Dissenting Opinion of President Winiarski (translation)

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049-19620720-ADV-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
049-19620720-ADV-01-00-EN
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DISSENTING OPINION OF PRESIDENT WINIARSKI

[Translation]

To my great regret 1 am unable to agree with the Court'saffirma-
tive reply to the question submitted to it by the request of the
General Assembly. 1shall indicate my reasons as briefly as possible,
confining myself to what is essential. 1 shall therefore refrain from
discussing the points on which 1 am not in agreement with the
Opinion, such, for example, as the interpretation of Article II,
paragraph 2, of the Charter.
In the first place it would seem that although the request appears
to contain an exact statement of the question, as required by
Article 65 of the Statute of the Court, that question requires to be
interpreted, and here1 differfrom the view expressed inthe Opinion.
The Opinion distinguishes three questions in paragraph 2 of
Article 17: the identification of the expenses of the Organization,
the apportionment of those expenses, and the obligation of Member
States to bear them, and it states that it is only the first of these
which is raised by the request for opinion. This limitation of the
problem seems to me to be pregnant with consequences. Again,

the Opinion says: "The amount of what are unquestionably 'ex-
penses of the Organization within the meaning of Article 17; para-
graph 2'is not in its entirety apportioned by the General Assembly
and paid for by the contributions of Member States, since the
Organization has other sources of income." It follows that the reply
that al1 the expenditures authorized by the General Assembly
which are enumerated in the request constitute "expenses of the
Organization within the meaning of Article 17, paragraph 2"
provides no clear indication to the General Assembly, which ex-
pressed in the preamble "its need for authoritative legal guidance
as to obligations of Member States ...in the matter of financing the
United Nations operations in the Congo and in the Middle East".
The question might however be understood in a different way:
the reference to paragraph 2 of Article 17 limits the scope of the
question and gives it its true meaning. Of the total amount of
the expenses, those which are not met by voluntary contributions
or from other sources of income in accordance with the decisions

of the General Assembly must be borne by the Members according
to the apportionment decided upon by the General Assembly. The
terms of the resolution appear to confirm this interpretation. The
reference to the need for legal guidance is illustrated by the facts
set out inthe dossier. According to the "Statement on the collection
of contributions as at 31 December 1961" (Congo ad hoc Account)
for the period 14 July to 31 December 1960, 35 Member States
paid their assessed contributions, 64 States did not pay; for the
80period I January to 31 October 1961 the proportion of those who
paid to those who did not pay was 21 to 78. Long and important

discussions, which are set out in the dossier, began in the General
Assembly from the time of the earliest resolutions in 1956 and
continued until December 1961 when the proposa1 to request an
advisory opinion was adopted. The debates revealed profound
differences of view-as to the methods to be adopted to meet the
expendituresrelating to the operations in the Middle Eastand in the
Congo. These facts confirm the view that in the question formu-
lated in the request for opinion the emphasis must be placed on
the words "within the meaning of Article 17, paragraph 2,of the
Charter".
In the course of the lengthy debates of the Working Group of
Fifteen (June-November 1961) the question of the conformity with
the Charter of the General Assembly resolutions .relating to the

financing of the above-mentioned operations was discussed. Thus,
for instance, a statement was formulated which appeared to go
to the heart of the problem:
"II. When the Security Councilor the General Assemblyrecom-
mends the execution, with United Nations military forces, of an
operation for the maintenance of peace; the expenses involved in
such operations cannot be consideredas 'expensesof the Organiza-
tion' withinthe meaningofArticle 17ofthe Charterandthe financial
contribution of Members to the cost of such operations willbe of
a voluntary nature."
Here, too, the voting revealed a deep division of opinion. In
these circumstances, the French delegation proposed an amendment
to the text of the question to be submitted to the Court; the
amendment was to the effect that it should first be asked whether

the expenditures referred to were "decided in conformity with the
provisions of the Charter". This amendment was rejected, a fact
which has been interpreted in different ways; this question having
been considered in the Opinion, it is nor for me to consider it further.
By definition, only lawful expenses can be expenses of the
Organization; they must be validly approved and validly appor-
tioned among the Members. The question is therefore one of the
interpretation of the Charter; the Court cannot answer the question
submitted to it without examining the problem of the validity of
the resolutions authorizing the expenditures, that is to Say, the
problem of their conformity with the Charter.
It has been said that since the General Assembly has exclusive
powers in budgetary matters-which is not disputed-if it takes
a decision by the requisite majority, the expenses are validly

authorized and apportioned in accordance with Article 17, para-
graphs I and 2. But that is a purely forma1 validity, which is a
primary condition of any authorization. To limit the question to
that of forma1 validity would be too simple and would not justify
the requesting of the Court's opinion.
81 In the Court's Advisory Opinion on the interpretation of Article 4
of the Charter (1948) it is said: "The political character of an organ
cannot release it from the observance of the treaty provisions

established by the Charter when they constitute limitations on
its powers or criteria for its judgrnent." The French delegation's
amendment did not expressly ask that the Court should examine
the Security Council and General Assembly resolutions in pursuance
of which operations were undertaken in the Middle East and in the
Congo; but in examining the conformity with the Charter of the
resolutions authorizing the expenditures, the Court would inevitably
--.~ .een led to examine this ~roblem too: this has been verv
clearly shown by Judge ~ustaAante y ~ivero in his dissenti&
opinion, and 1 can therefore confine myself to the General Assembly
resolutions authorizing the expenditures.

But it has also been said that the Assembly, which is a political
organ, interprets the Charter by applying it and that its interpre-
tation is final. This is true to a certain ~xtent and particularly
where its interpretation has been generally accepted by Member
States. This question was very thoroughly considered at the San
Francisco Conference and the results of the deliberations were
formulated in the report of the Special Subcommittee of Committee
IV12which concludes thus:

"It is to be understood. of course,that if an interpretation made
by any organ of the Organization or by a cornmittee of jurists is
not generally acceptable it will bewithout binding force."

And the report continues:
"In suchcircumstances,orin cases whereit is desired to establish
an authoritative interpretation as a precedent for the future, it
may be necessaryto embody theinterpretation in an amendment to
the Charter. This may always be accomplished by recourseto the
procedure providedfor amendment. "

This decision was adopted-unopposed-on 22 June 1945 ;the
rule would seem still to hold good.

It is recognized in the Opinion that.to interpret paragraph 2 of
Article 17 it is necessary to look not only at Article 17 as a whole,
but also at al1the other relevant provisions of the Charter. In this
respect the Opinion follows the rule which has been well established
since the time of Roman law: "Incivile est (this is a very strong
expression) nisi tota legeperspecta,una aliquaparticula ejus ProPo-
sita judicare vel respondere."In his celebrated charter on the inter-
pretation of treaties (Book II, Chapter XVII) Vattel applies the
same rule to international law.

