Separate Opinion of Judge Dillard

Document Number
057-19730712-ADV-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
057-19730712-ADV-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE DILLARD

I agree with the decision and operative clauses of the Opinion. 1 am
prompted to add a separate opinion only because in some respects the
reasons which have led me to agree donot coincidewith those revealed in
the Opinion. As will appear, this separate opinion is concerned lesswith
an analysis of facts than with matters of emphasis and with certain
theoretical considerations bearing on one of the two principal questions
addressed to the Court.

1agree with the viewthat the Court should respond to the request and
iscompetent to do so. The onlyelement of doubt,in my mind, attaches to
the meaning to be ascribed to Article 96(2) of the Charter. Read literally
it might well invite some question as to whether the "activities" of the
Committee on Applications fall within the originally intended scope of
that Article. The Opinion has dealt with thismatter in detail and while 1
believeits analysis can be fortified by certain canons of construction 1see

no need to elaborate upon them.

In short, it seems clear to me that the opinion is requested by an
authorized organ of the United Nations on legal questions arising within
the scope of its activities and that the two questionsIlwithin the terms
and scope of Article 11of the Statute of the United Nations Administra-
tive Tribunal. The competence of the Court thus derives from Article 96
(2) of the Charter and Article 65 of its Statute read in conjunction with
Article 11of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal.
Under the settledjurisprudence of the Court a request for an advisory
opinion shouldbe complied with unlesscompellingreasons dictate other-
wise.This flowsfrom the relationship of the Court to the United Nations
inperformingits role asthe principaljudicial organ ofthe United Nations.
Compelling reasons for refusing would, of course, exist if responding to
the request would entail a weakening of the integrity of the judicial
process.
Under the permissive terms of Article 65 of its Statute, this determina-
tion falls exclusively within the province of the Court and should be

diligently preserved. Despite the expression of numerous doubts con-
cerningthe impact of the proceedings provided for in Article 11,especially
as they may impinge on the need for preserving equality between the
parties, there ismt, in my view, a sufficiently compelling reason forrefusing the request in the present proceedings. At the same time it is
important that the Opinion of the Court should not be considered as
setting in motion a potential weakening of the judicial process. For this
reason, the Court has appropriately sounded a cautionary note, as was
done in the Unesco case, by stressing that its decision is strictly confined
to the circumstances of the present proceedings and should not be

construed as involving any other aspects of the review procedures
provided for in Article 11.

1 now turn to the specific problems embraced in the two questions
addressed to the Court.
*
* *

After more thanfive years of devoted efforts in the service of the United
Nations, principally on behalf of the United Nations Development
Programme,theapplicantfound himself without a job. He attributes this,
at least in part, to faulty conduct on the part of the United Nations
Development Programme in failing to live up to an obligation it had
undertaken. The United Nations Administrative Tribunal found that
there had been fault, awarded applicant six months' net base salary and
in so doing reversed a prior decision by the respondent. Applicant's
contention before this Court is thus, not that the Tribunal's judgement
failed to vindicate his complaint, but that it failed sufficiently to do so.
In support of this contention he reads the Judgement of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal as having failed to consider fully al1of
his 17 pleas and to support its conclusions with adequate reasoning.
This failure, he asserts,s evident from an analysis of the Judgement and
is reflected in the "woefully inadequate" remedies it provided.
A conscientious probing of al1 the matters in the elaborate dossier
supplied the Court on behalf of both the applicant and the respondent
might lead a sympathetic reader to the conclusion that the applicant's
contract should have been renewed by UNDP or that a new assignment

should have been made available-that is to Say, that any power of
discretion in the matter should have been exercised in his favour. His
services under admittedly hardship conditions in Yemen led to certain im-
proving changes in that area and at no time was he charged with perform-
ing in an unsatisfactory manner. Indeed the attempts by UNDP to find
him another assignment are inconsistent with the notion that he was in-
capable of discharging his duties in a satisfactory manner. These con-
siderations might have even reinforced an asserted legal right to renewal
which, under appropriate circumstances and if properly raised, would
have changed the entire complexion of his case, including the amount of
compensation justly due in the event renewal was tiot granted or a new
assignment not foundl.

1 The relevance of this seemingly digressive point will be alluded to later in connec-
tion with applicant's "principal contention". The fact that the applicant was employed under a fixed-term contract
does not automatically exclude the possibility of a legal right to renewal.

Thisconclusion can be abundantly demonstrated by the manner in which
this Court has interpreted such contracts and by the jurisprudence of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal. Such a legal right can be
grounded on the reasonable expectations aroused by implicit as well as
explicit assurances that a renewal is to be granted or may be expected.
Much, of course, depends on the nature and scope of the assurance and

the context in which it was made in light of al1the circumstances of the
case 1.

In his application to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
applicant requested the Tribunal to order the respondent to restore him
to the status quo ante prevailing in May 1969by extending his fixed-term
appointment for a further two years beyond 31 December 1969.He did

not, however, allege or attempt to demonstrate that he was possessed of
an acquired legal right to a renewal of his contract, a fact to which the
Judgement itself called attention in paragraph III. The point is important
because no explicit assurance of such renewal was ever made. Further-
more, the available facts fail to indicate that it might have been implied*.
The commitment which respondent made in its important letter of

22 May 1969was a limited one and was couched in language cautiously
calculated to dampen rather than stimulate an expectation that its
undertaking to use "every effort" to "secure another assignment" for
applicant would necessarily prove successful. Nevertheless it was a formal
commitment, "obviously" implying, as the United Nations Administra-
tive Tribunal Judgement itself stated, "an obligation to act in a correct

manner and in good faith" (para. IV). It was the failure to perform this
obligation in a reasonable manner by disseminating "incomplete if not
inaccurate" fact-sheets which constitutedthe basis for the United Nations

1 It is unnecessary to elaborate on this point in the main body of this Opinion. It was
thoroughiy argued by counsel and discussed in the Unesco case.C.J. Reports 1956.
pp. 90-97 ),here the facts revealan explicit assurance, and in many cases before
UNAT where the assurance was implicit.

2 Whether such an assurance might have been implied would depend on an analysis
ofal1the circumstances of the case. In Dale (Judgement No. 132),the applicant argued
an examination of the reasons for a discretionarysion when such decision affectsa
right or legitimate expectation of renewal. Respondent had argued that the conclusion
of a newcontract was within his discretionary power. Relying on Yatiezhe asserted the
Tribunal could notnquire into the reasons or groundsfor the decision not to renew the
contract.
The Tribunal, however, following the argument of applicant stated that it must
"consider whether in the circumstances of the case, the Respondent was under an
obligation to renew thepplicant's contract upon its expiration". Under the circum-
stances of the case, it assessed Dale's frustrated expectations in the amount of a one-
year contract.Administrative Tribunal's Judgement awarding applicant relief (paras.

VI1and VIII).
The Opinion has addressed itself to the consequences flowingfrom this
finding of fault with great thoroughness, and in paragraphs 56 and 57 it
sought to demonstrate that a single act, viz.,the dissemination of faulty
fact-sheets, was both the cause for the inadequate performance of the
obligation by the respondent and the basisfor the claim that the applicant
had suffered injury to his professional reputation and career prospects.
1do not agree. In my view, it does not follow that a single source need
have a singleconsequence; on the contrary, the damage to reputation and
career prospects is sufficientlydistinct to fall in a different category fronl

that attributable to the failure to act in a correctmanner and in good faith
in the effort toecure another assignment for the applicant. Theoretically
at least, the former may have already occurred and may have persisted
even if the latter had been ultimately remedied by the respondent. True,
the method used by the respondent contributed to the injury caused to
the applicant's professional reputation and career prospects but that is
not to say that the double consequences flowing from it need be linked
togetheri.

The matter, which involves certain analytical refinements, need not,

however, be pressed since, in my view, the Opinion has correctly con-
cluded that there had been no failure to exercise jurisdiction. As will
appear later, 1 rest this conclusiori not on "a single fault and consequence
theory" but on the very narrow scope correctly attributed by the Opinion
to that ground of objection, viz., "failure to exercisejurisdiction" vested
inthe Tribunal, specifiedin Article 11of its Statute and relied upon bythe
applicant.

In the written statements before this Court, applicant's newly assigned
counsel in a forceful, earnest and even eloquent fashion, attempted to
shift the focus of the argument in order to provide a new perspective on
the case which, allegedly, was insufficiently apprehended by the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal.
The major thrust of this contention as revealed in his last two state-
ments before this Court (December 1972 and January 1973) may be

crisply described as a "vendetta" or conspiracy charge combined with a
"link" theory. The former is asserted to stem from prejudice on the part
of some of the hierarchy of UNDP and the latter links this prejudice to
the efforts of applicant in "cleaning up the mess in Yemen" and in

1 It should beadded that the capacity of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
to award compensation forinjury to professional reputation and career prospects, even
the damages appropriate to such injury cannot be ascertained with certainty does nott that
entai1 theconsequence that they are merely speculatiHiggins(Judgement No. 92)
damages were awarded for mental suffering.exposing corruption, to the great embarrassment of his superiors. It was
the failure of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal to appreciate
and even investigate the latter and to link it to the former that, inppli-

cant's view,constituted both a fundamental error in procedure which has
occasioned a failure ofjustice and a failure to exercisejurisdiction vested
in the Tribunal.
Thus in his corrected statement of December 1972(para. 122, p. 42)
applicant asserted :
"In other words, the acknowledgedfailuresto maintain Applicant's
file in fair condition or to make an adequate search for further
employment must be linked to the underlying factual claim of the
Applicant .. .In a more technical vein,itisthefailureof the Adminis-

trative Tribunal to investigate the link betweenApplicant'sresponse
to corruption in the Yemen ojîce of the UNDP and the subsequent
treatment of himat Headquartersthat constitutesthe mainbasisfor an
ajîrmative response to the two questions put to this Court for an
Advisory Opinion." (Emphasisadded.)

The samenote was soundedin his comments ofJanuary 1973(para. 6at
pp. 6and 7) :

"The failure of the Administrative Tribunal to render appropriate
relief must be understood in relation to this documented refusal of
the UNDP to carry out either the substance or the spirit of the
earlier recommendations of the Joint Appeals Board. In turn, such a
refusal has to be assessed in relation to the underlying failure of the
UNDP to protect Applicant from damages that followed from
assigning him the task of straightening out a situation of undisputed
corruption and dereliction in the Yemen officeof UNDP. It is the
magnitude of this inequity in relation to the experience of the
Applicant in seeking some satisfaction for his grievances that is at

thecenter ofhiscontentions. It isfor thisreason, also,thatit becomes
evident that the relief andreasoning, of the Administrative Tribunal
inits Judgement No. 158mustbe understood as'woefullyinadequate'
that is, to find on the merits soclearly for the Applicant and yet to
grant relief thatdoes not begin to rectify the wrongs inflictedis to
compound the injustice. The Respondent'sstatement confuses this
problem by ifs contention thatApplicant's complaints were directed
towardthe inadequacyof theaward ratherthan,as wehavemade clear,
the link between the Jindingsand the relief, i.e., the essence of the
Judgement itself." (Emphasisadded.)

