclarations faites par le délégué de 1'Egypte.
Dans le résumédes résolutions,sousle point 5 de l'ordre dujour, le Comité
a traitéde la question du « Siègedu Bureau régional D,et a mentionné une
résolution et une déclaration figurant dans les appendices. L'appendice 4,

Résolution relative ;iu siègedu Bureau régional u, mentionne dans son
introduction : 1) le role historique d'Alexandrie comme centre pour la
diffusion des informations épidémiologiquesaux pays de la Méditerranée
orientale, 2) l'article?;Ide l'accord entre les Nations Unies et I'Organi-
sation mondiale dela Santé, 3)l'importance d'installer leBureau régionalà

proximité du Caire oii se trouvent réunis plusieurs bureaux des Nations
Unies, et 4)119 INTERPRETATIONOF AGREEMENT(SEP. OP. RUDA)

"the desirability of the excellent site and buildings under favourable
conditions generously offered by the Government of Egypt",

and in conclusion resolved

"to recommend to the Director-General and the Executive Board,
subject to consultation with the United Nations, the selection of
Alexandria as the site of the Regional Office".
Appendix 3 included a statement by the Egyptian delegate in which he
announced that

"at its meeting of 6 February 1949 the Council of Minjsters has
agreed, subject to approval of the Parliament, to lease to the World
Health Organization, for the use of the Regional Office for the East-
ern Mediterranean Area, the site of land and the building thereon
which are at present occupied by the Quarantine Administration and
the Alexandria Health Bureau, for aperiod of nine years at a nominal
annual rent of P.T. IO",

an offer for which the Committee expressed its thanks.
The Report also referred, under item No. 9,to the "Integration of the
Alexandria Sanitary Bureau", mentioning a resolution reproduced as
Appendix 2,inwhich theCommittee,having regard to (1) the provisions of
Chapter XI of the WHO Constitution, (2) the resolution of the World
Health Assembly on the delineation of regions and (3) the services and
experience of the Sanitary Bureau at Alexandria. resolved

"to recommend to the Executive Board that in establishing the
Regional Organization and the Regional Officefor the Eastern Medi-
terranean the functions of the Alexandna Sanitary Bureau be inte-
grated with those of the Regional Organization of the World Health
Organization".

Appendix 5reproduced a statement by the Egyptian delegate in wiuch he
recalled that the Government of Egypt had assumed the functions and
carried on the services of the Alexandria Sanitary Bureau in accordance
with a declaration made by his Govemment at the Intemational Sanitary
Conference of 1938.The statement added that :
"In consideration of theresolution onintegration of theAlexandria
Sanitary Bureau with the World Health Organization, the Govern-
ment of Egypt is pleased to transfer these functions and al1related

files and records to the World Health Organization.

This transfer will bemade asof the date onwhich theWorld Health
Organization notifies the Government of Egypt of the commence-
ment of operations in the Regional Office for the Eastern Mediter-
ranean Area." la facilité de pouvoir disposer d'un excellent emplacement et de
bâtiments, à des conditions favorables, gracieusement offerts par le
Gouvernement égyptien »

et décide en conséquence
O de recommander au Directeur général etau Conseil exécutif, sous

réserved'en référerauxNations Unies, le choix d'Alexandrie comme
siègedu Bureau régional )).
A l'appendice 3 on trouve une déclaration par laquelle le déléguéde

1'Egypte annonce
que leconseil des ministres, en sa séancedu 6 février1949,aaccepté,

sous réservede la ratification du Parlement, de louer àl'Organisation
mondiale de la Santé,à l'usage du Bureau régional pour la Méditer-
ranée orientale, 1;iparcelle de terrain et le bâtiment y élevé, lesquels
sont actuellement occupés par l'Administration quarantenaire et le
Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie, et ce, pour une durée de 9 ans, à un
loyer nominal annuel de P.T. 10 D.

offre pour laquelle le Comité a exprimésa reconnaissance à 1'Egypte.
Le rapport mentionne également, sous le point 9, Intégration du

Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie O, une résolution, reproduite à I'appen-
dice 2, par laquelle le Comité, considérant : 1)les dispositions du cha-
pitre XI de la Constitution de l'organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2) la
résolution de I'Assemibléemondiale de la Santé sur la délimitation des
régions et 3) la longue expérience acquise et les services rendus par le

Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie, décide
de recommander au Conseil exécutifque, lors de l'établissementde

l'organisation régionale etdu Bureau régional pour la Méditerranée
orientale, les fonctions du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie soient inté-
gréesdans celles de l'organisation régionalede l'organisation mon-
diale de la Santé o.