82 It is thus this general de for the interpretation of statutes and
conventions which it is sought to follow in the Opinion. 1 regret
that 1 cannot always agree with the result of this examination.
The Opinion attaches great importance to the purposes of the
Organization as set forth in Article I of the Charter. Indeed, it has
been asserted that these purposes and in particular the maintenance
of international peace and security may provide a legal justification
for certain decisions, even if these are not in conformity with the
Charter, and that in any event a consideration of the purposes must
furnish guidance as to the interpretation of the Charter. In the
case before the Court, however, this argument certainly has not
the importance which there is a temptation to attribute to it; on

the contrary, care must be taken not to draw conclusions too
readily from it.
The Charter has set forth the purposes of the United Nations in
very wide, and for that reason too indefinite, terms. But-apart
from the resources, including the financial resources, of the Organi-
zation-it does not follow, far from it, that the Organization is
entitled to seek to achieve those purposes by no matter what means.
The fact that an organ of the United Nations is seeking to achieve
one of those purposes does not suffice to render its action lawful.
The Charter, a multilateral treaty which was the result of pro-
longed and laborious negotiations, carefully created organs and
determined their competence and means of action.
The intention of those who drafted it was clearly to abandon the
possibility of useful action rather than to sacrifice the balance of
carefully established fields of competence, as can be seen, for exam-
ple, in the case of the voting in the Security Council. It is only by
such procedures, which were clearly defined, that the United
Nations can seek to achieve its purposes. It may be that the United

Nations is sometimes not in a position to undertake action which
would be useful for the maintenance of international peace and
security or for one or another of the purposes indicated in ArticIe I
of the Charter, but that is the way in which the Organization was
conceived and brought into being.
The same reasoning applies to the rule of construction known as
the rule of effectiveness(ut resmagisvaleatqztampereaf) and, perhaps
less strictly, to the doctrine of implied powers.

Reliance has been placed upon practice as providing justification
for an affirmative answer to the question submitted to the Court.
The technical budgetary practice of the Organization has no bearing
upon the question, which is a question of law. From the strictly
legal point of view, it is difficult to find here anything that would
justify a firm conclusion. The way in which the parties have con-
sistently applied a convention may certainly provide evidence of
their intention for the purpose of its interpretation. Furthermore,
if a practice is introduced without opposition in the relations

83between the contracting parties, this rnay bring about, at the end
of a certain period, a modification of a treaty rule, but inthat event
the very process of the formation of the new rule provides the
guarantee of the consent of the parties. In the present case the
controversy arose practically from the beginning in 1956, and the
Secretary-General, in paragraph 15 of his report of 6 Eovember of
that year, said the following:

"The question of how the Force should be financedlikewise re-
provisionally, would be that a nation providing a unit would beplied
responsible forall costs for equipment and salaries, while all other
costs should be financed outside the normal budget of the United
Nations."

And resolution 1001 (ES-1) adopted by the General Assembly on
17 November 1956 "approves provisionally the basic rule concerning
the financing ofthe Force laid down in paragraph 15ofthe Secretary-
General's report" (para. 5).
In resolution 1089 (XI) of 21 Decernber 1956 we read:

"Considering ...that several divergent views, not yet reconciled,
have been held by variousMemberStates oncontributions oronthe
method suggested by the Secretary-General for obtaining such
contributions.."

Resolution 1090 (XI) of 27 February 1957 "decides that the
General Assembly, at its twelfth session;shall consider the basis for
financing any costs of the Force in excess of $IOmillion not covered
by voluntary contributions".

Resolution 1263 (XIII) of 14 November 1958 is still seeking to
see matters clearly :it "requests the Fifth Committee to recommend
such action asmay be necessary to finance the continuingoperation

of the United Nations Emergency Force".
Lastly, resolution 1337 (XIII) of 13 December 1958 "requests the
Secretary-General to consult with the Governments of Member
States with respect to their views concerning the manner of financing
the Force in the future ..."
As settlements fell due, the expenses were in large part met out of
various funds, even after obligatory contributions had been voted
for.
In respect of the financing of the United Nations operations in
the Congo, the General Assembly resolutions decided that the
expenses should be apportioned arnong the Member States according
to the ordinary scale of assessments, but these resolutions, as 1have
indicated, were not followed and the number of Member States
which refuse to pay is too large for it to be possible to disregard the
legal significance of this fact. 1 would recall that the military

84operations in Korea were paid for by voluntary contributions as
were a number of "civilian" operations in which there is also to be
descerned acertain connection with international peace and security.
It is therefore difficult tossert, in the case before the Court,either
that practice can furnish a canon of construction warranting an
affirmative answer to the question addressed to the Court, or that
it may have contributed to the establishment of a legal rule par-
ticular to the Organization,created praeterlegem,and, still less, that
it can have done so contralegem.
It is sometimes difficult to attribute anyprecise legal significance
to the conduct of the contracting parties, because it is not always
possible to know with certainty whether they have acted in a certain
manner because they consider that the law so requires or allows, or
for reasons of expediency. However, in the case referred to the
Court, it is established that some at least of the Member States
refuse to comply with the decisions of the General Assembly because
they dispute the conformity of those decisions with the Charter.
Apparently they are of opinion that the resolutions cannot be relied

upon as against them although they may be valid and binding in
respect of other States. What is therefore involved is the validity
of the Assembly's resolutions in respect of those States, or the right
to rely upon them as against those States.
It has been said that the nullity of a legal instrument can be relied
upon only when'there has been a finding of nullity by a competent
tribunal. This reasoning must be regarded as echoing the position in
municipal or State law, in the international legal system. In the
international legal lystem, however, there is, in the absence of
agreement to the contrary, no tribunal competent to make a finding
of nullity. It is the State which regards itself as the injured party
which itself rejects a legal instrument vitiated, in its opinion, by
such defects asto render it a nullity. Such a decision is obviously a
grave one and one to which resort can be had only in exceptional
cases, but one which is neverthelesssometimesinevitable and which
is recognized as such by general international law.
A refusal to pay, as in the case before the Court, may be regarded

by a Member State, loyal and indeed devoted to the Organization,
asthe only means of protesting against a resolution of the majority
which, inits opinion, disregards the true meaning of the Charter and
adopts in connection with it a decision which is legally invalid; in
such a case it constitutes a grave symptom indicative of serious
disagreement as to the interpretation of the Charter. As this Court
has on one occasion said, the United Nations is not a super-State,
and paragraph I of Article z of the Charter states that "The
Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of
al1its Members."
A serious legal objection to the validity of the General Assembly
resolutions authorizing and apportioning the expenses may be
briefly formulated as follows: these resolutions ignore the fact that

