Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Percy Spender

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049-19620720-ADV-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
049-19620720-ADV-01-00-EN
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SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE SIR PERCY SPENDER

1 agree that the question should be answered in the affirmative.
The Court is called upon to answer a question which, exceedingly
important though it is, lieswithin a comparatively limited compass.
That question is whether certain particularized expenditure-
money spent or to be spent-authorized by certain specifiedresolu-
tions of the General Assembly, constitute "expenses of the Organi-
zation" within the meaning of Article 17 (2) of the Charter.

Whilst the form in which the question has been framed may not
in any manner inhibit the Court from considering any aspect of the
Charter, or any part of the record presented to it, to the extent it
considers relevant, the opinion the Court gives ought not, in my
view, go beyond the limits of what is reasonably necessary to
permit it to answer the question. To go beyond these limits is

1 think an excess of function.
For my part 1 have not found it necessary to express any opinion
upon the validity or regularity of the resolutions pursuant to which
the operations in the Congo and the Middle East were undertaken.
A conclusion thereon would not, inmy view, affect the answer which
should be given to the question.
Article 17 has a provenance and field of its own. It is the only
Article in the Charter which deals with the budgetary affairs and
the expenses of the Organization. Neither the word "budget" in
Article 17 (1)nor the word "expenses" in Article 17 (2)is qualified
in any manner in the text, nor elsewhere by anything appearing in
the Charter.
The word "budget" in Article 17 (1) covers all finance require-
ments of the Organization and the word "expenses" in Article 17 (2)
covers all expenditures which may be incurred on behalf of the
Organization, which give effect to the purposes of the United Na-
tions. There is, upon the proper interpretation of Article 17, no
legal basis for confining these words to what has been described

as "normal", "ordinary", "administrative" or "essential" costs
and expenditure, whatever precisely these terms may denote.
The expenditues referred to in the question put to the Court were
of a character which could qualify them as incurred in order to
give effect to the purposes of the Organization. It was in these
circumstances for the General Assembly, and for it alone, to deter-
mine, as itdid, whether these expenditures did qualify as those of
the Organization and to deal with them pursuant to its powers
under Article 17 (2). Once the General Assembly has passed upon what are the ex-
penses of the Organization, and it is apparent that the expenditure
incurred and to be incurred on behalf of the Organization is in
furtherance of its purposes, their character as such and any appor-
tionment thereof made by the General Assembly under Article
17 (2) of the Charter cannot legally be challenged by any Member
State. Its decision may not be impugned and becomes binding
upon each Member State. It would be anarchic of any interpreta-
tion of the Charter were each Member State its own interpreter of
whether this'or that particular expense was an expense of the Or-
ganization, within the meaning of Article 17 (2),and could, by its
own interpretation, be free to refuse to comply with the decision
of the General Assembly.

It is, moreover, evident that once the Secretary-General, who,
under Article 98 of the Charter, is bound to perform such functions
as the General Assembly or the Security Council may entrust him

with, is called upon by either organ to discharge certain functions,
as he was in respect to the operations in both the Congo and the
Middle East, and in discharging them he engages the credit of the
Organization and on its behalf incurs financial obligations, then,
unless the resolution under which he acts, or what he does, is
unconnected with the furtherance of the purposes of the Organiza-
tion, the moneys involved may properly be dealt with by the Gen-
eral Assembly as "expenses of the Organization". Once they have
been, the action of the General Assembly would not be open to
challenge by a Member State even if the resolutions under which he
was called upon to act were not in conformity with the Charter
and even if he should exceed the authority conferred upon him.
He is the Chief Administrative Officer of the Organization and di-
rector of the Secretariat which itself is an organ of the United
Nations. If, acting within the apparent scope of his authority, he
engages the credit of the Organization, the General Assembly has,
in my view, full power to acknowledge the financial obligations
involved as "expenses of the Organization" within the meaning of
Article 17 (2)and act accordingly.

Subject to the above and to certain general observations that 1
wish to make on the discharge by the Court of its function of
interpreting the Charter, 1associate myself with the opinion of the
Court.

The interpretation given to Article 17 and in particùlar to sub-
paragraph (2)thereof accords a wide power to the GeneralAssembly.

36 It is however nothing to the point to contend that so to interpret
,\rticl17 (2)confers an authority so extensive that it could lead
the General Assembly, by virtue of its control over the finances of
the Organization, to extend, in practice, its own competence in

other fields in disregard of the provisions of the Charter. Whatever
the ambit of power conferred upon any organ of the United Nations,
that rnay be ascertained only from the terms of the Charter itself.
Once the Court has determined the interpretation it must accord
to a provision of the Charter on which it is called upon to express
its opinion, its function is discharged. Any political consequences
which rnay flow from its decision is not a matter for its concern.

GeneralObservationsontheInterpretation of the Charter
Words communicate their meaning from the circumstances in
kvhich they are used. In a written instrument their meaning pn-
marily is to be ascertained from the context, the setting, in which
they are found.
The cardinal rule of interpretation that this Court and its prede-

cessor has stated should be applied is that words are to be read,
if they rnay so be read, in their ordinary and natural sense. If so
read they make sense, that is the end of the matter. If, however,
so read they are ambiguous or lead to an unreasonable result,
then and then only must the Court, by resort to other methods of
interpretation, seek to ascertain what the parties really meant
when they used the words under consideration (Competenceof the
General Assembly regarding Admission to the Unitaï Nations,
I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 8, and Polish Postal Service in.Danzig,
P.C.I.J., Series B, No. II, p. 39).

This injunction is sometimes a counsel of perfection. The
ordinary and natural sense of words rnay at times be a matter of
considerable difficulty to determine. What is their ordinary and
natural sense to one rnay not be so to another. The interpreter not
uncommonly has, what has been described as, a personal feeling
towards certain words and phrases. What makes sense to one rnay

not make sense to another. Ambiguity rnay lie hidden in the plainest
and most simple of words even in theil- natural and ordinary
meaning. Nor is it always evident by what legal yardstick words
read in their natural and ordinary sense rnay be judged to produce
an unreasonable result.

Moreover the intention of the parties at the time when they en-
tered into an engagement will not always-depending upon the
nature. and subject-matter of the engagement-have the same im-
portance. In particular in the case of a multilateral treaty such as

37the Charter the intention of its original Members, except such as
may be gathered from its terms alone, is beset with evident diffi-
culties. Moreover, since from its inception it was contemplated that
other States would be admitteb to membership so that the Organiza-
tion would, in the end, comprise "al1 other peace-loving States

which accept the obligations contained in the Charter" (Article 4),
the intention of the framers of the Charter appears less important
than intention in many other treaties where the parties are fixed
and constant and where the nature and subject-matter of the treaty
is different.It is hardly the intention of those States which origi-
naliy framed the Charter which is important except as that inten-
tion reveals itself in the text. What is important is what the Charter
itself provides; what-to use the words of Article 4-is "contained
in ...the Charter".
Itis, 1 venture to suggest, perhaps safer to Saythat the meaning
of words, however described, depends upon subject-matter and the
context in which they are used.

In the interpretation of a multilateral treaty such asthe Charter
which establishes a permanent international mechanism or organi-
zation to accomplish certain stated purposes there are particular
considerations to wfiich regard should, 1 think, be had.

Its provisions were of necessity expressed in broad and general
terms. It attempts to provide against the unknown, the unforeseen
and, indeed, the unforeseeable. Its text reveals that it was intended
-subject to such amendments as might from time to time be made
to it-to endure, at least it was hoped it would endure, for al1
time. It was intended to apply to varying conditions in a changing
and evolving world community and to amultiplicity ofunpredictable
situations and events. Its provisions were intended to adjust them-
selves to the ever changing pattern of international existence. It
established international machinery to accomplish its stated pur-
poses.
It may with confidence be asserted that its particular provisions
should receive a broad and liberal interpretation unless the context
of any particular provision requires, or there is to be found else-
where in the Charter, something to compel anarrower and restricted
interpretation.
The stated purposes of the Charter should be the prime considera-

tion in interpreting its text.
Despite current tendencies to the contrary the first task of the
Court is to look, not at the travaux préparatoiresor the practice
which hitherto has been followedwithin the Organization, but at the
terms of the Charter itself. What does it provide to carry out its
purposes ?
Ifthe meaning of any particular provision read in its context is
sufficiently clear to satisfy the Court as to the interpretation to be
38giveil to it there is neither legal justification nor logical reason to
have recourse to either the travaux préparatoiresor the practice
followed within the United Nations.
The Charter must, of course, be read as a whole so as to give

effect to al1its terms in order to avoid inconsistency. No word, or
provision, may be disregarded or treated as superfluous, unless this
is absolutely necessary to give effect to the Charter's terms read
as a whole.

The purpose pervading the whole of the Charter and dominating
it is that of maintaininginternational peace and security and to that
end the taking of effective collective measures for the prevention
and removal ofthreats to the peace.
Interpretation of the Charter should be directed to giving effect
to that purpose, not to frustrate it. If two interpretations are
possible in relation to any particular provision cf it, that which is
favourable to the accomplishment of purpose and not restrictive
of it must be preferred.

A general rule is that words used in a treaty should be read as
having the meaning they bore therein when it came into existence.
But this meaning must be consistent with the purposes sought to be
achieved. Where, as in the case of the Charter, the purposes are
directed to saving succeeding generations in an indefinite future
from the scourge of war, to advancing the welfare and dignity
of man, and establishing and maintaining peace under international
justice for al1 time, the general rule above stated does not mean
that the words in the Charter can only comprehend such situations
and contingencies and manifestations of subject-matter as were
within the minds of the framers of the Charter (cf. Employment
of Women during the Night, P.C.I. J., Series A/B, No. 50, p. 377).
The wisest of them could never have anticipated the tremendous
changes which politically, niilitarily, and otherwise have occurred
in the comparatively few years which have elapsed since 1945.
Few if any could have contemplated a world in thraldom to atomic
weapons on the scale of today, and the dangers inherent in even

minor and remote events to spark wide hostilities imperilling both
world peace and vast numbers of mankind. No comparable human
instrument in 1945 or today could provide against al1the contin-
gencies that the future should hold. Al1that the framers of the Char-
ter reasonablycould do was to set forth the purposes the organization
set up should seek to achieve, establish the organs to accomplish
these purposes and confer upon these organs powersin general terms.
Yet these general terms, unfettered by man's incapacity to foretell
the future,may be sufficient to meet the thrusts of a changing world. The nature of the authority granted by the Charter to each of its
organs does not changewith time. The ambit or scope of the author-
ity conferred may nonetheless comprehend ever changing circum-
stances and conditions and embrace, as history unfolds itself, new
problems and situations which were not and could not have been
envisaged when the Charter came into being. The Charter must
accordingly be interpreted, whilst in no way deforming or dislo-
cating its language, so that theauthority conferredupon the Organi-
zation and its various organs may attach itself to new and unanti-
cipated situations and events.

Al1canons of interpretation, however valuable they may be, are
but aids to the interpreter. There are, as this Court's predecessor

acknowledged, many methods of interpretation (TerritorialJuris-
diction of the International Commission on the River Oder, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 23, p. 26). The question whether an unforeseen, or
extraordinary, or abnormal development or situation, or matter
relating thereto, falls within the authority accorded to any of the
organs of the Organization finds its answer in discharging the essen-
tial task of al1 interpretation-ascertaining the meaning of the
relevant Charter provision in its context. The meaning of the text
will be illuminated by the stated purposes to achieve which the
terms of the Charter were drafted.

Practice within the United Nations-Its effect on or value as a
criterion of interpretation.