The respondent's responseto this particular contention submits two
points. The firstis simply that it has not been adequately established and
the second is that, in so far as it would have entailed an independent in-
vestigation by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, the latter
body is neitherchargedwith sucha responsibilitynor equippedtohandleit. The applicant, on the contrary, contends that the contention has been
established by a necessary inference flowing from the documented factsl.
Furthermore he asserts that it furnishes the underlying motif for the more
specific pleas addressed to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
and justifies the contention that eachof them should have been considered

in light of the fundamental prejudice animating the actions of UNDP.
So viewed, the gross disproportion between the injury suffered and the
compensation awarded would be seen in proper perspective. This, he
asserts, is particularly true of pleas jdj and (g), which he claims were
summarily dismissed by the Tribunal.
The Opinion has described and analysed this contention in paragraphs
79 through 87. 1agree with this analysis as applied to the present case but

am moved to sound a cautionary note.
In my view this particular contention of the applicant is related less to
the facts, though they are obviously important, than to the "perception"
of those facts by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. It is a
question of the failure of the Tribunal to act not so much as an investi-
gating body but as a body which has been put on notice of the facts and
has failed to react by either drawing the proper inferences from them or
"seeing" their relevance to the pleas advanced by the applicantz.

Itshould beborne in mind that a reviewingbody, responding to a request
for an advisoryopinion inthe exercise of what is presumably a non-appel-
late function, is not strictly confined to the record sent up from below.
As stated in the Unesco case (I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 87):

"The Court is not confined to an examination of the grounds of
decision expressly invoked by the Tribunal; it must reach its decision
on grounds which it considers decisive with regard to thejurisdiction
of the Tribunal."

It is submitted that this observation is more compelling when the issue
centresnot onthe jurisdiction of the Tribunal but on its"failure to exercise
jurisdiction" and when the provisions of Article Il contemplate that the

Tribunal should conform its Judgement to the opinion of the Court.

1 While this contention runs like a thread throughout applicant's many statements
it is made particularly explicit in Annex 86, para. 147.
2 It is appreciated that one of the difficulties in any review proceeding consists in
determining the line to be drawn between the exercise of non-reviewable discre-
tionary power on the one hand, and the misuse of that power on the other hand.
Occasionally thisturns less on the actual facts than on the way they are apprehended
and characterized in light of applicable legal standards. In my view applicant's major
contention, while not sufficientlyestablished,d not be said to be irrelevant.236 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP. OP. DILLARD)

Nevertheless there is an obvious limit to thextent to which arguments
advanced denovocan be effectivelyemployed to alter completely the case
as presented before the Tribunal. As previously.noted, applicant's case
was not rested on the assumption that an acquiredrightto renewal was in
issue or that the fault attributed to respondent was an invasion of that
right. Furthermore the argument rested largely on inferencesfrom facts
which were not adequately supported by the record. At the theoretical

level the argument also failed adequately to take into account the limited
scope of the two grounds for review embraced in Article 11 of the
Tribunal's statute which were in issue before the Court. It is to a con-
sideration of these grounds that I now turn.

1 agree with the reasoning of the Opinion and its conclusion that the
present proceedings fail to reveal "a fundamental error in procedure
whichhasoccasioned afailureof.iustice"(emphasis added).
It might have been supposed that, to avoid redundancy, the italicized
clause qualified in some way the meaning of the antecedent clause and by
so doing extended the range of inquiry into an area inviting an analysis
of complex problems of "justice" including concepts of "proportionality"
so much debated since the time of Aristotle. It is abundantly clear from

the legislative history of Article Il, however, that no such consequence
was intended but, on the contrary, that the clause,whch does not appear
in the con~parable provision of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, was
added merely to reinforce the notion that theerror must be a fundamental
one. It is true that the reason supplied to justify theount of the award
appears to be cryptic, but nevertheless the Judgement was sufficiently
reasoned to avoid the implication of a fundamental error in procedure
within the meaning correctly ascribed to this concept by the Opinion.

The meaning and potential application of the second ground of objec-
tion, viz.,that theTribunal "has failed to exercisejurisdiction vested in it"
is more difficult to analyse. The Opinion, in paragraph 50, has drawn
from the legislative history of this provision the conclusion that it has a
"comparatively narrow scope, i.e., as concerned essentially with a failure

[of UNAT] to put into operation the jurisdictional powers possessed by
it-rather thanwith afailure to dojustice to the merits on the exercise of
those powers. It is thus concerned with matters of jurisdiction or
competence in their strict sense" (emphasis added).

While 1do not think this conclusion is necessarily compelled, inasmuch
as the provision was presumably inserted for the benefit of applicants
rather than the reverse, it is yet,in my view,sufficientlysupported by the

74legislative history of Article 11 to constitute an authoritative interpreta-
tion of the provision.
So viewed, it may be contrasted with the third ground of possible
objection to a judgement embraced in Article 11 which, while not for-
mally included in the questions put to the Court, may serve to illuininate
the limited scope of those that were so included. Although the meaning
and scope of the third ground must await possible future interpretation,
it yet seems clear, on the face of it, that the contention that the Tribunal
has "erred on a question of law relating to the provision of the Charter
of the United Nations" would not cal1 directly into play the issue of
whether the Tribunal has exceeded its jurisdiction or has failed to
exerciseit, but rather that of whether ithas correctly applied the law itis

competent to administer.This would appear to require a review of sub-
stantive legal issues, and, as such, to constitute a challenge to the judge-
ment on the meritsi.

In striking contrast, the scope of review in the present proceedings, as
previously noted, is strictly confined to a jurisdictional issue even when
the applicablenorm is stated to be a failure to exercisejurisdiction. Such
issues are primarily concerned with the proper allocation or distribution
ofthe power to decidethe merits of a controversy in the face of competing
claims to the exercise of such power by another organization or agency.
Only incidentally are they concerned with the merits themselves. It is
precisely this factor, in the absence of competing claims to authority,

which makes a review proceeding directly involving individual rights
appear to be, if not utterly illusory, at least, highly inappropriate. In a
normal case, as in the present one, the individual is obviously less con-
cerned with the power of the tribunal to hear the case, whosejurisdiction
he has himself invoked, than with the way it exercises it. And, even if
substantial equality between the parties is preserved, as was contemplated
by Article 11, a decision on purely jurisdictional grounds is likely to
arouse a feeling of frustration on the part of the individual to the extent
that the merits embraced in his objections remain undetermined by the
reviewing body.

This consequence would be particularly telling if the lower tribunal
could be deemed always to have exercised jurisdiction by the simple
device of listing al1 pleas, considering some and disposing of al1 that
remained through the comprehensive and usual formula employed by the
Tribunal that "the other requests are rejected". If one of applicant's pleas

1 The point is made with admirable clarity and characteristic thoroughness by
ProfessorLeo Gross inconnection with the problem of equality of the parties. Gross,
Justice: Questions of Equality Between the Parties", 52 A.J.I.L. 16 (1958). Court ofwere obscured by being included within the scope of such a formula, how
could he effectivelychallenge the exerciseofjurisdiction by the Tribunal?
By hypothesis, it has assumed jurisdiction over al1pleas; hence none is
neglected. A challenge based on a failure to exercisejurisdiction over a

plea rejected in the collective formula would then invite the curious
contradiction that although the Tribunal had exercisedjurisdiction, it had
yet failed to do so. An objection based on this ground would then appear
to be stripped of al1decisivelegal and practical significance.

The above observation is not intended to imply any criticism of the
Tribunal's methods in analysing and disposing of the numerous pleas in
the many cases it is called upon to consider and decide. Tt is merely
intended to direct attention to one of the peculiar difficultieswhichinhere
in the very concept of a failure to exercisejurisdiction when invoked by
an individual applicant as a ground of objection to the Tribunal's
judgement.
Considerations of this kind underlie, in my view, the significanceand
purport of paragraph 51 of the Opinion. That paragraph makes it abun-
dantly clear that the Administrative Tribunal must have regard to the
substance of the matter and not merely the form; that a mere purported

exercise of jurisdiction is.insufficient and that the Tribunal must in fact
have applied itsjurisdictional powers to the determination of the material
issues.
Nevertheless it remains true that thisground of objection concerns only
a failure to put into operation jurisdictionalpowers "rather than a failure
to dojustice to the merits on the exercise ofthose powers". This does not
rule out an analysis by the Court to determine whether the judgement
omitted a particular material issue or treated a particular plea in a purely
perfunctory manner. The Opinion has addressed itself to this matter with
manifest thoroughness. It does mean that once it is determined that the
Tribunal has "applied its mind" to the material issues, the Court's
reviewing role is strictly limited. It is thus apparent that both legallyand
practically the scope ailowedthis ground of objection is so narrowly con-
fined as to leave little, if any, room for the Court to dealwiththe merits.

This concededly theoretical analysis leads up to an additional aspect
of the Opinion with which 1 am not in full agreement although 1 agree
with the conclusions stated in the operative clauses. It concerns the
relationshipbetween an alleged failure to exercise jurisdiction and the
remedies provided by the Judgement.
In the Factory at C/zorzowcase, the Permanent Court of InternationalJustice announced a general principle governing reparation in the fol-
lowing terms:

"The essential principle contained in the actual notion of an illegal
act-a principle which seems to be established by international
practice and in particular by the decisions of arbitral tribunals-
is that reparation must, so far as possible, wipe out al1the conse-
quences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would,
in al1probability, have existed if that act had not been committed."
(P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 17, p. 47.)

The question therefore arises as to whether a ground of objection
based on "failure to exercise jurisdiction" may be based on an alleged
failure to provide adequate relief. Bearing in mind that the Tribunal will
have normally addressed its mind to the matter, may the "adequacy" of
the compensation awarded in lieu of specific performance be the object

of legitimate challenge?
The reach of this question is obviously important viewed both theo-
retically and practically. In the Opinion (para. 64) the question is located
in the context of the exercise by the Administrative Tribunal of "reason-
able discretion". It is there stated that "the obvious unreasonablenessof
the award could be taken into accountin determining whether there had
been a failure to exercise jurisdiction within the meaning given to this
term by the Court in paragraphs 50 and 51 above" (emphasis added). It
will be recalled that this rneaning was a very restricted one keyed to the

concept of jurisdiction in the strict sense. The Opinion cautiously indi-
catesthat only in an extreme case may it be considered that there had been
a failure to exercisejurisdiction. Its view that such an instance would be
highly exceptional is reinforced by ascribing to the Tribunal a "wide
margin of discretion" within the broad principle of reparation announced
in the Factory at Clzorzbwcase.
The sluice gate this opens to a possible review may be a narrow one,
nevertheless it permits an opening and in one sense, at least, it appears
inconsistent with the purely "jurisdictional" concept attributed to an

objection based on a failure to exercisejurisdiction. This follows because
it allows the "obvious unreasonableness" of the award to constitute an
independentground of review distinct from the omissionby the Tribunal,
either through inadvertence or design, to address itself to one or more
material issues in the case as hdicated in paragraph 51 1.