85the resolutions authorizing the operations have the character of

recornmendations. By levying contributions to meet the cost of the
operations from all States in accordance with Article 17, paragraph
2, the resolutions of the General Assembly appear to disregard the
fundamental differencebetween the decisions of the Security Coun-
cil which are binding on al1 Member States (Chapter VI1 of the
Charter) and recornmendations which are not binding except on
States which have accepted them.
As isnotèd in the Opinion the General Assembly does not indicate
the articles of the Charter on which its resolutions are based. The
same is true of the Security Council. Of 29 resolutions listed in the
request, only one, that of the Security Council of 9 August 1960, in
which al1Member States are called upon to accept and carry out its
decisions, refers to Articles 25 and 49 which do not appear to be of
such a character as to enlighten the Court (the General Assembly

repeated the words in its resolution 1474 (ES-IV) of 20 November
1960) ; at one point, the Secretary-General envisaged, with some
hesitation, the possibility of invoking Article 40; finally he adopted
a negative position: the United Nations operations in the Middle
East andinthe Congowere not undertaken in pursuance of binding
decisions under Chapter VI1 of the Charter. The General Assembly
appears to have adopted the same position and this view is shared
in the Opinion.
But, if there is no longer any question of the binding decisions of
the Security Council referred to in Chapter VII, then these are
recornmendations; recornmendations of the Security Council and
the General Assembly; General Assembly resolution 377 (V), the
conformity of which with the Charter has itself sometimes been
regarded as at least dubious, itself only speaks of recornmendations.

The difference between binding decisions and recommendations
constitutes one of the bases of the whole structure of the Charter.
Decisions are the exception in the system of the means provided
for the maintenance of international peace and security; they are
taken in grave cases andit is only in those cases that Member States
have consented to accept the necessary limitation of the exercise of
their sovereignty. Recommendations are never binding and the
United Nations must in al1its activities ever have in view that its
means of action are thus limited.

It follows that if it be recognized that the expenditures enumer-
ated in the request constitute expenses of the Organization, in-
evitably the question arises whether participation in these expenses

is obligatory for al1 Member States, as appears to be suggested by
the question in the request and as is accepted in the Opinion. And
yet itis apparent that the resolutions approving and apportioning
these expenses are valid and binding only in respect of the Member
States which have accepted the recornmendations.
86 OPIN. OF 20 VII 62 (DISS. OP. OF M. WINIARSKI)
234
If isdifficultto seeby what processofreasoningrecommendations
couldbe held to be bindingon States whichhave not accepted them.
It is difficult to see how it can be conceivedthat a recommendation
is partially binding, and that on what is perhaps the most vital
point, the financial contribution levied by the General Assembly
under the conditions of paragraph 2 of Article 17. It is no less
difficult to see at what point in time the transformation of a non-
binding recommendation into a partially binding recommendation
is supposed to take place, at what point in time a legal obligations
supposed to come into being for a Member State which has not
accepted it.
This leavesunresolved the question how and whenthe acceptance
of a recommendation by a MemberState,or the refusa1to accept it,
is to be placed on record, but the answer to that question should
present no difficulty for the Organization.
To the question as framed in the request, which appears to
contemplate only the answer "yes" or "noJ',it is not,in my opinion,
possible to give a legally adequate answer. Myreply can only be in
the negative.

(Signed) B. WINIARSKI.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. WINIARSKI, PRÉSIDENT

A mon grand regret je ne peux pas suivre la Cour dans la réponse

affirmative qu'elle donne à la question qui lui est soumise par la
requête de l'Assembléegénérale.J'en indiquerai les raisons aussi
brièvement que possible, en me limitant au nécessaire.Je m'abs-
tiendrai donc de discuter les problèmes où je ne suis pas d'accord
avec l'avis, comme par exemple l'interprétation du paragraphe 2
de l'articlII de la Charte.
Tout d'abord il semble que la question, bien qu'elle paraisse
formuleéen termes préciscomme l'exige l'article 65 du Statut de la
Cour, a besoin d'être interprétée, et ici je diffère de l'opinion

énoncéedans l'avis. L'avis distingue dans le paragraphe 2 de
l'article17 trois questions: l'identification des dépenses de 1'Orga-
nisation, la répartition de ces dépenses, l'obligation des Etats
Membres de les supporter, et constate que c'est seulement la pre-
mière qui est soulevéepar la demande d'avis. Cette limitation du
problème me semble grosse de conséquences. D'autre part, l'avis
dit: ((Le montant total des dépenses qui constituent indubitable-
ment (des dépenses de l'Organisation au sens du paragraphe 2 de

l'article17 ))n'est pas totalement répartipar l'Assembléegénéraleet
payé par les contributions des États Membres, car l'Organisation a
d'autres recettes. 1)Par conséquent la réponse que toutes les dé-
penses autorisées par l'Assemblée généraleet énuméréesdans la
requête constituent les cdépenses de l'organisation au sens du
paragraphe 2 de l'article 17 ))ne donne pas de claire indication à
l'Assemblée générale qui a dit dans le préambule ((qu'elle a
besoin d'un avis juridique autorisé quant aux obligations des

Etats Membres en ce qui concerne le financement des opérations
des Sations Unies au Congo et au Moyen-Orient ».

On pourrait cependant comprendre la question d'une manière
différente: la référenceau paragraphe 2 de l'article17 limite l'objet
de la question et lui donne son véritable sens. Du montant total
des dépenses,celles qui ne sont pas couvertes par des contributions
volontaires et par les autres sources de recettes conformément aux

décisions de l'Assembléegénéraledoivent êtresupportées par les
Membres selon la répartition fixéepar l'Assembléegénérale. Les
termes de la résolution semblent confirmer cette interprétation.
La mention du besoin d'un avis juridique est illustrée par les faits
dont fait état le dossier. D'apres le (cStatewent on the collectionof
contribzrtionsas ut 31 December 1961 » (compte ad hoc du Cqngo)
pour la période allant du 14 juillet au 31 décembre 1960, 35 Etats
Membres ont payé les contributions qui leur avaient étéassignées,

80 DISSENTING OPINION OF PRESIDENT WINIARSKI

[Translation]