L'appendice Sreproduit une déclaration du délégué de I'Egypte où celui-ci
rappelle que le Gouvernement égyptien a assumé les attributions et le
fonctionnement du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie, conformément a la
déclaration de son gouvernement lors de la conférence sanitaire interna-

tionale de 1938. La déclaration ajoute :
(Prenant en considération la résolution d'intégrer ce dernier

Bureau dans l'organisation mondiale de la Santé, le Gouvernement
égyptien a le plaisir de transférer lesdites attributions, ainsi que tous
les dossiers et documents qui s'y rattachent, à l'organisation mon-
diale de la Santé.
Ce transfert aura lieu à partir de la datea laquelle l'organisation
mondiale de la Sa.nténotifiera au Gouvernement égyptien le début

du fonctionnemenit du Bureau régional pour la Méditerranée orien-
tale.)) This statement was received with thanks by the Committee.
TheSummary of Resolutions and Decisions hadotherpoints ofinterest.
Under item No. 8, the Committee "requested the Director-General and
the Executive Board to establish the regional office and commence work
on 1 July 1949", under item No. 10, the Committee "noted that the
Director-General would negotiate an agreement with the Government of
Egypt", under item No. 12,the Committee"nominated, for consideration

of the Executive Board, Dr. Ali Tewfik Shousha Pasha, for the position of
Regional Director", and under item No. 13, the Committee "noted the
draft budget of the Regional Office" for 1949.
The Third Session of the Executive Board of WHO adopted in March
1949, after having considered the report of the Committee, resolution
EB3.R30, which reads as follows :

"The Executive Board
(1) Conditionally approves the selection of Alexandna as the site
of the Regional Officefor the EasternMediterranean Area, this action
being subject to consultation with the United Nations ;
(2) Requests the Director-General to thank the Government of
Egypt for its generous action in placing the site and buildings at
Alexandna at the disposal of the Organization for a period of nine
years at a nominal rate of 10piastres a year ;
(3) Approves the establishment of the Regional Office for the
Eastern Mediterranean Area, operations to commence on or about
1July 1949 ;

(4) Approves the resolution of the Regional Committee that 'the
functions of the Alexandna Sanitary Bureau be integrated witkin
those of the Regional Organization of the World Health Organiza-
tion' ;
(5) Authorizes the Director-General to express appreciation to the
Government of Egypt for the transfer of functions, files and records
of the Alexandna Sanitary Bureau to the Organization upon com-
mencement of operations in the Regional Office" (WHO, Handbook
of Resolutions, Vol. 1, pp. 331 f.).

At the same session(ibid.,p. 332)the ExecutiveBoard appointed SirAli
Tewfik Shousha Pasha as Regional Director for the Eastern Mediterra-
nean, for fiveyears, beginning 1July 1949.According to Article 52of the
WHO Constitution. "The head of the regional officeshallbe the Regional
Director . . .".
Resolution EB3.R30 appears to me to have been the instrument that
decided on the location of the Regional Office, subject to certain condi-
tions. There had been an offer from the EgyptianGovernment placing the

site and buildings at Alexandna of the pre-existing Regional Sanitary
Bureau at the disposal of the new organization for nine years ;this offer,
according to the statement made by the Egyptian delegate at the First INTERPR~~TATIONDE L'ACCORD (OP. IND. RUDA) 120

Le Comité aremerciéle délégué de 1'Egyptepour cette déclaration.
Le résumé des résolutions et décisionsprésente d'autresélémentsinté-
ressants. Sous le point 8 de l'ordre du jour, le Comité <a demandé au