1 A rneasure of support for this approach rnay be gathered frorn the structure of the
Statute of the Administrative Tribunal. Paragraph 5of Art. 11clearlyconteinplatesthe
possibility that an award by the Administrative Tribunal rnight be excessiveand, if so,
award would be required to be made to thed extent that the sum advanced exceeds
the amount to which he is entitled "in accordance with the opinion of the Court".
While the matter is not altogether free from doubt, it would appear that if the
Court is invested with some control over an excessive award, it might, by parity of
reasoning, also have some control over an "obviously unreasonable one" running in In my view an approach more consistent with the antecedent analysis
would compel the conclusion that the anzountof the award, in and of
itself, is not sufficientfor holding that the Tribunal has gone beyond the

exercise of reasonable discretion and, further, that standingaloneit does
not constitute a failure to exercise jurisdiction within the strict, juris-
dictional meaning ascribed to that term. Nevertheless, it is distinctly
relevantin determining whether the Administrative Tribunal has, in fact,
omitted to consider one or more material issues or that it has considered
one or more of them in such a perfunctory manner as to amount to an
omission.
Applied to the present case the argument would be that the amourit of

the award indicated that the Tribunal either had not "applied its mind"
to the question of the injury to the applicant's professional reputation
and careerprospects orthat the Judgement revealedinparagraph XII1that
it had done so in such a perfunctory manner asto constitute an omission.
This argument would be fortified by the not altogether unreasonable
assertion that while the award could be logically related to the failure to
use reasonable good faith efforts to find applicant another assignment,
it bore no sufficientrelation to the damage to his professional reputation

or career prospects.

In my viewthis is the most plausible singleargument which might have
proved effective at the trial level in the present case. The Opinion bas
addressed itself to it with great care and the reasons for rejecting it at the
review levelneed not be repeated in thisopinion. As previously indicated 1
do not agree entirely with the reasons advanced in so far as they relate to a
"single consequence" approachl. However 1 agree that the Adminis-

trative Tribunal did address itself to the problem, that its margin of
discretion includes an appreciation of the facts and that the very narrow
scope accorded the concept of a "failure to exercisejurisdiction" leaves
very little room for the Court to Saythat the Tribunal has failed "to put
into operation itsjurisdictional powers". Inasmuch as it has done so, the
conclusion follows that it has not failed to exercise its jurisdiction.

the other direction. In other words, paragraph 5mayindicate that a consideration of the
relationship between the findings of the Tribunal and the amount of the award may fall
within the province of this Court on review. However, as indicated, the matter is not
free from doubt and need not be analysed in this opinion. Conceivably an excessive
award might have resulted from the fact that the Tribunal had exceeded itsjurisdiction.
It is hardly necessary to add that the Court would, in no instance, beto define
the exact extent of a "failure to exercisejurisdiction" or to fix the amount of compen-
sation that is appropriate. The latter function within the province of those charged
with carrying out the provisions of Art.3) of the Tribunal's Statute.
1 1am impelled to add that 1cannot subscribe also to the viewexpressed in para. 63
of the Opinion that the "circulation among the recipients of the original letters would
have provided specificrelief for the harmful effects resulting for the applicant from the
previous circulation of the incomplete fact-sheet". By way of conclusion, 1 venture to make one additional observation.
The fact that an advisory opinion affects the rights of an individual may
not be sufficient, in itself, to question the propriety of rendering it. It
should be appreciated, however, that when the request for the opinion is
generated by a dispute between two parties and the dispute is not, itself,
keyedto a jurisdictional issue,while,at theame time, a principal ground
for review, relied upon by the applicant, is limited to such an issue, a

certain element of artificiality attends the reviewingprocess. This, in my
view, is the principalesson to be drawn from the present request for an
advisory opinion.

(Signed Hardy C. DILLARD.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE DILLARD

I agree with the decision and operative clauses of the Opinion. 1 am
prompted to add a separate opinion only because in some respects the
reasons which have led me to agree donot coincidewith those revealed in
the Opinion. As will appear, this separate opinion is concerned lesswith
an analysis of facts than with matters of emphasis and with certain
theoretical considerations bearing on one of the two principal questions
addressed to the Court.

1agree with the viewthat the Court should respond to the request and
iscompetent to do so. The onlyelement of doubt,in my mind, attaches to
the meaning to be ascribed to Article 96(2) of the Charter. Read literally
it might well invite some question as to whether the "activities" of the
Committee on Applications fall within the originally intended scope of
that Article. The Opinion has dealt with thismatter in detail and while 1
believeits analysis can be fortified by certain canons of construction 1see

no need to elaborate upon them.

In short, it seems clear to me that the opinion is requested by an
authorized organ of the United Nations on legal questions arising within
the scope of its activities and that the two questionsIlwithin the terms
and scope of Article 11of the Statute of the United Nations Administra-
tive Tribunal. The competence of the Court thus derives from Article 96
(2) of the Charter and Article 65 of its Statute read in conjunction with
Article 11of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal.
Under the settledjurisprudence of the Court a request for an advisory
opinion shouldbe complied with unlesscompellingreasons dictate other-
wise.This flowsfrom the relationship of the Court to the United Nations
inperformingits role asthe principaljudicial organ ofthe United Nations.
Compelling reasons for refusing would, of course, exist if responding to
the request would entail a weakening of the integrity of the judicial
process.
Under the permissive terms of Article 65 of its Statute, this determina-
tion falls exclusively within the province of the Court and should be

diligently preserved. Despite the expression of numerous doubts con-
cerningthe impact of the proceedings provided for in Article 11,especially
as they may impinge on the need for preserving equality between the
parties, there ismt, in my view, a sufficiently compelling reason for OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. DILLARD

[Traduction]

J'accepte la décisionde la Cour et le dispositif de l'avis. Si j'y joins
l'exposé de mon opinion individuelle, c'est uniquement parce qu'à
certains égardslesmotifs sur lesquelsje me fonde ne sont pas identiques
ceux qui ressortent de la lecture de l'avis.Comme on le verra, la présente
opinion individuelle porte moins sur l'analyse des faits que sur des
questionsde nuancesetcertainesconsidérationsthéoriquesquiconcernent
l'une des deux principales questions soumises la Cour.

J'admets que la Cour doit répondre à la demande et est compétente
pour le faire. Le seul élémentde doute qui subsiste dans mon esprit
concerne la significationà attribuerà l'article 96, paragraphe 2, de la
Charte. A le lire littéralement, on pourrait se demander sil'«activité»du
Comitédes demandes de réformation relèvebien de cet article, au sens
qu'on avait entendu lui donner à l'origine. Cette question est traitéeen
détail dansl'aviset, sij'estime quel'analyse donnéepeut êtrerenforcéeen
appliquant certains principes d'interprétation,je ne vois pas la nécessité
d'y insisterici.
En un mot, il me semble clair que l'avisa été demandépar un organe
autoriséde l'Organisation des Nations Unies sur des questionsjuridiques
qui seposent dans le cadrede son activitéetquelesdeuxquestionscorres-
pondent bien aux termes et à la portée del'artic11 du statutdu Tribu-
nal administratif. La compétencede la Cour découledonc de l'article

96,paragraphe 2, de la Charte et de l'article 65de son Statut, rapprochés
de l'article1du statutdu Tribunaladministratif.
Il est de jurisprudence constante que la Cour répondeà une requête
pour avis consultatifà moins que des raisons décisivesn'imposent une
décision contraire. Cela tient aux rapports de la Cour avec les Nations
Unies dans l'exercice des fonctions qui lui incombent comme organe
judiciaire principal de l'Organisation. y aurait évidemment desraisons
décisivesde ne pas donner suiteàla demande d'avissile fait d'yrépondre
devait porter atteinte l'intégridu processusjudiciaire.
Vu le caractère permissif de l'article du Statut, la décisionen la
matière appartient exclusivement à la Cour et cette liberté de décision
doit êtresoigneusement préservéeM . algréles nombreuxdoutes exprimés
quant aux effetsde la procédureprévueà l'article 11du statut du Tribunal
administratif notamment en ce qui concerne la nécessitde garantir l'éga-
litédes parties, je ne pense pas qu'il existe en l'ede raisonsuffisam-refusing the request in the present proceedings. At the same time it is
important that the Opinion of the Court should not be considered as
setting in motion a potential weakening of the judicial process. For this
reason, the Court has appropriately sounded a cautionary note, as was
done in the Unesco case, by stressing that its decision is strictly confined
to the circumstances of the present proceedings and should not be

construed as involving any other aspects of the review procedures
provided for in Article 11.

1 now turn to the specific problems embraced in the two questions
addressed to the Court.
*
* *

After more thanfive years of devoted efforts in the service of the United
Nations, principally on behalf of the United Nations Development
Programme,theapplicantfound himself without a job. He attributes this,
at least in part, to faulty conduct on the part of the United Nations
Development Programme in failing to live up to an obligation it had
undertaken. The United Nations Administrative Tribunal found that
there had been fault, awarded applicant six months' net base salary and
in so doing reversed a prior decision by the respondent. Applicant's
contention before this Court is thus, not that the Tribunal's judgement
failed to vindicate his complaint, but that it failed sufficiently to do so.
In support of this contention he reads the Judgement of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal as having failed to consider fully al1of
his 17 pleas and to support its conclusions with adequate reasoning.
This failure, he asserts,s evident from an analysis of the Judgement and
is reflected in the "woefully inadequate" remedies it provided.
A conscientious probing of al1 the matters in the elaborate dossier
supplied the Court on behalf of both the applicant and the respondent
might lead a sympathetic reader to the conclusion that the applicant's
contract should have been renewed by UNDP or that a new assignment

should have been made available-that is to Say, that any power of
discretion in the matter should have been exercised in his favour. His
services under admittedly hardship conditions in Yemen led to certain im-
proving changes in that area and at no time was he charged with perform-
ing in an unsatisfactory manner. Indeed the attempts by UNDP to find
him another assignment are inconsistent with the notion that he was in-
capable of discharging his duties in a satisfactory manner. These con-
siderations might have even reinforced an asserted legal right to renewal
which, under appropriate circumstances and if properly raised, would
have changed the entire complexion of his case, including the amount of
compensation justly due in the event renewal was tiot granted or a new
assignment not foundl.