In the proceedings on this Advisory Opinion practice and usage
within the United Nations has been greatly relied upon by certain
States, which have availed themselves of the opportunity to present
their views to the Court, as establishing a criterion of interpretation
of relevant Charter provisions.
It was forexample contended by one State that usages developed
in the practice of the United Nations have dealt with certain items
of expenditure as expenses of the Organization within the meaning
of Article 17 (2)and that such usages whether or not they could be
said to have attained the character of customary legal principle are
relevant for the purposes of interpreting the meaning and scope of
resolutions adopted by the General Assembly concerning specific

questions. So usage within the United Nations, it was urged, has
sanctioned the inclusion in the budget expenses of the Organization
ofitems which related to other than the ordinary administrative and
routine duties of the Organization as, for example, those connected
with special peace-keeping operations and operations of a similar
40188 CERTAIN EXPENSES U.N.(SEP.OP. SIR PERCY SPENDER)

character initiated by either the General Assembly or the Security
Council.

Thus, so it was asserted, in practice it had been considered a
normal and usual procedure to include such operations in the regular
budget which was financed in accordance with Article 17 (2)of the
Charter. Though objections had from time to time been made to
the inclusion of different items, the General Assembly had not hesi-
tated to overrule such objections and the objecting States, it was
claimed, had in the end acquiesced in the decisions by paying their
contributions under Article 17 (2). It was also contended that the
General Assembly and the Security Council had consistently
pursued a practice of considering the General Assembly competent

to deai with a matter transferred to it from the Security Council
in the circumstances defined by the Uniting for Peace Resolution
377 (V).

These practices were called in aid as relevant considerations in
interpreting both Article 17 (2)and Article 24 of the Charter. The
proposition advanced was that it is a generalprinciple that a treaty
provision should be interpreted in the light of the subsequent
conduct of the contracting parties-words which echo those to be
found in the Advisory Opinion of the Permanent Court in Inter-
pretation of the Treaty of Lausanne (P.C.I. J., Series B, No. 12,
1925, p. 24)-and that the uniform practice pursued by the organs
of the United Nations should be equated with the "subsequent

conduct" of contracting parties as in the case of a bilateral treaty.

Similar contentions were made by otherStates.The practice ofthe
parties in interpreting a constitutive instrument, it was submitted,
was a guide to that instrument's true meaning. The practice of the
Security Council, as well as that of the General Assembly, demon-
strated, it was said, that the power to approve and apportion the
budget of the United Nations was recognized to be the province of
the General Assembly alone. Furthermore, by adopting certain
resolutions the 5ecurity Council and the General Assembly con-
strued the Charter as granting the powers thus exercised, that these
organs had the competence to interpret such parts of the Charter as
were applicable to their respective and particular functions, and

accordingly, that the interpretations such organs have in practice
given to their respective powers are entitled to the greatest weight
in any subsequent judicial review to determine the meaning and
extent of those functions.

The contention of one State went further. The claim was made
that any interpretation of the Charter by a United Nations organ
41should be upheld so long as it is an interpretation which is not
expressly inconsistent with the Charter and that since any such
interpretation would reflect the support of the majority of the
Nember States, and considering the interpretation of the Charter
which has been applied by the Assembly in regard to financing the
operation of the UNOC and UNEF, the Court should give its
advisory opinion in this case in the affirmative.
These contentions raise questions ofimportance which should not,
1 think, be passed over in silence, particularly having regard to the
extent to which the Court itself has had recourse to practice within
the United Nations from which to draw sustenance for its inter-
pretation of Charter provisions.

It is of course a general principle of international law that the
subsequent conduct of the parties to a bilateral-or a multilateral-
instrument may throw light on the intention of the parties at the
time the instrument was entered into and thus may provide a
legitimate criterion of interpretation.

So the conduct of one party to such an instrument-or to a
unilateral instrument-may throw light upon its intentions when
entering into it whilst that of both-or all-parties may have
considerable probative value in aid of interpretation.

There is, however, asthe late Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht has
pointed out, an element of artificiality in the principle, and care

must be taken to circumscribe its operation. This element of
artificiality is greatly magnified when the principle is sought to be
extended from the field of bilateral instruments to that of multi-
lateral instruments of an organic character and where the practice
(orsubsequent conduct) relied upon is that, not of the parties to the
instrument, but of an organ created thereunder.

In any case subsequent conduct may only provide a criterion of
interpretation when the text is obscure, and even then it is neces-
sary to consider whether that conduct itself permits of only one
inference (Brazilian Loans Case, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, Nos. 20/21,
p. 119).Except in the casewhere a party is byits conduct precluded
from relying upon a particular interpretation, with which type of
case we are not presently concerned, it can hardly control the
language or provide a criterion of interpretation of a text which is
not obscure.

1 find difficulty in accepting the proposition that a practice pur-
sued by an orgaliof the Vnited Kations may be equated with the
42subsequent conduct of parties to a bilateral agreement and thus

afford evidence of intention of the parties to the Charter (who have
constantly been added to since it came into force) and inthat way
or otherwise provide a criterion of interpretation. Nor can 1 agree
wlth a view sometimes advanced that a common practice pursued
by an orgar. of the United Nations, though ultra vires and in point
of fact having the result of amending the Charter, may nonetheless
be effective as a criterion of interpretation.

The legal rationale behind what is called the principle of "sub-
sequent conduct" is 1 think evident enough. In essence it is a
question of evidence, its admissibility and value. Its roots are deeply
embedded i~ the experience of mankind.

A man enters into a compact usually between himself and another.
~he meaning of that compact when entered into whether oral, or in
writing, may well be affected, even determined, by the manner in

~vhichboth parties in practice have carried it out.

That is evident enough. Their joint conduct expresses their
common understanding of what the terms of their compact, at the
time they entered into it, were intended to mean, and thus provides
direct evidence of what they did mean.
That conduct on the part of both parties to a treaty should be
considered on the same footing is incontestable. It provides a
criterion of interpretation.
It is however evident enough-despite a flimsy and questionable
argument based upon what appears in Iranian Oil Conzpany(I.C. J.
Reports 1952,pp. 106-107)-that tlie subsequentconduct ofone party
alone cannot be evidence in its favour of a common understanding
of the meaning intended to be given to the text of a treaty. Its
conduct could, under certain conditions to which 1have in the Case
concerning theTemple of PreahVihear (I.C. J. Reports 1962, p. 128)
made brief reference, preclude it as against the other party to the
treaty from alleging an interpretation contrary to that which by its

conduct it has represented to be the correct interpretation to be
placed upon the treaty. Short of conduct on its part amounting to
preclusion, it may also, if the other party to the treaty acknow-
ledges that the interpretation so placed upon it by the first party
is correct, provide evidence in favour of the first party, depending
on the weight the acknowledgement merits, and thus also provide a
criterion of interpretation.
As in the field of municipal law, multilateral compacts were a
later development; as also were multilateral treaties in the field of
international law, particularly those of the organizational character
of the Charter.

43 In the case of multilateral treaties the admissibility and value as
evidence of subsequent conduct of one or more parties thereto
encounter particular difficulties. Ifal1the parties to a multilateral

treaty where the parties are fixed and constant, pursue a course of
subsequent conduct in their attitude to the text of the treaty, and
that course of conduct leads to an inference, and one inference only,
as to their common intention and understanding at the time they
entered into the treaty as to the meaning of its text, the probative
value of their conduct again ismanifest. If however onlyone or some
but not al1 of them by subsequent conduct interpret the text in a
certain manner, that conduct stands upon the same footing as the
unilateral conduct of one party to a bilateral treaty. The conduct
of such one or more could not of itself have any probative value or
provide a criterion for judicial interpretation.

Even where the course of subsequent conduct pursued by both
parties to a bilateral treaty or by al1parties to a multilateral treaty
are in accord and that conduct permits of only one inference it
provides a criterion of interpretation only when, as has already
been indicated, the text of the treaty is obscure or ambiguous. It

may, however, depending upon other considerations not necessary
to be here dealt with, provide evidence from which to infer a new
agreement tvith neur rights and obligations between the parties, in
effect superimposed or based upon the text of thetreaty and amend-
ing the same. This latter aspect of subsequent conduct is irrelevant
for present consideration since no amendment of the Charter may
occur except pursuant to Article 108 of the Charter.

When we pass from multilateral treaties in which the parties
thereto are fixed and constant to multilateral treaties where the
original parties thereto may be added to in accordance with the
terms of the treaty itself we move into territory where the role and
value of subsequent conduct as an interpretive element is by no
means evident .
The Charter provides the specificcase with which we are concern-
ed. The original Members of the Charter number less than half the
total number of Member States. If the intention of the original

Members of the United Nations, at the time tliey entered into
the Charter, is that which provides a criterion of interpretation,
then it is the subsequent conduct of thosz Members which may be
equated with the subsequent conduct of the parties to a bilateral or
multilateral treaty where the parties are fixed and constant. This,
it seems to me, could add a new and indeterniinate dimension to the
rights and obligations of States that were not original Members
and so were not privy to the intentions of the original Members.

However this may be, it is not evident on what ground a practice
consistently followed by a majority of Member States not in factaccepted by other Member States could provide any criterion of
interpretation lvhich the Court could properly take into considera-
tioii in the discharge of its judicial function. The conduct of the
majority in following the practice may be evidence against them
and against those who in fact accept the practice as correctly inter-
preting a Charter provision, but could not, it seems to me, afford
any in their favour to support an interpretation which by majority
they have been able to assert.

It is not 1 think permissible to move the principle of subsequent
conduct of parties to a bilateral or multilateral treaty into another
field and seek to apply it, not to theparties to the treaty, but to an
oY,gnrelstablished under the treaty.
My present view is that it is not possible to equate "subsequent
conduct" with the practice of an organ of the United Nations. Not
only is such an organ not a party to the Charter but the inescapable
reality is that both the General Assembly and the Security Council
are but the mechanisms through which the Members of the United
Nations exDres their views and act. The fact that thev act throu~h
such an organ, where a majority rule prevails and so dieterminesthe V
practice, cannot, it seems to me, give any greater probative value

to the practice established within that organ than it would have as
conduct of the Members that comprise the majority if pmsued out-
side of that organ.

The contention of the various States, that the practice followed
by the General Assembly and the Security Council in interpreting
their functions under the Charter has a particular probative value
of its own, finds authority, it is claimed, in the jurisprudence of
this Court and its predecessor.

It falls for consideration to what extent, if at all, this is so.
The cases which may be relied upon are few and, upon examina-
tion, they throw little light upon the matter. The extent to which a

practice pursued by an organ of the United Nations may be had
resort to by the Court, if at all, as an aid to interpretation, has,
1 think, yet to receive deliberate consideration by, and to be spelt
out by, the Court.
In the Advisory Opinion of the Permanent Court in Cornpetence
of the International Labour Organisation(P.C.I. J., Series B, No. 2
(1922), pp. 40-41) when dealing with a question of interpretation
arising out of Part XII1 of the Treaty of Peace between the Alliedand Associated Powers and Germany, the fact that the competence
of the International Labour Organisation to deal with the subject
of agriculture had never been disputed by the Contracting Parties
might, the Court observed, if there had been any ambiguity in the
text (which the Court found did not exist), "suffice to turn the
scale". The Court in point of fact had already arrived at its con-
clusion on the interpretation which should be given to the text;
its observation was accordingly obiterdicta. Moreover it was dealing
with the conduct of parties to the treaty. In any case from the

nature of the Court's observation in that case it must be evident
that it has little if any jurisprudential value on the matter presently
being considered.
In the Advisory Opinion of the Permanent Court in Treaty of
Lazlsanne(Frontier betweenTurkeyandIraq) (P.C.I. J., 1925 SeriesB,
No. 12,p. 24) advice was sought by the Council of the League of
Nations on Article 3, paragraph 2, of that Treaty. Although this
was so, an examination of the case will reveal that what the Court
was directing its attention to was in essence a dispute between
Great Britain and Turkey in relation to the frontier between the
lastmentioned State and Iraq. In that case the Court did concern
itself with the subsequent conduct of the Parties but only with the
conduct of the Parties to that dispute. It examined the conduct of
Great Britain and Turkey. Again the Court in any case had already
reached its conclusion on the interpretation it should place upon the

Article upon which advice was sought. The meaning was "suffi-
ciently clear" and thus what it had to Say in relation to the subse-
quent conduct of Great Britain and Turkey was also obiter dicta.
The Court observed
"The factssubsequentto the conclusionofthe Treaty ofLausanne
can only concernthe Court in so far as they throw light upon the
intention of the Parties1-at the time of the conclusion of the
Treaty."

