Dissenting Opinion of Judge Gros (translation)

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057-19730712-ADV-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
057-19730712-ADV-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE GROS

[Translation]

1regret that 1am iunableto concur in the Opinion of the Court and,
that being so, 1set forth the grounds of my dissent below.

1. We are here concerned with an application for the review of Judge-
ment No. 158of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, founded on
a text, Article 11 of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative
Tribunal, as amended by resolution 957(X), which the General Assembly
adopted on 8 November 1955for the verypurpose of instituting a remedy
and procedure that hatdnot existed before that date.
The nature of the exceptional remedy and procedure thus established
must be clearly ascertained for, as neither the contentious application
to the Court which is open to States nor an ordinary request for an
advisory opinion is concerned, the first question to be resolved is whether
the Court, as a judicial organ whose jurisdiction is fixed by the Statute,
is able, within the coniditionslaid down by that Statute, to proceed to the
review requested by ineans of the advisory opinion to which Article II
of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal refers.
2. There are two Advisory Opinions of the Court (13 July 1954,
EfSectof Awards of C:ompensationMade by the United Nations Adminis-

trative Tribunal; 211 October 1956, Judgnzentsof the Administrative
Tribuna!of the IL0 uponComplaintsMadeagainstUnesco)which dealwith
the problem of the reviewofdecisions ofadministrativetribunals, and they
shed light upon the rnanner in which the Court, at the times in question,
envisaged what conflitions must be satisfied for it to be able, in the
exercise of its advisoi-yfunction, to remain faithful to the requirements
of itsjudicial charactizr when an application for review is addressed to it.
As, moreover, the e:iplanation.of the origin of the system of judicial
review is to be founci in part in those Advisory Opinions, it will be as
well to recall certain points.
3. The Advisory Opinion of 13 July 1954 on the EfSect of Awards of
Compensation Made by the United Nafions Adniinistrative Tribunal,
requested bythe General Assembly,followednormal advisory proceedings
that had therefore nothing in common with the present case from the
viewpoint of the referral procedure, but the Court took occasion to
scrutinize the Statutle of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
and noted that it was "the result of a deliberate decision that no provision

for reviewofthejudgrnents of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
was inserted in the Statute of that Tribunal" (I.C.J. Reports 1954,p. 54).
The Court went on i:o observe, with al1the discretion called for in the
circumstances, that : APPL.ICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP. GROS) 253

"ln order thiat the judgments pronounced by such a judicial
tribunal could be subjected to review by any body other than the
tribunal itself, it would be necessary, in the opinion of the Court,

that the statute of that tribunal or some other legal instrument
governing it should contain an express provision to that effect.
The General Assembly has the power to amend the Statute of the
Administrative Tribunal by virtue of Article 11 of that Statute and
to provide for means of redress by another organ. But as no such
provisions are inserted in the present Statute, there is no legalground
upon whichthe General Assemblycould proceed to reviewjudgments
already pronounced by that Tribunal. Sllould the General Assembly
contemplare,for dealing witll future disputes, the making of some
provisionfor the review of the awards of the Tribunal, the Court is
of the opinion that the General Assembly itseif, in view of its compo-
sitiotl andfunctions, could liardly act as ajudicial organ-considering
thearguments o,ftheparties, appraisingtheevidenceproducedbythem,
establi.rhingthe ,facts and declaring the lauvapplicable to them-al1

the more so as clneparty to the disputes is the United Nations Organi-
zation itselL" (1.C.J. Reports19.54,p. 56; emphasis added.)

4. This passage from the Advisory Opinion is important, for it
constitutes a formal indication in favour of a judicial means of redress
and, consequently, of the exclusion of the General Assembly from the
suggested review procedure, an indication which the Court considered
it was possible to give the General Assembly before the system for the
review of the judgernents of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
was set up in the arnended Article 11. The Court, then, was adopting a
certain position in regard to the "review of the awards [jugements]"
of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, and what it had to Say
regarding the powers of a "judicial organ" shows that what it had in

mind was indeed the institution of a genuine review procedure, that is to
Say,a reconsideration of the case, forthe consideration of the arguments,
the appraisal of the evidence and the study of the facts before declaring
the law constitute,iinthe above-cited passage of the Opinion, a complete
description of judicial proceedings.
So far as the Court's conception in 1954of the review of judgements
of the Administrative Tribunal is concerned, one may therefore note that
the Advisory Opinion of 1954 is in favour of review by a judicial organ,
adjudging as such.
5. In the Advisory Opinion of 23 October 1956 the Court again
evinced from the outset the cautious attitude of 1954with regard to the
procedure used as iimeans of reviewing the judgments of an adminis-
trative tribunal(th;!;time, that of the ILO).

"The Court is not called upon to consider the merits of such a
procedure or the reasons which led to its adoption. It must consider
only the question whether its Statute and its judicial character do or do not stand in the way of its participating inthis procedure by com-
plying withthe Requestfor an Advisory Opinion.

The Court is nat bound for the future by any consent which it gave
or decisionswhi~îhit made with regard to theprocedure thus adopted.
In the present case, the procedure which has been adopted has not
given rise to aniy objection on the part of those concerned ...The
principle of equality of the parties follows from the requirements of
good administration of justice. These requirements have not been
impaired in the present case by the circumstance that the written
statement on be:halfof the officials was submitted through Unesco.
Finally, althoughno oral proceedings werelîeld, the Court is satisjied
that adequate itformation has been made available to it. In view of
this there woulù appear to be no compelling reason whythe Court
should not lend its assistance in the solution of a problem ...only

compelling reas,onscould cause the Court to adopLin this matter a
negative attitud.e which would imperil the working of the régime
established by the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal for the
judicial protection of officials."(I.C.J. Reports 1956, pp. 85 f.;
emphasis added.)

6. The rules are here plainly expressed, and 1 propose to apply them
to the present case, for1 see no reason to depart from them. The Court
emphasized in 1956 that it was ruling on the particular case and was
careful not to enunciate a general rule; each case should be considered
on its merits: "The Court ...is bound to rrmain faithful to the require-
ments of its judiciarl character. 1s that possible in the present case?"
(I.C.J. Reports 195ti, p. 84.) This question has also to be raised in the
present proceedings, and 1feel compelled to answer it in the negative.
7. To complete the picture of the situation at the time of the 1956
Advisory Opinion, attention should be drawn to the opposition expressed
by several Members of the Court to the very principle of using advisory
procedure for purpalsesof review, on account in particular of the absence
of any oral proceedings.
Judge Winiarski,.in the first place, remarked in his separate opinion

that "as is noted in the Opinion, the procedure thus brought into being
'appears as serving, in a way, the object of a judicial appeal' against
the four judgments of the Administrative Tribunal, and this utilization
ofthe advisoryprocedure wascertainly not contemplated bythe draftsmen
of the Charter and of the Statute of the Court" (I.C.J. Reports 1956,
p. 106).Later he observes: "The important thing is that the oral proceed-
ings, which constitiute the means by which the Court usually obtains
clarification of the issue before it, have been dispensed with beforehand."
(Ibid., p. 108.)
8. Judge Klaestad, likewise, in his separate opinion, declared that the
Court, although jurisdiction had regularly been conferred upon it by
theterms of Article :YI1of the Statute ofthe IL0 Administrative Tribunal,ought to have abstaimed from exercising that jurisdiction. His reasons
also derived, inter alia, from the elimination of oral proceedings "in
spite of the fact that sirchhearings have hitherto been fixedin al1advisory

cases which have been considered by this Court as being a normal and
useful, if not anindispensable, part of its proceedings"(ibid.p. 110).
9. Judge Sir Muharnmad Zufrulla Khan took the same attitude, in the
following terms:
"By dispensing with oral proceedings the Court deprived itself of a
means of obtaining valuable assistance in the discharge of one of its
judicialfunctions. Oral proceedings were dispensed with not because
the Court considered that it could not receiveany assistance through

that means, but because the inequality of the parties in respect of
oral hearings could not be remedied in any manner." (I.C.J. Reports
1956,p. 114.)
Sir Muhammad concluded by stating that the Court should not have
complied with the recluest.
10. Judge Cordova said that the 1956advisory proceedings could not
be considered as anything different from a contentious case:

"One cannot think of this case as being of two different natures,
a contentious ca.se before the Administrative Tribunal and not a
contentious one vghenitcomesbefore the Court." (Dissentingopinion,
ibidp ..,163.)

He goes on to describe the proceedings as an appeal or as a revision of a
decision of a lower court (ibid., p. 164).
11. It will be as well to bear these statements in mind in endeavouring
to analyse the meaning of the Court's pronouncements in its Advisory
Opinion of 1956 on the principles it then accepted as the basis of its
reasoning .with regarld to its own role in the review of decisions of the
administrative tribunals of international organizations.
On 12April 1955, in the Special Committee on Review of Adminis-
trative Tribunal Judgments (AlAC.78lSR.6, p. 8 [Annexes 35-47 to the
dossier]), therepresei~tativeof the Secretary-General referred to a letter
from the Registrar of'the Court on the problems to which the revision of
judgments gave rise, a document naturally known to the Court.
Considering together al1 these various indications as to the thinking
of Members of the Court in 1954-1956,1 believe it established that the

Court endorsed two essential principles for the examination of its own
jurisdiction in each review case that might be submitted to it; the first
in order, and in my view the first hierarchically speaking-for it is a
matter of whether a. court is to accept any compromise touching its
judicial status-, is that, in adjudicating any such case, the Court must
not permit any encroachment on "the requirements of good adminis-
tration ofjustice", thesecondprinciple beingthat there must becompelling
reasons before the Court could refuse its collaboration in the working of
a régimefor the judicial protection of officiais. It is by applying these two principles that1 reach different conclusions

from those of the Court's Advisory Opinion as regards the exercise of its
jurisdiction in the present case. Since the Court has not considered that
there was any serious difficulty with regard to the requirements of good
administration ofjustice, it is necessary for me to set forth at somelength
my reasons for disseriting on that point, which is the first question put in
the operative clause ,ofthe Advisory Opinion.

12. Tkere is one preliminary observation of general scope which must
be made. The proceclure whereby the Court is requested to give a review
decision via advisory proceectings is what it is:

"The Court is not called upon to consider the merits of such a
procedure or the reasons which led to its adoption. It must consider
only the questioirwhether its Stafute and itsjudicial character do or
do not stand in the wgy of its participating in this procedure by com-
plying with the Request for an Advisory Opinion." (Advisory Opinion
of 23 October 1956, I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 85; emphasis added.)

This sentence is a perfect summary of my position in the present case,
where neither thejurisdiction conferred upon the Court nor the method of
utilizing advisoryprocedure isin issue, but the question of the application
in the present case of the principles of judicial review and of the texts
which have institutetl the Court's jurisdiction in the matter.
13. "The Court itself, and not the parties, must be the guardian of the
Court's judicial inti:grityV (I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 29); if, then, the
procedure laid down in Article 11 of the Statute of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal encounters an obstacle in the Court's Statute
and judicial character, whatever may be the merits of and grounds for
this review procedure, the Court, having been established as a judicial
body, must be able to act as such in the full exercise of the powers
conferred upon it by its Statute; if this action is hampered by the review

procedure, it is the latter which must be set aside, not the Statute of the
Court or the requirements of good administration ofjustice.
14. The jurisdiction of the Court to give an advisory opinion derives
from Article II, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Administrative
Tribunal as amended on that point on 8 November 1955(resolution 957
(X)). It is necessaryfor aState, the Secretary-General or the staff member
concerned in the Tribunal's judgement to object to that judgement on
the grounds that the Tribunal has exceeded itsjurisdiction or competence,
or has failed toxerc:isejurisdiction vested in it, or haserredon a question
of law relating to thi: provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, or
has committed a fundamental error in procedure which has occasioned
a failure of justice.
1sthere no obstacle in the Statute of the Court and the essence of the
Court's judicial funiction to this attribution to the Court of a reviewjurisdiction? The provisions of the Statute concerned are Articles 34, 35,

36 and 38;on the one hand the Court is open only to States, while on the
other its function is"to decide in accordance with international law such
disputes as are submitted to it" and subparagraphs (a), (6) and (c) of
Article 38, paragraph 1,scarcely correspond to the basis upon which an
application for the review of administrative tribunal judgments generally
relies. The manner in which an administrative tribunal has settled the
question of itsjurisdiction and exercised it or not, or its commission of a
fundamental error in procedure, do not raise any question of interna-
tional law within the meaning of Article 38; as for the objection con-
cerning an error of law relating to the Charter, which would raise a
question of international law, it has not been taken into consideration
by the Court in its AclvisoryOpinion. The two objections examined and
not accepted by the Court have led it to decide problems of procedure
andto touch upon the interna1administrative law of the United Nations;
these do not enter into the essential cornpetence of the Court, which is
not to settle just any legal problem but only problems of international
law.
Itwill no doubt be replied that Article 65 of the Statute of the Court

speaks in general ternls of "any legal question". but that is to force the
text beyond its meaning and context. It will be sufficient on this point to
recallthat the report of the Advisory Cornmittee of Jurists says that it is
obvious that the disputes referred to in the last sentence of Article 14 of
the Covenant (the Court shall also "give an advisory opinion upon any
dispute or question relferredto it by the Council or by the Assembly") can
only be of an international nature (Advisory Cornmittee, Proceedings,
p. 730).
It would not be reasonable today to wring any further meaning out of
Article 65, and we must therefore take note of the existence in the Statute
of the Court of an obstacle to the review of judgments of administrative
tribunals. The view inay be held that this obstacle is not decisive on
account of the seconcl general principle admitted by the Court, that of
the assistance owed to the functioning of a régimefor the protection of
officials, but the objection exists. And the rnanner of meeting it reveals a
choice as to the role of the Court.
15. The law applic:able in the present case is not international law,
which is the source of the jurisdiction conferred upon the Court. It is

naturally no reply to say that "he who can do more can do less", for that
is not the point, even allowing the validity of such a tag in the relation-
ships between the various forms of law. The problem is that the Court's
Statute and mission rnake of it neither a universal judge nor a universal
piovider of advisory opinions, and that its composition, the rules under
which it operates and its habits of work are likewise based upon itsrole as
a tribunal of international law.
Legality and expetliency must be clearly separated. Even if it were
convenient to refer applications for the review ofjudgments to the Court
for decision-which has constantly been doubted and is not in my view

9 5borne out by the present case-, the principle that such a procedure must
be in conformity with the Statute and judicial character of the Court is a

principle of legality which the convenience argument is powerless to
rebut.
16. The obstacle encountered is therefore a serious one, on the one
hand because of the compromises called for by the system of review in
respect of the statute and the nature of the Court's judicial function, and
on the other hand because of the way in which it was generally affirmed
when this system was set up in November 1955 that it constituted a
strictly judicial remedy; that being so, it cannot be maintained that the
Court can modify its rules and working-methods as a court for the sake
of these special cases without a grave self-contradiction.
17. When matters iire seen in that perspective, the argument that it is
sufficient for Article11of the Statute of the Tribunal to have organized
the review procedure within the framework of the powers of the General
Assembly does not answer the objection. As 1 said in a preliminary
observation (para. lî! above), it is not necessary for the Court, when
such cases are referreti to it, to ask itself whether the General Assembly's
decision was lawful. The Court is the only judge of its own jurisdiction

and if it considers that it is unable to pronounce upon a matter addressed
to it because that matter stands outside its Statute or requires modifica-
tions of that Statute, it does no more than interpret the rules of its own
operation, which are subject to no authority but that ofthe Court itself.
It is moreover sufficientto recall the jurisprudence of the Court on this
aspect, more particuilarly as expressed in the Advisory Opinion on
CertainExpensesof tire UnitedNations :
"It is not to be assumed that the General Assembly would thus

seek to fetter or hamper the Court in the discharge of its judicial
functions; the Ccurtmust havefullliberty to consideral1relevantdata
available to it in,formingan opinionon a questionposed to itfor an
advisory opinion."'(I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 157 ;emphasis added.)

Certainly, the Court, having been invested with a reviewjurisdiction,
ought to decline to exercise it only in circumstances where it finds
conclusive grounds folrsuch refusal; but the process which resulted in this

jurisdiction being exercised in the present proceedings, whether at the
stage of the submission of the request or at those of its being considered
by the Court, appeared to me to giverise to conclusiveobjections.

18. The method instituted by Article 11for the reference to the Court
of an application for review takes the form of the intervention of a
Committee, a political organ, composed of member States represented
on the General Conimittee of the last zegular session of the GeneralAssembly. This is, in other words, a representation of the past, the
assistance of which is enlisted by the General Assembly for the sake of
convenience. For the consideration of the present case, the composition
of this Committee is relevant only as a factor in the problem of the seisin

of the Court. As it is the Committee alone which decides whether there is
occasion to request iin advisory opinion, and hence to seise the Court, it
is this Cornmittee which enables the Court to exercise the judicial-review
jurisdiction which it had been decided to institute.
19. This Cornmittee, devoid as it is of permanence and of continuity
in its composition, and not accumulating any experience, is merely a kind
of occasional panel meeting at irregular intervals, or a conference of
member States, but certainly not an organ in the proper, institutional
sense of the word.
But how can everi those who reject this analysis claim that the Com-
mittee has an activity regarding which it has a right under Article 96,
paragraph 2, of the Charter to request the opinion of the Court on legal
questions arising therefrom. That is untenable: at the most it might be
said that the activit:~of the Committee is to transmit to the Court-or
not-an application for review, but the legal questions transmitted are
quite unconnected with the activity of the Committee; they are put by
the applicant and must be transrnitted as they are put. It is not the Com-

mittee, but the applicant, that enquires whether the judgement is vitiated
within the meaning of Article 11, and it is not the Committee which is
interested, for the sake of its own activities, to know whether the judge-
ment is or is not to be reviewed. No right has been conferred upon the
Committee to modify these questions; it may only find that they lack a
substantial basis, but then its "activity" comes to an end and the Court is
not seised; and ifthe Comrnittee finds that there isa substantial basis, that
"activity" is not referred to the Court, which, merely taking note that the
Committee has seisi:d it. does not concern itself with investigating how
substantial the activity is, since in the present case it admits knowing
nothing whatever about it and does not wish to know more.
But the theoretical origin of what 1 consider to be an unfounded
interpretation of Article 96, paragraph 2, of the Charter must also be
treated with reserve. In support of the contention that the Committee has
activities of its own, the Court has stated that the General Assembly has
not delegated its own power to request advisory opinions, inasmuch as
Article 11,paragraph 4, of the Statute of the Tribunal specifies in terms

that it is Article 96, paragraph 2, which is taken as the basis for empow-
ering the Committee to request advisory opinions. But the Court has at
the same time decid~rdthat the Committee was a subsidiary organ within
the meaning of Article 22 of the Charter, thus deemed necessary for the
performance of the General Assembly's functions, more particularly in
this instance the furiction of regulating the relations between the admin-
istration and the staff, by introducing the creation of "an organ designed
to provide machinery for initiating the review by the Court ofjudgments"
(Advisory Opinion, para. 17).