1 The relevance of this seemingly digressive point will be alluded to later in connec-
tion with applicant's "principal contention".ment décisivepour refuser de donner suite à la requêtepour avis consul-

tatif. D'autre part, il importe que l'avis de la Cour ne soit pas considéré
comme amorçant un affaiblissement du processus judiciaire. La Cour a
donc eu raison de formuler une mise en garde, comme dans I'affaire des
Jugementsdu Tribunaladministratifde l'OIT sur requêtes contre l'Unesco
(avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1956) pour souligner que sa décisionvise
strictement les circonstances de l'espèceet ne doit pas êtreconsidérée
comme applicable aux autres aspects de la procédure de réformation
prévue à l'article 11.
Je passe maintenant à l'examen des problèmes particuliers que soulè-
vent les deux questions soumises à la Cour.

Après plus de cinq ans de bons et loyaux services aux Nations Unies,
principalement pour le Programme des Nations Unies pour le développe-
ment, le requérant se trouve sans emploi. Il attribue ce fait, au moins en

partie, à la faute commise par le PNUD en n'honorant pas un engage-
ment qu'il avait accepté.Le Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies a
conclu qu'il y avait eu faute et octroyéau requérant un montant équiva-
lant à six mois de son traitement de base net, annulant ainsi une décision
antérieure du défendeur. La thèse soutenue par le requérant devant la
Cour n'est donc pas que lejugement du Tribunal administratif ne fait pas
droit à sa réclamation, mais qu'il ne le fait qu'imparfaitement. A l'appui
de cette thèse, il fait valoir que, dans son jugement, le Tribunal a omis
d'examiner pleinement chacune de ses dix-sept demandes et que ses con-
clusions ne sont pas adéquatement motivées. C'estce qui ressort, affirme-
t-il, de l'analyse du jugement et des réparations «des plus contestables))
qui y sont prévues.

Un examen consciencieux de tous les élémentsdu volumineux dossier
dont Ia Cour a étésaisie par le défendeur et par le requérant pourrait
amener un lecteur bienveillant à conclure que le PNUD aurait dû proro-
ger le contrat du requérant oului procurer un autre emploi - en d'autres
termes, que tout pouvoir discrétionnaire existant en la matière aurait
dû êtreexercéen sa faveur. Les services qu'il a rendus, au Yémen,dans
des circonstances assurément pénibles,ont abouti à certaines améliora-
tions dans ce secteur, et nul ne l'ajamais accuséde n'avoir pasdonnésatis-
faction dans son travail. Lesefforts faits par le PNUD pour lui trouver un
nouvel emploi excluent d'ailleurs cette hypothèse. Ces considérations '
auraient peut-êtremêmepu renforcer l'idéed'un droit au renouvellement
du contrat dont se prévaut le requérant, ce qui, dans des circonstances

appropriées et si la question avait étésoulevéede manière opportune,
aurait placé l'affairesous un éclairagetout différent, notamment en ce
qui concerne le montant des dommages-intérêts auxquels lerequérant
pouvait prétendre en raison du non-renouvellement de son contrat ou de
l'impossibilitéd'obtenir une nouvelle affectationl.

1 La pertinence de cette apparente digression apparaîtra plusloin à propos de la
«thèseprincipale))du requérant.
69 The fact that the applicant was employed under a fixed-term contract
does not automatically exclude the possibility of a legal right to renewal.

Thisconclusion can be abundantly demonstrated by the manner in which
this Court has interpreted such contracts and by the jurisprudence of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal. Such a legal right can be
grounded on the reasonable expectations aroused by implicit as well as
explicit assurances that a renewal is to be granted or may be expected.
Much, of course, depends on the nature and scope of the assurance and

the context in which it was made in light of al1the circumstances of the
case 1.

In his application to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
applicant requested the Tribunal to order the respondent to restore him
to the status quo ante prevailing in May 1969by extending his fixed-term
appointment for a further two years beyond 31 December 1969.He did

not, however, allege or attempt to demonstrate that he was possessed of
an acquired legal right to a renewal of his contract, a fact to which the
Judgement itself called attention in paragraph III. The point is important
because no explicit assurance of such renewal was ever made. Further-
more, the available facts fail to indicate that it might have been implied*.
The commitment which respondent made in its important letter of

22 May 1969was a limited one and was couched in language cautiously
calculated to dampen rather than stimulate an expectation that its
undertaking to use "every effort" to "secure another assignment" for
applicant would necessarily prove successful. Nevertheless it was a formal
commitment, "obviously" implying, as the United Nations Administra-
tive Tribunal Judgement itself stated, "an obligation to act in a correct

manner and in good faith" (para. IV). It was the failure to perform this
obligation in a reasonable manner by disseminating "incomplete if not
inaccurate" fact-sheets which constitutedthe basis for the United Nations

1 It is unnecessary to elaborate on this point in the main body of this Opinion. It was
thoroughiy argued by counsel and discussed in the Unesco case.C.J. Reports 1956.
pp. 90-97 ),here the facts revealan explicit assurance, and in many cases before
UNAT where the assurance was implicit.

2 Whether such an assurance might have been implied would depend on an analysis
ofal1the circumstances of the case. In Dale (Judgement No. 132),the applicant argued
an examination of the reasons for a discretionarysion when such decision affectsa
right or legitimate expectation of renewal. Respondent had argued that the conclusion
of a newcontract was within his discretionary power. Relying on Yatiezhe asserted the
Tribunal could notnquire into the reasons or groundsfor the decision not to renew the
contract.
The Tribunal, however, following the argument of applicant stated that it must
"consider whether in the circumstances of the case, the Respondent was under an
obligation to renew thepplicant's contract upon its expiration". Under the circum-
stances of the case, it assessed Dale's frustrated expectations in the amount of a one-
year contract. Le fait que le requérant étaitemployé envertu d'un contrat de durée

déterminéen'exclut pas automatiquement la possibilité d'un droit au
renouvellement de ce contrat. Je renvoie aux abondantes preuves qu'en
offrent les interprétations de pareils contrats donnéespar la Cour ainsi
que la jurisprudence du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies. On
peut faire reposer le droit en question sur les expectatives raisonnables
suscitéespar des assurances implicites et explicites de nature à laisser

croire qu'une prorogation serait accordée ou qu'on peut du moins s'y
attendre 1.Celadépend beaucoup évidemmentde la nature et de la portée
des assurances donnéeset du contexte dans lequel ellesl'ont étée ,u égard
à toutes les circonstances de I'affaire.
Quand il a saisi le Tribunal administratif le requérant a priécelui-ci
d'ordonner au défendeur de le rétablir dans la situation qui était la

sienne en mai 1969,en prolongeant son engagement de duréedéterminée
pour une périodededeux ans à partir du 31décembre1969.11n'a toutefois
ni prétendu ni tenté de démontrer qu'il possédait undroit acquis au
renouvellement de son contrat, comme le rappelle le paragraphe III du
jugement du Tribunal. Le point est important, car aucune assurance for-
melle de renouvellement n'ajamais étédonnée etil ne ressort pas davan-

tage des faitsconnus que cette assurance aurait pu êtretacite 2.
L'engagement que le défendeur a pris dans son importante lettre du
22 mai 1969était unengagement limité, rédigé ed nes termes soigneuse-
ment calculéspour décourager plutôt qu'encourager l'espoir que sa pro-
messe de faire «tous les efforts possibles))pour «trouver un autre poste»
au requérantaurait nécessairementunrésultat.IIs'agissaitnéanmoinsd'un
engagement formel impliquant ((évidemment», selon les propres termes

dujugement du Tribunal administratif «l'obligation de procéderdans des
conditions régulières etde bonne foi»(paragraphe IV). C'est parce que le
défendeurne s'est pas acquittéde cette obligation d'une manière raison-
nable, du fait qu'il a diffusé desfiches analytiques individuelles ((incorn-

opinion. Elle a étélonguement exposée par le conseil du requérant et discutéedansnte
l'affaire concernantl'Unesco (C.I.J. Rerueil 1956, p. 90-97), où il est de fait
que des assurances avaient étédonnées explicitement, de mêmeque dans nombre
d'affaires portées devant le Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies, où il s'agissait
d'assurances implicites.
2 Seule une analyse de toutes les circonstances de l'espècepemerttrait de savoir si
cette assurance aurait pu êtredonnée tacitement. En I'affaire(jugement no 132du
Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies) le requérant a soutenu que, dans I'affaire
Yarîez(jugementnO112),ilavait étéadmisque leTribunal peut éventuellementexaminer
les raisons qui ont motivé une décision discrétionnaire lorsqu'unetelle décisionaffecte
un droit ou une expectative légitimede renouvellement du contrat. Le défendeuravait
soutenu que le renouvellement du contrat relevait de son pouvoir discrétionnaire. Se
fondant sur l'affaireiiez,il affirmait que le Tribunal ne pouvait examiner les motifs
ouLe Tribunal, faisant droit aux arguments du requérant, a statué qu'il lui fallait
((examinersi, dans les circonstances de la cause, le défendeurétait dans l'obligation de
renouveler le contrat du requéranta son expiration)). En l'espèce, il a estimé que
l'expectative de Dale qui avait été frustréeétait d'obtenirun contrat d'un an.

70Administrative Tribunal's Judgement awarding applicant relief (paras.

VI1and VIII).
The Opinion has addressed itself to the consequences flowingfrom this
finding of fault with great thoroughness, and in paragraphs 56 and 57 it
sought to demonstrate that a single act, viz.,the dissemination of faulty
fact-sheets, was both the cause for the inadequate performance of the
obligation by the respondent and the basisfor the claim that the applicant
had suffered injury to his professional reputation and career prospects.
1do not agree. In my view, it does not follow that a single source need
have a singleconsequence; on the contrary, the damage to reputation and
career prospects is sufficientlydistinct to fall in a different category fronl

that attributable to the failure to act in a correctmanner and in good faith
in the effort toecure another assignment for the applicant. Theoretically
at least, the former may have already occurred and may have persisted
even if the latter had been ultimately remedied by the respondent. True,
the method used by the respondent contributed to the injury caused to
the applicant's professional reputation and career prospects but that is
not to say that the double consequences flowing from it need be linked
togetheri.

The matter, which involves certain analytical refinements, need not,

however, be pressed since, in my view, the Opinion has correctly con-
cluded that there had been no failure to exercise jurisdiction. As will
appear later, 1 rest this conclusiori not on "a single fault and consequence
theory" but on the very narrow scope correctly attributed by the Opinion
to that ground of objection, viz., "failure to exercisejurisdiction" vested
inthe Tribunal, specifiedin Article 11of its Statute and relied upon bythe
applicant.