To my great regret 1 am unable to agree with the Court'saffirma-
tive reply to the question submitted to it by the request of the
General Assembly. 1shall indicate my reasons as briefly as possible,
confining myself to what is essential. 1 shall therefore refrain from
discussing the points on which 1 am not in agreement with the
Opinion, such, for example, as the interpretation of Article II,
paragraph 2, of the Charter.
In the first place it would seem that although the request appears
to contain an exact statement of the question, as required by
Article 65 of the Statute of the Court, that question requires to be
interpreted, and here1 differfrom the view expressed inthe Opinion.
The Opinion distinguishes three questions in paragraph 2 of
Article 17: the identification of the expenses of the Organization,
the apportionment of those expenses, and the obligation of Member
States to bear them, and it states that it is only the first of these
which is raised by the request for opinion. This limitation of the
problem seems to me to be pregnant with consequences. Again,

the Opinion says: "The amount of what are unquestionably 'ex-
penses of the Organization within the meaning of Article 17; para-
graph 2'is not in its entirety apportioned by the General Assembly
and paid for by the contributions of Member States, since the
Organization has other sources of income." It follows that the reply
that al1 the expenditures authorized by the General Assembly
which are enumerated in the request constitute "expenses of the
Organization within the meaning of Article 17, paragraph 2"
provides no clear indication to the General Assembly, which ex-
pressed in the preamble "its need for authoritative legal guidance
as to obligations of Member States ...in the matter of financing the
United Nations operations in the Congo and in the Middle East".
The question might however be understood in a different way:
the reference to paragraph 2 of Article 17 limits the scope of the
question and gives it its true meaning. Of the total amount of
the expenses, those which are not met by voluntary contributions
or from other sources of income in accordance with the decisions

of the General Assembly must be borne by the Members according
to the apportionment decided upon by the General Assembly. The
terms of the resolution appear to confirm this interpretation. The
reference to the need for legal guidance is illustrated by the facts
set out inthe dossier. According to the "Statement on the collection
of contributions as at 31 December 1961" (Congo ad hoc Account)
for the period 14 July to 31 December 1960, 35 Member States
paid their assessed contributions, 64 States did not pay; for the
8064 États n'ont pas payé; pour la période du I~~ janvier au 31 oc-
tobre 1961 la proportion des payants et non-payants est de

21 contre 78. De longues et importantes discussions dont le dossier
fait état s'étaient engagées au sein de l'Assemblée générale dès les
premières résolutions en 1956 et ont continué jusqu'en décembre
1961 quand la demande d'avis a étévotée. Les discussions témoi-
gnent des profondes divergences de vues sur les méthodes àsuivre
pour couvrir les dépensesrelatives aux opérations au Moyen-Orient
et au Congo. Ces faits confirment l'opinion que dans la question
formuléedans la demande d'avis l'accent doit êtremis sur les mots :
au sens du paragraphe 2 de l'article17 de la Charte.

Au cours des importants débats du groupe de travail des Quinze
(juin-novembre 1961) la question de la conformité avec la Charte
desrésolutions de l'Assemblée générale relatives au financement des

opérations mentionnées ci-dessus a étédiscutée. Ainsi, par exem-
ple, une thèse a étéformulée qui semblait aller au centre du pro-
blème:
«II. Quand le Conseilde Sécurité ou 1'Assemblég eénérale recom-
mande d'exécuter,au moyen de forces armées des NationsUnies,
une opérationpour maintenir la paix, les dépensesqu'entraîne cette
opérationne peuvent êtreconsidéréec somme «desdépensesdel'Or-
ganisation ))au sens de l'article 17 de la Charte, et la participation
financièredes Etats Membres aux frais de l'opérationn'est pas
obligatoire.
Le vote a montré ici aussi une profonde division des opinions.
Dans ces conditions, la délégation françaisea proposé un amende-
ment au texte de la question qui allait êtreposéeà la Cour; l'amen-
dement consistait à demander en premier lieu si les dépenses

énumérées « ont été décidées conformémentaux dispositions de
la Charte ».Cet amendement a étérejeté, ce qui a été interprété
de manières différentes; l'avis ayant examiné le problème, je n'ai
pas à m'y arrêter.
Par définition, seules les dépenses légales peuvent êtredes dé-
penses de l'Organisation; elles doivent êtrevalablement approuvées
et valablement réparties entre les Membres. Il s'agit donc de l'inter-
prétation de la Charte; la Cour ne peut répondre à la question qui
lui est poséesans examiner le problème de la valiciitédes resolutions
autorisant les dépenses, c'est-à-dire le problème de leur conformité
à la Charte.
Il a étédit que, puisque l'Assemblée généralea des pouvoirs
exclusifs dans les questions budgétaires - ce qui n'est pas contesté
-, si elle décide à la majorité requise, lesdépenses sont autorisées

et réparties valablement conformément à l'article17, paragraphes
I et 2. Mais c'est là une validité de pure forme, condition première
de toute autorisation. Limiter la question à la validité de forme
serait trop simple et ne justifierait pas une demande d'avis.period I January to 31 October 1961 the proportion of those who
paid to those who did not pay was 21 to 78. Long and important

discussions, which are set out in the dossier, began in the General
Assembly from the time of the earliest resolutions in 1956 and
continued until December 1961 when the proposa1 to request an
advisory opinion was adopted. The debates revealed profound
differences of view-as to the methods to be adopted to meet the
expendituresrelating to the operations in the Middle Eastand in the
Congo. These facts confirm the view that in the question formu-
lated in the request for opinion the emphasis must be placed on
the words "within the meaning of Article 17, paragraph 2,of the
Charter".
In the course of the lengthy debates of the Working Group of
Fifteen (June-November 1961) the question of the conformity with
the Charter of the General Assembly resolutions .relating to the

financing of the above-mentioned operations was discussed. Thus,
for instance, a statement was formulated which appeared to go
to the heart of the problem:
"II. When the Security Councilor the General Assemblyrecom-
mends the execution, with United Nations military forces, of an
operation for the maintenance of peace; the expenses involved in
such operations cannot be consideredas 'expensesof the Organiza-
tion' withinthe meaningofArticle 17ofthe Charterandthe financial
contribution of Members to the cost of such operations willbe of
a voluntary nature."
Here, too, the voting revealed a deep division of opinion. In
these circumstances, the French delegation proposed an amendment
to the text of the question to be submitted to the Court; the
amendment was to the effect that it should first be asked whether

the expenditures referred to were "decided in conformity with the
provisions of the Charter". This amendment was rejected, a fact
which has been interpreted in different ways; this question having
been considered in the Opinion, it is nor for me to consider it further.
By definition, only lawful expenses can be expenses of the
Organization; they must be validly approved and validly appor-
tioned among the Members. The question is therefore one of the
interpretation of the Charter; the Court cannot answer the question
submitted to it without examining the problem of the validity of
the resolutions authorizing the expenditures, that is to Say, the
problem of their conformity with the Charter.
It has been said that since the General Assembly has exclusive
powers in budgetary matters-which is not disputed-if it takes
a decision by the requisite majority, the expenses are validly

authorized and apportioned in accordance with Article 17, para-
graphs I and 2. But that is a purely forma1 validity, which is a
primary condition of any authorization. To limit the question to
that of forma1 validity would be too simple and would not justify
the requesting of the Court's opinion.
81 L'avis de la Cour sur l'interprétation de l'article 4 de la Charte
(1948) énonce: Le caractère politique d'un organe ne peut le
soustraire à l'observation des dispositions conventionnelles qui le

régissent, lorsque celles-ci constituent des limites à son pouvoir
ou des critères à son jugement. » L'amendement de la délégation
française ne demandait pas expressément que la Cour examinât les
résolutions du Conseil de Sécuritéet de l'Assemblée générale en
exécution desquelles des opérations au Moyen-Orient et au Congo
ont étéentreprises; mais en examinant la conformité à la Charte
des résolutions autorisant les dépenses, la Cour aurait étéinévi-
tablement amenée à examiner aussi ce problème; cela a ététrès
pertinemment montré par M. le juge Bustamante y Rivero dans

son opinion dissidente, je peux donc me limiter aux résolutions de
l'Assembléegénéraleautorisant les dépenses.
Mais il a aussi été dit que l'Assemblée, organe politique, inter-
prète la Charte en l'appliquant et que son interprétation est défi-
nitive. Ceci est vrai dans une certaine mesure et çurtout lorsque
l'interprétation a étégénéralement acceptéepar les Etats Membres.
Cette question avait été étudiée d'une manière approfondie à
la conférence de San Francisco, et les résultats des délibérations
ont étéformulés dans le rapport du Comité spécial du Comité