97 It thus remains to be exylained-and this is no easy matter-how a
subsidiary organ of the General Assembly, with the composition de-
scribed in paragraph 18above, can exercisea judicial function which the
Court, in 1954,disallowed the General Assembly in the plainest of terms.
The AdministrativeTribunal is a judicial body; the Committee is not. It
has no particular function apart from .its role as a hurdle in the path of
access to the Court, and that function-if correctly discharged-cannot,
intrinsically, be anytlîing otherthan judicial in character. The task the
Committee should üindertake before deciding whether there is any
substantial basis for the application, namely that of confronting the

judgement with the olbjectionssubmitted, necessarily connotes a consid-
eration of the facts aindof law.
20. As the Committee bars the path of access to the Court-this is
what it has done in r'espectof 15applications out of 16in 17 years-, it
follows that the exerciseof the Court's reviewjurisdiction depends on the
conditions under whiirhthe Committeeconsiders each case.
The session for the consideration of Mr. Fasla's application was held
from 8 to 20 June 1972and took up four meetings and, the rapporteur
excepted, there is no means of knowing whether lawyers sat on the
Committee and what course ths brief deliberation took (see, on this
point, paras. 23 and 3'1below). Now, when an application is made by one
or other of the partie:s-or by a member State, which is not required to
have any particular interest in the dispute decided by the judgement
contested-, the Cornmittee does not receive a documentation of the
case for each of its members and it is impossible to know how these
members form some idea of the degree to which the bases of an applica-
tion for review are "substantial". In principle, the Committee might
procure some inform.ation from its secretariat, but that very secretariat
is provided by the administration, i.e., by one of the parties.
21. Mr. Fasla's application for the review of Judgement No. 158 is
contained in A/AC.8;6/R.59, an essential document in the proceedings,

for it indicatestherea.sonsfor the application and setsforth the objections
on which the applicant relies for the purpose of securing a review within
the framework of Article 1 1of the Statute ofthe AdministrativeTribunal.
It isonthe basisof this dscumentand of its 92annexesthat the Committee
took its decision to request an opinion of the Court, consideringas it did
that there was a "substantial basis" for a reviewof Judgement No. 158of
28April 1972.For th'escope ofthe Committee's rolein the present case to
be grasped, it is nelressary briefly to recall the manner in which the
application made to the Committee on behalf of Mr. Fasla was presented
bfis counsel at that time.
22. It is argued in the application that the Tribunal "failed to exercise
itsjurisdiction withiri the meaning of Article 11 ... in that the Tribunal
did not fully consider and pass upon Applicant's claim for damages for
injury tohii professional reputation and future employment opportunities
caused by the respoiident's misuse of powers with improper motive as
found by the Tribuniil" (para. A.1,p. 5). APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. GROS) 26 1

Al1the important terms for the definition of the objections raised are
to be found in this qiiotation; they are enlarged upon in paragraphs A.5,

A.6, A.9, A.12 (misuse of powers), B.5, C.3, D.l (fundamental errors in
procedure which have occasioned a failure of justice), D.2 and D.3
(failure toconsider every claim). Be it noted that the explanations are of a
summary nature and are sometimes replaced by mere assertions without
any mention of evidence.
23. The comments of the Secretary-General on the applicant's written
statement take up no more than one page and a half (AlAC.86lR.60).
The report of the Committee (A/AC.86/14) is of like exiguity and simply
indicates the voting on the two questions transmitted to the Court,
without conveying ianything of the discussion which occupied four
meetings. It will be noted that only the States composing the Committee
are mentioned andthat it is therefore impossible to know who in fact sat.
Article VI 1of the Committee's Provisional Rules of Procedure (A/AC.
86/2/Rev. 1')enables the Committee to enquire into the case by inviting
additional information or views, but nothing of that kind was done.
24. Given the extreme reticence of the Committee, are we to suppose
that the ten or so pages of the application could in themselves have
sufficed to convince its members that there existed a substantial basis for

a review? That is hard to believe and, in al1objectivity, the document is
not decisive. There are, itis true, its 92 annexes, of which many are
relevant, butthese were not distributed to the members of the Committee,
who were simply informed that they were "available for consultation ...
in the Office of the: Committee's Secretary" (AIAC.86lR.59, p. 22).
Similarly, the case-fileof the Administrative Tribunal is merely deposited
in the office of the Secretary of the Committee. How many members
spent in that office the time required for reading and annotating the
case-file orhose 92 annexes which add up to a considerable documenta-
tion? It was legitimate to wonder, and well one might; the question has
remained unanswere'd.
25. On 29 March 1973, exercising the right of every Member of the
Court to put to parties the questions he would like answered for his
own information, 1 requested the Secretariat to communicate to the
Court the recordings of the four meetings of the Committee on the
present case. On 5 April 1received the following reply:

"Tape recordings exist of four meetings of Committee on Applica-
tions for Review in Fasla case, but no transcript has been made
from these taper; as Committee did not request a transcript nor did
it authorizerele,aseof tapes. Unlike verbatim records and summary
records in final form, tapes have never been considered officia1
records as they have not been subject to right of correction by
delegations which is exercised in relation to verbatim or summary
records. Moreover, in this instance statements recorded on tapes
were made by d~rlegationsin closed meeting with belief on their part that no disclosure would be made without their permission. We are
thus compelled to conclude that these tapes do not constitute
an officia1record and that they possess a confidential character."

26. My first observation is that the elimination of the oral proceedings
in this case prejudiced the right of Members of the Court to obtain
information. Unwillingness to open the door of oral argument for the
staff member concermedhas led to its being closed not only to the ad-
ministration-which obviously did not mind-but also to the judge.
A prolonged writteri exchange would have had little effect, since the
Court, adopting a di:fferentview on the substantive aspect of the case no
less than on the contiuct of the Committee, was not interested in taking
cognizance of anything other than the file in its possession. That is why
other questions were not put, by other judges and myself, who refrained
out of deference to the views of the Court.
This situation impels me to explain why 1 am unable to accept the
Secretariat's argument as to the confidential character of the Committee's
meetings where the Court is concerned, in the case of an application for
review being referred to it. 1 note incidentally that the reply does not

appear to emanate from the Committee on whose behalf it is given,
which confirms one'isdoubts as to the Committee's organic and perma-
nent character.
27. On the most indulgent hypothesis, the Committee is in the same
position as the General Assembly itself would be in examining a draft
request for advisory opinion; but nobody (would imagine that such a
discussion could be "confidential" and its contents admissibly withheld
from the Court. In every case when an advisory opinion has been re-
quested by the Security Council or the General Assembly, the records of
al1 the discussions have been transmitted to the Court. But where the
opinion requested concerns the review of a judgment, it is even more
abnormal to suppos~ethat the General Assembly, had it conferred upon
itself the power to clecidewhether the request should be transmitted to
the Court, could have operated in secret. In 1954the Court said in plain
terms why the General Assembly could not have any place in a judicial
procedure for the review of judgments (para. 3 above), and this pro-
nouncement embraced the whole of the procedure, i.e., not only the

finaldecision concerning the reviewbut also whatever led up to it. Yet the
Secretariat's reply has shown us a secret cornmittee with, potentially,
discretionary power to decide the question of revision by the Court, and
this is somethng which nobody would have dreamed of suggesting in
1955when, in the case of the General Assembly itself, there had been no
question of entrustiilg it with any role whatever in the organization of a
means of redress wliich, according to the express wish of all, should be
judicial.
28. 1 cannot accept that any secrets should be kept back from the APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. GROS) 263

judge in a system intended to be judicial, a system in which the prelimi-
nary examination on which the exercise by the Court of its review
jurisdiction depends has been made subject to stipulated legal conditions,

and it is,1regret, ml, duty to say that the refusal to communicate infor-
mation deemed necessary for the satisfactory consideration of the present
application for the i-eviewof Judgement No. 158 not only encroaches
upon the prerogative of Members of the Court under the Statute and the
judicial character oflhe Court but suggeststhat if the Committee were to
ignore the criteria irnposed upon it by its own Statute and decide for
reasons, say, of mere expediency, entirely unconnected with the notion of
a substantial basis, it would escape any form of control.
The seisin of the Court cannot be left to chance; it is not a lottery. The
exercise of a compelence for judicial review, which is the kind of juris-
diction that the General Assembly decided to introduce, cannot be
dependent on a political committee appropriating-and in secret, at
that-the Court's roileof rendering justice, which is what it in fact did on
the 15 occasions whien it refused review. When, in municipal systems,
leave to appeal is refused without givingreasons, the decision in question

is rendered by judges who are members of the appellate judiciary; there
is no comparison.
One cannot have it both ways: either the discussions of the Committee
are exchanges of views showing that the applications are properly
considered-in which case the Court, which is not an organism foreign
to the United Nations, should be allowed to know as much-, or they
demonstrate the reverse and the hurdle in question does not correspond
to the intentions expressed when Article Il was drafted. The manner in
which the Court is seised is a matter of direct concern for the Court,
which, as the Advisory Opinion of 1956 pointed out, has the right to
find that itsjudicial characteris thereby prejudiced.
29. It has been argued that the impairment of justice cannot lie in a
case where the hurdle of the Committee was cleared and that it is hypo-
thetical at the most in the 15 cases where review was refused. This

argument is misdireirted, for the problem is whether the Court considers
that its judicial character has or has not suffered in one way or another,
in relation to the only application which the Committee has found to
have a substantial basis. The fact that the Court has not followed the
Committee in the orilycase it has referred to it is no reason for supposing
that the Cominittee went astray in refusing one or other of the 15other
applications. Neither, on the other hand, is there any presumption as to
the correctness of the Cornmittee's decisions. But in any case, such a
committee. having arpre-judicial task entrusted to it, must discharge that
task as a judge would. And it would not be acceptable for a judge to cal1
secrecy in aid.
30. In sum, one cannot have a political committee, discretionary and
secretive in operation, set up a hurdle, and at theame time claim to have
provided "machinery" for initiating a procedure of judicial review. If the consideratiointo which the Committee proceeds is not directed
to the ascertainment of the existence of any substantial bases for review,
as is required by Article 11, which founds and is the warrant for the

jurisdiction of the Court, if it is not an examination carried out from a
judicial viewpoint,rtither than a mere discussion of the expediencyof the
application, it has nothing to do with the judicialeans of redress which
it had been undertak:en to establish, and the Court owed it to itself to
make a finding in that sense-especially as it has accepted the mere rules
of procedure of a cornmittee as a valid rejoinder and those very rules, at
the beginning, had provided for the discussions to be minuted.
31. The documents made available provide a blatant confirmation of
the foregoing views and shed light upon the functioning of the Com-
mittee as the "machinery" of a procedure for reference to the Court.
Among the parsimoiiious indications furnished to the Court in regard
to the four meetings of the Committee there were two very brief docu-
ments. The first, emtitled "Note by the Secretariat" (A/AC.86/R.61),
dated 13 June 1972,indicates that at the second meeting of the Com-
mittee, held that day, a request was made for the examination of four
questions corresponding to the grounds of objection listed in Article 11,
andthat the Commiti.eedecided "in connexion with the application under
consideration, to vate only on questions 2 and 4", those which were
finally put to the Court. The report of the Committee, only two pages
long, says nothing of'this meeting of 13June. The second document, of
19 June 1972, comprises a suggestion by Zambia providing for three

questions to be put to the Court, the third in addition tothose eventually
put being: "Any other question relevant to the judgement of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal" (.4/AC.86/R.63). The report of the Committee does
not indicatewhat bec:ameof this proposal at the meeting of 19June. But
it does show that the Committee, on that date, first voted on each of the
two questions finally put to the Court, just as if it were the Court, and
then only on the question: "1s there a substantial basis forthe application
of Mr. Mohamed Faislaunder theterms of article 11 .. .?"(para. 7). The
same report, in-paragraph 10, inverts the order of the problems and
begins with the Conimittee's decision on the existence of a substantial
basis. Though one vrould not wish to attach undue importance to this
contradiction, these were the only documents of which the Court was
given knowledge ancl they show, on the one hand, how the Committee
deliberately restricted to two the proposed questions laid before it, which
covered al1the grounds of objection provided for in Article 11,and, on
the other hand, how the Committee, instead of considering, discussing
and finding upon the question of substantial bases, voted on the actual
merits of the questions now before the Court. Whatever explanation it
may be sought to pro~videt,he Committee, in its voting, acted like a court
of first instance.

32. The Court har;but partly corrected this situation by interpreting
the request insuch a.wayasto include the complaint of misuseof powers;
but it has refused to contemplate any supervision of the Committee'sactivity, even though the Committee behaved like a court. Thus viewed,

the Committee beconles a judge whose decisions are without appeal and
whose discretionary power is absolute. That is a disfigurement of the
system ofjudicial rev.iewinstituted in 1955and entrusted to the Court.
33. While 1 agree ithat the Court has jurisdiction under Article 11 to
judge review cases, the reasons indicated in paragraphs 12-32left me no
other choice but to return a negative reply to the first question put by the
Court.

34. At the time wi-ienthe draft of Article 11was being considered by
the General Assembly and in the Special Committee, doubts were quite
openly expressed as to the possibility of the Court's accepting the role
proposed for it; this 1mention by way of recalling the atmosphere, for,
as the Court once indicated, it is not always necessary to enlist the pro-
ceedings of the Genieral Assembly for the purpose of interpreting a
resolution (Certain fipenses of the United Nations, I.C.J. Reports 1962,

p. 156). Following the guideline given by the Court in 1956 as to the
necessity of making sure in each case of review that there is nothing in the
Statute or the judicial character of the Court to prevent it from giving
an advisory opinion, 1consider that the right application of the Statute
and observance of the judicial character of the Court necessitated a
different approach to both the investigation and the disposition of the
present application for review.
35. In the firstplace, once the Court has decided not to accept any
oral statements, the iinvestigativestage of any proceedings for review is
limited by that very fact sofar asthe means of action left to the Courtare
concerned. Nevertheless such means do exist, as it happens, in Articles 48,
49 and 50of thestatute; the Court did not agree that these means should
be employed, whereas 1 consider them an indispensable condition for
any proper investigation of the case.
36. In al1cases, whether contentious or advisory, the Court acquires
its information through the dual form of both written and oral proceed-
ings, and through the fact that the investigation is generally taken care

of in contentious proceedings by the parties themselves, who have nothing
to gain by leaving areas of vagueness in their case, and in advisory
proceedings by the organizations and States whose participation serves
to enlighten the Court. In a review case, the Organization is one of the
parties and, both before the Administrative Tribunal, which rebuked it
on this point, and before the Court, the information it provided in the
present instance, remained incomplete. How, on the other hand, can one
expect the former sta.ffmember to be able to provide the Court with al1
the facts and factors iina dispute the parties to which arenot equal? That
is a point with whic:hal1 administrative tribunals are familiar, and the
Court itself showed niore indulgence in 1956when it said- "The Court ca.nnotattach to this provision [Article II, paragraph
5, of the Statute: of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal] any purely
forma1 meaning so as to require that the officia1should expressly
indicate in his complaint the particular term or provision on which
he intends to rely. In the first place, what must be aileged, according
to Article II, paragraph5, is non-observance, namely, some act or
omission on the part of the Administration; in the present case, the
complainant invoked the refusa1to renew his contract. Secondly,the

Tribunal is entitled to ascertain and to determine what are the texts
applicable tothe:claim submitted to it. In order to admit that the
Tribunal had juriisdiction, itufficientto find that the claimsset out
in the complaint are, by their nature, such as to fa11within the
framework of AirticleII, paragraph 5,of the Statute of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal in the sense indicated in another part of this
Opinion." (Z.C. RJeports'1956,p. 88.)

37. It was therefore conceded that the staff member, being less well
informed of a fileof which he could know only the documents addressed
to himself, less welliarmedfor the contest than the Organization itself,
was in sum in a position of relative inferiority which one should avoid
aggravating by formcalisticrequirements. This is another way of recog-
nizing the absolute inecessityof equality, in law and in fact, between
parties. And when th.eCourt held that the Administrative Tribunal was
entitled to ascertain the law applicable to the claim submitted to it,
however presented, it was simply recalling a constant principle of al1
judicial organization, namely the obligation that lies upon a judge to
acquire knowledge ofthe law and the facts involved in a case by whatever
means are at his disposal.
1 consider that it has been impossible for the Court to conduct a
satisfactory investigartioninto Mr. Fasla's claim, for want of an oral

phase during which questions could have been put to the Organization
and the applicant, and failing any enquiry or request for explanations
during the deliberation of the Court. In the proceedings prior to the
Advisory Opinion of 21 June 1971, ten judges put 33 questions, which
shows, or soit seems to me, that thereis somepoint in the system (Legal
Consequencesfor St,ates of the Continued Presence of South A,frica in
Namibiu (South WestAfrica) notwithstanding Securit.~CouncilResolution
276 (1970)).
38. It must indeeclbe clearly realized that, once oral proceedings are
refused, the effectof the Court's ownrules of interna1procedure is a total
merger of the enquiry stage with the study of the case-filefor therpose
of deliberation and decision on the whole, that is to say that therc would
have been an investigation as a phase separate from the adjudication
only if the Court hadlconsidered, as 1did, that an enquiry and additional
explanations were required before going ahead.
The matter was settled for the present proceedings by the refusal to
admit that the Coiirt would be in any way served by explanations APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW(DISS. OP. GROS) 267

supplementing the carse-filealready laid before it. 1 nevertheless persist
in believing thatsuch.a decision not to use Articles 48, 49 and 50 of the
Statute give rise in the present proceedings to a clfacto and de jure
inequality from which the staff member suffered. For wsnt of informa-

tion, it is not in my power toenlarge hereon; 1 ought however to add, in
order to show in regard to what point there was occasion to make an
enquiry, that the reason for the attitude of the administration to the
applicant is not sufficiently clear from the file. An investigation of the
case was therefore essential if the inequality between the parties was to
be redressed; for this the Statute made provision and provided the
means. Once again, i.he Advisory Opinion of 1956takes the same Iine:
"The Court is not confined to an examination of the grounds of

decision expressly invoked by the Tribunal; it must reach its decision
on grounds whicii itconsidersdecisirv with regard to the jurisdiction
of the Tribunal." (I.C.J. Reports 1956,p. 87; emphasis added.)

"With regard to the jurisdiction" covers the notion, introduced in
Article 11of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal,
of failure to exercise jurisdiction, subsequent to those of lack of juris-
diction and action in excess ofjurisdiction.

This is where my path sharply diverges from that taken by the Court in
its answers to Questions II and IIIin the present Advisory Opinion. How
is it possible to find any other decisive reasons if the Court restricts its
examinationonprinciple to those it findsin the Judgement of theTribunal,
which is what the Court has unswervingly and deliberately done? It is
this essential difference of approach to the problem which underlies my
dissent as to the way in which the Court should have set about investi-
gating and judging this application for review.
39. The Court has decided that within the role of review instituted by
Article 11 it is not its task "to retry the case but to give its opinion on
the questions submitted to it concerningthe objections lodged against the
Judgement" (Advisory Opinion, para. 47). For this the Court finds
authority in a passage from the Advisory Opinion of 1956, cited in
paragraph 48 of the present Opinion, the essential part of which is that
"A challenge of a decision confirming jurisdiction cannot properly be
transformed into a procedure against the manner in which jurisdiction
has been exercised 01against the substance of the decision"-which is in
effectanother way of'sayingthat one may not retry the case (cf. also para.

65 of the present Advisory Opinion).
40. The 1956Advisory Opinion, both in general and, moreparticularly,
in the passage cited in paragraph 48 of the present Opinion, applies to
Article XII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, which
provides only for challenges to decisions of the Tribunal confirming
jurisdiction and cases of fundamental fault of procedure. It applies in
other words to two situations-lack of jurisdiction and forma1 defect-
which in fact are detachable from the substance of any case and, as theCourt said in 1956, cannot be "transformed" into a procedure con-
cerning the substance of the decision. Today, if there were an application
for review based upori Article XII of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, it
would still be necessaryto say the same.
But Article 11is not Article XII, nor is the procedure for the review
of the judgements of'the United Nations Administrative Tribunal the
same as that for review of the judgments of the IL0 Administrative
Tribunal. This is pei:haps regrettable, but here again the Court must
consider each system of redress for what it is. 1sit then possible to apply
the pronouncement of 1956,unchanged, to Article 1l?
41. Article 11allolvs for the possibility of reviewif "the Tribunal has
exceeded its jurisdicition or competence or . .. has failed to exercise
jurisdiction vested in it, or has erred on a question of law relating to the
provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, or has committed a
fundamental error in procedure which has occasioned a failure of
justice". Here we aga:inencounter the notions of lack of jurisdiction and
formal defect, but in the latter case a complication is already present in
the reference to an error which has occasioned a failure of justice, since
there wehave an additional factor in comparison with Article XII. Above
all, there are two nevvhypotheses, that of failure to exercisejurisdiction

and that of error on a question of law, and in respect of these 1cannot
conceive how it is poijsibleto Say,as if it were still a question of Article
XII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, that they have no
connection whatever with the substance of the case, as judged by the
Tribunal, and that the Court may not re-open the case on any part of the
merits. The reasons for the pronouncement of 1956 being no longer
applicable, it must be re-examined, and if it is still correct to say that an
allegation of lack ofjurisdiction does not authorize an inspection of the
merits, itis incorrect to apply thesame prohibition when it is allegedthat
there has been an error on a question of law. What judge, ex hypothesi,
could ever decidewhcther there has been an error on a question of law
without re-opening the merits?
42. That disposes of the unqualified application of the Advisory
Opinion of 1956 in the doctrine of the review of judgements under
Article 11. One inference trom the earlier proceedings has, however,
persisted, namely that the court is not entitled to retry the case because
it is a question of re7view.That is nevertheless what Article 11provides
for, not, it is true, in a general way and on any ground,but intheeventof
allegations concerning failure to exercisejurisdiction, error on a question
of law and failure ofjustice.
43. An opinion vrhich has left the Court unconvinced should be
limited to essentials;I[have shown how the Court was led by its choice of
rule to effect a kincl of artificial separation between jurisdiction and
substance, which is necessary for the interpretation of Article XII of the
Statute of the IL0 A'drninistrativeTribunal but is incorrect for the inter-
pretation of Article 11of the Statute of the United Nations Administra-
tive Tribunal. Another consequence of this attitude is that the Court, APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. GROS) 269

having forbidden itsi:lf to retry, has had to content itself with the case-
fileas considered by itheAdministrative Tribunal and with the documents
the Tribunal deemed relevant, as also with its consideranda and de-

cisions. On that basiis,therefore, if review was to have been possible at
all, it would have hatdto be'the Tribunal itself which provided the evi-
dence. That is a grealtdeal to ask.
44. That being so, it is obviously impossible for me to re-examine the
case and in that wa,yto assemble the elements of a different decision,
because my requests for additional information remain unsatisfied. 1can
only say, briefly, why the Court is entitled, when seised with an applica-
tion for review, to re'questfurther information whenever it thinks fit, and
to what extent such additional knowledge was necessary in the present
case.