In the written statements before this Court, applicant's newly assigned
counsel in a forceful, earnest and even eloquent fashion, attempted to
shift the focus of the argument in order to provide a new perspective on
the case which, allegedly, was insufficiently apprehended by the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal.
The major thrust of this contention as revealed in his last two state-
ments before this Court (December 1972 and January 1973) may be

crisply described as a "vendetta" or conspiracy charge combined with a
"link" theory. The former is asserted to stem from prejudice on the part
of some of the hierarchy of UNDP and the latter links this prejudice to
the efforts of applicant in "cleaning up the mess in Yemen" and in

1 It should beadded that the capacity of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
to award compensation forinjury to professional reputation and career prospects, even
the damages appropriate to such injury cannot be ascertained with certainty does nott that
entai1 theconsequence that they are merely speculatiHiggins(Judgement No. 92)
damages were awarded for mental suffering.plètes, sinon inexactes}), que le Tribunal a accordé une réparation au
requérant (paragraphes VI1et VIII).
Les conséquencesdu manquement ainsi constaté sont examinéesdans
I'avis d'une manière itrèsapprofondie et, aux paragraphes 56-57, on a

tentéde démontrer qu'un acte unique, à savoir la diffusion de fiches ana-
lytiques individuelles inexactes, étaitla fois la causede l'exécution défec-
tueuse de ladite obligation par ledéfendeur et lefondement de la demande
concernant l'atteinte portée à la réputation et à l'avenir professionnels
du requérant. Je ne partage pas cette conception. A mon sens il ne va pas
de soi qu'une cause unique ait nécessairement uneconséquenceunique;
bien au contraire l'atteinte portéeà la réputation età l'avenir profession-
nelsprésentedes caractèressufisamment distinctifs pour nepas entrer dans
la mêmecatégorie que le fait de ne pas avoir agi dans des conditions

régulièreset de bonne:foi pour trouver un autre poste au requérant. En
théoriedu moins, I'atteinte a pu êtreportéeet elle peut persister, même
si le second manquement a été réparé par le défendeurpour finir. Il est
vrai que la manièred',agirdu défendeur acontribué à nuire à la réputa-
tion et àl'avenir professionnels du requérant, mais cela ne veut pas dire
que les deux conséquencesqui en découlent doivent êtrenécessairement
confondues 1.
II n'est toutefois pas nécessaired'insister sur cette question, qui fait
intervenir des nuances assez subtiles car à mon sens l'avis a raison de

conclure que le Tribunal a exercésajuridiction. On verra plus loin que je
fonde cette conclusion non pas sur ce qu'on peut appeler la théorie de la
faute et de la conséquence uniques mais sur l'importance trèslimitée que
I'avisattribue à juste titrà ce motif de contestation -je veux parler du
non-exercice de juridiction qui est mentionné à l'article Il du statut du
Tribunal et invoquépar le requérant.

Dans les exposés écrits soumis à la Cour, le nouveau conseil du
requérant s'est efforcé, avec vigueur,conviction et même avecéloquence,
de déplacer le débat et d'ouvrir, sur l'affaire, de nouvelles perspectives
qui auraient échappii selon lui au Tribunal administratif des Nations
Unies.
L'essentiel de cette argumentation, comme il ressort des deux derniers

exposésque le requérant a soumis à la Cour (en décembre 1972et enjan-
vier 1973),revient en deux mots à combiner une accusation de vendetta
ou de complot avec une théorie fondée sur l'existence d'un «lien».
Certains fonctionnaires du PNUD auraient fait preuve de parti pris et ce
parti pris seraitiéaux efforts que le requéranta déployéspour «procéder

1 II convient d'ajouter que le pouvoir du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies
d'accorder desommage:s-intérêtpsour atteintà la réputation et à l'avenir profes-
sionnels semble sinonésulterimpérativement de i'article9 de son statut, du moins y
semblable préjudicene saurait êtrecalculée aveccertitude ne signifie pas qu'elle soit
simplement arbitraire. Dansiggins(jugement n'92)des dommages-intérêtsont été
accordéspour préjudicemoral.
71exposing corruption, to the great embarrassment of his superiors. It was
the failure of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal to appreciate
and even investigate the latter and to link it to the former that, inppli-

cant's view,constituted both a fundamental error in procedure which has
occasioned a failure ofjustice and a failure to exercisejurisdiction vested
in the Tribunal.
Thus in his corrected statement of December 1972(para. 122, p. 42)
applicant asserted :
"In other words, the acknowledgedfailuresto maintain Applicant's
file in fair condition or to make an adequate search for further
employment must be linked to the underlying factual claim of the
Applicant .. .In a more technical vein,itisthefailureof the Adminis-

trative Tribunal to investigate the link betweenApplicant'sresponse
to corruption in the Yemen ojîce of the UNDP and the subsequent
treatment of himat Headquartersthat constitutesthe mainbasisfor an
ajîrmative response to the two questions put to this Court for an
Advisory Opinion." (Emphasisadded.)

The samenote was soundedin his comments ofJanuary 1973(para. 6at
pp. 6and 7) :

"The failure of the Administrative Tribunal to render appropriate
relief must be understood in relation to this documented refusal of
the UNDP to carry out either the substance or the spirit of the
earlier recommendations of the Joint Appeals Board. In turn, such a
refusal has to be assessed in relation to the underlying failure of the
UNDP to protect Applicant from damages that followed from
assigning him the task of straightening out a situation of undisputed
corruption and dereliction in the Yemen officeof UNDP. It is the
magnitude of this inequity in relation to the experience of the
Applicant in seeking some satisfaction for his grievances that is at

thecenter ofhiscontentions. It isfor thisreason, also,thatit becomes
evident that the relief andreasoning, of the Administrative Tribunal
inits Judgement No. 158mustbe understood as'woefullyinadequate'
that is, to find on the merits soclearly for the Applicant and yet to
grant relief thatdoes not begin to rectify the wrongs inflictedis to
compound the injustice. The Respondent'sstatement confuses this
problem by ifs contention thatApplicant's complaints were directed
towardthe inadequacyof theaward ratherthan,as wehavemade clear,
the link between the Jindingsand the relief, i.e., the essence of the
Judgement itself." (Emphasisadded.)

The respondent's responseto this particular contention submits two
points. The firstis simply that it has not been adequately established and
the second is that, in so far as it would have entailed an independent in-
vestigation by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, the latter
body is neitherchargedwith sucha responsibilitynor equippedtohandleit. DEMANDEDE R~~FORMATIO( NOP.IND. DILLARD) 234

à un grand nettoyage)) au Yémenet pour démasquerles prévarications,
au grand embarras de ses supérieurs.C'est lefait que le Tribunal admi-
nistratif n'a paspprkciél'importance de ce dernier facteur, ne l'a même
pas examinéetne l'apas rattaché à l'accusation de complot qui constitue,
aux yeux du requérant, à la fois une erreur essentiellede procédureayant
provoquéun mal-jugée :t le non-exercicede sajuridiction par le Tribunal.
- c'est ainsi que dans la version corrigéede son expose, présentée en
décembre 1972(para,graphe 122),le requérantaffirme ceci:

«En d'autres termes, le fait reconnu de ne pas avoir tenu d'une
manière satisfaisante le dossier du requérant et de ne pas avoir
cherché commeil convenait à lui procurer un autre emploi doit être
rattachéau grief de base du requérant ..Plus techniquement, c'est
surtout parce que:leTribunal administratif n'a pas examinéleapport
existant entre la ,réactdu requérantdevant la corruption au bureau
duPNUD au Yémen et lafaçon dontil a été traéar la suite au siège
queles deuxquestions posées àla Courdansla demanded'avis consul-
tatif devraientp,peelrneréponseafirmative. ))(Les italiques sont de
nous.)

11développela même thèsedans sa réponse de janvier 1973 (para-
graphe 6):

«Le fait que L:Tribunal administratif n'a pas corrigé cette situa-
tion estrapprolrher de ce refus attestédu PNUD de se conformer à
la lettre oàl'esprit desrecommandations antérieuresde la Commis-
sion paritaire de recours. Ce refus lui-mêmedoit être rattaché aufait
que le PNUD n'a pas protégéle requérant contre les torts qu'il a
subis pour avoir été chargéde remédier àla corruption et au laisser-
aller qui régnaient incontestablement au bureau du PNUD au
Yémen.C'est l'hormité de cette iniquité,mise en rapport avec les
tribulations du requérantquand il a cherché obtenirréparation, qui
constituel'essenitielde sa thèse. C'estpour cela aussi que, de toute
évidence,la réparationaccordéeet lesmotifs énoncés par le Tribunal
administratif, dans son jugement no 158, doivent êtreconsidérés

comme des plus insuffisants - en effet, ce jugement donne claire-
ment raison au requérantsur le fond, mais il lui accorde une répara-
tion dérisoirepar rapport au dommage subi, ce qui est vraiment
mettre le combleà l'injustice.L'exposédudéfendeursèmela confusion
lorsqu'il prétend que lerséclamationsdu demandeurportaient plutôt
surI'irrsuflsancede laréparationet non,commenousl'avons démontré,
sur lerapport entre lesconclusionset la réparation accordéec'est-à-
dire l'essenceê:md eu jugement.» (Les italiques sont de nous.)

La réponseque le défendeurapporte à cette argumentation comporte
deux volets. Le premier est simplement qu'elle n'a pas étésuffisamment
établieet le second est que, dans la mesure OUelle aurait nécessitéun
examen indépendant de la part du Tribunal administratif, ce dernier
n'était nichargéde c:etteresponsabiliténi outillépour s'en acquitter. The applicant, on the contrary, contends that the contention has been
established by a necessary inference flowing from the documented factsl.
Furthermore he asserts that it furnishes the underlying motif for the more
specific pleas addressed to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal
and justifies the contention that eachof them should have been considered

in light of the fundamental prejudice animating the actions of UNDP.
So viewed, the gross disproportion between the injury suffered and the
compensation awarded would be seen in proper perspective. This, he
asserts, is particularly true of pleas jdj and (g), which he claims were
summarily dismissed by the Tribunal.
The Opinion has described and analysed this contention in paragraphs
79 through 87. 1agree with this analysis as applied to the present case but

am moved to sound a cautionary note.
In my view this particular contention of the applicant is related less to
the facts, though they are obviously important, than to the "perception"
of those facts by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. It is a
question of the failure of the Tribunal to act not so much as an investi-
gating body but as a body which has been put on notice of the facts and
has failed to react by either drawing the proper inferences from them or
"seeing" their relevance to the pleas advanced by the applicantz.

Itshould beborne in mind that a reviewingbody, responding to a request
for an advisoryopinion inthe exercise of what is presumably a non-appel-
late function, is not strictly confined to the record sent up from below.
As stated in the Unesco case (I.C.J. Reports 1956, p. 87):

"The Court is not confined to an examination of the grounds of
decision expressly invoked by the Tribunal; it must reach its decision
on grounds which it considers decisive with regard to thejurisdiction
of the Tribunal."

It is submitted that this observation is more compelling when the issue
centresnot onthe jurisdiction of the Tribunal but on its"failure to exercise
jurisdiction" and when the provisions of Article Il contemplate that the

Tribunal should conform its Judgement to the opinion of the Court.