It considered that the "attitude adopted by the British and
Turkish Governments" after the signature of the Treaty 'lis only
valuable ...as an indication of their views regarding the clause in
question". The fact that the British and Turkish representatives
concurred in a certain unanimous vote of the Council of the League
on a particular matter showed that there was no disagreement
between "the Parties" as regards their obligation to accept as
definitive and binding the decision or recommendation to be made
by the Council. The fact that "the Parties" accepted beforehand
the Council's decision might, the Court observed, be regarded as
confirming the interpretation which in the Court's opinion flowed
from the actual wording of the Article.

l This is clearly a refeto Great Britain and Turkey.

46 It hardly needs exposition to establish that this case provides no
foundation upon which to rest the contentions of the various States
to which reference has previously been made.

Nor does the Advisory Opinion of the Court in Status of South
West Africa (I.CJ. Report 1950, p. 128) where the Court said that

to them though not conclusiveas to their meaning have consider-s
able probative value whenthey contain recognition bya party of
its own obligations under an instrument",

or the Brazilian Loans Case (P.C.I. J. (1929), Senes A, Nos. 20121,
p. 119)-both of which cases were relied upon in support of the
proposition that the interpretation given by the General Assembly
and the Security Council to provisions of the Charter were entitled
to the greatest weight in any subsequent judicial review~any the

matter any further. In the fonner case a common intention was
found to exist-the interpretation that South Africa wassaid to have
placed upon the Charter (or its mandate) by its conduct provided
evidence against it. The latter case has little if any relevance.
Having stated the pnnciple of "subsequent conduct" in terms
already indicated the Court went on to Say that there was indeed
no ambiguity in the text. The pnnciple accordingly did not apply.
The Court however, because of arguments advanced in the course
of the proceeding before it, was induced to consider whether the
bondholders' conduct provided any basis for an inference that
they-the bondholders-were of the opinion that they were not
entitled to payment on the basis of gold; in short whether their
conduct could provide evidence against them.

Finally there is the Advisory Opinion of this Court in Competence
of the GeneralAssembly regardingAdmission to the United Nations
(Article 4 of the Charter) (I.CJ. Reports 1950, p. 9) which the
Court in the present case accepts as authority for its reliance upon
practice within the United Nations to sustain its reasoning and
which is usually relied upon in support of the proposition that

"subsequent conduct" is to be equated with a practice pursued
by the organs of the United Nations.
In that Advisory Opinion the Court would appear to have found
support for its conclusion already othenvise arrived at on the mean-
ing of Article 4 of the Charter. It had found "no difficulty in as-
certaining the natural and ordinary meaning of the words in ques-
tion and no difficulty in giving effect to them". But it appears to
have found sustenance or satisfaction for its conclusion in the fact
that "the organs to which Article 4 entrusts the judgrnent of the
Organization have consistently interpreted the text" in the manner
47which it had concluded was its proper interpretation. Again,
whatever is the significance to be attached to this purely factual
observation on a coincidence, it was unnecessary and irrelevant to
the Court's opinion. The Court had already made it abundantly
clear that it was only when the words in their natural and ordinary
meaning were ambiguous or led to an unreasonable result, that it

was permissible to resort to other methods of interpretation. It
thus confirmed the rule laid down in CaseofBrazilian Loans (ante),
SerbianLoans (P.C.I. J.,Series A, Nos. 20/21,p. 38) and International
LabourOrganisation(ante)that itis only where a treaty isambiguous
that resort may be had "to the manner of performance in order to
ascertain the intention of the parties".

That being so it is not apparent what legal significance is to be
attached to the Court's observation. The fact stated added nothing
to the Court's reasoning. Whether the General Assembly and the
Secunty Council had consistently interpreted Article 4 in the sense
in which the Court did or had consistently interpreted it in a
different sense was quite irrelevant to the Court's conclusion. On
any rational examination of this case, it provides, 1 believe, no
authonty, at least none of any weight, for the proposition that the
practice followed by an organofthe United Nations may be equated
with the subsequent conduct of the parties to a treaty.

The jurisprudence of this Court and of the Permanent Court
accordingly reveals, 1 believe, no support for the vanous conten-
tions advanced by the States to which reference has been made and
in particular lends none to the proposition that a pratice pursued
by a majority of Member States in an organ of the United Nations
has probative value in the present case.

Apart from a practice which is of a peaceful, uniform and undis-
puted character accepted in fact by all current Members, a consi-
deration of which is not germane to the present examination, 1
accordingly entertain considerable doubt whether practice of an
organ of the United Nations has any probative value either as pro-
viding evidence of the intentions of the original Member States
or otherwise a criterion of interpretation. As presently advised 1
think it has none.
If however it has probative value, what is the measure of its

value before this Court?
An organ of the United Nations, whether it be the General As-
sembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council,
the Secretariat or its subsidiary organs, has in practice to interpret
its authority in order that it may effectively function. So, through-
out the world, have countless governmental and administrative
48organs and officials to interpret theirs. The General Assembly rnay

thus in practice, by majority vote, interpret Charter provisions as
giving it authority to pursue a certain course of action. It rnay
continue to give the same interpretation to these Charter provi-
sions in similar or different situations as they arise. In so doing
action taken by it rnay be extended to cover circumstances and
situations which had never been contemplated by those who framed
the Charter. But this would not, for reasons which have already
been given, necessarily involve any departure from the terms of the
Charter.

On the other hand,the GeneralAssembly rnay in practice construe
its authority beyond that conferred upon it, either expressly or
impliedly, by the Charter. It may, for example, interpret its powers
to permit it to enter a field prohibited to it under the Charter or
in disregard of the procedure prescribed in the Charter. Action

taken by the General Assembly (or other organs) rnay accordingly
on occasions be beyond power.

The Charter establishes an Organization. The Organization must
function through its constituted organs. The functions and autho-
rities of those organs are set out in the Charter. However the Char-
ter is othenvise described the essential fact is that it is a multi-
lateral treaty. It cannot be altered at the will of the majority of the
Member States, no matter how often that will is expressed or
asserted against a protesting minority and no matter how large
be the majority of Member States which assert its will in this manner
or how small the minority.

It is no answer to Saythat the protesting minority has the choice
of remaining in or withdrawing from the Organization and that if

it chooses to remain or because it pays its contributions according
'' apportionment under Article 17 (2)the Members in the minority
acquiesce" in the practice or must be deemed to have done so.
They are bound to pay these contributions and the minority has a
right to remain in the Organization and at the same time to assert
what itclaims to be any infringement of its rights under the Charter
or any illegal use of power by any organ of the United Nations.

In practice, if the General Assembly (or any organ) exceeds its
authority there is little that the protesting minority rnay do except
to protest and reserve its rights whatever they rnay be. If, how-
ever, the authority purported to be exercised against the objection
of any Member State is beyond power it remains so.
So, if the General Assembly were to "intervene in matters which

are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State"
within the meaning of Article 2 (7) of the Charter, whatever be the
meaning to be given to these words, that intervention would be the
49 entering into a fieldprohibited to it under the Charter and be beyond
the authority of the General Assembly. This would continue to be
so, no matter how frequently and consistently the GeneralAssembly
had construed its authority to permit it to make intervention in
matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any States.
The majonty has no power to extend, alter or disregard the Charter.

Each organ of the United Nations, of course, has an inherent right

to interpret the Charter in relation to its authority and functions.
But the rule that they rnay do so is not in any case applicable
without qualification.Their interpretation of their respective autho-
rities under the Charter rnay conceivably conflict one with the other.
They rnay agree. They may, after following a certain interpretation
for many years, change it. In any case, their right to interpret the
Charter gives them no power to alter it.

The question of constitutionality of action taken by the General
Assembly or the Secnrity Council will rarely call for consideration
except within the United Nations itself, where a majority rule
prevails. In practice this rnay enable action to be taken which is
beyond power. When, however, the Court is calledupon to pronounce
upon a question whether certain authority exercised by an organ
of the Organization is within the power of that organ, only legal
considerationsrnay be invoked and de factoextension of the Charter

must by disregarded.

Once a request for an Advisory Opinion is made to this Court and
it decides to respond to that request, the question on which the
Opinion has been sought passes, as is claimed by the Republic of
France in its written statement in this case, on to the legal plane
and takes on a new character, in the determination of which legal
considerations and legal considerations only rnay be invoked.

In the present case, it is sufficient to Say that 1 am unable to
regard any usage or practice followed by any organ of the United
Nations which has been determined by a majority therein against
the will of a minority as having any legal relevance or probative
value.

(Signed) Percy C. SPENDER.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE SIR PERCY SPENDER

1 agree that the question should be answered in the affirmative.
The Court is called upon to answer a question which, exceedingly
important though it is, lieswithin a comparatively limited compass.
That question is whether certain particularized expenditure-
money spent or to be spent-authorized by certain specifiedresolu-
tions of the General Assembly, constitute "expenses of the Organi-
zation" within the meaning of Article 17 (2) of the Charter.

Whilst the form in which the question has been framed may not
in any manner inhibit the Court from considering any aspect of the
Charter, or any part of the record presented to it, to the extent it
considers relevant, the opinion the Court gives ought not, in my
view, go beyond the limits of what is reasonably necessary to
permit it to answer the question. To go beyond these limits is

1 think an excess of function.
For my part 1 have not found it necessary to express any opinion
upon the validity or regularity of the resolutions pursuant to which
the operations in the Congo and the Middle East were undertaken.
A conclusion thereon would not, inmy view, affect the answer which
should be given to the question.
Article 17 has a provenance and field of its own. It is the only
Article in the Charter which deals with the budgetary affairs and
the expenses of the Organization. Neither the word "budget" in
Article 17 (1)nor the word "expenses" in Article 17 (2)is qualified
in any manner in the text, nor elsewhere by anything appearing in
the Charter.
The word "budget" in Article 17 (1) covers all finance require-
ments of the Organization and the word "expenses" in Article 17 (2)
covers all expenditures which may be incurred on behalf of the
Organization, which give effect to the purposes of the United Na-
tions. There is, upon the proper interpretation of Article 17, no
legal basis for confining these words to what has been described

as "normal", "ordinary", "administrative" or "essential" costs
and expenditure, whatever precisely these terms may denote.
The expenditues referred to in the question put to the Court were
of a character which could qualify them as incurred in order to
give effect to the purposes of the Organization. It was in these
circumstances for the General Assembly, and for it alone, to deter-
mine, as itdid, whether these expenditures did qualify as those of
the Organization and to deal with them pursuant to its powers
under Article 17 (2). OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE SIR PERCY SPENDER
[Traduction]

Je partage l'avis qu'il faut répondreàla question par l'affirmative.
La Cour est invitée à répondre à une question qui, bien qu'elle
soit très importante, vise un domaine relativement étroit.
Il s'agit de savoir si certaines dépensesdéterminées - des som-
mes dépenséesou à dépenser - autorisées par certaines résolu-
tions déterminéesdel'Assembléegénéraleconstituent des «dépenses
de l'organisation n au sens du paragraphe 2 de l'article 17 de la
Charte.
Bien quela forme sous laquelle la question est rédigéen'interdise
en rien à la Cour d'examiner un aspect quelconque de la Charte ou

du dossier qui lui a été présenté,dans la mesure où elle le juge
pertinent, l'opinion de la Cour ne devrait pas, selon moi, dépasser
les limites de ce qui est raisonnablement nécessairepour lui per-
mettre de répondre à la question. Aller au-delà est, à mon avis,
statuer ultra 9etita.
Pour ma part, je n'ai pastrouvé nécessaired'exprimer une opinion
quelconque sur la validité ou la régularitédes résolutions en exé-
cution desquelles les opérations au Congo et au Moyen-Orient ont
étéentreprises. A mon avis, une conclusion sur ce point n'affecte-
rait pas la réponseà donner à la question.