45. The review provided for in Article 11 may be founded on forma1
illegalitiesand on illegalitiesin respect of or affectingthe merits, as in the
case of failure to exercise jurisdiction, error on a question of law or
failure of justice oc:casioned by fundamental error. These grounds of
objection, though specific,are much wider in scope than those indicated
in Article XII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal. 1
maintain that, if the reviewsystem thus instituted is to function properly,
the Court, when examining and deliberating upon a case, is not restricted
to the contents of the case-file as transmitted to it, or by the way in
which the questions put by the Committee have been formulated. On the
latter point, as it has been conceded by the Court, 1 shall add nothing.
There remains the problem of the case-file, i.e., of the evidence.
46. Reviewing in the judicial sense is an exacting task and one which,

in the framework of a legally constituted institution like an international
organization, should be performed with the interests of al1concerned in
mind and as unforn~alistically as possible. The society consisting of the
administration, the staff and States is, in this sense, a closed world with
its own laws; into this world it was decided to introduce justice and, as
it happens, a procedure for the judicial review of the judgements of the
Administrative Tribunal. Somewhere between the rule adopted by the
Court of not retrying the caseand the impossibility of performing the task
of review without so:meform of re-examination there ought to lie a good
solution.
47. The Court's rejection of the application is based on an analysis of
the Tribunal's Judgement and only of that Judgement; it répresents a
verification of the legal soundness of a judgment viewed from within. 1
feel this to have beeii a basic mistake. Every court of first instance lends

the solution of the problem put to it a character of certainty through its
decision, which would be definitive if there were no possibility of chal-
lenge. The mere fact of a challenge removes this character of certainty APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW (DISS.OP. GROS) 270

from the decision, 'whichthe review judge has to confront with the
application for review. If one sets out from the idea that the judgement
impeached is regular on principle, the equality of the parties before the
Court becomes non-existent, because the Tribunal, ex hypothesi, has
found, in whole orin part, in favour of one party or the other. Before the
Court, the judgement criticized and the application for review have to
be examined on the same level. Had the Court not refused to hold oral
proceedings, this aspect of the matter would have been very clear; the
adversary nature of al1forensic debate is an essential guarantee, for it
alone enables the caiusesand effectsof the positions adopted in the case
to be grasped. Every judicial decision has its light and its shade, and an
adversaryoral debatein the proceedings for reviewwould have lighted up

the darker corners.
48. As in the case of any other application to the Court, it is the
application for revir:w which itself defines the object thereof, i.e., the
intentions of the applicant. "What is really sought?"-it is this classic
question that arises..In a review case interna1 to the United Nations,
formalism should, 1feel, be restricted to the minimum. It is of course
necessary that the submissions should clearly specify the nature of the
underlying claim and that the successive pleas should al1apply to that
same claim; more 1 see no reason to demand, and in this regard 1find
Mr. Fasla's application for review to be entirely clear and to meet these
requirements without calling for any interpretation. New pleas are
admissible, provided they are relevant to the claim submitted to the lower
tribunal. To adopt any other attitude would impel litigants formally and
systematically to raise al1the grounds of objection allowed for in Article

11from their very first challengetoan administrative decision prejudicial
to themselves, lest they be deemed precluded at a later stage. When most
disputes are settled without judicial intervention, that would not be a
good system, and it iisone which the Court expresslycondemned in 1956,
in the dictum cited a.bovein paragraph 36:

"The Court cannot attach to this provision any purely formai
meaning so as to require that the officia1should expresslyindicate in
his complaint tlheparticular term or provision on which he intends
to rely." (I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 88.)

49. Nor do 1 find it possibleto assert that a courtin reviewproceedings
is prohibited from iappraisal of the facts. The Administrative Tribunal
exercisesa certain supervision over the discretionary power of the admin-
istration; when, as .inthe present case, a problem concerning misuse of

powers is raised in the application for review and the Court considers it,
it may verify thelov~ertribunal's interpretation of the facts if not sure of
its correctness. The Court having proceeded from a different premise, no
inspection of the kilndtook place. But 1 consider that its possibility is
necessary in principle to a system of judicial review, for if al1the Tribu-
nal's appraisals of Jfactsare held exempt from control it would not bepossible to review anyjudgement which had decided a question of misuse
of powers.

50. Misuse of powers is use of a power for a purpose other than that

for which it wasconferred. A court has therefore to ascertain the motives
of the authors of the act, and it is usually the enquiry into a case which
provides such information. The Court did not look behind the consider-
anda of the Tribunal in order to form its own view.Here again, it seemed
to me that the judge ought to have been entirely free in his quest for
information and was entitled to examine al1relevant elements in order
to form his view.
51. It seems to me that in the present Opinion (para. 64) the Court
admits the existence of this problem when itoutlines a theory of "ob-
viously unreasonable" compensation which authorizes verification of the
correspondence between the facts and the reparation. But it is in my view
necessarythat whenever the Court feelsa doubt it should check the inter.
pretation of al1the facts from which the lower tribunal drew-or refused
to draw-conclusions, and not merely in relation to the character of the
compensation.
52. Such, in brief, should be the principles to be applied in the proce-
dure ofjudicial reviewestablished by the provisions of Article 11.In 1954
Judge Winiarski had no doubt as to the meaning attached by the Court
to the review procedure which the Advisory Opinion envisaged in the

passage quoted in paragraph 3 above, and even then he wrote that what
was contemplated wiis possibly "an established system of review, review
in the sense of a further consideration of the case". And indeed no other
meaningful construcl.ioncould be placed onthe Court's 1954formula,for
to appraise the evidence, establish the facts and declare the law applicable
to them is to carry out an unfettered examination of the case.
One need hardly add that in applying these principles the review court
should evince both understanding for the problems of the administration
and complete independence of it, finding on the sole basis of law.

53. The Tribunal based its solution on the obligation assumed by the
administration in May 1969to find Mr. Faslaanother post, an obligation
which it "did not perform in a reasonable manner" (Judgement, para.
XII1)-an understatement, for the Tribunal had already more drily found
"that the obligation assumed in the letter of 22 May 1969has not been
performed" (Judgenient, para. VII). That being so, it is impossible, in the
absence of any stated ground, to see how the award of only six months'

salary wasjustified. An obligation to do something was assumed in May
1969(and on 20 and 21 May, before the letter of 22 May, Mr. Fasla had
had with the UNDF' Director of the Bureau of Administrative Manage-
ment and Budget and Chief, Personnel Division, two conversations of
which the Court knows nothing) and not only did nothing come of that APPLICATION FOR REVIEW(DISS. OP. GROS) 272

obligation but itsperformance was undertaken in such a waythat nothing
could come of it; thi: attitude thus evinced inflicted on the applicant a
lasting injury, one that persists to this day. The Tribunal drew only the
ordinary contractual conclusions from the non-performance of this obli-
gation to act, and failed to exerciseitsjurisdictional rightder Article 9,
paragraph 1, of its Statute to enquire whether the circumstances were
sufficiently exceptional to justify awarding a higher indemnity than the
limit of two years' salary. It would be an exaggeration to Say that in
referring to the geneiralprinciple of just compensation enunciated by the
Court in its Advisory Opinion of 23October 1956,without any individua-
lization of this principle in relation to the case in hand, the Tribunal

"exercised its jurisdiction" in the question of exceptional circumstances,
even to the degree ne:cessaryto determine its lack of pertinence.
54. As for the ob-jection of fundamental error in procedure having
occasioned a failure of justice, the manner in which some of Mr. Fasla's
requests are rejected in paragraph 4 of the operative clause of the
Judgementwithout er7enthe briefest statement of reasons seems to me to
raise the same problem of inadequatesubstantiation. 1willsimplyobserve
that, given the thesis of the Court that the review tribunal's supervisory
powers are strictly limited to the content of the judgement impeached,
it is impossible to see how the examination for the purpose of reviewcan
becarried out ifthejuidgementin question contains noadequate statement
of reasons. It therefoireappears to me that the inadequacy or omission of
stated reasons must b8etreated as a fundamental error in procedure.

In the present case, that omission does not allow it-to be said with
certainty that therewas an error "having occasioned a failure ofjustice".
Itis possiblethatthe silences of the Judgement are no more than reticence
on the part of the Tribunal and that adequate grounds of decision were
considered during the:deliberation. But as those grounds are not apparent,
the Court should have said as much and sought to have the defect cured,
which was technically possible even if it meant sending the Judgement
back to the Tribunal on that score.
55. For the reasons indicated in paragraphs 34-54of this opinion, 1 am
impelled to vote for 21negative answer likewise to Questions II and III of
the operative clause.

56. If this case hiis been dealt with at considerable length, that is
because it represents the first application for review before the Court
based on Article 11a.ndbecause the Court has been confronted with ail
the questions of principle raised at the outset and never resolved. But 1
would find it an overstatement to Say that the protection of United
Nations staffmembers depends on the Court's jurisprudence in matters of
review. That would be forgetting that the very notion of reviewing the
Administrative Tribunal's judgements, when the procedure was intro-
duced, was not allied to that of the protection of the staff-far from it; APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP.GROS) 273

that when the new Article 11was in preparation the Secretary-General

subinitted a paper cm judicial review which concealed none of the
difficulties involved, especially where the jurisdiction of the Court wàs
concerned (A/2909, 10June 1955,pp. 17-25; see paras. 66-71) and that
the United Nations Staff Council, on that same occasion, did iiot desire
implementation of the principle ofjudicial review, or at any rate not in the
sense of a procedure involving the plenary Court (ibid pp.,31 and 33;
para. 2--cf. also paras. 7-10). The impression conveyed by the course of
events sincethe beginning of the United Nations in the matter of relations
between the adminisi-ration and the staff is rather that the latter has
managed to secure, within the system itself, the provision of the necessary
safeguards and of supervisory institutions in which the staff participate
in such a way that a judicial presence is required solely for the purpose of
preventive action on rare occasions. Rather than the first steps of an
international administrative justice, it is possible that what we here
witness is the development of a form of staff-union protection, satis-
factory for al1concerned, in which the intervention of the Court plays,
likewise, no more than a preventive role. From this standpoint the

developments of the present case can be seen in their proper perspective,
and it would be sufficient in future toensure that this role of the Court,
if valued, was not restricted in such a way as to preclude the proper
exercise of its judicial function.

(Signed) AndréGROS.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. GROS

J'ai le regret de ne pouvoir me rallierà l'avis de la Cour et je dois ex-
poser les motifs de mon dissentiment.
1. II s'agit d'une demande en réformation du jugement no 158 du
Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies, fondéesur un texte, l'articleIl
du statut du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies, amendé par la
résolution 957 (X) adoptée par l'AssembléegénéraleIr 8novembre 1955,
précisémenten vue de créerun recoursjusqu'alors inexistant.

La nature du recours exceptionnel qui a étéainsi établid6it êtreclaire-
ment déterininéecar, puisqu'il ne s'agit pasdu recours contentieux devant
la Cour, ouvert aux Etats, ni d'une demande ordinaire d'avis consultatif,
le premier problème à résoudreest de savoir si la Cour, en tant qu'organe
juridictionnel dont la compétenceest fixéepar le Statut, est en mesure,
dans les conditions fixéespar ce Statut, de procéder à la réformation de-

mandéepar le moyen de l'avisconsultatif auquel se réfèrel'article l I du
statut du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies.
2. Deux avis de la Cour (13juillet 1954,Eflet dejugements du Tribunal
administratif des Nations Unies et 23 octobre 1956,Jugements du Tribunal
administratif de l'Organisation internationaledu Trailail)traitent du pro-
blème de la réformation de décisionsde tribunaux administratifs et ils
éclairentla penséede la Cour, à l'époque,sur les conditions nécessaires
pour que la Cour, dans l'exercice de sa fonction consultative, reste fidèle
aux exigences de son caractère judiciaire lorsqu'une demande de réforma-
tion lui est adressée.Comme,en plus, l'explication de l'origine du système
de réformationjudiciaire se trouve en partie dans ces avis, quelques rap-
pels seront utiles.

3. L'avisconsultatif de la Cour du 13juillet 1954,Effet dejugements du
Tribunaladministratif des Nations Uniesaccordantindemnité, demandépar
l'Assemblée générale,était une procédure normale d'avis consultatif,
sans rapport par conséquent avec l'instance actuelle quant à la procédure
derecours; mais la Cour a examinéle statut du Tribunal administratif des
Nations Unies en détail et a constaté que c'était «de propos délibéré
qu'aucune disposition pour la revision des jugements du Tribunal ad-
ministratif des Nations Unies n'a étéinsérée dans le statutde ce tribunal))
(C.I.J. Recueil 1954, p. '54).Et la Cour a, avec toute la discrétionnéces-
saire, remarqué: DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE GROS

[Translation]

1regret that 1am iunableto concur in the Opinion of the Court and,
that being so, 1set forth the grounds of my dissent below.

1. We are here concerned with an application for the review of Judge-
ment No. 158of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, founded on
a text, Article 11 of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative
Tribunal, as amended by resolution 957(X), which the General Assembly
adopted on 8 November 1955for the verypurpose of instituting a remedy
and procedure that hatdnot existed before that date.
The nature of the exceptional remedy and procedure thus established
must be clearly ascertained for, as neither the contentious application
to the Court which is open to States nor an ordinary request for an
advisory opinion is concerned, the first question to be resolved is whether
the Court, as a judicial organ whose jurisdiction is fixed by the Statute,
is able, within the coniditionslaid down by that Statute, to proceed to the
review requested by ineans of the advisory opinion to which Article II
of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal refers.
2. There are two Advisory Opinions of the Court (13 July 1954,
EfSectof Awards of C:ompensationMade by the United Nations Adminis-

trative Tribunal; 211 October 1956, Judgnzentsof the Administrative
Tribuna!of the IL0 uponComplaintsMadeagainstUnesco)which dealwith
the problem of the reviewofdecisions ofadministrativetribunals, and they
shed light upon the rnanner in which the Court, at the times in question,
envisaged what conflitions must be satisfied for it to be able, in the
exercise of its advisoi-yfunction, to remain faithful to the requirements
of itsjudicial charactizr when an application for review is addressed to it.
As, moreover, the e:iplanation.of the origin of the system of judicial
review is to be founci in part in those Advisory Opinions, it will be as
well to recall certain points.
3. The Advisory Opinion of 13 July 1954 on the EfSect of Awards of
Compensation Made by the United Nafions Adniinistrative Tribunal,
requested bythe General Assembly,followednormal advisory proceedings
that had therefore nothing in common with the present case from the
viewpoint of the referral procedure, but the Court took occasion to
scrutinize the Statutle of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
and noted that it was "the result of a deliberate decision that no provision

for reviewofthejudgrnents of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
was inserted in the Statute of that Tribunal" (I.C.J. Reports 1954,p. 54).
The Court went on i:o observe, with al1the discretion called for in the
circumstances, that : «Pour que les jugements prononcés par un tel tribunal pussent
êtrereviséspar un corps autre que ce tribunal lui-même, il faudrait,
de I'avisde la Cour, que le statut de ce tribunal ou lesautres instru-

ments juridiques qui le régissent,continssent des dispositionsexpres-
sesà cet effet. L'Assemblée généralele apouvoir d'amender le statut
du Tribunal administratif, en vertu de l'articleII de ce statut, et de
prévoirdes voies de recours devant un autre organe. Mais comme le
statut actuel ne contient aucune disposition de ce genre, il ny a pas
de motifs de droit sur lesquelsl'Assembléegénéralepuisse se fonder
pour reviser les jugements déjà prononcéspar ce tribunal. Si l'As-
semblée générale envisaged a'itinstituer,pour lesflérend s venir,des
dispositionsprévoyantla rei,isiondes jugements duTribunal, la Cour
estime que l'Assembléegénérale elle-même, étan dtonnésa composition
et ses fonctions, ne pourrait guère agir comme un organe judiciaire
examinant les arguments des parties, apprécianltespreuves produites
par elles,établissantes,faitset disant le droitquis'y appliqu- alors
surtout quel'une des parties aux difirends est l'organisation des Na-
tions Unies elle-même.» (C.I.J. Recueil 1954, p. 56; c'est moi qui

souligne.)

4. Ce passage de I'avisest important car c'est une indication formelle
en faveur d'une voie de recours juridictionnelle et, par voie de consé-
quence, d'exclusion de l'Assemblée générad lee larocéditrede réforma-
tion suggérée,indication que la Cour a estimé possible de donner a
l'Assembléegénéraleavant que le systèmede réformation des jugements
du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies soit instituédans l'article 11
modifié.La Cour prenait donc position sur la ((revision des jugements))
du Tribunal administratifdes Nations Unies, et ce qu'elle disait des pou-
voirs d'un ((organejudiciaire)) montre que la Cour pensait bien à I'institu-
tion d'une véritable procédure de revision, c'est-à-dire de réexamende
l'affaire car l'examen des arguments et des preuves et l'étudedes faits
avant de dire le droit constituaient dans le passage de I'aviscitéci-dessus
l'énumération complète d'une procédurejuridictionnelle.

En ce qui concerne la conception de la Cour sur la revision de juge-
ments du Tribunal administratif en 1954 on peut donc constater que
I'avis de 1954 est en favecr d'une revision par un organe judiciaire,
jugeant comme tel.

5. Dèsle débutde I'avis du 23 octobre 1956la Cour manifeste à nou-
veau la prudente attitude de 1954sur la procédureutiliséecomme voie de
réformationdesjugements d'un tribunal administratif (celuide l'OITcette
fois).

«La Cour n'a pas à apprécierles aérites d'une telle procédure ni
les motifs qui ont conduit à l'adopter. Elle doit rechercherseulement
si son Statut et son caractère judiciairefont ou non obstacle à ce APPL.ICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS.OP. GROS) 253

"ln order thiat the judgments pronounced by such a judicial
tribunal could be subjected to review by any body other than the
tribunal itself, it would be necessary, in the opinion of the Court,

that the statute of that tribunal or some other legal instrument
governing it should contain an express provision to that effect.
The General Assembly has the power to amend the Statute of the
Administrative Tribunal by virtue of Article 11 of that Statute and
to provide for means of redress by another organ. But as no such
provisions are inserted in the present Statute, there is no legalground
upon whichthe General Assemblycould proceed to reviewjudgments
already pronounced by that Tribunal. Sllould the General Assembly
contemplare,for dealing witll future disputes, the making of some
provisionfor the review of the awards of the Tribunal, the Court is
of the opinion that the General Assembly itseif, in view of its compo-
sitiotl andfunctions, could liardly act as ajudicial organ-considering
thearguments o,ftheparties, appraisingtheevidenceproducedbythem,
establi.rhingthe ,facts and declaring the lauvapplicable to them-al1

the more so as clneparty to the disputes is the United Nations Organi-
zation itselL" (1.C.J. Reports19.54,p. 56; emphasis added.)

4. This passage from the Advisory Opinion is important, for it
constitutes a formal indication in favour of a judicial means of redress
and, consequently, of the exclusion of the General Assembly from the
suggested review procedure, an indication which the Court considered
it was possible to give the General Assembly before the system for the
review of the judgernents of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
was set up in the arnended Article 11. The Court, then, was adopting a
certain position in regard to the "review of the awards [jugements]"
of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, and what it had to Say
regarding the powers of a "judicial organ" shows that what it had in

mind was indeed the institution of a genuine review procedure, that is to
Say,a reconsideration of the case, forthe consideration of the arguments,
the appraisal of the evidence and the study of the facts before declaring
the law constitute,iinthe above-cited passage of the Opinion, a complete
description of judicial proceedings.
So far as the Court's conception in 1954of the review of judgements
of the Administrative Tribunal is concerned, one may therefore note that
the Advisory Opinion of 1954 is in favour of review by a judicial organ,
adjudging as such.
5. In the Advisory Opinion of 23 October 1956 the Court again
evinced from the outset the cautious attitude of 1954with regard to the
procedure used as iimeans of reviewing the judgments of an adminis-
trative tribunal(th;!;time, that of the ILO).

"The Court is not called upon to consider the merits of such a
procedure or the reasons which led to its adoption. It must consider
only the question whether its Statute and its judicial character do or qu'elle se prête l'exerciced'unetelleprocédureendonnant suite à la
demanded'avis.