Directeur générad l 'établirle Bureau régionalet d'enautoriser l'ouverture
à partir du lerjuillet 1949 D,sous le point 10il ((a notéque le Directeur
général négociera uni accord avec le Gouvernement égyptien ))sous le
point 12 il (a soumis à l'examen du Conseil exécutifla nomination du
DrAliTewfikChouctia Pacha auxfonctions dedirecteur régional )et,sous
le point 13, il <a pris note du projet de budget du Bureau régional ))
pour 1949.
La troisième sessiondu Conseil exécutifde l'OMS a adopté en mars

1949,aprèsavoir étudiéle rapport du Comité,la résolutionEB3.R30, qui
est libellée commesuit :

((Le Conseil exécutif
1) Approuve sous condition lechoixd'Alexandrie commesiègedu

Bureau régional:pourla Méditerranée orientale,cettedécisiondevant
êtresoumise aux Nations Unies ;
2) PrieleDirecteur générad leremercierleGouvernement égyptien
d'avoir généreusement misl'emplacemenettleslocauxd'Alexandrie à
la disposition de l'organisation pour unepériodede neuf ans, moyen-
nant un loyer nominal de 10piastres par an ;
3) Approuve :lacréationd'un Bureau region- pour la Méditerra-
néeorientale qui commencera à fonctionner le lerjuillet 1949,ouvers

cette date ;
4) Approuve la résolutiondu Comitérégionaldemandantque ((les
fonctions du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandriesoient intégrées àcellesde
l'organisation régionalede l'organisation mondiale de la Santé ));

5) Autorise le: Directeur général à exprimer sa satisfaction au
Gouvernement égyptienpour le transfert, Al'organisation, des fonc-

tions, dossiers et archives du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie, transfert
qui aura lieu au moment où le Bureau régional commencera àfonc-
tionner u (OMS, Recueil des résolutionset décisions,vol. 1, p. 331-
332).

Durant la même session (ibid., p. 332), le Conseil exécutifa nommé
sir Ali Tewfik Choucha Pacha directeur régionalpour la Méditerranée
orientale pour une période de cinq ans à dater du lerjuillet 1949. En

application de l'article 52de la Constitution de l'OMS <(le chef du bureau
régionalest le directeur régional ...))
La résolution EB3.R30 me semble avoir été l'instrument qui afixé
l'emplacement du Bureau régional,sousréservedecertainesconditions. Le
Gouvernement égyptien avait proposé de mettre l'emplacement et les
bâtiments de l'ancien Bureau sanitaire régional,situés à Alexandrie, à la
disposition de lanouvelleorganisation pour unepériodedeneuf ans ;cette
offre, selon la déclarationdu délégué de 1'Egypte à la première sessionduMeeting of the Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean, was
subject to the approval of the Egyptian Parliament. The offerwas accepted
and the Executive Board decided to select Alexandria as the site of the
Regional Office, and approved its establishment subject to consultations
with the United Nations, its operations to commence in the near future.
This was one of the actions taken in resolution EB3.R30,whch dealt with
the location of the Office.
The other action taken was the integration of the Alexandria Sanitary
Bureau withn the Regional Office. It seems tome that the terminology of
the resolution is clear: what was integrated were "the functions" of the

Bureau. In other words, the previous functions of the Bureau were to be
performed in the future by the Regional Office, and for this purpose
the Government of Egypt transferred the Bureau's files and records.
Although Article 54 of the WHO Constitution is not mentioned in
resolution EB3.R30, this seems to have been done in pursuance thereof,
even though Article 54 refers to "inter-governmental regional organi-
zations" and the Sanitary Bureau was an office of the Egyptian
Government.
1 draw a distinction between these two actions, i.e., establishing the
location of the Regional Office and the integration of the Alexandria
Bureau with the Regional Office, because they have a different purpose.
The functions performed by the Alexandria Bureau and its files and
records could have been transferred, "integrated", within the Regional
Office while at the same time the seat was nevertheless established in
another location than Alexandria.
The choice of the siteof the Regional Officewassubject to consultations
with the United Nations, whch took place inMay 1949,without objection
from the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination of the Economic

and Social Council (E/ 1340, pp. 13f.).
The approval of the Egyptian Parliament was givenin Law No. 66of 29
May 1949,which approved the leaseto the WHO of the land in Alexandria
occupied by the Quarantine Administration (i.e., the Alexandria Bureau)
which was in the public domain, for a nominal rent, to serveas the site of
the Regional Office (Journul officiel du Gouvernement egyptien, 6eannée,
16juin 1949,no81, p. 1).