1 While this contention runs like a thread throughout applicant's many statements
it is made particularly explicit in Annex 86, para. 147.
2 It is appreciated that one of the difficulties in any review proceeding consists in
determining the line to be drawn between the exercise of non-reviewable discre-
tionary power on the one hand, and the misuse of that power on the other hand.
Occasionally thisturns less on the actual facts than on the way they are apprehended
and characterized in light of applicable legal standards. In my view applicant's major
contention, while not sufficientlyestablished,d not be said to be irrelevant. DEMANDIZDE RÉFORMATION (OP. IND. DILLARD) 235

Le requérant soutient au contraire que sa thèse estdémontrée carelle
découlenécessairementdes faits établis 1.IIdéclareen outre qu'elle cons-

titue le fondement des demandes plus précises qu'ila adresséesau Tribu-
nal administratif et qu'elle justifie l'assertion selon laquelle chacune de
celles-ciaurait dû êtreconsidéréeen fonction du parti pris qui a inspiréle
comportement du PNUD. Sous cet angle, la flagrante disproportiorientre
le préjudice subi et la réparation accordéeapparaît sous son vrai jour.
Cela est particulièrement vrai, dit-il, en ce qui concerne les demandes d)
et g), que le Tribunal administratif a, d'après lui, rejetéespurement et

simplement.
L'avis décrit et analyse cette thèse dans ses paragraphes 79 à 87.
J'accepte cette analyse, appliquée à la présente affaire, mais je crois
devoi; formuler une mise en garde.
A mon avis, cette thèse particulière du requérant porte moins sur les
faits, bien qu'ils soient évidemmentimportants, que sur la façon dont ces
faits ont été «perçus>:)par le Tribunal administratif. II ne s'agit pas tant

de savoir si le Tribunal administratif a omis d'exercer les fonctions d'un
organe d'enquête; il s'agit plutôt de déterminer si, mis au courant des
faits, il s'estabstenu de réagir soit entirant lesdéductionsqui convenaient
soit en ((saisissant)) leur pertinence par rapport aux demandes du re-
quérant 2.
11ne faut pas oublier qu'un organe de second degrérépondant à une
demande d'avis considtatif dans l'exercicede ce qui constitue probable-

ment une fonction différentede celle d'une juridiction d'appel, n'a pas à
s'en tenir strictement au dossier que lui adresse l'organe de première
instance. Comme il est dit dans l'affaire concernant l'Unesco (C.1.J.
Recueil 1956, p. 87) :

«La Cour n'est pas limitée à l'examen des motifs qiie le Tribunal
administratif a expressémentinvoqués à l'appui de sa décision;elle
doit arriver, pour les motifs qu'elle jugera déterminants, a sa propre
décisionau sujet de la compétence du Tribunal. ))

Il me semble que cette observation s'impose encore plus quand la ques-
tion porte essentiellement, non sur la compétencedu Tribunal, mais sur
le fait qu'il a «omis d'exercer sa juridiction)) et quand les dispositions
applicables - en l'espèce l'articleI1de son statut - imposent au Tribu-

nal administratif l'obligation de se conformer. dans son jugement, à
l'avis de la Cour.

1 Si cette théseconstitue le leitmotiv de nombreuses déclarations du requérant. elle
est formulée d'une façon particulièrement explicite au paragraphe de la requête
qu2iOn sait que, dans toute procédure de réexamen, il est difficile de fixer la limite
entre I'exercice d'un pouvoir discrétionnaire sans appel d'une part et l'abus de ce
pouvoir de l'autre. Cette difficultéporte parfois moins sur les faits eux-mêmesque sur
lamanière dont ilssont perçus et qualàfla lumièredesnormesjuridiques en vigueur.
A mon avis, la thèse principale du requérant, sans êtresuffisamment établie.ne saurait
êtreprésentéecomme dépourvue depertinence.236 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP. OP. DILLARD)

Nevertheless there is an obvious limit to thextent to which arguments
advanced denovocan be effectivelyemployed to alter completely the case
as presented before the Tribunal. As previously.noted, applicant's case
was not rested on the assumption that an acquiredrightto renewal was in
issue or that the fault attributed to respondent was an invasion of that
right. Furthermore the argument rested largely on inferencesfrom facts
which were not adequately supported by the record. At the theoretical

level the argument also failed adequately to take into account the limited
scope of the two grounds for review embraced in Article 11 of the
Tribunal's statute which were in issue before the Court. It is to a con-
sideration of these grounds that I now turn.

1 agree with the reasoning of the Opinion and its conclusion that the
present proceedings fail to reveal "a fundamental error in procedure
whichhasoccasioned afailureof.iustice"(emphasis added).
It might have been supposed that, to avoid redundancy, the italicized
clause qualified in some way the meaning of the antecedent clause and by
so doing extended the range of inquiry into an area inviting an analysis
of complex problems of "justice" including concepts of "proportionality"
so much debated since the time of Aristotle. It is abundantly clear from

the legislative history of Article Il, however, that no such consequence
was intended but, on the contrary, that the clause,whch does not appear
in the con~parable provision of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, was
added merely to reinforce the notion that theerror must be a fundamental
one. It is true that the reason supplied to justify theount of the award
appears to be cryptic, but nevertheless the Judgement was sufficiently
reasoned to avoid the implication of a fundamental error in procedure
within the meaning correctly ascribed to this concept by the Opinion.

The meaning and potential application of the second ground of objec-
tion, viz.,that theTribunal "has failed to exercisejurisdiction vested in it"
is more difficult to analyse. The Opinion, in paragraph 50, has drawn
from the legislative history of this provision the conclusion that it has a
"comparatively narrow scope, i.e., as concerned essentially with a failure

[of UNAT] to put into operation the jurisdictional powers possessed by
it-rather thanwith afailure to dojustice to the merits on the exercise of
those powers. It is thus concerned with matters of jurisdiction or
competence in their strict sense" (emphasis added).

While 1do not think this conclusion is necessarily compelled, inasmuch
as the provision was presumably inserted for the benefit of applicants
rather than the reverse, it is yet,in my view,sufficientlysupported by the

74 II y a évidemmentLinelimite à la possibilitéde métamorphoserl'affaire
telie qu'elle a étésoumise au Tribunal, en faisant appel à de nouveaux
arguments. Comme on l'a déjàfait observer, le requérant n'étaitpas

partià l'origine du principe qu'un droit acquisau renouvellement de son
contrat était en cause, ou que la faute imputée au défendeurportait
atteinteà ce droit. De plus, son argumentation se fondait, dans une large
mesure, sur des déductionstirées d'élémenq tuele dossierne corroborepas
sufisamment. Sur le plan théorique, il ne tenait pas non plus suffi-
samment compte de la portéelimitée desdeux motifsderéformationpré-
vus à l'article 11 du !statutdu Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies
et qui sont invoqués devant la Cour. C'estl'examen de ces deux motifs
que je vais maintenant aborder.

J'appuie leraisonnement suividans l'avisetla conclusion selon laquelle
la présente instancene fait pas apparaître «dans la procédureune erreur

essentiellequiaprovclquéunmal-jugé»(lesitaliques sont de nous).
On pourrait penser que, par souci d'éviterles répétitions,les mots
soulignéslimitent en quelque façon le sens des termes qui précèdentet,
de ce fait, élargissentla portée del'examenau point d'autoriser une ana-
lysedes problèmes complexesde «justice», mettant enjeu notamment les
idéesde «proportionnaJité» si souvent débattues depuis l'époque d'Aris-
tote. Mais il ressort tie façon toàtfait claire de la genèsede l'article 11
que l'on ne voulait nullement en arriveràcela, et que bien au contraire la
clause, qui ne figure pas dans la disposition correspondante du statut du
Tribunal administratif de l'OIT, a étéajoutéesimplement pour souligner
que l'erreur doit êtreessentielle. Certes, la raison invoquéepour justifier
le montant de l'indemnitéparaît sibylline; néanmoinsle jugement était
assez motivépour échapperau reproche d'une erreur procéduraleessen-
tielle au sensorrectc:mentattribué à ce concept par l'avis.

La signification et l'application éventuelledu deuxième motifinvoqué
contre lejugement, savoir que le Tribunal «a omis d'exercersajuridic-
tion)) est plus difficileanalyser. L'avis, au paragraphe 50,tire de l'his-
torique de cette disposition la conclusion que celle-ai«une portéerela-
tivement étroite,autirementdit [qu'elle est considéréec]omme concernant
essentiellement le ca.soù le Tribunal s'abstient de mettre en Œuvre les
pouvoirs juridictionnels qu'il possèdeet nonpas le cas où, dansl'exercice
de ses pouvoirs, ilarSoutitàunmal-jugésur lefond)). 11s'agit ainsi «des
problèmesdejuridiction ou de compétenceau sens strict)). (Les italiques
sont de nous.)
Sije ne pense pas que cette conclusion s'impose nécessairement, d'au-
tant plus que la di!sposition a étéprobablement incluse dans l'intérêt

des requérants plutot que le contraire, elle n'en trouve pas moins, melegislative history of Article 11 to constitute an authoritative interpreta-
tion of the provision.
So viewed, it may be contrasted with the third ground of possible
objection to a judgement embraced in Article 11 which, while not for-
mally included in the questions put to the Court, may serve to illuininate
the limited scope of those that were so included. Although the meaning
and scope of the third ground must await possible future interpretation,
it yet seems clear, on the face of it, that the contention that the Tribunal
has "erred on a question of law relating to the provision of the Charter
of the United Nations" would not cal1 directly into play the issue of
whether the Tribunal has exceeded its jurisdiction or has failed to
exerciseit, but rather that of whether ithas correctly applied the law itis

competent to administer.This would appear to require a review of sub-
stantive legal issues, and, as such, to constitute a challenge to the judge-
ment on the meritsi.

In striking contrast, the scope of review in the present proceedings, as
previously noted, is strictly confined to a jurisdictional issue even when
the applicablenorm is stated to be a failure to exercisejurisdiction. Such
issues are primarily concerned with the proper allocation or distribution
ofthe power to decidethe merits of a controversy in the face of competing
claims to the exercise of such power by another organization or agency.
Only incidentally are they concerned with the merits themselves. It is
precisely this factor, in the absence of competing claims to authority,

which makes a review proceeding directly involving individual rights
appear to be, if not utterly illusory, at least, highly inappropriate. In a
normal case, as in the present one, the individual is obviously less con-
cerned with the power of the tribunal to hear the case, whosejurisdiction
he has himself invoked, than with the way it exercises it. And, even if
substantial equality between the parties is preserved, as was contemplated
by Article 11, a decision on purely jurisdictional grounds is likely to
arouse a feeling of frustration on the part of the individual to the extent
that the merits embraced in his objections remain undetermined by the
reviewing body.