La Cour n'est pas liéepour l'avenir par l'assentiment qu'ellea pu
donner ou les décisions qu'ellea pu prendre au sujet dela procédure
ainsi adoptée. En l'espèce,la procéduresuivie n'a pas soulevéd'ob-
jections de la part des intéressés..Le principe de l'égalitéentre les
parties découle des exigences d'une bonne administration de la
justice. Cesexigencesn'ont pas étécompromises en l'espècepar lefait
que les observations écrites formuléesau nom des fonctionnaires ont
étéprésentéespar l'intermédiairede l'Unesco. Enfin, bienqu'iln'yait

pas eudeprocédureorale, la Courconstatequ'ellea recudes informa-
tionsadéquates.Ilsemblequ'iln'yaitpas, danscesconditions,de motif
déterminantpour que la Cour refusede prêter sonassistance à la
solution d'un problème ...il faudrait des raisons décisivespour
déterminerla Cour à opposer un refus qui compromettrait le fonc-
tionnement du régimeétablipar le Statut du Tribunal administratif
en vue de la protection juridictionnelle des fonctionnaires. » (C.I.J.
Recueil1956, p. 85et 86; c'estmoi qui souligne.)

6. Les règlessont nettement expriméeset je me propose de les appli-
quer à la présenteaffaire, ne voyant aucune raison de s'en écarter. La
Cour a bien marquéen 1956qu'elle statuait dans le cas de l'espèceet se
gardait d'édicterune règle générale;chaque affaire doit êtreappréciée
selon ses mérites: «la Cour doit rester fidèleaux exigences de son carac-
tère judiciaire. Cela est-il possible dans le cas présent?))(C.I.J. Recueil
1956, p. 84.)Telle est aussi laquestioà laquellej'ai étamené àrépondre

par la négativedans la présente affaire.
7. Pour compléterla description dela situation au moment de l'avisde
1956, il faut indiquer l'opposition marquéepar plusieurs juges au prin-
cipe mêmedes avis consultatifs de réformation, fondéenotamment sur
l'absence de débat oral.

M. Winiarski a fait observer d'abord que «comme l'avis le constate,la
procédure ainsi engagée«se présentecomme faisant, dans une certaine
mesure, fonction de recours judiciaire)) contre quatre jugements du
Tribunal administratif, et cette utilisation de la voie consultative n'a cer-
tainement pas étéenvisagéepar les auteursdela Charte etdu Statutde la
Cour.)) (C.I.J. Recueil 1956, opinion individuelle, p. 106.)Et plus loin:
((L'important est que la procédure orale, moyen habituel pour la Cour de
s'éclairersur la question qui lui est soumise, a été suppriméel'avance.)>

(Eod. loc., p. 108.)

8. De même,M. Klaestad a déclaréque la Cour, bien que tenant
régulièrementsa compétence des termes de l'article XII du statut du
Tribunal administratif de l'OIT, aurait dû s'abstenir d'exercer sa com- do not stand in the way of its participating inthis procedure by com-
plying withthe Requestfor an Advisory Opinion.

The Court is nat bound for the future by any consent which it gave
or decisionswhi~îhit made with regard to theprocedure thus adopted.
In the present case, the procedure which has been adopted has not
given rise to aniy objection on the part of those concerned ...The
principle of equality of the parties follows from the requirements of
good administration of justice. These requirements have not been
impaired in the present case by the circumstance that the written
statement on be:halfof the officials was submitted through Unesco.
Finally, althoughno oral proceedings werelîeld, the Court is satisjied
that adequate itformation has been made available to it. In view of
this there woulù appear to be no compelling reason whythe Court
should not lend its assistance in the solution of a problem ...only

compelling reas,onscould cause the Court to adopLin this matter a
negative attitud.e which would imperil the working of the régime
established by the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal for the
judicial protection of officials."(I.C.J. Reports 1956, pp. 85 f.;
emphasis added.)

6. The rules are here plainly expressed, and 1 propose to apply them
to the present case, for1 see no reason to depart from them. The Court
emphasized in 1956 that it was ruling on the particular case and was
careful not to enunciate a general rule; each case should be considered
on its merits: "The Court ...is bound to rrmain faithful to the require-
ments of its judiciarl character. 1s that possible in the present case?"
(I.C.J. Reports 195ti, p. 84.) This question has also to be raised in the
present proceedings, and 1feel compelled to answer it in the negative.
7. To complete the picture of the situation at the time of the 1956
Advisory Opinion, attention should be drawn to the opposition expressed
by several Members of the Court to the very principle of using advisory
procedure for purpalsesof review, on account in particular of the absence
of any oral proceedings.
Judge Winiarski,.in the first place, remarked in his separate opinion

that "as is noted in the Opinion, the procedure thus brought into being
'appears as serving, in a way, the object of a judicial appeal' against
the four judgments of the Administrative Tribunal, and this utilization
ofthe advisoryprocedure wascertainly not contemplated bythe draftsmen
of the Charter and of the Statute of the Court" (I.C.J. Reports 1956,
p. 106).Later he observes: "The important thing is that the oral proceed-
ings, which constitiute the means by which the Court usually obtains
clarification of the issue before it, have been dispensed with beforehand."
(Ibid., p. 108.)
8. Judge Klaestad, likewise, in his separate opinion, declared that the
Court, although jurisdiction had regularly been conferred upon it by
theterms of Article :YI1of the Statute ofthe IL0 Administrative Tribunal,pétence. Sesmotifs comprennent aussi la suppression du débat oral alors
que ((jusqu'ici,dans toutes les affaires consultatives, considéréespar cette
Cour, des audiences ont étéordonnées comme une partie normale et
utile, sinon indispensable, de la procédure))(C.I.J. Recueil 1956,opinion
individuelle, p. 110).
9. Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan a adopté la mêmeattitude, en ces
termes:

«En se passant de la procédure orale, la Cour s'est privéed'un
moyen d'obtenir une aide utile dans l'exercice de l'une de ses fonc-
tionsjudiciaires. On n'a pasrenoncé àla procédure orale parce que la
Cour a considéréque, par ce moyen, elle ne pouvait recevoir aucune
assistance, mais parce qu'il n'yavait pas de moyen de redresser I'iné-
galitédes parties au point de vue de la procédure orale.» (C.I.J.
Recueil 1956,opinion individuelle, p. 114.)

Lejuge terminait en déclarantque la Cour ne devrait pas répondre.

10. M. Cordova déclare que l'avis de 1956 ne saurait être considéré
comme autre chose qu'une affaire contentieuse:

«On ne saurait attribuer à la présenteespècedeux natures diffé-
rentes, celle d'une affaire contentieuse devant leTribunal administra-
tif et d'une affaire non contentieuse devant la Cour.)>(C.I.J. Recueil
1956, opinion dissidente, p. 163.)

Et il qualifie cette instance d'appel ou revision d'un arrêtrendu par un
tribunal inférieur (eod. loc., p. 164).
11. II n'est pas inutile de garder ces déclarationsen mémoirelorsqu'on
veut analvser le sens des ~rononcésde la Cour dans l'avisde 1956sur les
principes qu'elleacceptait alors comme base de son raisonnement quant à
son propre rôle dans une réformation dedécisionsde tribunaux adminis-
tratifs d'organisations internationales.
Le 12avril 1955,au Comitéspécialchargé d'étudierla question de la
réformation des jugements du Tribunal administratif (A/AC.78/SR. 6,
p. 8, ann. 35-47 du dossier) le représentant du Secrétairegénérala parlé
d'une lettre du Greffier de la Cour sur les problèmes poséspar la revision

des jugements, document naturellement connu de la Cour.
C'est en me référant à cet ensemble d'indications sur la penséedes
juges en 1954-1956que je crois établique la Cour a consacré deux prin-
cipes essentiels pour l'examen de sa propre compétence dans chaque
affaire de réformation qui pourrait lui êtresoumise; le premier dans
l'ordre, et selon moi dans la hiérarchie - car que serait une Cour qui
accepterait des accommodements à son statut de juge - est que, en
jugeant une telle affaire, la Cour neaoit pas permettre une atteinte «aux
exigences d'une bonne administration de la justice)), le second principe
étantqu'il faut des raisons décisivespour refuser le concours de la Cour à
un régimede protection juridictionnelle des fonctionnaires.ought to have abstaimed from exercising that jurisdiction. His reasons
also derived, inter alia, from the elimination of oral proceedings "in
spite of the fact that sirchhearings have hitherto been fixedin al1advisory

cases which have been considered by this Court as being a normal and
useful, if not anindispensable, part of its proceedings"(ibid.p. 110).
9. Judge Sir Muharnmad Zufrulla Khan took the same attitude, in the
following terms:
"By dispensing with oral proceedings the Court deprived itself of a
means of obtaining valuable assistance in the discharge of one of its
judicialfunctions. Oral proceedings were dispensed with not because
the Court considered that it could not receiveany assistance through

that means, but because the inequality of the parties in respect of
oral hearings could not be remedied in any manner." (I.C.J. Reports
1956,p. 114.)
Sir Muhammad concluded by stating that the Court should not have
complied with the recluest.
10. Judge Cordova said that the 1956advisory proceedings could not
be considered as anything different from a contentious case:

"One cannot think of this case as being of two different natures,
a contentious ca.se before the Administrative Tribunal and not a
contentious one vghenitcomesbefore the Court." (Dissentingopinion,
ibidp ..,163.)

He goes on to describe the proceedings as an appeal or as a revision of a
decision of a lower court (ibid., p. 164).
11. It will be as well to bear these statements in mind in endeavouring
to analyse the meaning of the Court's pronouncements in its Advisory
Opinion of 1956 on the principles it then accepted as the basis of its
reasoning .with regarld to its own role in the review of decisions of the
administrative tribunals of international organizations.
On 12April 1955, in the Special Committee on Review of Adminis-
trative Tribunal Judgments (AlAC.78lSR.6, p. 8 [Annexes 35-47 to the
dossier]), therepresei~tativeof the Secretary-General referred to a letter
from the Registrar of'the Court on the problems to which the revision of
judgments gave rise, a document naturally known to the Court.
Considering together al1 these various indications as to the thinking
of Members of the Court in 1954-1956,1 believe it established that the

Court endorsed two essential principles for the examination of its own
jurisdiction in each review case that might be submitted to it; the first
in order, and in my view the first hierarchically speaking-for it is a
matter of whether a. court is to accept any compromise touching its
judicial status-, is that, in adjudicating any such case, the Court must
not permit any encroachment on "the requirements of good adminis-
tration ofjustice", thesecondprinciple beingthat there must becompelling
reasons before the Court could refuse its collaboration in the working of
a régimefor the judicial protection of officiais. C'est en appliquant ces deux principes que j'arrive a des conclusions
différentesde cellesde l'avisdelaCourquant à l'exercicede sa compéten-
ce dans l'affaire actuelle. La Cour n'ayant pas estimé qu'ily ait une diffi-
cultésérieuseen ce qui concerne lesexigencesd'une bonne administration
de la justice, je dois consacrer quelques développements aux raisons de
mon dissentiment sur ce point, c'est-à-dire la première question dans le
dispositif de l'avis.

12. Une remarque préliminaire de portée généraledoit êtrefaite. La
procédure qui consiste à demander à la Cour une décisionde réformation
par la voie consultative est ce qu'elleest:

«La Cour n'a pas à apprécierles méritesd'une telle procédureni
lesmotifs qui ont conduita l'adopter. Elle doitrechercherseulementsi
son Statut et son caractèrejudiciaire fontounon obstaclecequ'elle se
prête à l'exercice d'une telleprocédure en donnanstuiteà la demande
d'avis. (C.I.J. Recueil 1956,p. 85; c'est moiqui souligne.)

Cette phrase résume parfaitement ma position dans la présente affaire
où ce n'est nila compétenceattribuée àla Cour ni la méthode del'emploi
de l'avis consultatif qui sont en cause mais la question de l'application
l'espècedes principes de réformation judiciaire et des textes qui ont ins-
titué lacompétencede la Cour en la matière.
13. ((C'està la Cour elle-mêmeet non aux parties qu'il appartient de
veillerà l'intégritéde la fonction judiciaire de la Cour)) (C.I.J. Recueil

1963, p. 29); si la procédure prévue à l'articl11 du statut du Tribunal
administratif trouve un obstacle dans le Statut de la Cour et dans son
caractère judiciaire, quels que soient les mérites et les motifs de cette
procédure deréformation, la Cour, instituée commeunjuge, doit pouvoir
agir comme tel, avec la plénitudedes pouvoirs que lui donne son Statut;
si cette action est entravéepar la procédure de réformationc'est celle-ci
qui doit êtreécartée, nonpas le Statut de la Cour et les exigences d'une
bonne justice.
14. La compétencede la Cour pour donner un avis consultatif résulte
de l'article11,paragraphe 1,du statut du Tribunal administratif amendé
sur ce point le8novembre 1955(résolution957(X)). Il faut qu'un Etat, le
Secrétaire généralou le fonctionnaire partie au jugement du Tribunal
conteste cejugement en invoquant que le Tribunal a outrepassé sajuridic-
tion ou sa compétence,ou n'a pas exercésajuridiction, ou a commis une
des Nations
erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la Charte
Unies, ou a commis, dans la procédure, uneerreur essentielle qui a pro-
voquéun mal-jugé.

Cette attributionde compétence de réformation à la Cour,pour de tels
griefs, ne trouve-t-elle pas d'obstacle dans le Statutde la Cour et l'essence It is by applying these two principles that1 reach different conclusions

from those of the Court's Advisory Opinion as regards the exercise of its
jurisdiction in the present case. Since the Court has not considered that
there was any serious difficulty with regard to the requirements of good
administration ofjustice, it is necessary for me to set forth at somelength
my reasons for disseriting on that point, which is the first question put in
the operative clause ,ofthe Advisory Opinion.

12. Tkere is one preliminary observation of general scope which must
be made. The proceclure whereby the Court is requested to give a review
decision via advisory proceectings is what it is:

"The Court is not called upon to consider the merits of such a
procedure or the reasons which led to its adoption. It must consider
only the questioirwhether its Stafute and itsjudicial character do or
do not stand in the wgy of its participating in this procedure by com-
plying with the Request for an Advisory Opinion." (Advisory Opinion
of 23 October 1956, I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 85; emphasis added.)

This sentence is a perfect summary of my position in the present case,
where neither thejurisdiction conferred upon the Court nor the method of
utilizing advisoryprocedure isin issue, but the question of the application
in the present case of the principles of judicial review and of the texts
which have institutetl the Court's jurisdiction in the matter.
13. "The Court itself, and not the parties, must be the guardian of the
Court's judicial inti:grityV (I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 29); if, then, the
procedure laid down in Article 11 of the Statute of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal encounters an obstacle in the Court's Statute
and judicial character, whatever may be the merits of and grounds for
this review procedure, the Court, having been established as a judicial
body, must be able to act as such in the full exercise of the powers
conferred upon it by its Statute; if this action is hampered by the review

procedure, it is the latter which must be set aside, not the Statute of the
Court or the requirements of good administration ofjustice.
14. The jurisdiction of the Court to give an advisory opinion derives
from Article II, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Administrative
Tribunal as amended on that point on 8 November 1955(resolution 957
(X)). It is necessaryfor aState, the Secretary-General or the staff member
concerned in the Tribunal's judgement to object to that judgement on
the grounds that the Tribunal has exceeded itsjurisdiction or competence,
or has failed toxerc:isejurisdiction vested in it, or haserredon a question
of law relating to thi: provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, or
has committed a fundamental error in procedure which has occasioned
a failure of justice.
1sthere no obstacle in the Statute of the Court and the essence of the
Court's judicial funiction to this attribution to the Court of a reviewde la fonction juridictionnelle de la Cour? Quant au Statut il s'agit des
articles 34, 35, 36et38; la Cour n'est ouverte qu'aux Etats d'une part, sa
mission est de «réglerconformémentau droit international les différends
qui lui sontsoumis))et lesalinéasa), 6) et c) de I'article 38ne correspon-

dent guère aux bases sur lesquelles une demande de réformation dejuge-
ments de tribunal administratif est généralement fondéeL . a manièredont
un tribunal administratif a décidéde sa compétence, exercé ou non
sa juridiction, commis une erreur essentielle dans la procédure, ne pose
pas de question de droit international, au sens de l'article 38; quant au
grief d'erreur de droit concernant la Charte qui poserait une question de
droit international, il n'a pasété prisen considération par la Cour dans
l'avis. Les deux griefs examinés et non acceptéspar la Cour l'ont amenée
à trancher des problèmes de procédure, à effleurer le droit interne du
travail de l'organisation internationale; ils ne rentrent pas dans la com-
pétence essentiellede la Cour qui n'est pas de réglern'importe quel pro-
blèmejuridique mais seulement des problèmesde droit international.

Sans doute dira-t-on aue l'article 65 du Statut de la Cour ~arle en

généralde «toute questionjuridique)) mais c'est forcer le texte au-delà de
son sens etdu contexte. 11suffirasur ce point de rappeler que lerapport du
Comitéconsultatif dejuristes dit qu'il est clairque les différendsviséspar
la dernière phrase de l'article 14 du Pacte (la Cour ((donnera aussi des
avis consultatifs sur tout différendou tout point dont la saisira le Conseil
ou l'Assemblée»)ne peuvent être qued'ordre international (Comité con-
sultatif, rapport, p.730).

11ne serait pas raisonnable de faire dire pluà l'article 65aujourd'hui et
il faut constater que la réformation desjugements de tribunaux adminis-
tratifs rencontre un obstacle dans le Statut de la Cour. On peut estimer
que cet obstacle n'est pas décisifen invoquant le second principe général
reconnu par la Cour, celui de l'assistance due au fonctionnement d'un

régime de protection des fonctionnaires, mais l'objection existe. Et la
manière d'yrépondrerévèleun choix sur lerôle de la Cour.

15. Le droit applicable dans la présenteaffaire n'est pas le droit inter-
national, source dela compétenceattribuéea la Cour. Ce n'est naturelle-
ment pas une réponse de dire «qui peut le plus peut le moins)) car la
question n'est pas là, même sil'on admettait la valeur d'un adage dans les
rapports entre les diverses formes du droit. Le problèmeest que le Statut
et la fonction de la Cour n'en font ni un juge ni un donneur d'avis uni-
versels et que sa composition, ses règlesde fonctionnement et ses habitu-
des de travail sont également fondkes sur son rôle de juge de droit inter-
national.
11faut séparer la légalitéde l'opportunité clairement. Mêmes'il était
commode de fairejuger par la Cour les demandes de réformationdejuge-
ments - ce quia étél'objet de doutes constants etcequela présenteaffairejurisdiction? The provisions of the Statute concerned are Articles 34, 35,

36 and 38;on the one hand the Court is open only to States, while on the
other its function is"to decide in accordance with international law such
disputes as are submitted to it" and subparagraphs (a), (6) and (c) of
Article 38, paragraph 1,scarcely correspond to the basis upon which an
application for the review of administrative tribunal judgments generally
relies. The manner in which an administrative tribunal has settled the
question of itsjurisdiction and exercised it or not, or its commission of a
fundamental error in procedure, do not raise any question of interna-
tional law within the meaning of Article 38; as for the objection con-
cerning an error of law relating to the Charter, which would raise a
question of international law, it has not been taken into consideration
by the Court in its AclvisoryOpinion. The two objections examined and
not accepted by the Court have led it to decide problems of procedure
andto touch upon the interna1administrative law of the United Nations;
these do not enter into the essential cornpetence of the Court, which is
not to settle just any legal problem but only problems of international
law.
Itwill no doubt be replied that Article 65 of the Statute of the Court

speaks in general ternls of "any legal question". but that is to force the
text beyond its meaning and context. It will be sufficient on this point to
recallthat the report of the Advisory Cornmittee of Jurists says that it is
obvious that the disputes referred to in the last sentence of Article 14 of
the Covenant (the Court shall also "give an advisory opinion upon any
dispute or question relferredto it by the Council or by the Assembly") can
only be of an international nature (Advisory Cornmittee, Proceedings,
p. 730).
It would not be reasonable today to wring any further meaning out of
Article 65, and we must therefore take note of the existence in the Statute
of the Court of an obstacle to the review of judgments of administrative
tribunals. The view inay be held that this obstacle is not decisive on
account of the seconcl general principle admitted by the Court, that of
the assistance owed to the functioning of a régimefor the protection of
officials, but the objection exists. And the rnanner of meeting it reveals a
choice as to the role of the Court.
15. The law applic:able in the present case is not international law,
which is the source of the jurisdiction conferred upon the Court. It is

naturally no reply to say that "he who can do more can do less", for that
is not the point, even allowing the validity of such a tag in the relation-
ships between the various forms of law. The problem is that the Court's
Statute and mission rnake of it neither a universal judge nor a universal
piovider of advisory opinions, and that its composition, the rules under
which it operates and its habits of work are likewise based upon itsrole as
a tribunal of international law.
Legality and expetliency must be clearly separated. Even if it were
convenient to refer applications for the review ofjudgments to the Court
for decision-which has constantly been doubted and is not in my view

9 5ne démontre pas, selon moi - le principe de la conformité nécessaire
d'une telle procédure avec le Statut de la Cour et avec son caractère

judiciaire est un principe de Iégalitéauquel l'argument de convenance
n'apporte pas de réponse.
16. L'obstacle rencontré est donc sérieux, d'unepart en raison des
accommodements que le systèmede réformation demande par rapport
au Statut età la nature de la fonction juridictionnelle de la Cour,d'autre
part à cause de l'affirmation généralors dela créationen novembre 1955
de cette voie de réformationqu'il s'agissaitd'une voie strictement juridic-
tionnelle; on ne peut dès lors soutenir que la Cour peut modifier ses
règleset ses méthodesde travail de juge pour ces affaires spécialessans
une contradiction grave.
17. Dans cette vue deschoses la thèse selonlaquelle ilsuffitque l'article
11 du statut du Tribunal ait organiséle recours en réformation dans le
cadre des pouvoirs de l'Assemblée générale n répondpas à l'objection.
Commeje l'aiditdans une remarque préliminaire(supra,paragraphe 12),

il n'est pas nécessairepour la Cour, saisie de telles affaires, de se poser la
question de la légalitde la décisionde l'Assemblée générale. L Caour est
seule juge de sa propre compétenceet si elle estime qu'elle ne peut pas
juger une matière quilui estadressée parceque celle-ci setrouveendehors
de son Statut ou exigedes modifications de ce Statut, elle ne fait qu'inter-
préterles règlesde son fonctionnement, lequel ne relèved'aucune autre
autoritéque la sienne.
U suffitd'ailleurs de rappeler lajurisprudence de la Cour sur cet aspect
des choses et notamment l'avis sur Certainesdépensesdes Nations Unies:

«On ne doit pas supposer que l'Assembléegénéraleait ainsi en-
tendu lier ou gênerla Cour dans l'exercicede ses fonctions judiciai-
res; la Cour doit avoir la pleine libertéd'examiner tous les éléments
pertinents dont elle disposepour sefaire uneopinionsur unequestion
qui lui est poséeen vue d'un avis consultatif.»(C.I.J. Recueil 1962,
p. 157;c'est moi qui souligne.)