L'article 17 a une origine et un domaine qui lui sont propres.
C'est le seul article de la Charte qui traite des affaires budgétaires
et des dépenses de l'Organisation. Ni le mot ((budget » au para-
graphe I de l'article17, ni le mot (dépenses » au paragraphe 2 du
mêmearticle ne sont qualifiésd'une façon quelconque dans le texte,
ni ailleurs, par une disposition quelconque de la Charte.
Le mot « budget ))au paragraphe I de l'articl17 s'étendà tous
les besoins financiers de l'organisation et le mot «dépenses »au
paragraphe 2 del'article17 s'étend à tous les déboursqui pourraient

êtreencourus pour le compte de l'organisation, pour donner effet
au but des Nations Unies. L'interprétation correcte de l'article 17
ne fournit aucune base juridique permettant de limiter ces mots
à ce qu'on a appeléles frais et dépenses (normaux », ordinaires»,
« administratifs » ou ccessentiels», quel que soit le sens précis
qu'on attache à ces termes. Les dépenses visées par la question
soumise à la Cour présentaient un caractère tel qu'elles pouvaient
êtreregardées comme encourues pour donner effet aux buts de
l'organisation. Dans ces circonstances, il appartenait à l'Assemblée
généraleet à elle seule de déterminer, ainsi qu'elle l'a fait, si ces

dépenses pouvaient êtrequalifiées de dépenses de l'organisation
et d'en traiter selon les pouvoirs qu'elle détient du paragraphe 2de
l'article17. Once the General Assembly has passed upon what are the ex-
penses of the Organization, and it is apparent that the expenditure
incurred and to be incurred on behalf of the Organization is in
furtherance of its purposes, their character as such and any appor-
tionment thereof made by the General Assembly under Article
17 (2) of the Charter cannot legally be challenged by any Member
State. Its decision may not be impugned and becomes binding
upon each Member State. It would be anarchic of any interpreta-
tion of the Charter were each Member State its own interpreter of
whether this'or that particular expense was an expense of the Or-
ganization, within the meaning of Article 17 (2),and could, by its
own interpretation, be free to refuse to comply with the decision
of the General Assembly.

It is, moreover, evident that once the Secretary-General, who,
under Article 98 of the Charter, is bound to perform such functions
as the General Assembly or the Security Council may entrust him

with, is called upon by either organ to discharge certain functions,
as he was in respect to the operations in both the Congo and the
Middle East, and in discharging them he engages the credit of the
Organization and on its behalf incurs financial obligations, then,
unless the resolution under which he acts, or what he does, is
unconnected with the furtherance of the purposes of the Organiza-
tion, the moneys involved may properly be dealt with by the Gen-
eral Assembly as "expenses of the Organization". Once they have
been, the action of the General Assembly would not be open to
challenge by a Member State even if the resolutions under which he
was called upon to act were not in conformity with the Charter
and even if he should exceed the authority conferred upon him.
He is the Chief Administrative Officer of the Organization and di-
rector of the Secretariat which itself is an organ of the United
Nations. If, acting within the apparent scope of his authority, he
engages the credit of the Organization, the General Assembly has,
in my view, full power to acknowledge the financial obligations
involved as "expenses of the Organization" within the meaning of
Article 17 (2)and act accordingly.

Subject to the above and to certain general observations that 1
wish to make on the discharge by the Court of its function of
interpreting the Charter, 1associate myself with the opinion of the
Court.

The interpretation given to Article 17 and in particùlar to sub-
paragraph (2)thereof accords a wide power to the GeneralAssembly.

36 Une fois que l'Assemblée générale a pris une décisionsur ce qui
constitue les dépenses de l'organisation et une fois qu'il apparaît
que la dépenseencourue ou à encourir pour le compte de I'Organi-
sation est engagée envue de l'accomplissement des buts de celle-ci,
son caractère et sa répartition par l'Assemblée générale en appli-
cation du paragraphe 2 de l'article 17 de la Charte ne sauraient
êtrecontestés en droit par aucun État Membre. La décision de
l'Assembl$e ne peut être attaquée et devient obligatoire pour cha-
cun des Etats Membres. Ce serait introduire l'anarchie, par voie
d'interprétation de la Charte, que de permettre à chacun des États
Membres de se faire l'interprète du point de savoir si telle ou telle

dépense particulière était une dépense de l'organisation au sens
du paragraphe 2 de l'article17 de la Charte et de donner à chacun
d'eux la liberté de refuser, en vertu de sa propre interprétation,
de se conformer à la décisionde l'Assemblée générale.
II est évident, au surplus, qu'une fois que le Secrétaire général,
qui est tenu aux termes de l'article 98 de la Charte de remplir
toutes fonctions dont il peut êtrechargé par l'Assemblée générale
ou le Conseilde Sécurité,estinvitépar l'un ou l'autre de ces organes
à remplir certaines fonctions, ce qui fut le cas tant pour les opéra-
tions au Congo que pour celles au Moyen-Orient, et qu'en remplis-
sant ces fonctions il engage le crédit de l'Organisation et encourt
pour le compte de celle-ci certaines obligations financières, alors,

en cette hypothèse, à moins que la résolution en vertu de laquelle
il agit ou les actes accomplis par lui soient étrangers à l'accom-
plissement des buts de l'Organisation, les fonds mis en cause peu-
vent légitimement êtretraités par l'Assemblée générale comme des
((dépensesde l'organisation n. Si tel a étéle cas, l'action de l'As-
semblée généralene saurait êtrecontestée par un État Membre
mêmesi les résolutions en vertu desquelles le Secrétaire général
était invité à agir n'étaient pas conformes à la Charte et même s'il
avait outrepassé l'autorité à lui conférée.Le Secrétaire général
est le plus haut fonctionnaire de l'organisation et le directeur du
Secrétariat, qui est lui-mêmeun organe des Nations Unies. Si,

agissant dans le cadre apparent de ses pouvoirs, il engage le crédit
de l'organisation, l'Assemblée générale a, selon moi, tous pouvoirs
pour reconnaître que les obligations financières en cause sont des
((dépensesde l'Organisation » au sens du paragraphe 2 de l'article
17 et pour agir en conséquence.
Sousréservede ce qui précèdeet de certaines observations d'ordre
généralque je désireprésenter sur l'exercice par la Cour de sa fonc-
tion d'interprétation de la Charte, je m'associe à l'avis de la Cour.

L'interprétation donnée à l'article17 et en particulier au para-
graphe 2 de celui-ci accorde de larges pouvoirs à l'Assemblée. -- It is however nothing to the point to contend that so to interpret
,\rticl17 (2)confers an authority so extensive that it could lead
the General Assembly, by virtue of its control over the finances of
the Organization, to extend, in practice, its own competence in

other fields in disregard of the provisions of the Charter. Whatever
the ambit of power conferred upon any organ of the United Nations,
that rnay be ascertained only from the terms of the Charter itself.
Once the Court has determined the interpretation it must accord
to a provision of the Charter on which it is called upon to express
its opinion, its function is discharged. Any political consequences
which rnay flow from its decision is not a matter for its concern.

GeneralObservationsontheInterpretation of the Charter
Words communicate their meaning from the circumstances in
kvhich they are used. In a written instrument their meaning pn-
marily is to be ascertained from the context, the setting, in which
they are found.
The cardinal rule of interpretation that this Court and its prede-

cessor has stated should be applied is that words are to be read,
if they rnay so be read, in their ordinary and natural sense. If so
read they make sense, that is the end of the matter. If, however,
so read they are ambiguous or lead to an unreasonable result,
then and then only must the Court, by resort to other methods of
interpretation, seek to ascertain what the parties really meant
when they used the words under consideration (Competenceof the
General Assembly regarding Admission to the Unitaï Nations,
I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 8, and Polish Postal Service in.Danzig,
P.C.I.J., Series B, No. II, p. 39).

This injunction is sometimes a counsel of perfection. The
ordinary and natural sense of words rnay at times be a matter of
considerable difficulty to determine. What is their ordinary and
natural sense to one rnay not be so to another. The interpreter not
uncommonly has, what has been described as, a personal feeling
towards certain words and phrases. What makes sense to one rnay

not make sense to another. Ambiguity rnay lie hidden in the plainest
and most simple of words even in theil- natural and ordinary
meaning. Nor is it always evident by what legal yardstick words
read in their natural and ordinary sense rnay be judged to produce
an unreasonable result.

Moreover the intention of the parties at the time when they en-
tered into an engagement will not always-depending upon the
nature. and subject-matter of the engagement-have the same im-
portance. In particular in the case of a multilateral treaty such as

37 Cependant, c'est êtreà côtéde la question que de soutenir qu'en
interprétant ainsi le paragraphe 2 de l'article17 on confère un
pouvoir si étendu qu'il pourrait amener l'Assemblée générale, en

vertu de son contrôle des finances de l'Organisation, à étendre
en pratique sa propre compétence àd'autres domaines, en violation
des dispositions de la Charte. La portée du pouvoir conféré à un
organe quelconque des Nations Unies ne peut êtredéterminéeque
d'après les termes de la Charte elle-même.Une fois que la Cour a
fixél'interprétation qu'il faut donner d'une disposition de la Charte
sur laquelle elle est appelée à donner son avis, sa fonction est
remplie. Elle n'a pas à s'occuper des conséquencespolitiques qui
pourraient découlerde sa décision.

Observationsgénéralessur l'interprétationde la Charte
Le sens des mots se dégagedes circonstances dans lesquelles ils
sont employés. Dans un acte écrit, leur signification se dégage
tout d'abord du contexte, du cadre dans lesquels ils se trouvent.