IV12 qui se termine ainsi :
« Il est bien entendu, naturellement, que si une interprétation
quelconque donnéepar un organe quelconque de l'Organisation ou
par un comité de juristes n'est pas acceptable pour l'ensemble
, des Membres, ellen'aura pas forceobligatoire.))

Et le rapport continue

((Dans ces conditions, ou dans les cas oc il serait désirable de
donner une interprétation qui fasse autorité pour établir un pré-
cédent,il pourra devenir nécessaired'incorporer cette interpréta-
tion dans un amendement à la Charte, ce qui pourrait toujours se
faire en suivant la procédureétabliepour les amendements. ))
Cette décisiona étéadoptée - sans opposition - le22 juin 1945;
la règle paraît toujours valable.

L'avis reconnaît que pour interpréter le paragraphe 2 de l'arti-
cle 17 il est nécessaire d'examiner non seulement l'article 17 tout
entier, mais aussi toutes les autres dispositions pertinentes de la
Charte. En ceci il suit la règle bien établie depuis le droit romain:
((Incivile est (expression très énergique), nisi tota lege perspecta,
una aliqua particwla ejus proposita judicare vel respondere. )Dans
son célèbre chapitre sur l'interprétation des traités (Livre II,
chap. XVII) Vattel applique la même règleau droit international. In the Court's Advisory Opinion on the interpretation of Article 4
of the Charter (1948) it is said: "The political character of an organ
cannot release it from the observance of the treaty provisions

established by the Charter when they constitute limitations on
its powers or criteria for its judgrnent." The French delegation's
amendment did not expressly ask that the Court should examine
the Security Council and General Assembly resolutions in pursuance
of which operations were undertaken in the Middle East and in the
Congo; but in examining the conformity with the Charter of the
resolutions authorizing the expenditures, the Court would inevitably
--.~ .een led to examine this ~roblem too: this has been verv
clearly shown by Judge ~ustaAante y ~ivero in his dissenti&
opinion, and 1 can therefore confine myself to the General Assembly
resolutions authorizing the expenditures.

But it has also been said that the Assembly, which is a political
organ, interprets the Charter by applying it and that its interpre-
tation is final. This is true to a certain ~xtent and particularly
where its interpretation has been generally accepted by Member
States. This question was very thoroughly considered at the San
Francisco Conference and the results of the deliberations were
formulated in the report of the Special Subcommittee of Committee
IV12which concludes thus:

"It is to be understood. of course,that if an interpretation made
by any organ of the Organization or by a cornmittee of jurists is
not generally acceptable it will bewithout binding force."

And the report continues:
"In suchcircumstances,orin cases whereit is desired to establish
an authoritative interpretation as a precedent for the future, it
may be necessaryto embody theinterpretation in an amendment to
the Charter. This may always be accomplished by recourseto the
procedure providedfor amendment. "

This decision was adopted-unopposed-on 22 June 1945 ;the
rule would seem still to hold good.

It is recognized in the Opinion that.to interpret paragraph 2 of
Article 17 it is necessary to look not only at Article 17 as a whole,
but also at al1the other relevant provisions of the Charter. In this
respect the Opinion follows the rule which has been well established
since the time of Roman law: "Incivile est (this is a very strong
expression) nisi tota legeperspecta,una aliquaparticula ejus ProPo-
sita judicare vel respondere."In his celebrated charter on the inter-
pretation of treaties (Book II, Chapter XVII) Vattel applies the
same rule to international law.

82 C'est donc cette règle généraled'interprétation des lois et des
conventions que l'avis s'est proposé de suivre. Je regrette de ne
pas êtretoujours d'accord avec le résultat de cet examen.
L'avis attache une grande importance aux buts de l'organisation

tels qu'ils sont énoncésdans l'article premier de la Charte. En effet,
il a étéaffirméque ces buts et spécialement le maintien de la paix
et de la sécuritéinternationales peuvent justifier en droit certaines
décisions,mêmesi elles ne sont pas conformes à la Charte, et qu'en
tout cas la considération des buts doit inspirer l'interprétation de la
Charte. Cependant, dans le cas devant la Cour ce moyen n'a cer-
tainement pas l'importance que l'on serait tenté de lui attribuer;
au contraire, il faut se garder d'en tirer trop facilement des
conclusions.

La Charte a énoncéles buts des Nations Unies d'une manière
très large et par cela mêmetrop indéfinie. Mais - en laissant de
côté les possibilités de l'Organisation, aussi financières - il ne

s'ensuit pas, loin de là, que l'organisation puisse poursuivre ces
buts par tous les moyens. Il ne suffit pas qu'un organe des Nations
Unies poursuive un de ces buts pour rendre son action légitime.
La Charte, traité multilatéral sorti de tractations prolongées et
laborieuses, a scrupuleusement établi des organes, leurs compé-
tences et leurs moyens d'action.

L'intention de ses auteurs a visiblement étéde renoncer plutôt à
une action mêmeutile, que de sacrifier l'équilibre des compétences
soigneusement établi,comme par exemple en cas de vote au Conseil
de Sécurité.C'est seulement par ces procédés, biendéfinis,que les
Nations Unies peuvent poursuivre leurs buts. Il se peut que les
Nations Unies ne soient quelquefois pas en mesure d'entreprendre
des actions qui seraient utiles pour le maintien de la paix et de la

sécuritéinternationales oupour telsou telsautres buts indiquésdans
l'article premier de la Charte, mais l'organisation a été conçue et
réaliséeainsi.