Certes la Cour,ayant été investie d'une compétence de réformation, ne
doit refuser de l'exercer que dans des circonstances où elle trouve des
motifs déterminants pour le faire; la manière dont cette compétence a
étéamenée à s'exercer dans la présenteaffaire, tant au stadede la saisine
de la Cour qu'à ceux de l'examen de la demande par la Cour m'a paru
soulever des objections déterminantes.

18. La méthode instituéedans l'article 11 pour saisir la Cour d'une

demandede réformationest l'intervention d'un comité,organe politique,
composédes Etats Membres représentésau bureau de la dernièresession
ordinaire de l'Assemblée générale. Il s'agit donc d'une représentationduborne out by the present case-, the principle that such a procedure must
be in conformity with the Statute and judicial character of the Court is a

principle of legality which the convenience argument is powerless to
rebut.
16. The obstacle encountered is therefore a serious one, on the one
hand because of the compromises called for by the system of review in
respect of the statute and the nature of the Court's judicial function, and
on the other hand because of the way in which it was generally affirmed
when this system was set up in November 1955 that it constituted a
strictly judicial remedy; that being so, it cannot be maintained that the
Court can modify its rules and working-methods as a court for the sake
of these special cases without a grave self-contradiction.
17. When matters iire seen in that perspective, the argument that it is
sufficient for Article11of the Statute of the Tribunal to have organized
the review procedure within the framework of the powers of the General
Assembly does not answer the objection. As 1 said in a preliminary
observation (para. lî! above), it is not necessary for the Court, when
such cases are referreti to it, to ask itself whether the General Assembly's
decision was lawful. The Court is the only judge of its own jurisdiction

and if it considers that it is unable to pronounce upon a matter addressed
to it because that matter stands outside its Statute or requires modifica-
tions of that Statute, it does no more than interpret the rules of its own
operation, which are subject to no authority but that ofthe Court itself.
It is moreover sufficientto recall the jurisprudence of the Court on this
aspect, more particuilarly as expressed in the Advisory Opinion on
CertainExpensesof tire UnitedNations :
"It is not to be assumed that the General Assembly would thus

seek to fetter or hamper the Court in the discharge of its judicial
functions; the Ccurtmust havefullliberty to consideral1relevantdata
available to it in,formingan opinionon a questionposed to itfor an
advisory opinion."'(I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 157 ;emphasis added.)

Certainly, the Court, having been invested with a reviewjurisdiction,
ought to decline to exercise it only in circumstances where it finds
conclusive grounds folrsuch refusal; but the process which resulted in this

jurisdiction being exercised in the present proceedings, whether at the
stage of the submission of the request or at those of its being considered
by the Court, appeared to me to giverise to conclusiveobjections.

18. The method instituted by Article 11for the reference to the Court
of an application for review takes the form of the intervention of a
Committee, a political organ, composed of member States represented
on the General Conimittee of the last zegular session of the Generalpassé, à laquelle, par commodité, l'Assemblée généralfeait appel. La
composition de ce Comitén'est pertinente pour l'examen de la présente
affaire que comme un élémentdu problème de saisine de la Cour. Puis-

que le Comitéest seul à déciders'il y a lieu de demander un avis consul-
tatif, donc de saisir la Cour, c'est ce Comité qui permet à la Cour
d'exercer la compétence de réformation judiciaire qu'il a étédécidé
d'instituer.

19. Ce Comitédépourvude permanence et de continuitédans sa com-
position, n'accumulant pas d'expérience,n'est qu'une sorte de bureau
réuni à intervalles irréguliers, uneconférenced'Etats Membres, certes pas
un organe au sens propre et institutionnel.

Mais, mêmepour ceux qui refusent cette analyse, comment prétendre
que le Comité a une activité à propos de laquelle il est en droit selon
I'article 96,paragraphe 2, de demander l'avisde la Cour sur des questions
juridiques soulevéespar cette activité?Cela n'est pas tenable: au plus
peut-on dire que l'activitédu Comitéest de transmettre ou non une de-

mande de réformation à la Cour, mais les questionsjuridiques transmises
n'ont aucun lien avec l'activitédu Comité.elles sont poséespar le requé-
rant et doivent êtretransmises telles qu'elles sont posées.Ce n'est pas le
Comité quise demande si lejugement est viciéau sens de l'article 11,c'est
lerequérant, et ce n'est pasle Comitéquiest intéressép, our son activité,
savoir silejugement seraou non réformé.Le Comitén'a reçuaucun droit
de modifier ces questions, il peut seulement les trouver sans bases sé-
rieuses, mais alors son ((activité))est terminéeet la Cour n'est pas saisie;
et s'il trouve des bases sérieuses,cette((activité))n'est pas soumisà la
Cour qui, prenant simplement note que le Comité l'a saisie, ne se pré-
occupe pas de vérifier le sérieuxde l'activité, puisquedans la présente
affaire elleadmet tout en ignorer et ne désirerien en connaître.

Mais l'origine théoriquede ce que je pense être uneinterprétation non
fondée de l'article 96, paragraphe 2, est aussi sujetteà caution. Pour
soutenirla thèsede l'existencede cette activitépropre du ComitélaCour
a déclaréque l'Assemblée généralne'a pas délégué son propre pouvoir de
demander des avis consultatifs puisque I'article 11, paragraphe 4, du
statut du Tribunal spécifieformellement que c'est l'article 96, paragraphe
2, sur lequel on se fonde pour donner au Comitéle pouvoir de demander
des avis. Mais la Cour a en mêmetemps décidéque le Comitéétaitun
organe subsidiaire au sens de l'article 22 de la Charte, jugé nécessaire
l'exercice desfonctions de l'Assemblée générale, en l'espècd e, la fonc-
tion qui consiste à réglementer les relations de l'administration avec le
personnel, en yfaisant rentrer la créationd'un ((mécanismenécessaire àla
mise en mouvement d'une réformation par la Cour desjugements)) (para-
graphe 17de l'avis).Assembly. This is, in other words, a representation of the past, the
assistance of which is enlisted by the General Assembly for the sake of
convenience. For the consideration of the present case, the composition
of this Committee is relevant only as a factor in the problem of the seisin

of the Court. As it is the Committee alone which decides whether there is
occasion to request iin advisory opinion, and hence to seise the Court, it
is this Cornmittee which enables the Court to exercise the judicial-review
jurisdiction which it had been decided to institute.
19. This Cornmittee, devoid as it is of permanence and of continuity
in its composition, and not accumulating any experience, is merely a kind
of occasional panel meeting at irregular intervals, or a conference of
member States, but certainly not an organ in the proper, institutional
sense of the word.
But how can everi those who reject this analysis claim that the Com-
mittee has an activity regarding which it has a right under Article 96,
paragraph 2, of the Charter to request the opinion of the Court on legal
questions arising therefrom. That is untenable: at the most it might be
said that the activit:~of the Committee is to transmit to the Court-or
not-an application for review, but the legal questions transmitted are
quite unconnected with the activity of the Committee; they are put by
the applicant and must be transrnitted as they are put. It is not the Com-

mittee, but the applicant, that enquires whether the judgement is vitiated
within the meaning of Article 11, and it is not the Committee which is
interested, for the sake of its own activities, to know whether the judge-
ment is or is not to be reviewed. No right has been conferred upon the
Committee to modify these questions; it may only find that they lack a
substantial basis, but then its "activity" comes to an end and the Court is
not seised; and ifthe Comrnittee finds that there isa substantial basis, that
"activity" is not referred to the Court, which, merely taking note that the
Committee has seisi:d it. does not concern itself with investigating how
substantial the activity is, since in the present case it admits knowing
nothing whatever about it and does not wish to know more.
But the theoretical origin of what 1 consider to be an unfounded
interpretation of Article 96, paragraph 2, of the Charter must also be
treated with reserve. In support of the contention that the Committee has
activities of its own, the Court has stated that the General Assembly has
not delegated its own power to request advisory opinions, inasmuch as
Article 11,paragraph 4, of the Statute of the Tribunal specifies in terms

that it is Article 96, paragraph 2, which is taken as the basis for empow-
ering the Committee to request advisory opinions. But the Court has at
the same time decid~rdthat the Committee was a subsidiary organ within
the meaning of Article 22 of the Charter, thus deemed necessary for the
performance of the General Assembly's functions, more particularly in
this instance the furiction of regulating the relations between the admin-
istration and the staff, by introducing the creation of "an organ designed
to provide machinery for initiating the review by the Court ofjudgments"
(Advisory Opinion, para. 17).

97 Il reste alorsà expliquer, et ce n'est pas un mince problème, cornnient
un organe subsidiaire de l'Assembléegénérale,de la composition décrite

au paragraphe 18 ci-dessus, peut exercer une fonction judiciaire que
l'Assembléegénérales'est vurefuser dans les termes les plus nets par la
Cour en 1954.Le Tribunal administratif est un juge, le Comitén'en est
pas un. Le Comitén'a aucune attribution particulière en dehors de son
rôle de barrage à l'accèsde la Cour, attribution qui ne pourrait avoir
qu'un caractèrejuridictionnel en soi, si elleétaitconvenablement remplie.
La confrontation à laquelle le Comitédevrait procéderentre lejugement
et les objections qui sont présentéesafin de conclure au caractère sérieux
de la demande est nécessairement un examen desfaits et du droit.

20. Le Comitébarrant l'accès à la Cour, et c'est ce qu'ila fait pour
quinze demandes sur seizeen dix-sept ans, il en résulteque l'exercicede la

compétencede réformationde la Cour dépend des conditionsde I'examen
de chaque affaire par le Comité.
La session pour l'examende la demande Fasla a eu lieu du 8 au 20juin
1972et a occupéquatre séanceset, sauf pour lerapporteur, rien ne permet
de savoir si des juristes ont siégéet comment s'est dérouléecette brève
délibération (voirinfra, paragraphes 23 et 31 sur ce point). Or, saisi par
I'uneou l'autre des parties, ou par un Etat Membre dont l'intérêt n'paas
besoin d'êtreparticulier dans ledifférend réglépar lejugement contesté,le
Comiténe reçoit pas pour chacun des membres un dossier de l'affaireet il
est im~ossible de savoir comment ceux-ci se font une idéedu caractère
((série;x» des bases sur lesquelles sefonde une demande de réformation.

En principe, le Comité pourrait trouver quelque information auprès de
son secrétariatmais ce secrétariatest en fait fourni par l'administration,
c'est-à-dire I'unedes parties.

21. La demande de M. Fasla visant la réformationdu jugement no 158
est le document AlAC.86lR.59, pièce essentiellede la procédure car elle
indique les raisons de la demande et formule les griefs sur lesquels le
requérantsefonde pour obtenir la réformationdans lecadre de l'article 11
du statut du Tribunal administratif. C'est sur la base de cette pièceet de
ses quatre-vingt-douze annexes que le Comité a prissa décisionde de-
mander un avis à la Cour, en estimant qu'il y avait des(bases sérieuses))

pour une réformationdu jugement no 158du 28 avril 1972.Pour saisir la
portéedu rôle du Comité dans la présenteaffaire, il faut rappeler briève-
ment la présentationde la demande faite au Comitéau nom de M. Fasla
par ses conseils à l'époque.

22. L'argumentation soutient que le Tribunal «n'a pas exercésa juri-
diction au sens du paragraphe 1de l'article 1...parce que leTribunal n'a
pas examiné pleinement la demande en dommages-intérêtsprésentée
par le requéranten raison du tort causé à sa réputation et à son avenir
professionnels par l'abus du pouvoir motivé par des considérations
illicites commis par le défendeur et que le Tribunal a reconnu, et n'a It thus remains to be exylained-and this is no easy matter-how a
subsidiary organ of the General Assembly, with the composition de-
scribed in paragraph 18above, can exercisea judicial function which the
Court, in 1954,disallowed the General Assembly in the plainest of terms.
The AdministrativeTribunal is a judicial body; the Committee is not. It
has no particular function apart from .its role as a hurdle in the path of
access to the Court, and that function-if correctly discharged-cannot,
intrinsically, be anytlîing otherthan judicial in character. The task the
Committee should üindertake before deciding whether there is any
substantial basis for the application, namely that of confronting the

judgement with the olbjectionssubmitted, necessarily connotes a consid-
eration of the facts aindof law.
20. As the Committee bars the path of access to the Court-this is
what it has done in r'espectof 15applications out of 16in 17 years-, it
follows that the exerciseof the Court's reviewjurisdiction depends on the
conditions under whiirhthe Committeeconsiders each case.
The session for the consideration of Mr. Fasla's application was held
from 8 to 20 June 1972and took up four meetings and, the rapporteur
excepted, there is no means of knowing whether lawyers sat on the
Committee and what course ths brief deliberation took (see, on this
point, paras. 23 and 3'1below). Now, when an application is made by one
or other of the partie:s-or by a member State, which is not required to
have any particular interest in the dispute decided by the judgement
contested-, the Cornmittee does not receive a documentation of the
case for each of its members and it is impossible to know how these
members form some idea of the degree to which the bases of an applica-
tion for review are "substantial". In principle, the Committee might
procure some inform.ation from its secretariat, but that very secretariat
is provided by the administration, i.e., by one of the parties.
21. Mr. Fasla's application for the review of Judgement No. 158 is
contained in A/AC.8;6/R.59, an essential document in the proceedings,

for it indicatestherea.sonsfor the application and setsforth the objections
on which the applicant relies for the purpose of securing a review within
the framework of Article 1 1of the Statute ofthe AdministrativeTribunal.
It isonthe basisof this dscumentand of its 92annexesthat the Committee
took its decision to request an opinion of the Court, consideringas it did
that there was a "substantial basis" for a reviewof Judgement No. 158of
28April 1972.For th'escope ofthe Committee's rolein the present case to
be grasped, it is nelressary briefly to recall the manner in which the
application made to the Committee on behalf of Mr. Fasla was presented
bfis counsel at that time.
22. It is argued in the application that the Tribunal "failed to exercise
itsjurisdiction withiri the meaning of Article 11 ... in that the Tribunal
did not fully consider and pass upon Applicant's claim for damages for
injury tohii professional reputation and future employment opportunities
caused by the respoiident's misuse of powers with improper motive as
found by the Tribuniil" (para. A.1,p. 5).pas pleinement statué sur ladite demande)) (paragraphe A.l, p. 5).
Les termes importants pour la définitiondes griefs soulevéssont tous
dans cette citation; ils sont développésdans les paragraphes A.5, A.6,
A.9, A.12 (abus de pouvoir), B.5, C.3, C.5,D.1 (erreurs essentiellesayant
provoqué un mal-jugé), D.2 et D.3 (absence d'examen complet). Notons

que les explications sont sommaires, parfois remplacéespar de simples
affirmations sans indication de preuve.

23. Les observations du Secrétaire généralsur l'exposéécritdu requé-
rant ont une page et demie (AlAC.86lR.60). Quant au rapport du Co-
mité, il est de mêmedimension et indique seulement comment furent
votées lesdeux questions transmises à la Cour, sans aucune information
sur le débat (AlAC.86114) qui a occupé les quatre séances.On remar-
quera que seulsles Etatscomposant le Comitésont mentionnéset qu'il est
donc impossible de savoir qui, en fait, siégeait.
L'article VI1 de son règlement intérieur permet au Comité d'enquêter
sur l'affaire, de demander des exposéscomplémentaires; rien de cela ne
fut fait(A/AC.86/2/Rev. 1).
24. 11est difficile de croire, dans ces conditions de mutisme total du
Comité, que la demande, d'une dizaine de pages, ait pu par elle-même
convaincre les membres du Comitéqu'il y avait des bases sérieusespour

une réformation et, en toute objectivité,le document n'est pas décisif.
Certes, ily a les quatre-vingt-douze annexes dont beaucoup sont perti-
nentes mais elles ne sont pas distribuées aux membres du Comitéqui sont
seulement informésqu'ils ((peuventprendre connaissance du texte de ces
annexes au bureau du secrétairedu Comité))(AlAC.86lR.59, p. 17).Il en
est de mêmepour le dossier du Tribunal administratif concernant l'affaire
qui est simplement déposéchez le secrétaire du Comité. Combien de
membres du Comitéont passédans ce bureau le temps nécessaire à la
lecture età l'annotation du dossier, ou de ces quatre-vingt-douze annexes
qui constituent une documentation considérable, il était permis de se
poser laquestion; elleest demeurée sansréponse.
25. Le 29mars 1973,exerçant le droitde chaque membre de la Courde
poser aux parties les questions qu'il estime utiles son information, j'ai
demandéau Secrétariatde communiquer àla Cour lesenregistrementsdes
quatre séancesdu Comitédans l'affaire actuelle. J'ai reçu le 5 avril la
communication suivante :

«Les enregistrements des quatre séancesdu Comité des demandes
de réformation dans l'affaire Faslaexistent bien mais aucune trans-
cription n'en a étéfaite, le Comiténe l'ayant pas demandéetn'ayant
pas autorisé la diffusion des bandes. Contrairement aux procès-ver-
baux inextenso et aux comptes rendus analytiques sous leur forme
définitive, lesenregistrements n'ont jamais été considérécomme des
documents officielscar les délégations n'ontpas à leur égardle droit
de rectification qu'elles possèdenten ce qui concerne les procès-ver-
baux et comptes rendus analytiques. De plus, en I'occurrence, les APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. GROS) 26 1

Al1the important terms for the definition of the objections raised are
to be found in this qiiotation; they are enlarged upon in paragraphs A.5,

A.6, A.9, A.12 (misuse of powers), B.5, C.3, D.l (fundamental errors in
procedure which have occasioned a failure of justice), D.2 and D.3
(failure toconsider every claim). Be it noted that the explanations are of a
summary nature and are sometimes replaced by mere assertions without
any mention of evidence.
23. The comments of the Secretary-General on the applicant's written
statement take up no more than one page and a half (AlAC.86lR.60).
The report of the Committee (A/AC.86/14) is of like exiguity and simply
indicates the voting on the two questions transmitted to the Court,
without conveying ianything of the discussion which occupied four
meetings. It will be noted that only the States composing the Committee
are mentioned andthat it is therefore impossible to know who in fact sat.
Article VI 1of the Committee's Provisional Rules of Procedure (A/AC.
86/2/Rev. 1')enables the Committee to enquire into the case by inviting
additional information or views, but nothing of that kind was done.
24. Given the extreme reticence of the Committee, are we to suppose
that the ten or so pages of the application could in themselves have
sufficed to convince its members that there existed a substantial basis for

a review? That is hard to believe and, in al1objectivity, the document is
not decisive. There are, itis true, its 92 annexes, of which many are
relevant, butthese were not distributed to the members of the Committee,
who were simply informed that they were "available for consultation ...
in the Office of the: Committee's Secretary" (AIAC.86lR.59, p. 22).
Similarly, the case-fileof the Administrative Tribunal is merely deposited
in the office of the Secretary of the Committee. How many members
spent in that office the time required for reading and annotating the
case-file orhose 92 annexes which add up to a considerable documenta-
tion? It was legitimate to wonder, and well one might; the question has
remained unanswere'd.
25. On 29 March 1973, exercising the right of every Member of the
Court to put to parties the questions he would like answered for his
own information, 1 requested the Secretariat to communicate to the
Court the recordings of the four meetings of the Committee on the
present case. On 5 April 1received the following reply:

"Tape recordings exist of four meetings of Committee on Applica-
tions for Review in Fasla case, but no transcript has been made
from these taper; as Committee did not request a transcript nor did
it authorizerele,aseof tapes. Unlike verbatim records and summary
records in final form, tapes have never been considered officia1
records as they have not been subject to right of correction by
delegations which is exercised in relation to verbatim or summary
records. Moreover, in this instance statements recorded on tapes
were made by d~rlegationsin closed meeting with belief on their part déclarations enregistrées sur bandesont étfaites par les délégations
lors de séances privéeset avec la conviction de leur part qu'ellesne
seraient pas divulguéessans leur permission. Nous sommes donc
contraints de conclure que ces bandes ne constituent pas un docu-

ment officielet qu'ellesontun caractèreconfidentiel.