The conditions laid down by Egypt and the WHO were thus fulfilled at
the end of May 1949.
Here,it isworth whiletocompare resolution EB3.R30with thedecisions
taken in connection with the establishment of other WHO regional orga-
nizations and sites of regional offices. There are various types of resolu-
tion.
A companson of the decisions taken by the Executive Board regarding
the sites ofvarious regional offices shows that in two cases, Manila and
Copenhagen, approval was made subject to the conclusion of a host
agreement, which was not the case with respect to Alexandna or the other
offices.Comité régionalde la Méditerrannéeorientale, étaitsujette à ratification
par le Parlement égyptien. L'offre a étéacceptée, et le Conseil exécutifa
décidéde choisir Alexandrie comme emplacement du Bureau régional,
dont il a approuvé l'établissement, sous réserve d'en référea rux Nations

Unies eten prévoyant que ce Bureau commencerait à fonctionner dans un
proche avenir. Cette décision s'est traduite par la résolution EB3.R30,
relative à l'établissement du siègedu Bureau régional.
Une autre mesure cluia étéprise a étél'intégration du Bureau sanitaire
d7Alexandric dans le Bureau régional.La terminologie dela résolution me
les fonctions >\du Bureau. En d'au-
panût claire ;ils'agissait d'intégrer
tres termes, les fonctiions antérieures du Bureau devaient êtreprises en
charge à l'avenir par le Bureau régionalet le Gouvernement égyptienlui a
transféréà cette fin ses dossiers et archives. Bien que l'article 54 de la
Constitution de l'OMS ne soit pas mentionnédans la résolution EB3.R30,
il semblebien qu'il ait étéappliquC. en dépitdu fait quc l'article 54se réfère
aux << organisations régionales intergouvernementales )>alors que le Bu-

reau sanitaire était au service du ouv verne m égeyntien

J'établis unedistinction entre ces deux décisions. c'est-à-direentre celle
qui concerner l'emplacement du Bureau régional et celle qui concerne
l'intégrationdu Bureau d'Alexandrie dans le Bureau régional.car cesdeux
mesures ont des obiets différents. Les fonctions assurces Dar le Bureau

d'Alexandrie ainsi que ses dossiers et archives auraient pu ktre transférés
ou <(intégrés ))dans le Bureau régional alors que le siège était installé
ailleurs qu'à Alexandrie.
Le choix de l'emplacement du Bureau régionalétaitsujet à consultations
avec l'ONU. lesquelles consultations ont eu lieu en mai 1949,sans qu'au-
cune objectic~nsoit soulevéepar le Comitéadministratif de coordination
du Conseil économiq.ueet social (E/ 1340,p. 13-14).

Le Parlement égylptien a donné son accord par la loi no 66 du
29 rnai 1949 approuvant la location à l'OMS de la parcelle de terrain
faisant partie du domaine de 1'Etat sise à Alexandrie, alors affectée à
l'Administration quarantenaire (c'est-à-dire au Bureau d'Alexandrie).
pour servir de siège iiu Bureau régional, pour un loyer nominal (Jour-
nul officieldu Govvernemenr épptien, 6C année. 16 juin 1949,
no 81. p. 1).