Le mêmeraisonnement s'applique à la règle d'interprétation
connue sous le nom de règle de l'effet utile ou de l'effectivité (ut
res magis valeatquam pereat)et, peut-êtreavec moins de rigueur, à
la conception des pouvoirs implicites (implied powers).
La pratique a étéinvoquée pour justifier la réponse affirmative à
la question soumise à la Cour. La pratique de la technique budgé-
taire de l'organisation est sans importance pour la question, qui
est une question de droit. Au point de vue strictement juridique, il
est difficile de trouver ici des éléments denature à autoriser une
conclusion certaine. Assurément, la manière dont les parties ont

constamment appliqué leur convention peut constituer une preuve
de leurs intentions en vue de l'interprétation. D'autre part, si une
pratique s'introduisait dans les rapports entre les parties contrac-
83 It is thus this general de for the interpretation of statutes and
conventions which it is sought to follow in the Opinion. 1 regret
that 1 cannot always agree with the result of this examination.
The Opinion attaches great importance to the purposes of the
Organization as set forth in Article I of the Charter. Indeed, it has
been asserted that these purposes and in particular the maintenance
of international peace and security may provide a legal justification
for certain decisions, even if these are not in conformity with the
Charter, and that in any event a consideration of the purposes must
furnish guidance as to the interpretation of the Charter. In the
case before the Court, however, this argument certainly has not
the importance which there is a temptation to attribute to it; on

the contrary, care must be taken not to draw conclusions too
readily from it.
The Charter has set forth the purposes of the United Nations in
very wide, and for that reason too indefinite, terms. But-apart
from the resources, including the financial resources, of the Organi-
zation-it does not follow, far from it, that the Organization is
entitled to seek to achieve those purposes by no matter what means.
The fact that an organ of the United Nations is seeking to achieve
one of those purposes does not suffice to render its action lawful.
The Charter, a multilateral treaty which was the result of pro-
longed and laborious negotiations, carefully created organs and
determined their competence and means of action.
The intention of those who drafted it was clearly to abandon the
possibility of useful action rather than to sacrifice the balance of
carefully established fields of competence, as can be seen, for exam-
ple, in the case of the voting in the Security Council. It is only by
such procedures, which were clearly defined, that the United
Nations can seek to achieve its purposes. It may be that the United

Nations is sometimes not in a position to undertake action which
would be useful for the maintenance of international peace and
security or for one or another of the purposes indicated in ArticIe I
of the Charter, but that is the way in which the Organization was
conceived and brought into being.
The same reasoning applies to the rule of construction known as
the rule of effectiveness(ut resmagisvaleatqztampereaf) and, perhaps
less strictly, to the doctrine of implied powers.

Reliance has been placed upon practice as providing justification
for an affirmative answer to the question submitted to the Court.
The technical budgetary practice of the Organization has no bearing
upon the question, which is a question of law. From the strictly
legal point of view, it is difficult to find here anything that would
justify a firm conclusion. The way in which the parties have con-
sistently applied a convention may certainly provide evidence of
their intention for the purpose of its interpretation. Furthermore,
if a practice is introduced without opposition in the relations

83tantes sans opposition, il en pourrait résulter, au bout d'un cer-
tain temps, une modification de la norme conventionnelle, mais
dans ce cas le processus même de formation de la nouvelle norme
comporte les garanties du consentement des parties. Dans notre
vas la controverse surgit presque dès le premier moment en 1956,
et le Secrétaire généraldans le paragraphe 15 de son rapport du
6 novembre de cette année s'est exprimé ainsi:

«Les modalités de financementde la Force envisagéerestent
également à préciser.On pourrait au moins appliquer provisoire-
ment comme règlefondamentale que toute nation fournissant une
unitédevra assurer tous les frais du matérielet depersonnel,tandis
que toutes les autres dépensesseront couvertes sur des ressources
autres que cellesdu budget ordinaire de l'Organisationdes Nations
Unies. »

Et la résolution 1001 (ES-1) adoptée par l'Assemblée générale le
7 novembre 1956 (approuve à titre provisoire la règlefondamentale
concernant le financement de la Force, telle qu'elle est énoncéeau

paragraphe 15 du rapport du Secrétaire général ))(p. 5).
Dans la résolution 1089 (XI)du 21 décembre 1956 nous lisons:
(Considérant ...que des opinionsdivergentes, qui ne sont pas

encore conciliées,ont étéexpriméespar divers États Membres
au sujet des contributions ou de la méthodesuggérée par le Secré-
taire général pourobtenir cescontributions ...u

La résolution 1090 (XI) du 27 février 1957 (décide que l'As-
semblée généraleétudiera, à sa douzième session, un système vi-
sant à couvrir les dépenses de la Force, en sus de IO millions de
dollars, qui ne seraient pas couvertes par des contributions volon-
taires 1).

La résolution 1263 (XIII) du 14 novembre 1958 cherche toujours
à voir clair: elle (prie la Cinquième Commission de recommander
les mesures voulues pour couvrir les dépenses nécessairesau main-
tien en fonctions de la Force d'urgence des Nations Unies )).
Enfin, la résolution 1337 (XIII) du 13 décembre 1958 ((Prie le
Secrétaire généralde prendre l'avis des gouvernements des Etats
Membres sur le mode de financement futur de la Force.. .»

D'échéance en échéance, les dépenseé s taient en grande partie
couvertes par prélèvementssur divers fonds, mêmeaprès qu'on ait
voté des contributions obligatoires.
Pour le financement des opérations des Nations Unies au Congo,
les résolutions de l'Assemblée généraledécident que les dépenses
seront réparties entre les États Membres sur la base du barème
ordinaire des quotes-parts, mais ces résolutions, comme je l'ai indi-
qué, ne sont pas suivies et le nombre des États Membres qui re-

fusent de payer est trop considérable pour qu'on puisse négligerla
signification juridique de ce fait. Je rappelle que les opérations
84between the contracting parties, this rnay bring about, at the end
of a certain period, a modification of a treaty rule, but inthat event
the very process of the formation of the new rule provides the
guarantee of the consent of the parties. In the present case the
controversy arose practically from the beginning in 1956, and the
Secretary-General, in paragraph 15 of his report of 6 Eovember of
that year, said the following:

"The question of how the Force should be financedlikewise re-
provisionally, would be that a nation providing a unit would beplied
responsible forall costs for equipment and salaries, while all other
costs should be financed outside the normal budget of the United
Nations."

And resolution 1001 (ES-1) adopted by the General Assembly on
17 November 1956 "approves provisionally the basic rule concerning
the financing ofthe Force laid down in paragraph 15ofthe Secretary-
General's report" (para. 5).
In resolution 1089 (XI) of 21 Decernber 1956 we read:

"Considering ...that several divergent views, not yet reconciled,
have been held by variousMemberStates oncontributions oronthe
method suggested by the Secretary-General for obtaining such
contributions.."

Resolution 1090 (XI) of 27 February 1957 "decides that the
General Assembly, at its twelfth session;shall consider the basis for
financing any costs of the Force in excess of $IOmillion not covered
by voluntary contributions".