This consequence would be particularly telling if the lower tribunal
could be deemed always to have exercised jurisdiction by the simple
device of listing al1 pleas, considering some and disposing of al1 that
remained through the comprehensive and usual formula employed by the
Tribunal that "the other requests are rejected". If one of applicant's pleas

1 The point is made with admirable clarity and characteristic thoroughness by
ProfessorLeo Gross inconnection with the problem of equality of the parties. Gross,
Justice: Questions of Equality Between the Parties", 52 A.J.I.L. 16 (1958). Court ofsemble-t-il, dans l'hi~~toriquede l'élaboration de l'article 11, des justifi-
cations suffisantes pour constituer une interprétation autorisée.
Ainsi envisagée,elle peut êtremise en contraste avec le troisièmemotif
de contestation des juigement prévu à l'article 11,qui, bien qu'il ne figure
pas expressément parmi les questions soumises à la Cour, peut servir à
mettre en lumière la portée limitéedes motifs viséspar ces questions.
Mêmesi le sens et la portéedu troisième motif attendent encore de rece-
voir une interprétation, il n'en paraît pas moins certain,à première vue,
que si le Tribunal était accusé d'avoir ((commis une erreur de droit

concernant les dispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies», cela ne
soulèverait pas directement la question de savoir si le Tribunal aurait
outrepassé sacompétenceou omis de l'exercer, maisplutôt cellede savoir
s'il aurait correctement appliquéles dispositions qu'il est compétentpour
mettre en @uilre. Cela, semble-t-il, oblige à réexaminer les questions
juridiques de fond et, àce titre, représente unecontestation du jugement
sur le fond1.
Par un contraste frappant, la portée du réexamen dans la présente
instance se limite strictement, comme on l'a déjà indiqué, à une question
de juridiction, mêmes'il est dit que la norme applicable est l'omission
d'exercer lajuridiction. Une pareille question intéressesurtout la manière

dont il convient d'attribuer ou de répartir le pouvoir de trancher un dif-
férendau fond en présencede prétentionsrivales à l'exercicede cepouvoir
émisespar une autre organisation ou un autre organisme. Elle ne con-
cerne qu'incidemment le fond lui-même.C'est précisémentce facteur, en
l'absence de prétentionsrivales à l'exercicede l'autorité, quidonne à une
procédurede réexamenmettant en jeu directement des droits individuels
un caractère sinon tout à fait illusoire du moins fort inadapté. Il est nor-
mal et assez évident, et c'est d'ailleurs le casen l'espèce,que l'intéressé se
soucie moins du poiivoir du Tribunal de connaître de l'affaire, en vertu

d'une compétence qu'il a lui-même invoquée,que de la manière dont le
Tribunal exercece pouvoir. Or, mêmesil'égalité essentielle entre lesparties
est sauvegardée, comme l'envisage l'article 11, une décision fondée uni-
quement sur des motifs juridictionnels risque de susciter un sentiment
defrustration chez la personne en cause, dans la mesure où l'organe de
réexamenne statue pas sur les questions de fond qu'englobent les objec-
tions.
II en serait particidièrement ainsi si l'on pouvait supposer, dans tous
lescas, que le Tribunal inférieura exercésajuridiction en usant du simple
procédéqui consiste à énumérertous leschefs de demande, àen examiner

un certain nombre eià se débarrasserdu reste par la formule généraleet
usuelle dont s'est servi le Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies:

que M. Leo Gross A propos du problèmede l'égalitédes parties, ((Participationof
Individuals in Advisory Opinions before the I.C.J.: Questions of Equality Between
the Partie»52A.J.Z.L.16(1958).were obscured by being included within the scope of such a formula, how
could he effectivelychallenge the exerciseofjurisdiction by the Tribunal?
By hypothesis, it has assumed jurisdiction over al1pleas; hence none is
neglected. A challenge based on a failure to exercisejurisdiction over a

plea rejected in the collective formula would then invite the curious
contradiction that although the Tribunal had exercisedjurisdiction, it had
yet failed to do so. An objection based on this ground would then appear
to be stripped of al1decisivelegal and practical significance.

The above observation is not intended to imply any criticism of the
Tribunal's methods in analysing and disposing of the numerous pleas in
the many cases it is called upon to consider and decide. Tt is merely
intended to direct attention to one of the peculiar difficultieswhichinhere
in the very concept of a failure to exercisejurisdiction when invoked by
an individual applicant as a ground of objection to the Tribunal's
judgement.
Considerations of this kind underlie, in my view, the significanceand
purport of paragraph 51 of the Opinion. That paragraph makes it abun-
dantly clear that the Administrative Tribunal must have regard to the
substance of the matter and not merely the form; that a mere purported

exercise of jurisdiction is.insufficient and that the Tribunal must in fact
have applied itsjurisdictional powers to the determination of the material
issues.
Nevertheless it remains true that thisground of objection concerns only
a failure to put into operation jurisdictionalpowers "rather than a failure
to dojustice to the merits on the exercise ofthose powers". This does not
rule out an analysis by the Court to determine whether the judgement
omitted a particular material issue or treated a particular plea in a purely
perfunctory manner. The Opinion has addressed itself to this matter with
manifest thoroughness. It does mean that once it is determined that the
Tribunal has "applied its mind" to the material issues, the Court's
reviewing role is strictly limited. It is thus apparent that both legallyand
practically the scope ailowedthis ground of objection is so narrowly con-
fined as to leave little, if any, room for the Court to dealwiththe merits.

This concededly theoretical analysis leads up to an additional aspect
of the Opinion with which 1 am not in full agreement although 1 agree
with the conclusions stated in the operative clauses. It concerns the
relationshipbetween an alleged failure to exercise jurisdiction and the
remedies provided by the Judgement.
In the Factory at C/zorzowcase, the Permanent Court of International«les autres demandes sont rejetées)).Si l'un des chefs de demande était
ainsi balayépar cette formule, comment le requérant pourrait-il contester
utilement la manière dont le Tribunal aurait exercésa juridiction? Par
hypothèse, le Tribunal se serait déclaré compétentpour connaître de
toutes les demandes; donc, aucune n'aurait étélaisséede côté.Dire que la
juridiction n'aurait pas étéexercée à l'égard d'unedemande particulière
rejetéeà l'aidede laformule globaleentraînerait uneétrangecontradiction,
à savoir que le Tribunal, bien qu'ayant exercésa juridiction, aurait
néanmoinsomis de le faire. Une contestation fondée sur ce motif semble-
rait donc dépourvuede toute valeur décisive d'unpoint de vuejuridique
et pratique.
Par la remarque qui précède,je n'entends nullement critiquer les mé-

thodes dont use le Tr.ibuna1pour analyser et trancher les nombreux chefs
de demande des nombreuses affaires dont il est appelé à connaître. Mon
propos est seulement d'attirer l'attention sur l'une des difficultésparticu-
lièresqui s'attachentil'idée mêmdee non-exercicede lajuridiction quand
un requérantconteste:lejugement du Tribunal pour ce motif.

Des considérations,de cette nature sont, selon moi, sous-jacentes dans
le paragraphe 51del'avis,vu sateneur et son objet. Ce paragraphe indique
tout à fait clairement que le Tribunal administratif doit tenircompte de la
substance de l'affaireet non simplement de la forme, qu'un exercicepure-
ment formel de la compétenceest insuffisant et que le Tribunal doit avoir
en fait, uséde sespoiivoirsjuridictionnels pour résoudrelesproblèmesde
fond.
Il reste que ce motif de contestation concerne uniquement le non-

exercice des pouvoirs;juridictionnels et non un mal-jugésur le fond dans
l'exercicede ces pouvoirs. Cela n'exclut pas que la Cour essaie, par une
analyse, de déterminersi lejugement a omistelle ou telle question impor-
tante ou examiné telleou telle demande de manière superficielle. L'avis
aborde cette questiondans un soucimanifested'êtrecomplet.11montre que,
dès lors qu'il est établique le Tribunal a «fait porter son examen))sur les
questions de fond, lerôle deréexamendelaCour eststrictementcirconscrit.
Ainsi voit-on qu'à la fois du point de vue du droit et du point de vue
pratique la portée dle ce motif de contestation est enferméedans de si
étroiteslimites qu'il ne laisseguère à la Cour de possibilité d'examiner
le fond.

Cette analyse assurément théorique m'amène à traiter d'un autre
aspect de l'avis que je ne puis appuyer entièrement, bien que je souscrive
aux conclusions énoncéesdans le dispositif. II s'agit du rapport entre le
non-exercice de la juridiction qu'aurait commis le Tribunal et la répara-
tion accordéepar lejugement.
Dans l'affaire de l'Usine de Chorzow, la Cour permanente de JusticeJustice announced a general principle governing reparation in the fol-
lowing terms:

"The essential principle contained in the actual notion of an illegal
act-a principle which seems to be established by international
practice and in particular by the decisions of arbitral tribunals-
is that reparation must, so far as possible, wipe out al1the conse-
quences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would,
in al1probability, have existed if that act had not been committed."
(P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 17, p. 47.)

The question therefore arises as to whether a ground of objection
based on "failure to exercise jurisdiction" may be based on an alleged
failure to provide adequate relief. Bearing in mind that the Tribunal will
have normally addressed its mind to the matter, may the "adequacy" of
the compensation awarded in lieu of specific performance be the object

of legitimate challenge?
The reach of this question is obviously important viewed both theo-
retically and practically. In the Opinion (para. 64) the question is located
in the context of the exercise by the Administrative Tribunal of "reason-
able discretion". It is there stated that "the obvious unreasonablenessof
the award could be taken into accountin determining whether there had
been a failure to exercise jurisdiction within the meaning given to this
term by the Court in paragraphs 50 and 51 above" (emphasis added). It
will be recalled that this rneaning was a very restricted one keyed to the

concept of jurisdiction in the strict sense. The Opinion cautiously indi-
catesthat only in an extreme case may it be considered that there had been
a failure to exercisejurisdiction. Its view that such an instance would be
highly exceptional is reinforced by ascribing to the Tribunal a "wide
margin of discretion" within the broad principle of reparation announced
in the Factory at Clzorzbwcase.
The sluice gate this opens to a possible review may be a narrow one,
nevertheless it permits an opening and in one sense, at least, it appears
inconsistent with the purely "jurisdictional" concept attributed to an

objection based on a failure to exercisejurisdiction. This follows because
it allows the "obvious unreasonableness" of the award to constitute an
independentground of review distinct from the omissionby the Tribunal,
either through inadvertence or design, to address itself to one or more
material issues in the case as hdicated in paragraph 51 1.