Les conditions poséespar 1'Egypteet par l'OMS se sont donc trouvées
réalisées à la fin de niai 1949.
Il serait maintenant intéressant de comparer larésolution EB3.R30 avec
les décisionsrelatives à l'installation d'autres organisations régionalesde
l'OMS et àl'emplacennent des bureaux régionaux.Ces résolutions sont de
divers types.
-
Si l'on compare les décisions prises par le Conseil exécutifau sujet de
l'emplacement des divers bureaux régionaux, on constate que, dans deux
cas, ceux de Manille et de Copenhague,l'approbation est subordonnée àla
conclusion d'un accoird avec le pays hôte, ce qui n'est pas le cas pour
Alexandrie ou les autres bureaux.122 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (SEP.OP.RUDA)

My conclusions from these facts are the following :

(1) there was an offer from the Egyptian Governmentto the WHO of a
site and building at Alexandria for the Eastern Mediterranean Regional
Office, subject to the approval of the Egyptian Parliament ;
(2) this offer was accepted by the WHO, subject to consultations with
the United Nations ;
(3) both conditions were fulfilled in May 1949 ;

(4) the Egyptian Government integrated the functions of the Alexan-
dria Sanitary Bureau with the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Organiza-
tion and transferred its files and records to the latter ;
(5) the Officecommenced operations inJuly 1949,with abudget, astaff
and a Director ; and
(6) the establishment of the seat of the Regional Office in Alexandria
was not made subject to the conclusion of a host agreement.

Therefore, the Regional Office had already been factually and juridi-
cally established in its site in Alexandria since 1949,two years before the
signature of the 1951Agreement, and its settlement was not linked to the
conclusion of thehost agreement.Consequently,thefacts seem topoint to
an interpretation of the terms of that treaty to the effect that its text
presupposed that the Regional Office was already established in Alexan-
dria.
1find nothng in the text of the 1951Agreement, in its context, or in its
object and purpose to show that it dealt with the establishment of the seat
of the Regional Office or its removal. On the contrary, the circumstances
previous toits conclusion discloseaprior agreement on thisquestion of the
site of the Office. 1 interpret the 1951Agreement as a treaty which deals
with privileges, immunities and facilities and not with the seat or removal

of the Regional Office.

1do not attach legal importance to the description by some of the 1951
Agreement as a "host" or "headquarters" agreement despite the fact that
the title under which it was registered ' with the United Nations was :
"Agreement between the World Health Organization and theGovernment
of Egypt for the purposes of determining the privileges, immunities and
facilities tobe granted inEgypt by theGovernment to theOrganization, to
therepresentatives ofitsMembers and toits experts and officials,signedat
Cairo, on 25 March 1951 ." What is important is the content of the treaty
and what nghtsand obligations wereassumed by virtueof thatinstrument.
1cannot deduce from the merelabelling of the 1951Agreement asa "host"
or "headquarters" agreement that the location of the office in Alexandria
forms part ofitsprovisions. It istrue, as 1have saidbefore, that most of the

'According to Article 8, paragraph 1 (b), of the Regulations for Registration of
Treaties and International Agreements, approved by General Assembly resolution 97
(1)of 14December 1946,the Register shall comprise, interaliua,record :"The title
given to the instrumentby the parties." J'en tire les conclusions suivantes :
1) le Gouvernemei~t égyptiena offert à l'OMS un terrain et des bâti-

ments à Alexandrie pour le Bureau régionalde la Méditerranée orientale,
sous réserved'approbation du Parlement égyptien ;
2) cette offre a étéacceptéepar l'OMS, sous réservede consultations
avec les Nations Unies ;
3) ces deux conditions ont étéremplies en mai 1949 ;
4) le Gouvernement égyptiena transmis les fonctions du Bureau sani-
taire d'Alexandrie au Bureau régionalde la Méditerranée orientaleetlui a
transféréles dossiers et documents du Bureau sanitaire d'Alexandrie ;

5) le Bureau régionalacommencé àfonctionner enjuillet 1949,avecun
budget, du personnel et un directeur ;
6) l'établissement(lu siègedu Bureau régional àAlexandrie n'étaitpas
subordonné à la conclusion d'un accord avec le pays hôte.

En conséquence,le Bureau régionalétait établi enfait et en droit à son
siège(Alexandrie) de:puis 1949déjà,soit deux ans avant la signature de
l'accord de 1951,et son établissement n'étaitpas lié à la conclusion d'un
accord avecle pays hôte. Lesfaits semblent donc concorder aveclestermes
du traité, interprétéscomme présupposant que le Bureau régional était
déjàétabli à Alexandrie.