La règle fondamentale d'interprétation énoncéepar la présente
Cour et par son prédécesseurest que les mots doivent s'interpréter,
toutes les fois que cela est possible, dans leur sens ordinaire et
naturel. Si l'on peut ainsi en dégagerune signification, la question
est terminée. Mais si, pris en ce sens, les termes sont ambigus ou
conduisent à un résultat déraisonnable, c'est alors, mais alors
seulement, quela Cour doit rechercher par d'autres méthodesd'inter-
prétation ce que les Parties avaient en réalitédans l'esprit quand
elles se sont servies des mots dont il s'agitCompétence de l'dssem-
bléegénérale pour l'admission d'un État aux Nations Unies, C. 1..T.
Recueil 1950, p. 8, et Service postal polonais à Dantzig, C.P. J. I.,
série B, no II, p. 39).
Cette injonction est parfois un conseil de perfection. Le sens
ordinaire et naturel des mots peut être à l'occasion très difficiàe
déterminer. Ce qui peut êtrele sens ordinaire et naturel pour un
interprète peut ne pas l'être pour un autre. 11n'est pas rare que

l'interprète ait ce que l'on a appeléun sentiment personnel àl'égard
de certains mots et de certaines phrases. Ce qui a un sens pour l'un
peut n'en pas avoir pour un autre. L'ambiguïté peut se cacher
sous les mots les plus ordinaires et les plus simples, mêmepris
dans leur sens naturel et ordinaire. II n'est pas toujours évident,
non plus, selon quel critère juridique on peut considérer que les
mots, lus dans leur sens naturel et ordinaire, conduisent à un
résultat déraisonnable.
Au surplus, l'intentiondes Parties àl'époqueoù ellesont contracté
un engagement n'aura pas toujours - selon la nature et l'objet de
l'engagement - la mêmeimportance. En particulier, dans le cas
d'un traité multilatéral comme la Charte, l'intention des Membres

37the Charter the intention of its original Members, except such as
may be gathered from its terms alone, is beset with evident diffi-
culties. Moreover, since from its inception it was contemplated that
other States would be admitteb to membership so that the Organiza-
tion would, in the end, comprise "al1 other peace-loving States

which accept the obligations contained in the Charter" (Article 4),
the intention of the framers of the Charter appears less important
than intention in many other treaties where the parties are fixed
and constant and where the nature and subject-matter of the treaty
is different.It is hardly the intention of those States which origi-
naliy framed the Charter which is important except as that inten-
tion reveals itself in the text. What is important is what the Charter
itself provides; what-to use the words of Article 4-is "contained
in ...the Charter".
Itis, 1 venture to suggest, perhaps safer to Saythat the meaning
of words, however described, depends upon subject-matter and the
context in which they are used.

In the interpretation of a multilateral treaty such asthe Charter
which establishes a permanent international mechanism or organi-
zation to accomplish certain stated purposes there are particular
considerations to wfiich regard should, 1 think, be had.

Its provisions were of necessity expressed in broad and general
terms. It attempts to provide against the unknown, the unforeseen
and, indeed, the unforeseeable. Its text reveals that it was intended
-subject to such amendments as might from time to time be made
to it-to endure, at least it was hoped it would endure, for al1
time. It was intended to apply to varying conditions in a changing
and evolving world community and to amultiplicity ofunpredictable
situations and events. Its provisions were intended to adjust them-
selves to the ever changing pattern of international existence. It
established international machinery to accomplish its stated pur-
poses.
It may with confidence be asserted that its particular provisions
should receive a broad and liberal interpretation unless the context
of any particular provision requires, or there is to be found else-
where in the Charter, something to compel anarrower and restricted
interpretation.
The stated purposes of the Charter should be the prime considera-

tion in interpreting its text.
Despite current tendencies to the contrary the first task of the
Court is to look, not at the travaux préparatoiresor the practice
which hitherto has been followedwithin the Organization, but at the
terms of the Charter itself. What does it provide to carry out its
purposes ?
Ifthe meaning of any particular provision read in its context is
sufficiently clear to satisfy the Court as to the interpretation to be
38originaires, sauf quand elle se dégagede ses termes seuls, est en-
tourée de difficultésévidentes.Au surplus, comme il a étéenvisagé
dès l'origine que d'autres États seraient admis comme Membres,
en sorte que l'organisation finirait par comprendre «tous autres
États pacifiques quiacceptent les obligations de la présente Charte D

(art.4), l'intention des rédacteurs de la Charte parait moins impor-
tante que dans beaucoup d'autres traités où les parties sont fixes
et constantes et où la nature et .l'objet du traité sont différents.
Ce n'est pas l'intention des États qui ont primitivement rédigéla
Charte quiimporte, sauf dans la mesure où cettr intention se dégage
du texte. Ce qui importe, c'est ce que la Charte elle-mêmedispose;
ou - pour reprendre les termes de l'article 4 - « les obligations
de la présente Charte ..)).

Je me permets de suggérerqu'il est peut-êtreplus prudent de dire
que le sens des mots, quelle que soit la façon dont on le décrive,
dépenddu sujet et du contexte dans lesquels ils sont employés.

Dans l'interprétation d'une convention multilatérale telle que la
Charte qui établit un mécanisme ouune organisation internationaux
permanents chargés de réaliser certains buts donnés il faut, à
mon avis, tenir compte de certaines considérations particulières.
Les dispositions de la Charte ont été,par nécessité,expriméesen
termes larges et généraux. Elle s'efforce de prévoir l'inconnu,

l'imprévu et même l'imprévisible. Sontexte révèleque - sous
réserve d'amendements qui pourraient y êtreapportés le moment
venu - elle était destinée,tout au moins on l'espérait,àune durée
illimitée. Elle devait s'appliquer aux conditions changeantes d'une
communauté mondiale en évolution et faire face à une multitude
desituations et d'événementsimprévisibles. Ses dispositionsétaient
destinées à s'adapter aux changements constants de la vie inter-
nationale. Elle a crééun mécanismeinternational pour réaliser les
buts qui lui étaient fixés.
On peut affirmer en toute confiance que les dispositions particu-
lières de la Charte doivent recevoir une large et libérale interpré-
tation, àmoins que lecontexte d'une disposition particulière n'exige
le contraire, ou qu'il ne se trouve ailleurs dans la Charte quelque
chose qui impose une interprétation plus étroite et plus limitée.
Les buts énoncéspar la Charte doivent êtrela considération
principale quand il s'agit d'en interpréter le texte.
En dépit des tendances actuelles en sens contraire, la première
tâche de la Cour est de considérer nonpas les travaux préparatoires
ou la pratique qui a jusqu'ici étésuivie au sein de l'Organisation,

mais les termes de la Charte elle-même.Quelles sont les disposi-
tions prises en vue d'accomplir lesbuts de celle-ci?
Si le sens d'une disposition particulière quelconque prise dans
son contexte est suffisamment clair pour que la Cour soit satisfaitegiveil to it there is neither legal justification nor logical reason to
have recourse to either the travaux préparatoiresor the practice
followed within the United Nations.
The Charter must, of course, be read as a whole so as to give

effect to al1its terms in order to avoid inconsistency. No word, or
provision, may be disregarded or treated as superfluous, unless this
is absolutely necessary to give effect to the Charter's terms read
as a whole.

The purpose pervading the whole of the Charter and dominating
it is that of maintaininginternational peace and security and to that
end the taking of effective collective measures for the prevention
and removal ofthreats to the peace.
Interpretation of the Charter should be directed to giving effect
to that purpose, not to frustrate it. If two interpretations are
possible in relation to any particular provision cf it, that which is
favourable to the accomplishment of purpose and not restrictive
of it must be preferred.

A general rule is that words used in a treaty should be read as
having the meaning they bore therein when it came into existence.
But this meaning must be consistent with the purposes sought to be
achieved. Where, as in the case of the Charter, the purposes are
directed to saving succeeding generations in an indefinite future
from the scourge of war, to advancing the welfare and dignity
of man, and establishing and maintaining peace under international
justice for al1 time, the general rule above stated does not mean
that the words in the Charter can only comprehend such situations
and contingencies and manifestations of subject-matter as were
within the minds of the framers of the Charter (cf. Employment
of Women during the Night, P.C.I. J., Series A/B, No. 50, p. 377).
The wisest of them could never have anticipated the tremendous
changes which politically, niilitarily, and otherwise have occurred
in the comparatively few years which have elapsed since 1945.
Few if any could have contemplated a world in thraldom to atomic
weapons on the scale of today, and the dangers inherent in even

minor and remote events to spark wide hostilities imperilling both
world peace and vast numbers of mankind. No comparable human
instrument in 1945 or today could provide against al1the contin-
gencies that the future should hold. Al1that the framers of the Char-
ter reasonablycould do was to set forth the purposes the organization
set up should seek to achieve, establish the organs to accomplish
these purposes and confer upon these organs powersin general terms.
Yet these general terms, unfettered by man's incapacity to foretell
the future,may be sufficient to meet the thrusts of a changing world.de l'interprétation qui lui est donnée, iln'ya ni justification en droit,

ni raison logique pour recourir soit aux travaux préparatoires, soit
à la pratique suivie au sein des Nations Unies.
La Charte doit, évidemment, se lire comme un tout si l'on veut
donner effet à toutes ses dispositions de manière à éviterles contra-
dictions. Aucun mot, aucune disposition ne sauraient êtrenégligés
ou traités comme superflus, à moins que cela ne soit absolument
nécessairepour donner effet aux termes de la Charte prise dans
son ensemble.

Le but qui anime l'ensemble de la Charte et qui la domine est le
maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationales, et à cette
fin l'adoption de mesures collectives efficacesen vue de prévenir et
d'écarter les menaces à la paix.
L'interprétation de la Charte doit s'efforcer de réaliserce but et
non de le faire échouer. S'ilexiste deux interprétations possibles
d'une de ses dispositions particulières, il faut préférercelle qui
favorise la réalisation du but et non celle qui le restreint.

La règle généraleest qu'on doit donner aux mots employésdans
une convention le sens qu'ils y avaient quand celle-ci a étéétablie.
Mais ce sens doit êtrecompatible avec les buts recherchés. Quand,
comme c'est le cas pour la Charte, les buts tendent à préserver
les générationsfutures, dansun avenir indéfini,du fléaude laguerre,
à développer le bien-êtreet la dignité de l'homme et à établir et
maintenir une paix durable sous la protection de la justice inter-
nationale, la règle générale citée plus haut ne signifie pas que les
termes de la Charte ne peuvent viser que les situations, les événe-
ments et les manifestations dont l'objet était présent aux esprits
des auteurs de la Charte (cf. T~avail de nuit desfemmes, C.P. J. I.,
série A/B, no 50, p. 377).
Le plus avisé d'entre eux n'aurait jamais pu prévoir les change-
ments immenses qui se sont produits sur les plans politique, mili-
taire et autres dans les quelques annéesqui se sont écouléesdepuis
1945. Peu d'entre eux, si tant est qu'il y en ait, auraient pu imaginer
un monde dominé comme il l'est aujourd'hui par les armes atomi-

ques et les dangers inhérents à des événementsmême secondaires
et éloignés, susceptiblesde déclencher des hostilités d'une enver-
gure telle que la paix du monde etune grande partie de l'humanité
seraient en péril. Aucun instrument comparable, de conception
humaine, ni en 1945 ni de nos jours, ne pourrait prévoir toutes les
éventualitésque l'avenir nous réserve. Tout ce que les rédacteurs
de la Charte pouvaient raisonnablement accomplir c'étaitd'énoncer
les buts que l'organisation qu'ils créaient devait s'efforcer d'at-
teindre, de créer les organes nécessaires à ces buts et de leur con-
férer des pouvoirs en termes généraux. Et pourtant ces termes
généraux,dégagésde tout lien tenant à l'incapacité humaine de The nature of the authority granted by the Charter to each of its
organs does not changewith time. The ambit or scope of the author-
ity conferred may nonetheless comprehend ever changing circum-
stances and conditions and embrace, as history unfolds itself, new
problems and situations which were not and could not have been
envisaged when the Charter came into being. The Charter must
accordingly be interpreted, whilst in no way deforming or dislo-
cating its language, so that theauthority conferredupon the Organi-
zation and its various organs may attach itself to new and unanti-
cipated situations and events.

Al1canons of interpretation, however valuable they may be, are
but aids to the interpreter. There are, as this Court's predecessor

acknowledged, many methods of interpretation (TerritorialJuris-
diction of the International Commission on the River Oder, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 23, p. 26). The question whether an unforeseen, or
extraordinary, or abnormal development or situation, or matter
relating thereto, falls within the authority accorded to any of the
organs of the Organization finds its answer in discharging the essen-
tial task of al1 interpretation-ascertaining the meaning of the
relevant Charter provision in its context. The meaning of the text
will be illuminated by the stated purposes to achieve which the
terms of the Charter were drafted.