26. Ma première remarque est que la suppression du débat oral en
cette affaire porte atteinte au droit des membres de la Cour d'obtenir des
informations. Parce qu'on ne veut pas ouvrir le débat oralau fonction-
naire intéressé,on le ferme à l'administration- qui, visiblement, n'y
trouve pas d'inconvénient - et au juge. Un échangeécrit prolongéeût
étésans portéepuisque la Cour, différantsur le fond du débatautant que
sur le comportement du Comité,n'étaitpas intéressée à connaître autre
chose que ledossier ensapossession. C'estla raison pour laquelled'autres
questions n'ont pas étéposées,par d'autres juges et par moi-même,par
déférenceaux vues de la Cour.

Cette situation m'amène àdire pourquoi je ne puis accepter la thèsedu
Secrétariatsur le caractèreconfidentiel des séancesdu Comitévis-à-visde
la Cour, dans une demande de réformationqui lui est soumise. Je remar-

que en passant que la réponsene semble pas émanerdu Comitépour
lequel il est répondu,ce qui confirme les doutes sur son caractère orga-
nique et permanent.

27. Le Comitéest, dans l'hypothèsela plus indulgente, dans la situa-
tion où serait l'Assemblée générale elle-mêe mxaminant un projet de
demande d'avis consultatif; personne n'imagine qu'un tel débat puisse
être«confidentiel» et qu'on prétende endissimuler la teneur à la Cour.
Dans chaque affaire où un avis a été demandé parle Conseil de sécurité
ou par l'Assemblée génératlo eus les débatsont été transmis à la Cour.
Mais; pour une demande d'avis de réformation.il est bien plus anormal
encore de supposer que l'Assemblée généralaeurait pu opérerdans le
secret si elle s'étaitattribué le pouvoir de décidersi la demande devait
êtretransmise à la Cour.La Cour en 1954a dit sans ambages pourquoi
l'Assemblée généralnee pouvait avoir aucune place dans une procédure
juridictionnelle de revision des jugements (supra, paragraphe 3); son

prononcévisait toute laprocédure,non seulementla décision finalesur la
revision mais aussi cequi y conduisait. Or nous avons, avec la réponsedu
Secrétariat,un Comitésecret qui pourrait déciderdiscrétionnairementde
la revision par la Cour, ce que, en 1955,personne n'aurait songé à sug-
géreralors que, s'agissant de l'Assembléegénéraleelle-même,il n'avait
pas étéquestion de lui confier un rôle quelconque dans l'organisation
d'une voiede recours que tout le monde déclarait vouloirjudiciaire.

28. Je ne puis accepter qu'il y ait un secret contre le juge dans un

100 that no disclosure would be made without their permission. We are
thus compelled to conclude that these tapes do not constitute
an officia1record and that they possess a confidential character."

26. My first observation is that the elimination of the oral proceedings
in this case prejudiced the right of Members of the Court to obtain
information. Unwillingness to open the door of oral argument for the
staff member concermedhas led to its being closed not only to the ad-
ministration-which obviously did not mind-but also to the judge.
A prolonged writteri exchange would have had little effect, since the
Court, adopting a di:fferentview on the substantive aspect of the case no
less than on the contiuct of the Committee, was not interested in taking
cognizance of anything other than the file in its possession. That is why
other questions were not put, by other judges and myself, who refrained
out of deference to the views of the Court.
This situation impels me to explain why 1 am unable to accept the
Secretariat's argument as to the confidential character of the Committee's
meetings where the Court is concerned, in the case of an application for
review being referred to it. 1 note incidentally that the reply does not

appear to emanate from the Committee on whose behalf it is given,
which confirms one'isdoubts as to the Committee's organic and perma-
nent character.
27. On the most indulgent hypothesis, the Committee is in the same
position as the General Assembly itself would be in examining a draft
request for advisory opinion; but nobody (would imagine that such a
discussion could be "confidential" and its contents admissibly withheld
from the Court. In every case when an advisory opinion has been re-
quested by the Security Council or the General Assembly, the records of
al1 the discussions have been transmitted to the Court. But where the
opinion requested concerns the review of a judgment, it is even more
abnormal to suppos~ethat the General Assembly, had it conferred upon
itself the power to clecidewhether the request should be transmitted to
the Court, could have operated in secret. In 1954the Court said in plain
terms why the General Assembly could not have any place in a judicial
procedure for the review of judgments (para. 3 above), and this pro-
nouncement embraced the whole of the procedure, i.e., not only the

finaldecision concerning the reviewbut also whatever led up to it. Yet the
Secretariat's reply has shown us a secret cornmittee with, potentially,
discretionary power to decide the question of revision by the Court, and
this is somethng which nobody would have dreamed of suggesting in
1955when, in the case of the General Assembly itself, there had been no
question of entrustiilg it with any role whatever in the organization of a
means of redress wliich, according to the express wish of all, should be
judicial.
28. 1 cannot accept that any secrets should be kept back from thesystèmequ'on a voulu juridictionnel, où l'on a fixédes conditions juridi-

ques à un examen préliminaire d'où dépendl'exercice de la compétence
de réformation par la Cour et je regrette de devoir dire que le refus de
communication des informations jugées nécessairespour une étudesatis-
faisante de la présentedemande de réformation du jugement no 158,non
seulement porte atteinte à la prérogative des membres de la Cour selon
le Statut et au caractère judiciaire de la Cour mais permet de penser que
si le Comitése décidaiten dehors des critères que son propre statut lui
impose, c'est-à-dire pour des raisons de simple opportunité, dépourvues
de tout rapport avec la notion de bases sérieuses,il échapperait à toute
forme de contrôle.
La saisine de la Cour ne peut êtrelaisséeau hasard, ce n'est pas une

loterie. L'exercice d'une compétence de réformationjudiciaire, celle que
l'Assemblée générala e décidéd'instaurer, ne peut être dépendantd'un
comité politiquequi rendrait la justice à la place de la Cour -ce qu'ilfit,
en fait, les quinze fois où il a refusé laréformation - et cela dans le
secret. Dans les systèmesnationaux, où la voie de l'appel est refuséepar
une décisionnon motivée,cette décision estdonnéepar des juges, mem-
bres de la juridiction d'appel; il n'ya aucune similitude.

De deux choses I'une, ou bien les débatsdu Comitésont des échanges
de vues qui montrent qu'il y a un examen sérieuxet la Cour qui n'est pas
un organisme étranger aux Nations Unies doit le savoir, ou ils démon-
trent le contraire et ce barrage ne répond pas aux intentions exprimées
lors de la rédactionde l'article 11. La manière dont la saisine de la Cour

est faite concerne directement la Cour qui a le droit de constater, comme
le disait l'avis de 1956,que le caractèrejudiciaire de la Cour s'en trouve
atteint.

29. On soutient que l'atteinte à la justice n'est pasdans une affaire où
le barrage par le Comitén'a pasjouéet que c'est tout au plus une hypo-
thèse dans les quinze cas où la réformation a étérefusée. L'argument
porte mal car le probème est de savoir, à propos de la seule affaire où le
Comitéa trouvédes bases sérieuses,si la Cour estime que son caractère
judiciaire subit des atteintes, ou non. Le fait que la Cour ne suit pas le
Comité dansle seul cas où il l'a saisie ne donne aucune raison de penser
que le Comitése soit égaréen refusant I'une oul'autre des quinzedeman-

des. Mais il n'y a pas, non plus, de présomption de bien-jugépour ce
Comité.De toute manière, un tel comité, àqui une tâche préjuridiction-
nelle a étéconfiée,doit s'enacquitter comme un juge le ferait. Et l'invoca-
tion du secret par un juge ne serait pas acceptable.

30. On ne peut, en somme, avoir en mêmetemps un barrage par un
comité politique, agissant de manière discrétionnaire et secrète, et dire
qu'il y a là un ((mécanisme )dans la mise en mouvement d'une procédure
de réformation judiciaire. APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. GROS) 263

judge in a system intended to be judicial, a system in which the prelimi-
nary examination on which the exercise by the Court of its review
jurisdiction depends has been made subject to stipulated legal conditions,

and it is,1regret, ml, duty to say that the refusal to communicate infor-
mation deemed necessary for the satisfactory consideration of the present
application for the i-eviewof Judgement No. 158 not only encroaches
upon the prerogative of Members of the Court under the Statute and the
judicial character oflhe Court but suggeststhat if the Committee were to
ignore the criteria irnposed upon it by its own Statute and decide for
reasons, say, of mere expediency, entirely unconnected with the notion of
a substantial basis, it would escape any form of control.
The seisin of the Court cannot be left to chance; it is not a lottery. The
exercise of a compelence for judicial review, which is the kind of juris-
diction that the General Assembly decided to introduce, cannot be
dependent on a political committee appropriating-and in secret, at
that-the Court's roileof rendering justice, which is what it in fact did on
the 15 occasions whien it refused review. When, in municipal systems,
leave to appeal is refused without givingreasons, the decision in question

is rendered by judges who are members of the appellate judiciary; there
is no comparison.
One cannot have it both ways: either the discussions of the Committee
are exchanges of views showing that the applications are properly
considered-in which case the Court, which is not an organism foreign
to the United Nations, should be allowed to know as much-, or they
demonstrate the reverse and the hurdle in question does not correspond
to the intentions expressed when Article Il was drafted. The manner in
which the Court is seised is a matter of direct concern for the Court,
which, as the Advisory Opinion of 1956 pointed out, has the right to
find that itsjudicial characteris thereby prejudiced.
29. It has been argued that the impairment of justice cannot lie in a
case where the hurdle of the Committee was cleared and that it is hypo-
thetical at the most in the 15 cases where review was refused. This

argument is misdireirted, for the problem is whether the Court considers
that its judicial character has or has not suffered in one way or another,
in relation to the only application which the Committee has found to
have a substantial basis. The fact that the Court has not followed the
Committee in the orilycase it has referred to it is no reason for supposing
that the Cominittee went astray in refusing one or other of the 15other
applications. Neither, on the other hand, is there any presumption as to
the correctness of the Cornmittee's decisions. But in any case, such a
committee. having arpre-judicial task entrusted to it, must discharge that
task as a judge would. And it would not be acceptable for a judge to cal1
secrecy in aid.
30. In sum, one cannot have a political committee, discretionary and
secretive in operation, set up a hurdle, and at theame time claim to have
provided "machinery" for initiating a procedure of judicial review. Si l'examen du Comitén'est pas un examen de l'existence de bases

sérieusespour une réformation, comme l'exige l'article 11 qui institue
la compétencede la Cour et dont elle est le garant, un examen fait d'un
point de vue judiciaire, et non un simple débat sur l'opportunité dela
demande, nous ne sommes pas dansla voiejudiciaire de réformationque
l'on s'est engagéà établir,et la Cour se devait de le constater. Ceci d'au-
tant plus que la Cour accepte qu'on lui oppose un simple règlement in-
térieurde comitéet que, au début,ce même règlemena tvait institué des
procès-verbauxde séances.

31. Le dossier apporte une confirmationflagrante de ces vueset éclaire
le fonctionnement du Comité comme «mécanisme»d'une procédure
devant être portéedevant la Cour. Parmi les indications parcimonieuses
fournies à la Cour sur les quatre réunionsdu Comité,se trouvaient deux
documents très brefs. Le premier, intitulé«Note du Secrétariat))(AIAC.
861R.61)daté du 13juin 1972,indique qu'à la deuxième séancedu Co-

mité, tenuecejour, il a étédemandéque quatre questions soient exami-
nées,correspondant aux griefs de l'article 11,et que le Comité adécidé
«en ce qui concerne la requêteexaminée qu'ilne voterait que sur les
questions 2et 4»,cellesquifurent finalement posées àla Cour. Lerapport
du Comité, limité à deux pages, ne dit rien de cette séancedu 13juin. Le
second document, du 19juin 1972,comporte une proposition de la Zam-
bie prévoyant trois questions à la Cour, la troisièmeétant,en plus des
deux qui furent posées:«Toute autre question se rapportant aujugement
rendu par le Tribunal administratif))(AlAC.86lR.63). Le rapport du Co-
mité n'indiquepas ce qu'il est advenu de cette proposition àla séancedu
19juin. Maisil montre que leComité a d'abord votéle19sur chacunedes
deux questions telles qu'ellesfurent poséesà la Cour, comme s'ilétaitla
Cour,et ensuite seulementsur la question: «La demande repose-t-ellesur
des bases sérieusesau sens de l'article Il...?)) (paragraphe 7). Le même

rapport, paragraphe 10, inverse l'ordre des problèmeset met en têtela
décisiondu Comitésur l'existencede bases sérieuses. Sansattacher une
importance exagérée àcette contradiction, cesdocuments étantcependant
les seuls quela Cour fût admise à connaître, ils montrent d'une part que
le Comitéa volontairement restreint àdeux les propositions dont il avait
étésaisi et qui portaient sur tous les griefs de réformation prévusdans
l'article 11d'autre part la preuve est au dossier que le Comité,au lieu
d'examiner, de débattreet de se prononcer sur la question des bases sé-
rieuses, a votésurle fond mêmedesquestions quisont aujourd'hui devant
la Cour. Quelque explication qu'on tente de fournir, le Comité aagi par
ses votes comme un juge en premier ressort.

32. La Cour n'a corrigéque partiellement cette situation en interpré-

tant la demande pour y inclure le grief d'abus de pouvoir; mais elle s'est
refusée à envisager un contrôle de l'activitédu Comité,bien que celui-ci If the consideratiointo which the Committee proceeds is not directed
to the ascertainment of the existence of any substantial bases for review,
as is required by Article 11, which founds and is the warrant for the

jurisdiction of the Court, if it is not an examination carried out from a
judicial viewpoint,rtither than a mere discussion of the expediencyof the
application, it has nothing to do with the judicialeans of redress which
it had been undertak:en to establish, and the Court owed it to itself to
make a finding in that sense-especially as it has accepted the mere rules
of procedure of a cornmittee as a valid rejoinder and those very rules, at
the beginning, had provided for the discussions to be minuted.
31. The documents made available provide a blatant confirmation of
the foregoing views and shed light upon the functioning of the Com-
mittee as the "machinery" of a procedure for reference to the Court.
Among the parsimoiiious indications furnished to the Court in regard
to the four meetings of the Committee there were two very brief docu-
ments. The first, emtitled "Note by the Secretariat" (A/AC.86/R.61),
dated 13 June 1972,indicates that at the second meeting of the Com-
mittee, held that day, a request was made for the examination of four
questions corresponding to the grounds of objection listed in Article 11,
andthat the Commiti.eedecided "in connexion with the application under
consideration, to vate only on questions 2 and 4", those which were
finally put to the Court. The report of the Committee, only two pages
long, says nothing of'this meeting of 13June. The second document, of
19 June 1972, comprises a suggestion by Zambia providing for three

questions to be put to the Court, the third in addition tothose eventually
put being: "Any other question relevant to the judgement of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal" (.4/AC.86/R.63). The report of the Committee does
not indicatewhat bec:ameof this proposal at the meeting of 19June. But
it does show that the Committee, on that date, first voted on each of the
two questions finally put to the Court, just as if it were the Court, and
then only on the question: "1s there a substantial basis forthe application
of Mr. Mohamed Faislaunder theterms of article 11 .. .?"(para. 7). The
same report, in-paragraph 10, inverts the order of the problems and
begins with the Conimittee's decision on the existence of a substantial
basis. Though one vrould not wish to attach undue importance to this
contradiction, these were the only documents of which the Court was
given knowledge ancl they show, on the one hand, how the Committee
deliberately restricted to two the proposed questions laid before it, which
covered al1the grounds of objection provided for in Article 11,and, on
the other hand, how the Committee, instead of considering, discussing
and finding upon the question of substantial bases, voted on the actual
merits of the questions now before the Court. Whatever explanation it
may be sought to pro~videt,he Committee, in its voting, acted like a court
of first instance.

32. The Court har;but partly corrected this situation by interpreting
the request insuch a.wayasto include the complaint of misuseof powers;
but it has refused to contemplate any supervision of the Committee'sse soit comporté comme un juge. Le Comité devient,dans cette concep-
tion, un juge sans appel, avec un pouvoir discrétionnaire absolu. C'est
une défiguration du systèmede réformation judiciaire instituéen 1955et
confié àla Cour.

33. Tout en admettant que la Cour est compétente selon l'article 11
pour juger des affaires de réformation, pour les motifs indiquésaux para-
graphes 12 à 32,je n'avais d'autre choix que répondre par la négativàla
première question que s'est poséela Cour.

34. Au cours de l'étudedu projet d'article 11 à l'Assemblée générale
et au Comitéspécial,des doutes avaient été expriméfsort ouvertement sur
la possibilitépourlaCour d'accepter le rôle qu'on luiproposait; ceci pour
rappeler l'ambiance, car, comme l'a dit la Cour, il n'est pas toujours
nécessairede faire appel aux travaux préparatoires del'Assemblée géné-
rale pour interpréter une résolution(Certaines dépensesdesNations Unies,

C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 156). En appliquant la directive donnée par la
Cour en 1956 sur la nécessitéde s'assurer dans chaque affaire de réfor-
mation que le Statut et le caractère judiciaire de la Cour ne font pas ob-
stacleà ce que la Cour donne un avis, jeconsidère que, aussi bien pour
l'application du Statut que pour le respect du caractère judiciaire de la
Cour, il eût éténécessairede procéderdifféremment à l'instruction de la
présentedemande de réformation et à son règlement.

35. Tout d'abord, l'instruction d'une demande de réformation, après
que la Cour a décidé de ne pas accepter un débatoral, setrouve déjàde ce
fait limitéedans les moyens d'action laissés la Cour. Cependant de tels
moyens existent, singulièrement dans les articles 48, 49 et0:du Statut;
l'utilisation de ces moyens n'a pas été acceptéepar la Cour alors que je
les tiens pour une condition indispensable d'une véritableinstruction de

l'affaire.
36. Dans toute affaire, contentieuse ou consultative, la Cour est in-
forméepar la double procédure, écriteet orale et par le fait que l'instruc-
tion est en généralmenéepar les Parties qui, dans le contentieux, n'ont
aucun intérêt à laisser des zones imprécisesdans leur dossier, et dans la
procédure consultative par les organisations et par les Etats qui inter-
viennent pour éclairerlaCour.Dans une affaire de réformation,l'organi-
sation est l'une des Parties et, tant devant le Tribunal administratif qui
l'a censuréesur ce point, que devant la Cour, l'instruction de son côtéest
demeuréeincomplète.De l'autre côté,comment s'attendre, en ce qui con-
cerne l'ancien fonctionnaire,à ce qu'il puisseapporterà la Cour tous les
éléments d'une contestation où lesparties ne sont paségales?C'estun point
bien connu detoute juridiction administrative et la Cour elle-mêmeavait
en 1956 manifesté plus d'indulgenceen disant:activity, even though the Committee behaved like a court. Thus viewed,

the Committee beconles a judge whose decisions are without appeal and
whose discretionary power is absolute. That is a disfigurement of the
system ofjudicial rev.iewinstituted in 1955and entrusted to the Court.
33. While 1 agree ithat the Court has jurisdiction under Article 11 to
judge review cases, the reasons indicated in paragraphs 12-32left me no
other choice but to return a negative reply to the first question put by the
Court.