Resolution 1263 (XIII) of 14 November 1958 is still seeking to
see matters clearly :it "requests the Fifth Committee to recommend
such action asmay be necessary to finance the continuingoperation

of the United Nations Emergency Force".
Lastly, resolution 1337 (XIII) of 13 December 1958 "requests the
Secretary-General to consult with the Governments of Member
States with respect to their views concerning the manner of financing
the Force in the future ..."
As settlements fell due, the expenses were in large part met out of
various funds, even after obligatory contributions had been voted
for.
In respect of the financing of the United Nations operations in
the Congo, the General Assembly resolutions decided that the
expenses should be apportioned arnong the Member States according
to the ordinary scale of assessments, but these resolutions, as 1have
indicated, were not followed and the number of Member States
which refuse to pay is too large for it to be possible to disregard the
legal significance of this fact. 1 would recall that the military

84militaires en Coréeétaient couvertes par des contributions volon-
taires ainsi que plusieurs opérations (cciviles))où l'on pourrait
voir aussi un certain rapport avec la paix et la sécuritéinterna-
tionales. Aussi est-il difficile d'affirmer que la pratique peut, dans
le cas devant la Cour, soit fournir un moyen d'interprétation en
faveur de la réponse positive à donner à la question qui lui a été
adressée, soit qu'elle ait pu contribuer à la création d'une norme
juridique propre à l'organisation, formée firaeter legem et, encore

moins, contvalegem.
Quelquefois il est difficile d'attacher une signification juridique
préciseau comportement des parties contractantes, car on ne peut
pas toujours savoir avec certitude si elles agissent d'une certaine
manière parce qu'elles jugent que le droit l'exige ou le justifie, ou
bien pour raisons d'opportunité. Cependant, dans 19cas soumis à
la Cour il est établi qu'une partie du moins des Etats Membres
refusent de se conformer aux décisions de l'Assembléegénérale,
parce qu'ils contestent la conformité deces décisionsavec la Charte.
Apparemment ils sont d'avis que les résolutions ne leur sont pas
opposables bien qp'elles puissent être valables et obligatoires à

l'égard desautres Etats. 11s'agit donc de la validitéou-de l'opposa-
bilité des résolutions de l'Assemblée à l'égard deces Etats.

Il a étédit que la nullité d'un acte juridique ne peut êtreinvo-
quéeque si elle est constatée par une instance compétente. 11faut
voir dans ce raisonnement un reflet de l'ordre juridique interne,
étatique, sur l'ordre juridique international. Or, dans l'ordre juri-
dique international il n'y a pas, sauf convention contraire, d'instance
compétente pour déclarer la nullité. C'est 1'Etat qui se croit lésé
qui rejette lui-mêmeun acte juridique entaché à son avis de nullité.

Évidemment, c'est une décision grave, à laquelle on ne saurait
avoir recours que dans des cas exceptionnels, mais quelquefois
inévitable et reconnue comme telle par le droit international
commun.

Un refus de paiemenf, comme dans le cas devant la Cour, peut
êtreconsidéré,par un Etat Membre, loyal et même dévoué à l'Or-
ganisation, comme le seul moyen de protester contre une résolution
de la majorité qui, à son avis, méconnaît le vrai sens dela Charte
et adopte à son égard une décision juridiquement non valable;
dans ce cas il constitue un grave symptôme indiquant un sérieux
désaccord quant à l'interprétation de la Charte. Comme cette Cour
l'a dità une occasion, l'ONU n'est pas un super-Etat, et le para-

graphe premier de l'article 2 de la Charte énonce: ((L'Organisation
est fondéesur le principe de l'égalitésouveraine de tous les Mem-
bres. 1)
Une grave objection juridique à la validité des résolutions de
l'Assemblée généraleautorisant et répartissant les dépenses peut
être brièvement formulée ainsi: ces résolutions négligent le fait

85operations in Korea were paid for by voluntary contributions as
were a number of "civilian" operations in which there is also to be
descerned acertain connection with international peace and security.
It is therefore difficult tossert, in the case before the Court,either
that practice can furnish a canon of construction warranting an
affirmative answer to the question addressed to the Court, or that
it may have contributed to the establishment of a legal rule par-
ticular to the Organization,created praeterlegem,and, still less, that
it can have done so contralegem.
It is sometimes difficult to attribute anyprecise legal significance
to the conduct of the contracting parties, because it is not always
possible to know with certainty whether they have acted in a certain
manner because they consider that the law so requires or allows, or
for reasons of expediency. However, in the case referred to the
Court, it is established that some at least of the Member States
refuse to comply with the decisions of the General Assembly because
they dispute the conformity of those decisions with the Charter.
Apparently they are of opinion that the resolutions cannot be relied

upon as against them although they may be valid and binding in
respect of other States. What is therefore involved is the validity
of the Assembly's resolutions in respect of those States, or the right
to rely upon them as against those States.
It has been said that the nullity of a legal instrument can be relied
upon only when'there has been a finding of nullity by a competent
tribunal. This reasoning must be regarded as echoing the position in
municipal or State law, in the international legal system. In the
international legal lystem, however, there is, in the absence of
agreement to the contrary, no tribunal competent to make a finding
of nullity. It is the State which regards itself as the injured party
which itself rejects a legal instrument vitiated, in its opinion, by
such defects asto render it a nullity. Such a decision is obviously a
grave one and one to which resort can be had only in exceptional
cases, but one which is neverthelesssometimesinevitable and which
is recognized as such by general international law.
A refusal to pay, as in the case before the Court, may be regarded

by a Member State, loyal and indeed devoted to the Organization,
asthe only means of protesting against a resolution of the majority
which, inits opinion, disregards the true meaning of the Charter and
adopts in connection with it a decision which is legally invalid; in
such a case it constitutes a grave symptom indicative of serious
disagreement as to the interpretation of the Charter. As this Court
has on one occasion said, the United Nations is not a super-State,
and paragraph I of Article z of the Charter states that "The
Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of
al1its Members."
A serious legal objection to the validity of the General Assembly
resolutions authorizing and apportioning the expenses may be
briefly formulated as follows: these resolutions ignore the fact that

85que les résolutions autorisant les opérations ont le caractère de
recommandations. En imposant des contributions en vue de cou-
vrir le coût des opérations à tous les États conformément au para-
graphe 2 de l'article 17, les résolutions de l'Assemblée générale
semblent méconnaître la différence fondamentale entre les déci-
sions du Conseil de Sécuritéobligatoires pour les Etats Membres
(chap. VI1 de la Charte) et les recommandations qui ne sont pas
obligatoires sauf pour les États qui les ont acceptées.
Comme l'avis le constate, l'Assemblée générale n'indique pas les
articles de la Charte sur lesquels elle base ses résolutions. Il en est
de mêmedu Conseil de Sécurité.Sur 29 résolutions énuméréed sans
la requête, uneseule, celle du Conseil de Sécuritédu g août 1960,

où les .États Membres sont invités à accepter et à exécuter ses
décisions,invoque les articles 25 et 49 qui ne paraissent pas aptes
à éclairerla Cour (l'Assemblée générale a repris la phrase dans sa
résolution 1474 (ES-IV) du 20 novembre 1960); à un moment
donné, le Secrétaire général envisageait, avec hésitation, la possi-
bilité d'invoquer l'article 40; finalement il a adopté une position
négative: les opérations des Nations Unies au Moyen-Orient et au
Congo n'ont pas étéentreprises en exécution des décisions obliga-
toires du chapitre VI1 de la Charte. L'Assemblée généralp earaît
avoir adopté la même positionet l'avis partage cette opinion.