1 A rneasure of support for this approach rnay be gathered frorn the structure of the
Statute of the Administrative Tribunal. Paragraph 5of Art. 11clearlyconteinplatesthe
possibility that an award by the Administrative Tribunal rnight be excessiveand, if so,
award would be required to be made to thed extent that the sum advanced exceeds
the amount to which he is entitled "in accordance with the opinion of the Court".
While the matter is not altogether free from doubt, it would appear that if the
Court is invested with some control over an excessive award, it might, by parity of
reasoning, also have some control over an "obviously unreasonable one" running ininternationale a énoncé ences termes un principe généralen matière de
'réparation :

«Le principe essentiel qui découle de la notion mêmed'acte
illicite et qui semble se dégagerdela pratique internationale, notam-
ment de la jurisprudence des tribunaux arbitraux, est que la répara-
tion doit, autant que possible, effacer toutes les conséquences de
l'acte illiciteetrlotablir l'étatqui aurait vraisemblablement existési
ledit acte n'avait pasété commis.)) (C.P.J.I. sériA eno 17, p. 47.)

Il s'agit donc de savoir s'il est permis de fonder un grief de «non-
exercice de la juridiction)) sur l'insuffisance de la réparation allouée.
Etant donné que le ïribunal aura normalement examinéla question, le
caractère ((inadéquat))du dédommagement accordéau lieu et place de

l'exécution peut-il légitimer unc eontestation pour ce motif?

Cette question est d'une importance évidente tant du point de vue
théorique que du point de vue pratique. Dans l'avis (paragraphe 64),
la question est placée sur le plan de «l'exercice raisonnable)), par le
Tribunal administratif, d'un ((pouvoir discrétionnaire)).11est dit dans ce
paragraphe qu'on ((pourrait tenir compte du cmactère inanfistement
déraisonnablede l'indlemnitépour déterminers'ily a eu ((non-exercice de

la juridiction)), au sens que la Cour a donné à cette expression aux para-
graphes 50 et 51»(lesitaliques sont de nous). Ce sens est trèslimitéet se
rattache à la juridictionà strictement parler. L'avisexpliqueprudemment
que l'on ne saurait faire étatde non-exercice de lajuridiction que dans les
cas extrêmes. L'idéq eue cettehypothèse doitêtredes plus exceptionnelles
est renforcéepar l'attribution au Tribunal d'une ((marge d'appréciation
considérable))pour a.ppliquerle principe généralde la réparation énoncé

dans l'affaire de 1'U:~inede Chorzbw.
Laporte ainsi ouve:rteàune éventuelleréformationest peut-être étroite,
mais c'est tout de m.êrne une voie d'accèset, en un sens au moins, elle
parait contredire la portéepurement «juridictionnelle» que l'on attribue
aux objections fondkes sur le non-exercice de la juridiction. En effet le
caractère ((manifestementdéraisonnable,) de l'indemnitédevient ainsi un
motif de contestationi indépendantet distinct de l'omission,par le Tribunal,
d'examiner un ou plusieurs aspects importants de l'affaire, que ce soit

sciemment ou par inadvertance comme il est dit au paragraphe 51 1.

statut du Tribunal administratif. Le paragraphede l'article Il envisagenettemente du
l'éventualitd'une indemnisation excessive; dans ce cas, la personne a laquelle une
avance d'un tiersauraittéfaite sur la base de la décisiondu Tribunal serait tenue à un
remboursement égalà la différenceentre la somme avancéeetcelleàlaquelle elle aurait
droit ((conformément i'avisde la Cour». Tout en admettantque la question n'est pas
exempte d'un élémentdl'incertitude, il semblerait que, si la Cour a son motre
quand l'indemnité estt:xcessive, elle peut aussi, par le même raisonnement,reconsi-
dérer une indemnité((évidemmentdéraisonnable» et quikhe en sens contraire. En In my view an approach more consistent with the antecedent analysis
would compel the conclusion that the anzountof the award, in and of
itself, is not sufficientfor holding that the Tribunal has gone beyond the

exercise of reasonable discretion and, further, that standingaloneit does
not constitute a failure to exercise jurisdiction within the strict, juris-
dictional meaning ascribed to that term. Nevertheless, it is distinctly
relevantin determining whether the Administrative Tribunal has, in fact,
omitted to consider one or more material issues or that it has considered
one or more of them in such a perfunctory manner as to amount to an
omission.
Applied to the present case the argument would be that the amourit of

the award indicated that the Tribunal either had not "applied its mind"
to the question of the injury to the applicant's professional reputation
and careerprospects orthat the Judgement revealedinparagraph XII1that
it had done so in such a perfunctory manner asto constitute an omission.
This argument would be fortified by the not altogether unreasonable
assertion that while the award could be logically related to the failure to
use reasonable good faith efforts to find applicant another assignment,
it bore no sufficientrelation to the damage to his professional reputation

or career prospects.

In my viewthis is the most plausible singleargument which might have
proved effective at the trial level in the present case. The Opinion bas
addressed itself to it with great care and the reasons for rejecting it at the
review levelneed not be repeated in thisopinion. As previously indicated 1
do not agree entirely with the reasons advanced in so far as they relate to a
"single consequence" approachl. However 1 agree that the Adminis-

trative Tribunal did address itself to the problem, that its margin of
discretion includes an appreciation of the facts and that the very narrow
scope accorded the concept of a "failure to exercisejurisdiction" leaves
very little room for the Court to Saythat the Tribunal has failed "to put
into operation itsjurisdictional powers". Inasmuch as it has done so, the
conclusion follows that it has not failed to exercise its jurisdiction.

the other direction. In other words, paragraph 5mayindicate that a consideration of the
relationship between the findings of the Tribunal and the amount of the award may fall
within the province of this Court on review. However, as indicated, the matter is not
free from doubt and need not be analysed in this opinion. Conceivably an excessive
award might have resulted from the fact that the Tribunal had exceeded itsjurisdiction.
It is hardly necessary to add that the Court would, in no instance, beto define
the exact extent of a "failure to exercisejurisdiction" or to fix the amount of compen-
sation that is appropriate. The latter function within the province of those charged
with carrying out the provisions of Art.3) of the Tribunal's Statute.
1 1am impelled to add that 1cannot subscribe also to the viewexpressed in para. 63
of the Opinion that the "circulation among the recipients of the original letters would
have provided specificrelief for the harmful effects resulting for the applicant from the
previous circulation of the incomplete fact-sheet". De mon point de vue, pour résoudre le problème en restant fidèle à

l'analyse de l'avis, ilfaudrait conclure que le montant insuffisant de I'in-
demnité ne permet pas, en lui-même,de considérer que le Tribunal a
outrepassél'exerciceraisonnable d'un pouvoir discrétionnaire et, de plus,
qu'à luiseul il ne révèlepas un non-exercice de lajuridiction au sens stric-
tement juridictionnel attribuéà ceterme.Néanmoins,c'estcertainement un
facteur pertinent quand il s'agit de déterminersi le Tribunal administratif
a, en fait, omis d'examiner une ou plusieurs questions importantes, ou

s'il s'est bornéà un examen superficiel qu'on peut assimiler à une omis-
sion.
Appliqué à la présente affaire, l'argument consisterait à dire que le
montant de l'indemnitédonne à penser ou bien que le Tribunal n'a pas
((fait porter son examen)) sur la question de l'atteinteàla réputation et à
l'avenir professjonnelr;du demandeur, ou bien qu'il ressort du paragraphe

XII1de sonjugement (qu'ils'estborné àun examen superficieléquivalant à
une omission. On renforcerait cet argument en faisant valoir, ce qui ne
serait pas entièrement déraisonnable, que, si l'indemnitépeut logique-
ment se rattacher au fait que des efforts satisfaisants n'ont pas étéaccom-
plis de bonne foi pour procurer un autre emploi au requérant, elle ne tient
cependant pas assez compte du préjudice causé à sa réputation et à son
avenir professionnels.

II me semble que ce point est le plus plausible et celui qui aurait pu
êtrele plus convaincant en première instance. L'avis l'a examiné avec
beaucoup de soin et les raisons de l'écarterau stade de la réformation
n'ont pas à êtrerépétiles ici. Comme je l'ai déjà dit,je ne suis pas entière-
ment d'accord avec leismotifsinvoqués,dans la mesure où ils serattachent
à un système de ((conséquenceunique))'. Je suis en revanche d'accord
pour estimer que le Tribunal administratif a effectivement examiné le

problème, que l'appréciation des faits relèvede son pouvoir discrétion-
naire et que la portéetrès limitéereconnue à la notion de ((non-exercice
de lajuridiction)) ne permet guère à la Cour de dire que le Tribunal n'a
pas ((utilisé[ses]pouvoirs juridictionnels)). Force est donc de constater
qu'il n'apas omis d'exercer sajuridiction.

d'autres termes, le paragraphe 5 pourrait indiquer que,dans le cadre de la réformation,
la Cour est habilitéeexaminer le rapport existant entre les constatations du Tribunal
et le montant de l'indemnité accordée.Cependant, comme je l'ai dit, la questionest assez
douteuse et n'a pas besoiri d'être analyséedansleprésentavis. On peut concevoir qu'une
indemnité excessive résulte du fait que le Tribunal aoutrepassé sa juridiction.
Il n'est guère nécessaired'ajouter qu'en aucun cas la Cour ne saurait êtrechargéede
définir l'exacte portée di1 «non-exercice de la juridiction)), ni de fixer le montant de
dédommagement appropirié.Cettedernièrefonction est duressort des autoritéschargées
de mettreen Œuvreles dispositions de l'articleragraphe 3, du statut du Tribunal.

1 Je dois ajouter qjcne saurais pas davantage m'associer aux vues exprimées au
aux destinataires primitaurait constitué une réparation en nature propre a effacer]
les effets préjudiciables que pouvait avoir entraîné, pour le requérant, la diffusion
antérieure'une fiche analytique incomplète.)) By way of conclusion, 1 venture to make one additional observation.
The fact that an advisory opinion affects the rights of an individual may
not be sufficient, in itself, to question the propriety of rendering it. It
should be appreciated, however, that when the request for the opinion is
generated by a dispute between two parties and the dispute is not, itself,
keyedto a jurisdictional issue,while,at theame time, a principal ground
for review, relied upon by the applicant, is limited to such an issue, a

certain element of artificiality attends the reviewingprocess. This, in my
view, is the principalesson to be drawn from the present request for an
advisory opinion.

(Signed Hardy C. DILLARD. En conclusion, je me risqueraià présenter uneobservation supplémen-
taire. Le fait qu'un avis consultatif affecte les droits d'un individu ne
saurait,à lui seul,justifier l'affirmation qu'il estinopportun de donner cet
avis. 11faut cependani:admettre que, si la demande d'avis a pour origine
un différend entre deux pai-ties, qui en lui-mêmen'a pas trait à une
question de juridiction, alors qu'au stade de la réformation le requérant
se fonde principa1emi:nt sur un motif qui n'intéresseque la juridiction,
la procédure a quelque chose d'assez artificiel. Telle eàtmon sens, la
principale leçonà tirer de la présentedemande d'avis consultatif.

(Signé)Hardy C. DILLARD.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Dillard

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