34. At the time wi-ienthe draft of Article 11was being considered by
the General Assembly and in the Special Committee, doubts were quite
openly expressed as to the possibility of the Court's accepting the role
proposed for it; this 1mention by way of recalling the atmosphere, for,
as the Court once indicated, it is not always necessary to enlist the pro-
ceedings of the Genieral Assembly for the purpose of interpreting a
resolution (Certain fipenses of the United Nations, I.C.J. Reports 1962,

p. 156). Following the guideline given by the Court in 1956 as to the
necessity of making sure in each case of review that there is nothing in the
Statute or the judicial character of the Court to prevent it from giving
an advisory opinion, 1consider that the right application of the Statute
and observance of the judicial character of the Court necessitated a
different approach to both the investigation and the disposition of the
present application for review.
35. In the firstplace, once the Court has decided not to accept any
oral statements, the iinvestigativestage of any proceedings for review is
limited by that very fact sofar asthe means of action left to the Courtare
concerned. Nevertheless such means do exist, as it happens, in Articles 48,
49 and 50of thestatute; the Court did not agree that these means should
be employed, whereas 1 consider them an indispensable condition for
any proper investigation of the case.
36. In al1cases, whether contentious or advisory, the Court acquires
its information through the dual form of both written and oral proceed-
ings, and through the fact that the investigation is generally taken care

of in contentious proceedings by the parties themselves, who have nothing
to gain by leaving areas of vagueness in their case, and in advisory
proceedings by the organizations and States whose participation serves
to enlighten the Court. In a review case, the Organization is one of the
parties and, both before the Administrative Tribunal, which rebuked it
on this point, and before the Court, the information it provided in the
present instance, remained incomplete. How, on the other hand, can one
expect the former sta.ffmember to be able to provide the Court with al1
the facts and factors iina dispute the parties to which arenot equal? That
is a point with whic:hal1 administrative tribunals are familiar, and the
Court itself showed niore indulgence in 1956when it said- «La Cour ne saurait attacher à cette disposition [l'article II,
paragraphe 5, du statut du Tribunal de l'OIT] un sens formaliste
qui consisteraità exiger que dans sa requête,le fonctionnaire indi-
quât d'une façon expresse telle ou telle stipulation ou disposition
dont il entend se prévaloir.D'une part, ce qui doit êtreinvoquéaux
termes de l'article II, paragraphe 5, c'estune inobservation, c'est-à-

dire un acte ou une omission de l'administration; en l'espèce, le
requérant a invoquéle refus de renouveler son contrat. D'autre
part, le Tribunal est qualifiépour rechercher et déterminer quels
sont les textes applicablesà la prétention qui lui est soumise. Pour
admettre la compétencedu Tribunal, il suffit de constater que les
prétentionsénoncéesdans la requêterentrent, par leur nature, dans
le cadre définipar l'article II, paragraphe 5, du Statut du Tribunal
administratif et précisédans une autre partie du présent avis.»
(C.I.J. Recueil 1956, p. 88.)

37. Il était donc admis que le fonctionnaire, moins informéd'un dos-
sier dont il ne peut connaître que les documents dont il étaitle destina-
taire, moins bien armépour le contentieux que l'organisation elle-même,
se trouvait en somme dans une position de relative inférioritéqu'il ne
fallait pas aggraver par des exigences de formalisme. C'est encore une

façon de reconnaître la nécessité absolue de I'égalitGe,n droit et en fait,
entre lesparties. Et lorsque la Cour constatait que leTribunal administra-
tif étaitqualifiépour rechercher le droit applicable la prétentionqui lui
étaitsoumise, quellequ'en ait étéla présentatione,llene faisait que rappe-
ler un principe constant de toute organisation judiciaire, l'obligationpour
lejuge de s'informersur le droit et sur lesfaits d'une affairepar lesmoyens
qui sont à sa disposition.

J'estime que l'instruction de la demande de M. Fasla devant la Cour
n'a pu êtremenéedans des conditions satisfaisantes, faute de débatoral
où desquestions auraient pu êtreposées à l'organisation et au requérant,
et faute d'enquêteou de demande d'explicationsau cours du délibéré de
la Cour. Dans l'avisconsultatif du 21juin 1971,dixjuges posèrenttrente-
trois questions, ce qui montre, il me semble, l'intérdtu système (Consé-
quencesjuridiquespour lesEtats de laprésence continud ee l'Afriquedu Sud
en Namibie (Sud-Ouest africain) nonobstantla résolution276 (1970) du

Conseildesécurité).
38. Il faut bien voir en effetque,à partir d'un refus de débat oral,les
règlesde procédure internede la Cour ont pour effetque l'instruction de
la demande se confond entièrement avec l'étudedu dossier en vue d'une
délibérationet d'une décisionsur l'ensemble, c'est-à-direqu'il n'y aurait
eu d'instruction comme phase séparéedu jugement que si la Cour avait
estimé,comme moi-même,qu'une enquêteet des explications complé-
mentaires étaientnécessairesavant d'allerplus loin.
Le refus d'admettre l'utilitépour laCour d'aucune explication complé-
mentaire par rapport au dossier qui lui a étéremis a désormaisréglé la "The Court ca.nnotattach to this provision [Article II, paragraph
5, of the Statute: of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal] any purely
forma1 meaning so as to require that the officia1should expressly
indicate in his complaint the particular term or provision on which
he intends to rely. In the first place, what must be aileged, according
to Article II, paragraph5, is non-observance, namely, some act or
omission on the part of the Administration; in the present case, the
complainant invoked the refusa1to renew his contract. Secondly,the

Tribunal is entitled to ascertain and to determine what are the texts
applicable tothe:claim submitted to it. In order to admit that the
Tribunal had juriisdiction, itufficientto find that the claimsset out
in the complaint are, by their nature, such as to fa11within the
framework of AirticleII, paragraph 5,of the Statute of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal in the sense indicated in another part of this
Opinion." (Z.C. RJeports'1956,p. 88.)

37. It was therefore conceded that the staff member, being less well
informed of a fileof which he could know only the documents addressed
to himself, less welliarmedfor the contest than the Organization itself,
was in sum in a position of relative inferiority which one should avoid
aggravating by formcalisticrequirements. This is another way of recog-
nizing the absolute inecessityof equality, in law and in fact, between
parties. And when th.eCourt held that the Administrative Tribunal was
entitled to ascertain the law applicable to the claim submitted to it,
however presented, it was simply recalling a constant principle of al1
judicial organization, namely the obligation that lies upon a judge to
acquire knowledge ofthe law and the facts involved in a case by whatever
means are at his disposal.
1 consider that it has been impossible for the Court to conduct a
satisfactory investigartioninto Mr. Fasla's claim, for want of an oral

phase during which questions could have been put to the Organization
and the applicant, and failing any enquiry or request for explanations
during the deliberation of the Court. In the proceedings prior to the
Advisory Opinion of 21 June 1971, ten judges put 33 questions, which
shows, or soit seems to me, that thereis somepoint in the system (Legal
Consequencesfor St,ates of the Continued Presence of South A,frica in
Namibiu (South WestAfrica) notwithstanding Securit.~CouncilResolution
276 (1970)).
38. It must indeeclbe clearly realized that, once oral proceedings are
refused, the effectof the Court's ownrules of interna1procedure is a total
merger of the enquiry stage with the study of the case-filefor therpose
of deliberation and decision on the whole, that is to say that therc would
have been an investigation as a phase separate from the adjudication
only if the Court hadlconsidered, as 1did, that an enquiry and additional
explanations were required before going ahead.
The matter was settled for the present proceedings by the refusal to
admit that the Coiirt would be in any way served by explanationsmatièrepour l'affaireactuelle. Je persiste cependantà penser qu'une telle
décision de non-usage des articles 48, 49 et 50 du Statut a créédans
l'espèceune inégalitéde fait et de droit à l'encontre du fonctionnaire.
II n'est pas en mon pouvoir, faute d'informations, d'élaborerplus avant;
je dois cependant dire, pour montrer sur quel point ily avait matière à

enquête,que le motif de l'attitude de l'administration vis-à-visdu requé-
rant ne se dégagepas suffisamment du dossier. Une instruction de I'af-
faire était donc essentielle pour redresser la situation d'inégalentre les
parties; le Statut le prévoyaitet en donnait les moyens. Une fois encore
I'avisde 1956est dans le même sens :

«La Cour n'est pas limitée à l'examen des motifs que le Tribunal

administratif a expressément invoqués à l'appui de sa décision;
elle doit arriver, pour lesmotifs qu'ellejugera déterminants, à sa
propre décision au sujet de la compétence du Tribunal.)) (C.I.J.
Recueil 1956, p. 87; c'est moi qui souligne.)
«Au sujet de la compétence))recouvre la notion crééedans l'article 11
du statut du Tribunal administratif de non-exercice de la juridictionà la

spite de I'incompétenceet de l'excèsde juridiction. Et c'est là que je me
sépareprofondément de la voie suivie par la Cour dans ses réponsesaux
questions II et III du présent avis. Comment trouver d'autres motifs
déterminants si la Cour restreint par principe son examen à ceux qu'elle
trouve dans le jugement du Tribunal, ce qu'ellea fait d'une façon cons-
tante et délibérée? C'esc tette différence essentielled'approche du pro-
blèmequi est à la base de mon dissentiment sur la manièrede procédera
l'instruction et au jugement de cette demande de réformation.

39. La Cour a décidéque dans la tâche de réformation instituéepar
l'article 11elle n'avait pas pour missionde refaire le procès maisde don-
ner son avis sur lesquestions qui lui sont soumises au sujet des objections
soulevées contre le jugement)) (paragraphe 47 de I'avis). Et la Cour

s'appuie sur un passage de l'avis de 1956,citéau paragraphe 48 du pré-
sent avis, dont l'essentiel est qu'«une contestation de l'affirmation de
compétencene peut êtretransformée en une procédure contre la façon
dont la compétence a été exercéeou contre le fond de la décision)),autre
manière en effet de dire qu'on ne peut refaire le procès(cf. aussi le para-
graphe 65 du présent avis).

40. L'avis de 1956,en général,et en particulier dans le passage citéau
paragraphe 48 du présent avis, s'applique à l'article XII du statut du
Tribunal de l'OIT qui ne prévoit que la contestation de la décisiondu
Tribunal affirmant sa compétence et le cas de faute essentielle dans la
procédure. Deux cas en somme, l'incompétenceet le vice de forme qui,
en effet, sont détachablesdu fond detoute affaire et ne peuvent, comme le
dit la Cour en 1956,être((transformés))en une actionconcernant le fond. APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW(DISS. OP. GROS) 267

supplementing the carse-filealready laid before it. 1 nevertheless persist
in believing thatsuch.a decision not to use Articles 48, 49 and 50 of the
Statute give rise in the present proceedings to a clfacto and de jure
inequality from which the staff member suffered. For wsnt of informa-

tion, it is not in my power toenlarge hereon; 1 ought however to add, in
order to show in regard to what point there was occasion to make an
enquiry, that the reason for the attitude of the administration to the
applicant is not sufficiently clear from the file. An investigation of the
case was therefore essential if the inequality between the parties was to
be redressed; for this the Statute made provision and provided the
means. Once again, i.he Advisory Opinion of 1956takes the same Iine:
"The Court is not confined to an examination of the grounds of

decision expressly invoked by the Tribunal; it must reach its decision
on grounds whicii itconsidersdecisirv with regard to the jurisdiction
of the Tribunal." (I.C.J. Reports 1956,p. 87; emphasis added.)

"With regard to the jurisdiction" covers the notion, introduced in
Article 11of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal,
of failure to exercise jurisdiction, subsequent to those of lack of juris-
diction and action in excess ofjurisdiction.

This is where my path sharply diverges from that taken by the Court in
its answers to Questions II and IIIin the present Advisory Opinion. How
is it possible to find any other decisive reasons if the Court restricts its
examinationonprinciple to those it findsin the Judgement of theTribunal,
which is what the Court has unswervingly and deliberately done? It is
this essential difference of approach to the problem which underlies my
dissent as to the way in which the Court should have set about investi-
gating and judging this application for review.
39. The Court has decided that within the role of review instituted by
Article 11 it is not its task "to retry the case but to give its opinion on
the questions submitted to it concerningthe objections lodged against the
Judgement" (Advisory Opinion, para. 47). For this the Court finds
authority in a passage from the Advisory Opinion of 1956, cited in
paragraph 48 of the present Opinion, the essential part of which is that
"A challenge of a decision confirming jurisdiction cannot properly be
transformed into a procedure against the manner in which jurisdiction
has been exercised 01against the substance of the decision"-which is in
effectanother way of'sayingthat one may not retry the case (cf. also para.

65 of the present Advisory Opinion).
40. The 1956Advisory Opinion, both in general and, moreparticularly,
in the passage cited in paragraph 48 of the present Opinion, applies to
Article XII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, which
provides only for challenges to decisions of the Tribunal confirming
jurisdiction and cases of fundamental fault of procedure. It applies in
other words to two situations-lack of jurisdiction and forma1 defect-
which in fact are detachable from the substance of any case and, as theEncore aujourd'hui, dans une demande de réformation fondéesur l'ar-
ticle XII du statut du Tribunal del'OIT, il faudrait redire la mêmechose.

Maisl'article 11n'est pas l'article XII, ni la réformation desjugements
du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies la mêmeprocédureque celle
desjugements du Tribunal de l'OIT. C'estpeut-être regrettable,mais ici
encore la Cour prend les systèmesde recours tels qu'ilssont. Le prononcé

de 1956est-ildonc applicable,sanschangement, àl'article 1l?

41. L'article II admet la possibilitéde réformation si «le Tribunal a
outrepassésa juridiction ou sa compétence ou n'a pas exercésa juridic-
tion ou a commis une erreur de droit concernant les dispositions de la
Charte des Nations Unies ou a commis, dans la procédure, une erreur
essentielle qui a provoquéun mal-jugé...)).Nous retrouvons l'incompé-
tence et le vice de forme, mais déjàla chose se complique pour cette er-
reur qui a provoquéun mal-jugé puisqu'il y a un élémens tupplémentaire
par rapport à l'article XII. Surtout, il y a deux cas nouveaux, le non-
exercice de la juridiction et l'erreur de droit pour lesquels je vois mal
comment il est possible de dire, comme s'il s'agissait encore de l'article
XII du Tribunal de l'OIT, que rien de ceci ne serattache d'une manière
quelconque au fond, tel qu'il a étéjugépar le Tribunal et que la Cour ne
peut reprendre le procèssur aucun élémend t u fond. Les raisons du pro-
noncé de 1956-n'étantplus applicables il faut le réexamineret s'il de-
meure exact de dire qu'une allégationd'incompétencene permet pas de

contrôler le fond, il ne l'est pasd'utiliserla mêmeinterdiction s'il allé-
gation d'erreur de droit. Quel juge pourrait jamais décider d'uneerreur
de droit sans contrôler le fond, par définition?

42. Ceci dispose de l'application sans nuance de l'avis de 1956dans
une théorie de la réformation desjugements d'après l'article11. Mais il
en est restécette déduction que la Cour, parce qu'il s'agitd'une réfor-
mation, ne peut en tout cas pas refaire le procès. C'est pourtant ce que
prévoit l'article11,non pas certes d'une manière générale et pour n'im-
porte quelmotif, maisen casd'allégationde non-exercicede lajuridiction,
d'erreur de droit et de mal-jugé.

43. Une opinion qui n'a pas entraîné la conviction de la Cour doit
êtrerestreinteà l'essentiel; j'aimontréque le choixdela règleadoptéepar
la Cour l'amenait à cette sorte de séparation artificielleentre compétence
et fond, nécessairepour l'interprétation de l'article XII du statut du

Tribunal de l'OIT, inexacte pour l'interprétationde I'article11du statut
du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies. Une autre conséquencede
cette attitude est que la Cour, s'étantinterdit de refaire le procès,ase
106Court said in 1956, cannot be "transformed" into a procedure con-
cerning the substance of the decision. Today, if there were an application
for review based upori Article XII of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, it
would still be necessaryto say the same.
But Article 11is not Article XII, nor is the procedure for the review
of the judgements of'the United Nations Administrative Tribunal the
same as that for review of the judgments of the IL0 Administrative
Tribunal. This is pei:haps regrettable, but here again the Court must
consider each system of redress for what it is. 1sit then possible to apply
the pronouncement of 1956,unchanged, to Article 1l?
41. Article 11allolvs for the possibility of reviewif "the Tribunal has
exceeded its jurisdicition or competence or . .. has failed to exercise
jurisdiction vested in it, or has erred on a question of law relating to the
provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, or has committed a
fundamental error in procedure which has occasioned a failure of
justice". Here we aga:inencounter the notions of lack of jurisdiction and
formal defect, but in the latter case a complication is already present in
the reference to an error which has occasioned a failure of justice, since
there wehave an additional factor in comparison with Article XII. Above
all, there are two nevvhypotheses, that of failure to exercisejurisdiction

and that of error on a question of law, and in respect of these 1cannot
conceive how it is poijsibleto Say,as if it were still a question of Article
XII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, that they have no
connection whatever with the substance of the case, as judged by the
Tribunal, and that the Court may not re-open the case on any part of the
merits. The reasons for the pronouncement of 1956 being no longer
applicable, it must be re-examined, and if it is still correct to say that an
allegation of lack ofjurisdiction does not authorize an inspection of the
merits, itis incorrect to apply thesame prohibition when it is allegedthat
there has been an error on a question of law. What judge, ex hypothesi,
could ever decidewhcther there has been an error on a question of law
without re-opening the merits?
42. That disposes of the unqualified application of the Advisory
Opinion of 1956 in the doctrine of the review of judgements under
Article 11. One inference trom the earlier proceedings has, however,
persisted, namely that the court is not entitled to retry the case because
it is a question of re7view.That is nevertheless what Article 11provides
for, not, it is true, in a general way and on any ground,but intheeventof
allegations concerning failure to exercisejurisdiction, error on a question
of law and failure ofjustice.
43. An opinion vrhich has left the Court unconvinced should be
limited to essentials;I[have shown how the Court was led by its choice of
rule to effect a kincl of artificial separation between jurisdiction and
substance, which is necessary for the interpretation of Article XII of the
Statute of the IL0 A'drninistrativeTribunal but is incorrect for the inter-
pretation of Article 11of the Statute of the United Nations Administra-
tive Tribunal. Another consequence of this attitude is that the Court,contenter du dossier tel que le Tribunal administratif lui-mêmel'avait
étudiéet des pièces qu'ilavait estiméespertinentes, ainsi que des attendus
et décisionsde ce Tribunal. 11eûtdonc fallu, dans ce système,pour qu'une
réformation fût possible, que ce fût le Tribunal lui-mêmequi en fournisse
les preuves. C'est beaucoup demander.

44. Ceci étant,il m'est évidemment impossiblede refaire l'instruction
et d'en tirer les éléments d'une décision différente puisque md esmandes
de complément du dossier demeurent insatisfaites. Je ne puis que dire
brièvement pourquoi, saisie d'une demande de réformation, la Cour peut
demander un complément d'information lorsque cela est utile, et dans
quelle mesure ce complément était nécessairedans la présente affaire.

45. La réformation prévue à l'article 11peut êtrefondéesur des illéga-
lités formelles et sur des illégalités visantou touchant le fond, comme
c'est le cas du non-exercice dela juridiction, de l'erreur de droit, dul-
jugé à la suite d'une erreur essentielle. Ce sont des griefs spécifiquesmais
bien plus larges que ceux de l'articleXII du statut du Tribunal de l'OIT.
Pour que le systèmede réformation ainsi institué fonctionne convenable-
ment, je tiens que la Cour, dans l'instruction et le délibérd'une affaire,

n'est pas restreinte au contenu du dossier tel qu'il lui est remis, ni par la
formulation des questions poséespar le Comité.Ce dernier point ayant
été concédp éar la Cour je n'y ajoute rien. Reste le problème du dossier,
c'est-à-dire des preuves.

46. Réformer ou reviser est une opérationjuridique exigeante et qui,
dans le cadre d'une institution juridiquement constituée comme l'est
une organisation internationale, doit être faite dans l'intérêdte tous les
intéresséset avec le moindre formalisme. La société que constituent I'ad-
ministration, le personnel et les Etats, est, dans ce sens, un monde clos,
aux règlesparticulières; on a décidéd'y apporter la justice et, singulière-
ment, la voie de réformation judiciaire des jugements du Tribunal ad-
ministratif. Entrela règleadoptéepar la Cour de ne pas refaire le procès
et l'impossibilitéde procéder à l'Œuvre de revision sans une forme de
réexamen une bonnesolution devrait setrouver.

47. Le rejet de la demande par la Cour est fondé sur une analyse du
jugement du Tribunal et seulement de cejugement; c'est une vérification

de la légalitéd'un jugement par l'intérieur. C'est ce qui me paraît une
erreur de base. Tout juge du premier degré donne à la solution du pro-
blème qui lui est poséun caractère certain par son jugement qui serait
définitifs'il n'yavait pas de recours. Le seul fait du recours enlèveau
jugement son caractère de certitude judiciaire et le juge de réformation APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP. GROS) 269

having forbidden itsi:lf to retry, has had to content itself with the case-
fileas considered by itheAdministrative Tribunal and with the documents
the Tribunal deemed relevant, as also with its consideranda and de-

cisions. On that basiis,therefore, if review was to have been possible at
all, it would have hatdto be'the Tribunal itself which provided the evi-
dence. That is a grealtdeal to ask.
44. That being so, it is obviously impossible for me to re-examine the
case and in that wa,yto assemble the elements of a different decision,
because my requests for additional information remain unsatisfied. 1can
only say, briefly, why the Court is entitled, when seised with an applica-
tion for review, to re'questfurther information whenever it thinks fit, and
to what extent such additional knowledge was necessary in the present
case.