Mais alors, s'il n'est plus question des décisions obligatoires du
Conseil de Sécuritéviséesdans le chapitre VII, ce sont donc des

recommandations; recommandations du Conseil de Sécuritéet de
l'Assembléegénérale;la résolution de cette dernière connue sous le
sigle 377 (V)dont la conformitéavec la Charte a étéelle-mêmequel-
quefois considérée commeau moins douteuse, ne parle elle aussi
que des recommandations.
La différenceentre les décisions obligatoires et les recommanda-
tions constitue une des bases de toute l'économie de la Charte.
Les décisions sont exceptionnelles dans le système des moyens
prévuspour le maintain de la paix et de la sécuritéinternationales;
ellesson! prises dans les cas graves et c'est seulement dans ces cas
que les Etats Membres ont consenti à accepter la limitation néces-
saire à l'exercice de leur souveraineté. Les recommandations ne
sont jamais obligatoires et l'Organisation des Nations Unies doit
dans ses activités avoir constamment en vue que ses moyens d'ac-

tion sont ainsi limités,
Par conséquent, en admettent que les dépenses énuméréed sans
la requête constituent des dépenses de l'Organisation, inévitable-
ment la question se pose de sa,voirsi la participation à ces dépenses
est obligatoire pour tous les Etats Membres, comme parait le sug-
gérerla question de la requêteet comme l'admet l'avis. Pourtant
il paraît que les résolutionsapprouvant et répartissant ces dépenses
ne sont valables et n'ont force obligatoire qu'à l'égard desÉtats
Membres qui ont accepté des recommandations.
86the resolutions authorizing the operations have the character of

recornmendations. By levying contributions to meet the cost of the
operations from all States in accordance with Article 17, paragraph
2, the resolutions of the General Assembly appear to disregard the
fundamental differencebetween the decisions of the Security Coun-
cil which are binding on al1 Member States (Chapter VI1 of the
Charter) and recornmendations which are not binding except on
States which have accepted them.
As isnotèd in the Opinion the General Assembly does not indicate
the articles of the Charter on which its resolutions are based. The
same is true of the Security Council. Of 29 resolutions listed in the
request, only one, that of the Security Council of 9 August 1960, in
which al1Member States are called upon to accept and carry out its
decisions, refers to Articles 25 and 49 which do not appear to be of
such a character as to enlighten the Court (the General Assembly

repeated the words in its resolution 1474 (ES-IV) of 20 November
1960) ; at one point, the Secretary-General envisaged, with some
hesitation, the possibility of invoking Article 40; finally he adopted
a negative position: the United Nations operations in the Middle
East andinthe Congowere not undertaken in pursuance of binding
decisions under Chapter VI1 of the Charter. The General Assembly
appears to have adopted the same position and this view is shared
in the Opinion.
But, if there is no longer any question of the binding decisions of
the Security Council referred to in Chapter VII, then these are
recornmendations; recornmendations of the Security Council and
the General Assembly; General Assembly resolution 377 (V), the
conformity of which with the Charter has itself sometimes been
regarded as at least dubious, itself only speaks of recornmendations.

The difference between binding decisions and recommendations
constitutes one of the bases of the whole structure of the Charter.
Decisions are the exception in the system of the means provided
for the maintenance of international peace and security; they are
taken in grave cases andit is only in those cases that Member States
have consented to accept the necessary limitation of the exercise of
their sovereignty. Recommendations are never binding and the
United Nations must in al1its activities ever have in view that its
means of action are thus limited.

It follows that if it be recognized that the expenditures enumer-
ated in the request constitute expenses of the Organization, in-
evitably the question arises whether participation in these expenses

is obligatory for al1 Member States, as appears to be suggested by
the question in the request and as is accepted in the Opinion. And
yet itis apparent that the resolutions approving and apportioning
these expenses are valid and binding only in respect of the Member
States which have accepted the recornmendations.
86 Il est difficile de comprendre par quel effort de raisonnement les
r~commandations pourraient êtrereconnues obligatoires pour les
Etats qui ne les ont pas acceptées. Il est difficilede voir comment on

pourrait concevoir qu'une recômmandation est obligatoire partielle-
ment, et ceci sur le point peut-être le plus important, celui de la
contribution financière imposéepar l'Assemblée générale dans les
conditions du paragraphe 2 de l'articl17. Il est non moins difficile
de voir à quel moment s'opérerait la transformation d'une recom-
mandation non obligatoire en recommandation partiellement
obligatoire, à quel moment l'obligation légaleserait créàla charge
d'un Etat Membre qui ne l'a pas acceptée.
Ceci laisse ouverte la question de savoir comment et à quel mo-
ment peut êtreconstatée l'acceptation d'une recommandation par
un État Membre ou le refus de l'accepter, mais la réponseà cette
question ne doit présenter aucune difficultépour l'organisation.
A la question telle qu'elle est libelleé dans la requête et qui
paraît n'envisager qu'une réponse: oui ou non, il n'est pas possible,
à mon avis, de donner une réponse juridiquement adéquate. Ma
réponse ne peut être que négative.

(Signé B). WINIARSKI. OPIN. OF 20 VII 62 (DISS. OP. OF M. WINIARSKI)
234
If isdifficultto seeby what processofreasoningrecommendations
couldbe held to be bindingon States whichhave not accepted them.
It is difficult to see how it can be conceivedthat a recommendation
is partially binding, and that on what is perhaps the most vital
point, the financial contribution levied by the General Assembly
under the conditions of paragraph 2 of Article 17. It is no less
difficult to see at what point in time the transformation of a non-
binding recommendation into a partially binding recommendation
is supposed to take place, at what point in time a legal obligations
supposed to come into being for a Member State which has not
accepted it.
This leavesunresolved the question how and whenthe acceptance
of a recommendation by a MemberState,or the refusa1to accept it,
is to be placed on record, but the answer to that question should
present no difficulty for the Organization.
To the question as framed in the request, which appears to
contemplate only the answer "yes" or "noJ',it is not,in my opinion,
possible to give a legally adequate answer. Myreply can only be in
the negative.

(Signed) B. WINIARSKI.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of President Winiarski (translation)

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