Je ne trouve rien dans le texte de l'accord de 1951, replacédans son
contexte, ni dans le biit et l'objet de cet accord, qui montre qu'ilait traià

l'établissement du si&e du Bureau régional ou à son transfert. En re-
vanche,je constate que lescirconstances quiont précédé saconclusion font
apparaître un accord1préalable sur la question de l'emplacement du
Bureau. Pour moi,I'accord de 195 1est un traité quiporte sur lesprivilèges,
immunités et facilitéset non sur le siègeou le déplacement du Bureau
régional.
Je n'attache aucune importance d'ordre juridique au fait que certains
dénommentI'accordde 195 1 «accord avec1'Etathôte )(hostagreement) et

d'autres t(accord de !siège (headquarters agreement), bien qu'il ait été
enregistré ' auprès de l'organisation des Nations Unies sous le titre :
<(Accord entre l'organisation mondiale de laSantéetleGouvernement de
1'Egyptepour déterminer les privilèges,immunitésetfacilitésaccordésen
Egypte par le Gouvernement à I'Organisation, aux représentants de ses
Membres, àses experts et à ses fonctionnaires. Signé auCaire, le 25 mars
1951. ))Ce qui compte, c'est le contexte du traitéainsi que les droits et
obligations qui sont nésde cet instrument. Je ne peux pas déduire du
simple fait que l'accord de 1951est appelé ((accord avec 1'Etathôte ou

<(accord de siège ))que la localisation du Bureau d'Alexandrie fait partie

'Conformément à l'article 8, paragraphe 1b). du règlement pour l'enregistrement
bléegénéraleendate du 14décembre1946,leregistre indique notamment e letirredonnésem-
à /'insrrumentpar les parfs.s123 INTERPRETATION OF AGREEMENT (SEP. OP. RUDA)

provisions of the 1951 Agreement are based on the maintenance of the
Office in Egypt, but this does not mean that the parties agreed in 195 1that
the Office was to be located in Alexandria ; that had alreadybeen agreed in

1949. It has been contended that the 1951 Agreement integrates and
displaces any prior understanding and the proof of this assertion is said to
lie in a statement made by Mr.Zarb, a member of the Secretariat, when he
stated in the Fourth World Health Assembly that :

"although the Organization thus enjoyed the most courteous treat-
ment, it would be highly desirable for such treatment to be accorded
de jure and not only de fucto" (WHO, Officiul Records, No. 35,
p. 315).

1interpret this statement, where Mr.Zarb refers to "treatment", to refer
to the privilege of temporary exemption from customs duties already
enjoyed by the Office, on the basis of the unilateral decision adopted by

Egypt and communicated by the Ministry of Public Health to the Director
on 23 June 1949.On the other hand, 1cannot see,explicitly or implicitly, in
any of the provisions of the 1951Agreement an intention to integrate or
displace any prior understanding.
To my mind, the Regional Office was established at Alexandria by an
agreement between Egypt and the WHO, which was reached through a

series of successive acts which progressively expressed the will of both
parties to locate the Office in Alexandria and which culminated in reso-
lution EB3.R30, the approval of the Egyptian Parliament signified in Law
No. 66 and the non-opposition of the United Nations to the choice of
Alexandria.
It is well known that international law does not impose any given form

for the conclusion of an agreement, provided that there is sufficient evi-
dence of the intention of the parties to create rights and obligations, i.e., to
produce legal effects. There is no legal distinction between formal and
informa1 agreements, because the validity of a treaty does not depend on
the adoption of any form ; it therefore is up to the parties to choose such
form as they think fit for assuming international obligations.

There was, of course, no forma1agreement, in 1949.selecting Alexandria
as the site of theRegional Office, but the common will of the WHO and
Egypt to such effect was very clearly expressed in successiveacts of one and
the other party, whch together consti tute an international binding engage-
ment. 1 see no reason to consider these engagements as not producing

contractual legal effects ;effects which were not subject to the conclusion
of any other agreement.