Practice within the United Nations-Its effect on or value as a
criterion of interpretation.

In the proceedings on this Advisory Opinion practice and usage
within the United Nations has been greatly relied upon by certain
States, which have availed themselves of the opportunity to present
their views to the Court, as establishing a criterion of interpretation
of relevant Charter provisions.
It was forexample contended by one State that usages developed
in the practice of the United Nations have dealt with certain items
of expenditure as expenses of the Organization within the meaning
of Article 17 (2)and that such usages whether or not they could be
said to have attained the character of customary legal principle are
relevant for the purposes of interpreting the meaning and scope of
resolutions adopted by the General Assembly concerning specific

questions. So usage within the United Nations, it was urged, has
sanctioned the inclusion in the budget expenses of the Organization
ofitems which related to other than the ordinary administrative and
routine duties of the Organization as, for example, those connected
with special peace-keeping operations and operations of a similar
40 prévoir l'avenir, peuvent suffire à faire face aux assauts d'un
monde en évolution.
La nature de l'autorité conféréepar la Charte à chacun de ses
organes ne change pas avec le temps. Le domaine ou la portée de
cette autorité peuvent malgré tout comprendre mêmedes circons-

tances et des conditions changeant perpétuellement et embrasser,
au fur et à mesure du déroulement de l'histoire, de nouveaux pro-
blèmeset de nouvelles situations qui n'ont pas étéet n'auraient pas
pu êtreenvisagésquand la Charte a étécréée.La Charte doit donc
s'interpréter, sans pour cela déformer ou dénaturer son langage,
de façon que les pouvoirs conférésà l'Organisation et à ses diffé-
rents organes puissent s'appliquer à des situations et des circons-
tances nouvelles et qui n'avaient pas étéprévues.
Toutes les règles d'interprétation, aussi utiles qu'elles puissent
être,ne sont que des aides pour l'interprète. Il y a, comme la Cour
précédentel'a reconnu, plusieurs méthodes d'interprétation (Juri-
diction territoriale de la Commission internationale de l'Oder,
C. P. J. I., sérieA, no 23, p. 26). Pour répondre à la question de
savoir si un événement ou une situation imprévus,extraordinai-

res ou anormaux, ou toute question qui s'y rapporte, relève de
la compétence attribuée à l'un des organes de l'organisation, il
suffit d'accomplir la tâche essentielle qui est le but de toute
interprétation: s'assurer du sens de la disposition pertinente de
la Charte, en tenant compte de son contexte. Le sens du texte
en question sera élucidépar les buts énoncésen vue desquels les
termes de la Charte ont étérédigés.

La pratique au sein des Nations Unies -- Son influence et sa valeur
en tant que critère d'interprétation.
Au cours de la procédure consacréeau présent avis consultatif,
certains États, qui ont saisi cette occasion de présenter leur point

devue àla Cour,se sont fortement appuyéssur la pratique et l'usage
des Nations Unies, pour établir un critère d'interprétation des dis-
positions pertinentes de la Charte.
L'un des btats, par exemple, a soutenu que les usages élaborés
dans la pratique des Nations Unies ont traité certains articles de
dépense(expenditure) comme dépenses(exfienses)de l'organisation,
au sens de l'article17,paragraphe 2,et que ces usages, qu'ils soient
ou non considérés commeayant acquis le caractère de principe
juridique coutumier, sont pertinents en ce qui concerne l'interpré-
tation du sens et de la portée derésolutionsadoptéespar l'Assemblée
généralepour des questions déterminées. Il a ainsi étéavancé que
la coutume an sein des Nations Unies a sanctionné l'inscription
au budget des dépensesde l'organisation des articles qui se rappor-
taient à autre chose qu'aux attributions administratives ordinaires

et aux tâches usuelles de l'Organisation comme, par exemple, celles188 CERTAIN EXPENSES U.N.(SEP.OP. SIR PERCY SPENDER)

character initiated by either the General Assembly or the Security
Council.

Thus, so it was asserted, in practice it had been considered a
normal and usual procedure to include such operations in the regular
budget which was financed in accordance with Article 17 (2)of the
Charter. Though objections had from time to time been made to
the inclusion of different items, the General Assembly had not hesi-
tated to overrule such objections and the objecting States, it was
claimed, had in the end acquiesced in the decisions by paying their
contributions under Article 17 (2). It was also contended that the
General Assembly and the Security Council had consistently
pursued a practice of considering the General Assembly competent

to deai with a matter transferred to it from the Security Council
in the circumstances defined by the Uniting for Peace Resolution
377 (V).

These practices were called in aid as relevant considerations in
interpreting both Article 17 (2)and Article 24 of the Charter. The
proposition advanced was that it is a generalprinciple that a treaty
provision should be interpreted in the light of the subsequent
conduct of the contracting parties-words which echo those to be
found in the Advisory Opinion of the Permanent Court in Inter-
pretation of the Treaty of Lausanne (P.C.I. J., Series B, No. 12,
1925, p. 24)-and that the uniform practice pursued by the organs
of the United Nations should be equated with the "subsequent

conduct" of contracting parties as in the case of a bilateral treaty.

Similar contentions were made by otherStates.The practice ofthe
parties in interpreting a constitutive instrument, it was submitted,
was a guide to that instrument's true meaning. The practice of the
Security Council, as well as that of the General Assembly, demon-
strated, it was said, that the power to approve and apportion the
budget of the United Nations was recognized to be the province of
the General Assembly alone. Furthermore, by adopting certain
resolutions the 5ecurity Council and the General Assembly con-
strued the Charter as granting the powers thus exercised, that these
organs had the competence to interpret such parts of the Charter as
were applicable to their respective and particular functions, and

accordingly, that the interpretations such organs have in practice
given to their respective powers are entitled to the greatest weight
in any subsequent judicial review to determine the meaning and
extent of those functions.

The contention of one State went further. The claim was made
that any interpretation of the Charter by a United Nations organ
41ayant trait aux opérations spéciales pour le maintien de la paix
ainsi qu'aux opérations de semblable nature engagéessoit par l'As-
semblée générale, soitpar le Conseil de Sécurité.
C'est ainsi qu'en pratique, a-t-on dit, on avait considéréque le
fait d'inclure lesdites opérations au budget ordinaire, dont le finan-
cement était effectué selonl'article 17, paragraphe 2,de la Charte,
était un procédénormal et habituel. Quoique des objections aient
étéfaites de temps à autre quant à l'introduction de différents
articles, l'Assemblée généraln e'avait pas hésité à rejeter ces objec-

tions et on a soutenu que les États qui s'y opposaient avaient
finalement acceptéles décisions prises en payant leurs contributions
conformément à l'article 17, paragraphe 2. Il a étéégalement sou-
tenu que l'Assembléegénéraleet le Conseil de Sécuritéavaient
constamment observé la pratique qui consiste à considérer l'As-
semblée générale commeétant compétente pour traiter une ques-
tion qui lui avait étérenvoyée par le Conseil de Sécuritédans les
circonstances définiespar la résolution 377 (V) sur l'Union pour le
maintien de la paix.
On a fait état de ces pratiques considérées commepertinentes
pour l'interprétation des articles 17, paragraphe 2, et 24 de la
Charte. La proposition avancée soutenait qu'il est reconnu comme
principe généralqu'il faut interpréter la disposition d'une con-

vention à la lumière de la conduite ultérieure des parties con-
tractantes - mots qui font écho à ceux qu'on retrouve dans
l'avis consultatif de la Cour permanente sur l'Interprétation de
l'article 3, paragraphe 2, dzt traité de Lau~sanne (C. P. J. I.,
série B, no 12, 1925, p. 24) - et que la pratique uniformément
suivie par les organes des Nations Unies équivaut à la ccconduite
ultérieure » des parties contractantes, comme c'est le cas dans une
convention bilatérale.
D'autres Etats ont formulédes affirmations semblables. Il a été
alléguéque la pratique des parties dans l'interprétation d'un instru-
ment constitutif servait de guide pour déterminer le sens réel de
l'instrument. La pratique du Conseil de Sécurité,comme celle de
l'Assembléegénérale,montre, a-t-on dit, que le pouvoir d'approuver

et de répartir le budget des Nations Unies étaitreconnu commerele-
vant de la seule compétence de l'Assemblée générale. De plus, le
Conseil de Sécuritéet l'Assemblée généralee ,n votant certaines
résolutions, ont adopté l'interprétation de la Charte d'après la-
quelle celle-cileur confèrece pouvoir, et d'aprèslaquelle ces organes
sont compétents pour interpréter les parties de la Charte qui
s'appliquent à leurs fonctions respectives et particulières: ce serait
donc à l'interprétation visant leurs pouvoirs respectifs adoptée
par ces organes dans la pratique qu'il faudrait attribuer le plus
grand poids dans l'examen judiciaire ultérieur tendant à déter-
miner la signification et la portée de ces fonctions.
Un Etat est même allé plus loin.Il a prétendu que toute interpré-
tation de la Charte par un organe des Nations Unies doit être

31should be upheld so long as it is an interpretation which is not
expressly inconsistent with the Charter and that since any such
interpretation would reflect the support of the majority of the
Nember States, and considering the interpretation of the Charter
which has been applied by the Assembly in regard to financing the
operation of the UNOC and UNEF, the Court should give its
advisory opinion in this case in the affirmative.
These contentions raise questions ofimportance which should not,
1 think, be passed over in silence, particularly having regard to the
extent to which the Court itself has had recourse to practice within
the United Nations from which to draw sustenance for its inter-
pretation of Charter provisions.

It is of course a general principle of international law that the
subsequent conduct of the parties to a bilateral-or a multilateral-
instrument may throw light on the intention of the parties at the
time the instrument was entered into and thus may provide a
legitimate criterion of interpretation.

So the conduct of one party to such an instrument-or to a
unilateral instrument-may throw light upon its intentions when
entering into it whilst that of both-or all-parties may have
considerable probative value in aid of interpretation.

There is, however, asthe late Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht has
pointed out, an element of artificiality in the principle, and care

must be taken to circumscribe its operation. This element of
artificiality is greatly magnified when the principle is sought to be
extended from the field of bilateral instruments to that of multi-
lateral instruments of an organic character and where the practice
(orsubsequent conduct) relied upon is that, not of the parties to the
instrument, but of an organ created thereunder.

In any case subsequent conduct may only provide a criterion of
interpretation when the text is obscure, and even then it is neces-
sary to consider whether that conduct itself permits of only one
inference (Brazilian Loans Case, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, Nos. 20/21,
p. 119).Except in the casewhere a party is byits conduct precluded
from relying upon a particular interpretation, with which type of
case we are not presently concerned, it can hardly control the
language or provide a criterion of interpretation of a text which is
not obscure.

1 find difficulty in accepting the proposition that a practice pur-
sued by an orgaliof the Vnited Kations may be equated with the
42acceptée, à moins qu'elle ne soit expressément contraire à la Charte,

et que, cette interprétation reflétant l'opinion de la majorité des
États Membres, la Cour, vu l'interprétation de la Charte appliquée
par l'Assembléeen ce qui concerne le financement des opérations
de 1'ONUCet de la FUNU, doit répondre par l'affirmative à la pré-
sente demande d'avis consultatif.

Ces arguments soulèvent des questions importantes dont je ne
pense pas qu'on puisse les passer sous silence, en particulier eu
égard à l'importance que la Cour elle-mêmea attachée à la pratique
des Nations Unies pour justifier sa propre interprétation des dispo-
sitionsde la Charte.