45. The review provided for in Article 11 may be founded on forma1
illegalitiesand on illegalitiesin respect of or affectingthe merits, as in the
case of failure to exercise jurisdiction, error on a question of law or
failure of justice oc:casioned by fundamental error. These grounds of
objection, though specific,are much wider in scope than those indicated
in Article XII of the Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal. 1
maintain that, if the reviewsystem thus instituted is to function properly,
the Court, when examining and deliberating upon a case, is not restricted
to the contents of the case-file as transmitted to it, or by the way in
which the questions put by the Committee have been formulated. On the
latter point, as it has been conceded by the Court, 1 shall add nothing.
There remains the problem of the case-file, i.e., of the evidence.
46. Reviewing in the judicial sense is an exacting task and one which,

in the framework of a legally constituted institution like an international
organization, should be performed with the interests of al1concerned in
mind and as unforn~alistically as possible. The society consisting of the
administration, the staff and States is, in this sense, a closed world with
its own laws; into this world it was decided to introduce justice and, as
it happens, a procedure for the judicial review of the judgements of the
Administrative Tribunal. Somewhere between the rule adopted by the
Court of not retrying the caseand the impossibility of performing the task
of review without so:meform of re-examination there ought to lie a good
solution.
47. The Court's rejection of the application is based on an analysis of
the Tribunal's Judgement and only of that Judgement; it répresents a
verification of the legal soundness of a judgment viewed from within. 1
feel this to have beeii a basic mistake. Every court of first instance lends

the solution of the problem put to it a character of certainty through its
decision, which would be definitive if there were no possibility of chal-
lenge. The mere fact of a challenge removes this character of certainty doit le confronter avec la demande de réformation. Si l'on part de l'idée
que, par principe, le jugement attaquéest régulier, l'égaléntre les par-
ties devant la Cour est inexistante puisque, par hypothèse, leTribunal a
donnéraison àl'une ou àl'autre, en totalitéouen partie. Devant laCour,

lejugement critiqué etla requêteen réformation doiventêtreexaminéssur
le mêmeplan. Si la Cour n'avait pas refuséde tenir un débatoral cet
aspect des choses fût apparu clairement; le caractère contradictoire de
tout débatcontentieux est une garantie essentielle car il permet seul de
saisir les causes et les effetsdes positions prises dans l'affaire.Tout juge-
ment comporte des lumièreset des ombres; un débat oral contradictoire
en réformationeût éclairci lesombres.

48. La demande de réformation,comme toute autre requête à la Cour,
en définit l'objet, c'est-à-dire leisntentions de son auteur. C'est la ques-
tion classique«Que veut-on en réalité?)D) ans une affairederéformation,
au seindes Nations Unies, leformalismeme paraît devoir êtrerestreint au

minimum. Il faut bien que les conclusions fixentla causejuridique de la
demande et que les moyens successivement invoquéss'appliquent tou-
jours à cette mêmecause; je ne vois pas de raison d'exigerdavantage et
sur ce point je trouve la requête enréformation de M. Fasla tout à fait
claire et satisfaisant ces exigences, sans faire appel à aucune inter-
prétation. Les moyens nouveaux sont recevables du moment qu'ils se
rattachent à la cause juridique invoquéedevant le premier juge. Toute
autre attitude amènerait les plaideursà invoquer formellement et systé-
matiquement tous les griefs de l'article11 dèsleur premier acte de con-
testation d'une décisonde l'administration qui leur porte préjudice, afin
d'éviterd'êtrejugéforclos à un stade ultérieur.Alors que la plupart des
litiges se règlenten dehors d'unjuge, ce ne serait pas un bon système.La
Cour l'avait expressémentcondamnéen 1956dans son prononcé citéau

paragraphe 36 ci-dessus:

«La Cour ne saurait attacher à cette disposition un sensformaliste
qui consisteraità exiger que, dans sa requête,le fonctionnaire indi-
quât d'une façon expresse telle ou telle stipulation ou disposition
dont il entend se prévaloir.))C.I.J. Recueil 1956, p. 88.)

49. Quant à l'appréciationdes faits dansune procédurede réformation
j'estime impossible de dire qu'il est interdit au juge d'y recourir. Le
Tribunal administratif exerce un certain contrôle du pouvoir discré-
tionnaire de l'administration; lorsque, et c'est le cas dans la présente
affaire, un problème d'abus de pouvoir est soulevédans la demande de
réformation, et que la Cour l'examine, elle peut exercer un contrôle de
l'interprétation des faits par le premier juge, si elle se pose la question

de savoir si cette interprétationa éinexacte. La Cour ayant procédé sur
une base différente,aucun examen de cet ordre n'a eu lieu. Je pense que
le principe en est nécessairedans un systèmede réformation judiciaire
108 APPLICATIONFOR REVIEW (DISS.OP. GROS) 270

from the decision, 'whichthe review judge has to confront with the
application for review. If one sets out from the idea that the judgement
impeached is regular on principle, the equality of the parties before the
Court becomes non-existent, because the Tribunal, ex hypothesi, has
found, in whole orin part, in favour of one party or the other. Before the
Court, the judgement criticized and the application for review have to
be examined on the same level. Had the Court not refused to hold oral
proceedings, this aspect of the matter would have been very clear; the
adversary nature of al1forensic debate is an essential guarantee, for it
alone enables the caiusesand effectsof the positions adopted in the case
to be grasped. Every judicial decision has its light and its shade, and an
adversaryoral debatein the proceedings for reviewwould have lighted up

the darker corners.
48. As in the case of any other application to the Court, it is the
application for revir:w which itself defines the object thereof, i.e., the
intentions of the applicant. "What is really sought?"-it is this classic
question that arises..In a review case interna1 to the United Nations,
formalism should, 1feel, be restricted to the minimum. It is of course
necessary that the submissions should clearly specify the nature of the
underlying claim and that the successive pleas should al1apply to that
same claim; more 1 see no reason to demand, and in this regard 1find
Mr. Fasla's application for review to be entirely clear and to meet these
requirements without calling for any interpretation. New pleas are
admissible, provided they are relevant to the claim submitted to the lower
tribunal. To adopt any other attitude would impel litigants formally and
systematically to raise al1the grounds of objection allowed for in Article

11from their very first challengetoan administrative decision prejudicial
to themselves, lest they be deemed precluded at a later stage. When most
disputes are settled without judicial intervention, that would not be a
good system, and it iisone which the Court expresslycondemned in 1956,
in the dictum cited a.bovein paragraph 36:

"The Court cannot attach to this provision any purely formai
meaning so as to require that the officia1should expresslyindicate in
his complaint tlheparticular term or provision on which he intends
to rely." (I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 88.)

49. Nor do 1 find it possibleto assert that a courtin reviewproceedings
is prohibited from iappraisal of the facts. The Administrative Tribunal
exercisesa certain supervision over the discretionary power of the admin-
istration; when, as .inthe present case, a problem concerning misuse of

powers is raised in the application for review and the Court considers it,
it may verify thelov~ertribunal's interpretation of the facts if not sure of
its correctness. The Court having proceeded from a different premise, no
inspection of the kilndtook place. But 1 consider that its possibility is
necessary in principle to a system of judicial review, for if al1the Tribu-
nal's appraisals of Jfactsare held exempt from control it would not becar sitoutes les appréciations des faits par le Tribunal sont tenues comme
incontrôlables il n'y pas de possibilitéde réformation d'un jugement qui
a régléun question d'abus de pouvoir.
50. L'abus de pouvoir est l'usage d'un pouvoir dans un but autre que
celui pour lequel il a été conféréL.ejuge doit donc rechercher les motifs
qui ont déterminéles auteurs de l'acte; normalement c'est l'instruction
de l'affaire qui apporte ces renseignements. La Cour n'a pas cherché
au-delà des considérants du Tribunal pour se faire une opinion. Ici
encore, il me semblait que le juge devait avoir pleine liberté pour s'in-

formeret examiner tous leséléments pertinents afindesefaireuneopinion.

51. 11me semble que la Cour a admis l'existence de ce problème en
esquissant une théorie de l'indemnité ((manifestement déraisonnable))
(paragraphe 64 de l'avis) qui permet le contrôle de la correspondance
entre les constatations du tribunal et la réparation. Mais c'est le con-
trôle de l'interprétation de tous les faits dont lejuge du premier degré a
déduit ou refuséde déduire des conséquencesjuridiques qui me parait
nécessairepour la Cour chaque fois qu'elle éprouve un doute, et pas
seulement sur le caractère de l'indemnité.
52. Tels devraient être,en bref, les principes d'application de la réfor-
mation judiciaire qui a été instituéepar les termes de l'article II.
M. Winiarski n'avait pas dedoute en 1954sur le sens donnépar la Cour
à la procédure de revision que l'avis envisageait dans le passage cité
supra, paragraphe 3, et il disait déjàqu'il s'agirait ((d'une révisionorga-
nisée, révisiondans le sens d'un nouvel examen de l'affaire ..». C'est la
seule manière de laisser un sensà la formule de la Cour en 1954en effet,
car apprécierles preuves, établirles faits et dire le droit qui s'yapplique,
c'est un examen libre de l'affaire.
Est-il nécessairede préciserque dans l'application de ces principes le
juge de réformation se doit de marquer à la fois la compréhension des
problèmes de l'administration et une totale indépendance àson égard,en
se prononçant sur la seule base du droit?

*
* *

53. Le Tribunal a fondé sa solution sur l'obligation contractée par
I'administration en mai 1969 de trouver un autre poste à M. Fasla,
obligation qu'elle «n'a pas exécutédans des conditions raisonnables))
(paragraphe XII1du jugement), ce qui est une litote puisque le Tribunal
avait déjà constaté plus sèchement «que l'obligation assuméedans la
lettre du 22 mai 1969 n'[avait] pas étéexécutée))(paragraphe VI1 du
jugement). On ne saisit pas, dèslors,comment estjustifiée l'allocationde
l'indemnitéde six mois, faute de motivation explicite. Une obligation de
faire quelque chose est assuméeen mai 1969(et avant la lettre du 22 mai,
M. Fasla avait eu deux entretiens les 20 et 21 mai 1969avec le directeur
de la gestion administrative et du budget et le chef de la division du
personnel du PNUD, dont la Cour ne sut rien) et non seulement cettepossible to review anyjudgement which had decided a question of misuse
of powers.

50. Misuse of powers is use of a power for a purpose other than that

for which it wasconferred. A court has therefore to ascertain the motives
of the authors of the act, and it is usually the enquiry into a case which
provides such information. The Court did not look behind the consider-
anda of the Tribunal in order to form its own view.Here again, it seemed
to me that the judge ought to have been entirely free in his quest for
information and was entitled to examine al1relevant elements in order
to form his view.
51. It seems to me that in the present Opinion (para. 64) the Court
admits the existence of this problem when itoutlines a theory of "ob-
viously unreasonable" compensation which authorizes verification of the
correspondence between the facts and the reparation. But it is in my view
necessarythat whenever the Court feelsa doubt it should check the inter.
pretation of al1the facts from which the lower tribunal drew-or refused
to draw-conclusions, and not merely in relation to the character of the
compensation.
52. Such, in brief, should be the principles to be applied in the proce-
dure ofjudicial reviewestablished by the provisions of Article 11.In 1954
Judge Winiarski had no doubt as to the meaning attached by the Court
to the review procedure which the Advisory Opinion envisaged in the

passage quoted in paragraph 3 above, and even then he wrote that what
was contemplated wiis possibly "an established system of review, review
in the sense of a further consideration of the case". And indeed no other
meaningful construcl.ioncould be placed onthe Court's 1954formula,for
to appraise the evidence, establish the facts and declare the law applicable
to them is to carry out an unfettered examination of the case.
One need hardly add that in applying these principles the review court
should evince both understanding for the problems of the administration
and complete independence of it, finding on the sole basis of law.

53. The Tribunal based its solution on the obligation assumed by the
administration in May 1969to find Mr. Faslaanother post, an obligation
which it "did not perform in a reasonable manner" (Judgement, para.
XII1)-an understatement, for the Tribunal had already more drily found
"that the obligation assumed in the letter of 22 May 1969has not been
performed" (Judgenient, para. VII). That being so, it is impossible, in the
absence of any stated ground, to see how the award of only six months'

salary wasjustified. An obligation to do something was assumed in May
1969(and on 20 and 21 May, before the letter of 22 May, Mr. Fasla had
had with the UNDF' Director of the Bureau of Administrative Manage-
ment and Budget and Chief, Personnel Division, two conversations of
which the Court knows nothing) and not only did nothing come of thatobligation n'aboutit à rien mais elle est entreprise de telle manière
qu'elle ne pouvaitaboutir, attitude qui a provoquéun dommage durable,
et qui dure encore, pour le requérant.Le Tribunal n'a tiré queles consé-
quences contractuelles ordinaires de l'inexécutionde cette obligation de
faire, n'exerçant pas son droit de juridiction, selon l'articlegraphe
1,du statut, de rechercher si les circonstances n'étaient pas exceptionnel-
lesau point dejustifier une indemnité plusélevéeue la limitede deux an-
néesde traitement. Il serait exagérde dire qu'en seréférantau principe
généralde lajuste réparationénoncé par la Cour dans son avis du 23 oc-
tobre 1956 et sans aucune individualisation de ce principe par rapporà
l'espècele Tribunal a ((exercésajuridiction)) sur la question des circons-
tances exceptionnelles, même pour l'écarter.

54.Pour legriefde l'erreur essentielledans la procédurequi a provoqué
un mal-jugé,la manière dont certaines demandes de M. Fasla sont

rejetéesau quatrièmealinéadu dispositif du jugement sans exposé même
succinct de motifs me paraît poser le même problèmede motivation
insuffisante. Je dirai simplement que, surtout avec la thèse de la Cour
selon laquelle le contrôle du juge de réformationest strictement limitéau
contenu du jugement attaqué,si cejugement est insuffisamment motivé,
on ne voit pas comment l'examen de réformation peut se faire. Il me
semble donc nécessairede traiter l'insuffisanceou l'omission de moti-
vation comme une erreur essentielledans la procédure.

En l'espècecette omission ne permet pas de dire avec certitude qu'il
a erreur «ayant entraînéun mal-jugé)).II est possible que les silences
dans lejugement du Tribunalne soient que réticenceet qu'une motivation
suffisanteait étenvisagéedans le délibéré M. ais cette motivation n'appa-
raissant pas, la Cour devait le dire etorter remède, cequi étaittechni-

quement possible, fût-ce par renvoi sur ce point.

55. Pour les motifs indiquésaux paragraphes 34 à 54 de cette opinion
je suisamené àvoter pour la négative égalemenstur les question II et III
du dispositif.

56. Cette affaire a provoqué de longs développements parce qu'il
s'agit de la première demande de réformation devantla Cour fondéesur
l'article11et que toutes les questions de principe, évoquées à l'origine
et jamais résolues,se sont poséesà la Cour. Mais il me paraît exagérde
dire que la protection des fonctionnaires de l'Organisation dépendde
la jurisprudence de la Cour en matièrede réformation. C'est oublierque
la notion mêmede réformation desjugements du Tribunal administratif,

alors que cette procédurefut instituée,n'était pas alliéeellede protec-
tion des fonctionnaires, loin de là; que le Secrétariat général,lors des APPLICATION FOR REVIEW(DISS. OP. GROS) 272

obligation but itsperformance was undertaken in such a waythat nothing
could come of it; thi: attitude thus evinced inflicted on the applicant a
lasting injury, one that persists to this day. The Tribunal drew only the
ordinary contractual conclusions from the non-performance of this obli-
gation to act, and failed to exerciseitsjurisdictional rightder Article 9,
paragraph 1, of its Statute to enquire whether the circumstances were
sufficiently exceptional to justify awarding a higher indemnity than the
limit of two years' salary. It would be an exaggeration to Say that in
referring to the geneiralprinciple of just compensation enunciated by the
Court in its Advisory Opinion of 23October 1956,without any individua-
lization of this principle in relation to the case in hand, the Tribunal

"exercised its jurisdiction" in the question of exceptional circumstances,
even to the degree ne:cessaryto determine its lack of pertinence.
54. As for the ob-jection of fundamental error in procedure having
occasioned a failure of justice, the manner in which some of Mr. Fasla's
requests are rejected in paragraph 4 of the operative clause of the
Judgementwithout er7enthe briefest statement of reasons seems to me to
raise the same problem of inadequatesubstantiation. 1willsimplyobserve
that, given the thesis of the Court that the review tribunal's supervisory
powers are strictly limited to the content of the judgement impeached,
it is impossible to see how the examination for the purpose of reviewcan
becarried out ifthejuidgementin question contains noadequate statement
of reasons. It therefoireappears to me that the inadequacy or omission of
stated reasons must b8etreated as a fundamental error in procedure.

In the present case, that omission does not allow it-to be said with
certainty that therewas an error "having occasioned a failure ofjustice".
Itis possiblethatthe silences of the Judgement are no more than reticence
on the part of the Tribunal and that adequate grounds of decision were
considered during the:deliberation. But as those grounds are not apparent,
the Court should have said as much and sought to have the defect cured,
which was technically possible even if it meant sending the Judgement
back to the Tribunal on that score.
55. For the reasons indicated in paragraphs 34-54of this opinion, 1 am
impelled to vote for 21negative answer likewise to Questions II and III of
the operative clause.

56. If this case hiis been dealt with at considerable length, that is
because it represents the first application for review before the Court
based on Article 11a.ndbecause the Court has been confronted with ail
the questions of principle raised at the outset and never resolved. But 1
would find it an overstatement to Say that the protection of United
Nations staffmembers depends on the Court's jurisprudence in matters of
review. That would be forgetting that the very notion of reviewing the
Administrative Tribunal's judgements, when the procedure was intro-
duced, was not allied to that of the protection of the staff-far from it;travaux préparatoires du nouvel article 11, s'est exprimésur l'idéede
réformation d'une manière quin'en dissimulait aucune difficulté,notam-
ment pour lajuridiction de la Cour (doc. Al2909 du 10juin 1955,p. 18à
27, voir les paragraphes 66à 71) et que le Conseil du personnel du siège

de l'organisation des Nations Unies au cours de ces mêmestravaux ne
souhaitait pas la mise en Œuvred'une procédure de réformationet en
tout cas pas devant la Cour plénière(eod. loc., p. 34 et 36, paragraphe 2;
cf. aussi paragraphes à 10).L'impression que donne le déroulementdes
événements depuisl'origine des Nations Unies en matière de relations
entre l'administration et le personnel est plutôt que celui-cia su organiser
à l'intérieur du système les garanties nécessaireset les institutions de
contrôle auxquelles lepersonnel participe de tellemanièreque lejuge n'est
là que pour exercer son rôle préventifen des occasions peu fréquentes.
Plutôt qu'aux premiers pas d'une justice internationale administrative il
est possible qu'on assisteun développementd'une forme de protection
syndicale satisfaisante pour tous les intéresséset ou l'intervention de la
Cour ne joue, aussi, qu'un rôle préventif.Dans cette vue des choses les

développements de la présente affaire prennent tout leur sens et il
suffirait d'assuràrl'avenir que ce rôle de la Cour, si l'on y tient, ne soit
pas limitédans des conditions qui ne lui permettent pas d'exercer conve-
nablement sa fonction juridictionnelle.

(Signé) André GROS. APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (DISS. OP.GROS) 273

that when the new Article 11was in preparation the Secretary-General

subinitted a paper cm judicial review which concealed none of the
difficulties involved, especially where the jurisdiction of the Court wàs
concerned (A/2909, 10June 1955,pp. 17-25; see paras. 66-71) and that
the United Nations Staff Council, on that same occasion, did iiot desire
implementation of the principle ofjudicial review, or at any rate not in the
sense of a procedure involving the plenary Court (ibid pp.,31 and 33;
para. 2--cf. also paras. 7-10). The impression conveyed by the course of
events sincethe beginning of the United Nations in the matter of relations
between the adminisi-ration and the staff is rather that the latter has
managed to secure, within the system itself, the provision of the necessary
safeguards and of supervisory institutions in which the staff participate
in such a way that a judicial presence is required solely for the purpose of
preventive action on rare occasions. Rather than the first steps of an
international administrative justice, it is possible that what we here
witness is the development of a form of staff-union protection, satis-
factory for al1concerned, in which the intervention of the Court plays,
likewise, no more than a preventive role. From this standpoint the

developments of the present case can be seen in their proper perspective,
and it would be sufficient in future toensure that this role of the Court,
if valued, was not restricted in such a way as to preclude the proper
exercise of its judicial function.

(Signed) AndréGROS.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Gros (translation)

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