The problem that the Court faces in Question 1 is simply whether the
1951Agreement does or does not provide for thelocation or removal of the
Alexandria Office, because Section 37 laid down a procedure for the
revision and potential denunciation of the "present Agreement". Since 1 INTERPRITATION DE L'ACCORD (OP. IND. RUDA) 123

de ses dispositions. Certes, comme je l'ai fait observer, la plupart des
dispositions de l'accord de 195 1 procédaient de l'idéeque le Bureau res-
terait en Egypte mais cela ne signifie pas que les parties soient convenues,
en 195 1.que le Bureau serait situéàAlexandrie : elles s'étaientdéjàmises

d'accord sur ce poinit en 1949. Il a été soutenu que I'accord de 1951
incorpore et remplace toute convention antérieure et que la preuve enétait
une déclaration faite par un membre du Secrétariat, M. Zarb, qui a dit
devant la quatrième Assembléemondiale de la Santé:

(bien que l'organisation jouisse ainsi d'un régimede courtoisie, il
serait fort désirable quecette situation de fait devienne une situation
de droit » (OMS,, Actes officiels,ri035, p. 315).

Pour moi, quand M. Zarb parle de régime >),jecomprends qu'il s'agit
du privilège d'exemp1:iontemporaire des droitsde douane dont le Bureau
jouissait déjà, à la suite d'une décision unilatérale prise par 1'Egypte et

communiquéeau directeur par le ministèrede l'hygiènepublique le 23juin
1949. Par contre, daris aucune disposition de I'accord de 1951je ne par-
viens à découvrir une intention explicite ou implicite d'incorporer ou de
remplacer une conveintion antérieure.
A mon avis,le Bureau régionalaétéétabli àAlexandrie par accord entre
I'Egypte et I'OMS, accord réalisépar une séried'actes successifs qui ont

progressiven~ent expriméla volontédes deux parties de situer le Bureau à
Alexandrie et qui ont abouti à la résolution EB3.R30, à l'approbation du
Parlement égyptien donnéedans la loi no 66 et àl'absence d'opposition au
choix d'Alexandrie d,ela part des Nations Unies.

Nul n'ignore que le droit international n'impose aucune forme particu-
lièrepour la conclusion d'un accord, àcondition que l'intention des parties
de faire naître des droits et des obligations, c'est-à-dire de produire des
effetsjuridiques, soit suffisammentévidente. Juridiquement, on ne faitpas
de distinction selon qu'un accord est formel ou non, puisque la validité
d'un traité ne dépend pas de l'adoption d'une forme particulière. C'est

donc aux parties qu'il incombe de choisir la forme qu'elles jugent appro-
priée pour assumer des obligations internationales.
Ilest évident qu'il n'y a pas eu d'accord formel en 1949 sur le choix
d'Alexandrie comme siègedu Bureau régional, mais la volontécommune
de I'OMS et de 1'Egypted'y situer le Bureau s'est très clairement exprimée

dans une séried'actes de l'une etde l'autre partie,qui constituent ensemble
un engagement international obligatoire. Je ne vois pas de raison de
considérer que cet engagement n'a pas d'effets juridiques contractuels,
autrement dit d'effets qui ne soient pas subordonnés à la conclusion d'un
autre accord.
En ce qui concerne la première question qui lui était posée,la Cour

devait simplement se demander si l'accord de 1951 prévoyait ou non la
localisation du Bureau à Alexandrie ou son transfert, la section 37 envi-
sageant une procédure de re~~isionet de dénonciation éventuelledu <(pré-find nothingin the 1951Agreement that refersto thesesubjects,whichhad
already been dealt with in a previous agreement in 1949, 1 am forced to
conclude that Section 37isnot applicable "in the event thateither party to
the Agreement wishes to have the Regional Office transferred from the
territory of Egypt".
But 1 think that a simple negative answer to Question 1could lead to
misleading legal conclusions, because, as the Court says, a rule of inter-
national law "does not operate in avacuum, it operates in relation to facts
and in the context of a wider framework of legal rules of which it forms
only a part". Moreover, 1seethe role of the Court in advisoryproceedings
as giving the organ or organization that has requested an opinion the
maximum possible legal assistance within the margin of the true legal
issues before the Court. For these reasons, 1believe that it is necessary,
after havingfound that Question 1should be answeredin the negative, to
go into other rules provided for in general international law and the
agreements in force between the WHO and Egypt, whch determine the
obligationsincumbentupon them should either of them desirea transfer of
the Regional Office.