C'est bien entendu un principe généralde droit international que
la conduite ulténeure des parties A un instyment bilatéral- ou
multilatéral
- peut donner des indications quant aux intentions
dont elles étaient animées au moment de la conclusion dudit ins-
trument et peut donc légitimement fournir un critère d'interpré-
tation.
Ainsi donc, la conduite d'une partie àun telinstrument - comme
à un instrument unilatéral - peut donner des indications sur les
intentions qui étaient les siennes au moment où elle s'engageait et
la conduite des deux parties - ou de toutesles parties - peut
constituer un facteur probatoire important susceptible de faciliter
l'interprétation.
Il n'en reste pas moins que, comme le regretté juge sir Hersch
Lauterpacht l'a souligné, ce principe contient une part d'artifice
et que sa portée doit êtresoigneusement délimitée. Cet élément
d'artifice est encore beaucoup plus grand lorsqu'on cherche à
appliquer le principe non plus à des instruments bilatéraux mais
à des instruments multilatéraux d'un caractère organique et lors-
que la pratique (ou la conduite ulténeure) que l'on invoque est
non pas le fait des parties à l'instrument mais le fait d'un organe

créé envertu de cet instrument.
Quoi qu'il en soit,la conduite ultérieure ne peut fournir en critère
d'interprétation que lorsque le texte est obscur ; encore est-il
alors nécessaire de rechercher si cette manière d'agir elle-même
ne permet qu'une seule conclusion (affaire des Emprulzts brésiliens,
C. P. J. I.sérieAIB, nos20-21, p. 119). Indépendamment mêmedu
cas où, en raison de son comportement, une partie ne peut faire état
d'une interprétation déterminée - situation qui n'est pas celle dans
laquelle nous nous trouvons -, elle n'est guère en mesure d'in-
fléchir le sens d'un texte dépourvu d'obscurité ou de donner à
son sujet un critère d'interprétation.
Il me semble difficile d'accepter la thèse selon laquelle une yrati-
que suivie par un organe des Nations Unies peut avoir la mêmesubsequent conduct of parties to a bilateral agreement and thus

afford evidence of intention of the parties to the Charter (who have
constantly been added to since it came into force) and inthat way
or otherwise provide a criterion of interpretation. Nor can 1 agree
wlth a view sometimes advanced that a common practice pursued
by an orgar. of the United Nations, though ultra vires and in point
of fact having the result of amending the Charter, may nonetheless
be effective as a criterion of interpretation.

The legal rationale behind what is called the principle of "sub-
sequent conduct" is 1 think evident enough. In essence it is a
question of evidence, its admissibility and value. Its roots are deeply
embedded i~ the experience of mankind.

A man enters into a compact usually between himself and another.
~he meaning of that compact when entered into whether oral, or in
writing, may well be affected, even determined, by the manner in

~vhichboth parties in practice have carried it out.

That is evident enough. Their joint conduct expresses their
common understanding of what the terms of their compact, at the
time they entered into it, were intended to mean, and thus provides
direct evidence of what they did mean.
That conduct on the part of both parties to a treaty should be
considered on the same footing is incontestable. It provides a
criterion of interpretation.
It is however evident enough-despite a flimsy and questionable
argument based upon what appears in Iranian Oil Conzpany(I.C. J.
Reports 1952,pp. 106-107)-that tlie subsequentconduct ofone party
alone cannot be evidence in its favour of a common understanding
of the meaning intended to be given to the text of a treaty. Its
conduct could, under certain conditions to which 1have in the Case
concerning theTemple of PreahVihear (I.C. J. Reports 1962, p. 128)
made brief reference, preclude it as against the other party to the
treaty from alleging an interpretation contrary to that which by its

conduct it has represented to be the correct interpretation to be
placed upon the treaty. Short of conduct on its part amounting to
preclusion, it may also, if the other party to the treaty acknow-
ledges that the interpretation so placed upon it by the first party
is correct, provide evidence in favour of the first party, depending
on the weight the acknowledgement merits, and thus also provide a
criterion of interpretation.
As in the field of municipal law, multilateral compacts were a
later development; as also were multilateral treaties in the field of
international law, particularly those of the organizational character
of the Charter.

43valeur que la conduite ultérieure des parties à un accord bilatéral,

fournir une preuve de l'intention qui animait les partiesà la Charte
(lesquelles n'ont cesséd'augmenter en nombre depuis son entrée
en vigueur) et constituer en quoi que ce soit un critère d'interpré-
tation. Je ne puis admettre non plus l'idée,parfois émise,qu'une
pratique courante suivie par un organe des Nations Unies peut
être tenue pour un critère effectif dJinterpr6tation, mêmesi elle
équivaut à un excèsde pouvoir et a, en fait, pour résultat de modi-
fier la Charte.

La justification juridique de ce que l'on appelle le principe de la
« conduite ultérieure» me paraît assez évidente. Il s'agit essentielle-
ment d'une question de preuve et qui concerne son admissibilité
et sa valeur. Elle a ses origines au plus profond de l'expérience
humaine.
Lorsqu'un homme s'engage par contrat, il se lie généralement à
un autre. Une fois ce contrat conclu, verbalement ou par écrit,
il se peut fort bien que la façon dont les parties l'exécutent ait des

répercussions sur la signification de l'instrument, si même ellen'en
détermine pas le sens.
Cela est assez évident. Une commune manière d'agir montre
que les parties sont d'accord sur le sens qu'elles donnaient aux dis-
positions du contrat au moment où elles le concluaient; c'est donc
une preuve directe de leurs intentions.
Que le comportement des deux parties à un traité doive être
considéréde la mêmemanière est incontestable. C'est là un critère
d'interprétation.
Il est néanmoins assez évident - et cela en dépit d'un argument
mince et sujet à controverse tiré de l'affaire de 1'AngloIranian
Oil Co. (C.1. J. Recueil 1952, pp. 106-107) - que la conduite
ultérieure d'une seule des parties ne peut prouver, à son avantage,
que les intéresséssont d'accord sur le sens à conférer au texte
d'un traité. La conduite d'une partie peut, dans certaines conditions
que j'ai brièvement mentionnées dans l'affaire du Temfile de Préah
Vihéar (C.I. J. Recztt-il1g62,p. 128),empêchercette partied'opposer
à l'autre une interprétation contraireà celle que, par son comporte-

ment, elle a présentécomme étant une interprétation exacte du
traité. Lorsqu'une telle inopposabilité ne se justifie pas, la conduite
ultérieure peut constituer dans une certaine mesure une preuve
favorable à une partie si l'autre partie au traité reconnaît la jus-
tesse de l'interprétation avancée par la première, la question
dépendant de la valeur de cette reconnaissance; elle peut fournir
ainsi également un critère d'interprétation.
Comme les contrats multilatéraux en droit interne, les traités
multilatéraux en droit international, en particulier ceux qui ont
le caractère institutionnel de la Charte, correspondent à une
phase ultérieure de l'évolution. In the case of multilateral treaties the admissibility and value as
evidence of subsequent conduct of one or more parties thereto
encounter particular difficulties. Ifal1the parties to a multilateral

treaty where the parties are fixed and constant, pursue a course of
subsequent conduct in their attitude to the text of the treaty, and
that course of conduct leads to an inference, and one inference only,
as to their common intention and understanding at the time they
entered into the treaty as to the meaning of its text, the probative
value of their conduct again ismanifest. If however onlyone or some
but not al1 of them by subsequent conduct interpret the text in a
certain manner, that conduct stands upon the same footing as the
unilateral conduct of one party to a bilateral treaty. The conduct
of such one or more could not of itself have any probative value or
provide a criterion for judicial interpretation.

Even where the course of subsequent conduct pursued by both
parties to a bilateral treaty or by al1parties to a multilateral treaty
are in accord and that conduct permits of only one inference it
provides a criterion of interpretation only when, as has already
been indicated, the text of the treaty is obscure or ambiguous. It

may, however, depending upon other considerations not necessary
to be here dealt with, provide evidence from which to infer a new
agreement tvith neur rights and obligations between the parties, in
effect superimposed or based upon the text of thetreaty and amend-
ing the same. This latter aspect of subsequent conduct is irrelevant
for present consideration since no amendment of the Charter may
occur except pursuant to Article 108 of the Charter.

When we pass from multilateral treaties in which the parties
thereto are fixed and constant to multilateral treaties where the
original parties thereto may be added to in accordance with the
terms of the treaty itself we move into territory where the role and
value of subsequent conduct as an interpretive element is by no
means evident .
The Charter provides the specificcase with which we are concern-
ed. The original Members of the Charter number less than half the
total number of Member States. If the intention of the original

Members of the United Nations, at the time tliey entered into
the Charter, is that which provides a criterion of interpretation,
then it is the subsequent conduct of thosz Members which may be
equated with the subsequent conduct of the parties to a bilateral or
multilateral treaty where the parties are fixed and constant. This,
it seems to me, could add a new and indeterniinate dimension to the
rights and obligations of States that were not original Members
and so were not privy to the intentions of the original Members.

However this may be, it is not evident on what ground a practice
consistently followed by a majority of Member States not in fact Pour ce qui est des traités multilatéraux, l'admissibilité et la
valeur probatoire de la conduite ultérieure d'une ou plusieurs
parties soulèvent des difficultésparticulières. Si tous les signataires
à un traité multilatéral dont les parties restent les mêmesadoptent
ultérieurement une attitude donnée à l'égard du texte du traité
et que leur conduite justifie une conclusion et une seule quant à
leur intention commune et à leur interprétation du texte au moment
où ils ont signé letraité, la valeur de leur conduite sur le plan de la
preuve n'est pas douteuse. Mais, siune ou plusieurs parties seulement

et non pas toutes donnent par leur conduite ultérieure une certaine
interprétation du texte, leur comportement est à considérer de la
même manièreque la conduite unilatérale d'une partie à un traité
bilatéral. La manière d'agir de cette partie ou de ces quelques
parties ne peut en elle-mêmeavoir aucune valeur probatoire ni
fournir un critère d'interprétation de caractère judiciaire.
Mêmelorsque les deux parties à un traité bilatéral ou l'ensemble
des parties à un traité multilatéral adoptent ultérieurement une
conduite concordante n'autorisant qu'une seule conclusion, cette
conduite ne constitue, nous l'avons déjàdit, un critère d'interpréta-
tion que si le texte du traité est obscur ou ambigu. Elle peut néan-
moins, eu égard à d'autres considérations qu'il est inutile d'exposer

ici, fournir des éléments de preuve d'où l'on peut déduire qu'un
nouvel accord est réaliséentre les parties, avec des droits nouveaux
et des obligations nouveIles, accord qui en fait se surimpose au
texte du traité ou s'en inspire et le modifie. Ce dernier aspect de
la (conduite ultérieure ))ne nous intéresse pas en l'occurrence
puisque aucun amendement ne peut êtreapporté à la Charte si ce
n'est conformément à l'article 108 de cet instrument.
Si l'on passe des traités multilatéraux dont les parties restent
les mêmesaux traités multilatéraux ouverts à de nouveaux signa-
taires en dehors des parties originaires conformément aux disposi-
tions du traité lui-même, nous abordons un domaine où le rôle
et la valeur de la conduite ultérieure en tant qu'élémentsd'inter-

prétation ne sont rien moins qu'évidents.
La Charte fournit le cas type de ce qui nous occupe. Les signa-
taires originaires de la Charte représentent moins de la moitié du
nombre total des Etats Membres. Si, pour avoir un critère d'inter-
prétation, l'on s'en rapporte à l'intention des RIembres originaires
de l'ONU à l'époqueoù ils ont accepté la Charte, c'est la conduite
ultérieure des Membres originairesque l'on peut considérer comme
équivalant à la conduite ultérieure des parties signataires d'un
traité bilatéral ou multilatéral dont les parties restent les mêmes.
Cela, me sembIe-t-iI, pourrait ajouter une dimension nouvelle et
imprécise aux droits et aux obligations des Etats qui n'étaient pas
Membres originaires et n'étaient pas au courant des intentions
desdits Membres.