As 1have stated several timesbefore,1am of theopinion that there was,
in 1949, an informa1agreement, with full legal effects, on the selection of
Alexandria as the site of theegional Office.This agreement, although it
has no outright denunciation clause,is, under the law of treaties,the kind
of agreement which is subject to denunciation, because there is no obli-
gation on the part of the Organization to remain in a given place, and,
reciprocally, the host State is not obliged to keep an international orga-
nization or any of its branches on its territory without its consent.

Therefore, there is no rule that could impede the WHO and Egypt, if
either of them so wish, to bring about the removal of theegional Office
from Alexandria through unilateral action.
But this transfer could not becarried out withoutkinginto account the
legitimateinterests of the otheride.For this reason, the WHO and Egypt,
as the Court has stated in paragraph 49 and in the operative part of the
Advisory Opinion, should consult each other in good faith and negotiate
the conditions and modalities of the transfer, bearing in mind that a
reasonable period of time should be allowed for the removal, because the
orderly termination of the operations of theegional Officeshouldbe the

paramount consideration to be taken into account.

(SigneJd .M. RUDA. sent accord )).Comme je ne trouve rien dans l'accord de 195 1 sur ces
questions,qui ont fait l'objetd'un accord antérieurde 1949,je suisforcéde
conclure que la section 37n'est pas applicable au cas où l'une oul'autre
partie à l'accord souhaite que le Bureau régional soit transféré horsdu
territoire égyptien )).
J'estime toutefoisqu'une simpleréponse négative àla premièrequestion
pourrait conduire à des conclusionsjuridiques erronées.En effet, comme

laCour ledéclare,unerèglede droit international (nes'appliquepas dans
le vide ; elle s'applique par rapport à des faits et dans le cadre d'un
ensembleplus large d~erèglesjuridiques dont elle n'est qu'une partie>).Je
considère en outre que le rôle de la Cour, en matière consultative,est de
fournir a l'organe ou à l'organisation qui lui a demandé un avis toute
l'assistance juridique possible, dans les limites des véritables questions
juridiques dont elle est saisie. C'est pourquoi, après avoir conclu qu'il
faudrait répondre àla première question par la négative,j'estimenéces-
saire d'examiner les autres règles du droit international généralet les
accords envigueur entre l'OMSet I'Egypte,quidéterminent lesobligations
incombant à l'OMS et à 1'Egypte au cas où l'une ou l'autre souhaite

transférer le Bureau régional.
Commeje l'ai déjà faitobserver plusieurs fois,j'estime qu'il existait en
1949 un accord non formel, ayant des effetsjuridiques complets, sur le
choix d'Alexandrie comme siègedu Bureau régional. Bien qu'il ne con-
tienne Dasde véritable clausede dénonciation. cet accord relève.confor-
méme; au droit des traités,de la catégoriede'saccords dénonçables. En
effet, une organisation internationale n'est pas tenue de maintenir son
siègeau mêmeendroit et, réciproquement,un Etat hôte n'estpas obligéde
conserver sur son territoire, sans son consentement, une organisation
internationale ou un de ses bureaux.

En conséquence,il n'existeaucune règlequi puisse empêcherl'OMS et
l'Egypte, si l'une ou l'autre le désire, de procéder unilatéralement au
transfert hors d'Egyp-tedu Bureau régional.
Ce transfert ne saurait cependant s'effectuer au mépris des intérêts
légitimesdel'autre partie. Ainsique la Courl'a déclaréauparagraphe 49et
dans le dispositif de :l'avisconsultatif, l'OMS et 1'Egyptedevraient par
conséquent se consulter de bonne foi et négocier lesconditions et moda-
litésdu transfert, en tenant comptedu fait qu'un délairaisonnabledevrait
êtreprévupour le transfert, la considération primordiale devant êtrede
mettre fin d'une maniièreordonnée aux activitésdu Bureau régional.

(Signé J.)M. RUDA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Ruda

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