Quoi qu'il en soit, on ne voit pas d'emblée la raison que l'on
pourrait invoquer pour justifier qu'une pratique suivie avec con-accepted by other Member States could provide any criterion of
interpretation lvhich the Court could properly take into considera-
tioii in the discharge of its judicial function. The conduct of the
majority in following the practice may be evidence against them
and against those who in fact accept the practice as correctly inter-
preting a Charter provision, but could not, it seems to me, afford
any in their favour to support an interpretation which by majority
they have been able to assert.

It is not 1 think permissible to move the principle of subsequent
conduct of parties to a bilateral or multilateral treaty into another
field and seek to apply it, not to theparties to the treaty, but to an
oY,gnrelstablished under the treaty.
My present view is that it is not possible to equate "subsequent
conduct" with the practice of an organ of the United Nations. Not
only is such an organ not a party to the Charter but the inescapable
reality is that both the General Assembly and the Security Council
are but the mechanisms through which the Members of the United
Nations exDres their views and act. The fact that thev act throu~h
such an organ, where a majority rule prevails and so dieterminesthe V
practice, cannot, it seems to me, give any greater probative value

to the practice established within that organ than it would have as
conduct of the Members that comprise the majority if pmsued out-
side of that organ.

The contention of the various States, that the practice followed
by the General Assembly and the Security Council in interpreting
their functions under the Charter has a particular probative value
of its own, finds authority, it is claimed, in the jurisprudence of
this Court and its predecessor.

It falls for consideration to what extent, if at all, this is so.
The cases which may be relied upon are few and, upon examina-
tion, they throw little light upon the matter. The extent to which a

practice pursued by an organ of the United Nations may be had
resort to by the Court, if at all, as an aid to interpretation, has,
1 think, yet to receive deliberate consideration by, and to be spelt
out by, the Court.
In the Advisory Opinion of the Permanent Court in Cornpetence
of the International Labour Organisation(P.C.I. J., Series B, No. 2
(1922), pp. 40-41) when dealing with a question of interpretation
arising out of Part XII1 of the Treaty of Peace between the Alliedtinuité par une majorité d'États Membres mais non acceptée en
fait par d'autres États Membres fournisse un critère d'interprétation
dont la Cour puisse dûment tenir compte dans l'exercice de sa
fonction judiciaire. La conduite adoptée par la majorité - et qui
consiste à suivre la pratique en cause - peut être une preuve
contre cette majorité ou contre ceux qui, en fait, voient dans cette
pratique une juste interprétation d'une disposition de la Charte,
mais elle ne peut, &mon avis, nullement constituer une preuve en
leur faveur ni appuyer une interprétation qu'ils ont pu soutenir
parce qu'ils formaient la majorité.

Il ne me parait pas admissible d'appliquer dansun autre domaine
le principe de la conduite ultérieure des parties à un traité bilatéral
ou multilatéral et de chercher à l'étendre non pas aux parties au
traité mais à un organeétablien vertu de ce traité.
Selon moi, on ne saurait établir une équivalenceentrela ((conduite
ultérieure Iet la pratiqued'un organe des Nations Unies. Non seule-
ment un tel organe n'est pas partie à la Charte mais encore une

indéniable réalités'impose, à savoir que l'Assemblée généraleet
le Conseil de Sécuriténe sont tous deux que des mécanismes par
l'intermédiaire desquels les Membres des Nations Unies expriment
leurs vues et agissent. Le fait qu'ils agissent par l'intermédiaire
d'un organe où la règle de la majorité s'applique et détermine en
conséquence la pratique suivie ne peut à mon sens donner à la
pratique établie par ledit organe une valeur probatoire plus grande
que celle qu'aurait la conduite des Membres appartenant à la
majorité, en dehors de l'organe en question.
L'argument de divers États selon lequel la pratique de 1'Assem-
bléegénéraleet du Conseil de Sécuritéen ce qui concerne l'inter-

prétation des fonctions à eux conféréespar la Charte aurait une
valeur probatoire tout'e particulière, s'appuie, prétend-on, sur la
jurisprudence de la Cour internationale et celle de la Cour perma-
nente.
Il importe d'examiner si et dans quelle mesure tel est bien le cas.
Les affaires sur lesquelles on peut s'appuyer sont rares et leur
étude n'éclaircit que peu la question. Le point de savoir si et dans
quellemesure la Courpeut invoquer une pratique suivie par un organe
des Nations Unies pour faciliter une interprétation n'a pas encore
retenu délibérémentl'attention de la Cour et reste à préciser.

Dans son avis consultatif sur la Compétenced .e I'Organisation

internationaledu Travail (C. P.J. I., sériB, no 2, 1922, pp. 40-q),
la Cour permanente a déclaré,à propos d'une question d'interpré-
tation relative à la partie XII1 du traité de paix entre les Puis-
45and Associated Powers and Germany, the fact that the competence
of the International Labour Organisation to deal with the subject
of agriculture had never been disputed by the Contracting Parties
might, the Court observed, if there had been any ambiguity in the
text (which the Court found did not exist), "suffice to turn the
scale". The Court in point of fact had already arrived at its con-
clusion on the interpretation which should be given to the text;
its observation was accordingly obiterdicta. Moreover it was dealing
with the conduct of parties to the treaty. In any case from the

nature of the Court's observation in that case it must be evident
that it has little if any jurisprudential value on the matter presently
being considered.
In the Advisory Opinion of the Permanent Court in Treaty of
Lazlsanne(Frontier betweenTurkeyandIraq) (P.C.I. J., 1925 SeriesB,
No. 12,p. 24) advice was sought by the Council of the League of
Nations on Article 3, paragraph 2, of that Treaty. Although this
was so, an examination of the case will reveal that what the Court
was directing its attention to was in essence a dispute between
Great Britain and Turkey in relation to the frontier between the
lastmentioned State and Iraq. In that case the Court did concern
itself with the subsequent conduct of the Parties but only with the
conduct of the Parties to that dispute. It examined the conduct of
Great Britain and Turkey. Again the Court in any case had already
reached its conclusion on the interpretation it should place upon the

Article upon which advice was sought. The meaning was "suffi-
ciently clear" and thus what it had to Say in relation to the subse-
quent conduct of Great Britain and Turkey was also obiter dicta.
The Court observed
"The factssubsequentto the conclusionofthe Treaty ofLausanne
can only concernthe Court in so far as they throw light upon the
intention of the Parties1-at the time of the conclusion of the
Treaty."

It considered that the "attitude adopted by the British and
Turkish Governments" after the signature of the Treaty 'lis only
valuable ...as an indication of their views regarding the clause in
question". The fact that the British and Turkish representatives
concurred in a certain unanimous vote of the Council of the League
on a particular matter showed that there was no disagreement
between "the Parties" as regards their obligation to accept as
definitive and binding the decision or recommendation to be made
by the Council. The fact that "the Parties" accepted beforehand
the Council's decision might, the Court observed, be regarded as
confirming the interpretation which in the Court's opinion flowed
from the actual wording of the Article.

l This is clearly a refeto Great Britain and Turkey.

46sances alliéeset associéeset l'Allemagne, que le fait pour les parties
contractantes de n'avoir jamais mis en cause la compétence de
l'organisation internationale du Travail dans le domaine de l'agri-
culture pourrait ((suffireà faire pencher la balance ))si le texte était

ambigu, ce qui d'ailleurs d'après la Cour n'était pas le cas. En fait,
la Cour était déjà arrivée à une conclusion sur l'interprétation à
donner au texte; sa remarque n'avait donc que la valeur explica-
tive dtobiter dicta. De plus, elle s'occupait de la conduite des
Iarties au traité. En tout cas. il ressort nettement de la nature de
l'observation formuléeen l'espècepar la Cour que cette observation
ne présente pour l'affaire qui nous retient qu'un intérêtfaiblesinon

nul sur le plan jurisprudentiel.
Dans l'avis consultatif de la Cour permanente sur l'Interprétation
du traitéde Lausanne (frontière entre la Turquie etl'Irak) (C. P. J. I.,
1925, série B, no 12, p.24), le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations
demandait un avis sur l'article 3, paragraphe 2, de ce traité.
Séanmoins, l'examen de l'affaire montre que ce sur quoi la Cour a
fixéson attention étaitessentiellement un différendentrela Grande-
Bretagne et la Turquie à propos de la frontière entre cette dernière

et l'Irak. Dans cette affaire, la Cour s'est occupée de la conduite
ultérieure des parties, mais uniquement de la conduite des parties
à ce différend-là. Elle a examinéla conduite de la Grande-Bretagne
et de la Turquie. Au surplus, la Cour avait déjàdégagéses conclu-
sions sur l'interprétation qu'il convenait d'attacher à l'article sur
leauel l'avis était sollicité. Le sens était csuffisamment clair » et
ceLqu'elle avait à dire sur la conduite ultérieure de la Grande-

Bretagne et de la Turquie était donc aussi prononcé obiter dicta.
La Cour a fait remarquer:
« Les faits postérieurs à la conclusiondu Traitéde Lausanne ne
peuvent occuper la Cour que pour autant qu'ils sont de nature
à jeter de la lumièresur la volontédes Parties' telle qu'elle existait
au moment de cette conclusion. ))

La Cour a considéréque: «l'attitude prise par les Gouvernements
britannique et turc » après la signature du traité « n'entre en ligne
de compte que comme'un indice de leur manière de voir concernant
les dispositions dont il s'agit D.Le fait que les représentants britan-

nique et turc étaient d'accord sur un certain vote unanime du
Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations àpropos d'une question déterminée
montre qu'il n'y avait pas de désaccord entre ((les parties » au
sujet de leur obligation d'accepter comme définitive et obligatoire
la décision oula recommandation qui viendrait du Conseil. Le fait
que ((les parties» avaient accepté d'avance la décision du Conseil
pouvait, comme la Cour l'a fait remarquer, êtreconsidéré comme
une confirmation de l'interprétation qui, de l'avis de la Cour, se

dégageait de la rédaction mêmede l'article.

11s'agit là clairement de la Grande-Bretet dela Turquie.
46 It hardly needs exposition to establish that this case provides no
foundation upon which to rest the contentions of the various States
to which reference has previously been made.

Nor does the Advisory Opinion of the Court in Status of South
West Africa (I.CJ. Report 1950, p. 128) where the Court said that

to them though not conclusiveas to their meaning have consider-s
able probative value whenthey contain recognition bya party of
its own obligations under an instrument",

or the Brazilian Loans Case (P.C.I. J. (1929), Senes A, Nos. 20121,
p. 119)-both of which cases were relied upon in support of the
proposition that the interpretation given by the General Assembly
and the Security Council to provisions of the Charter were entitled
to the greatest weight in any subsequent judicial review~any the

matter any further. In the fonner case a common intention was
found to exist-the interpretation that South Africa wassaid to have
placed upon the Charter (or its mandate) by its conduct provided
evidence against it. The latter case has little if any relevance.
Having stated the pnnciple of "subsequent conduct" in terms
already indicated the Court went on to Say that there was indeed
no ambiguity in the text. The pnnciple accordingly did not apply.
The Court however, because of arguments advanced in the course
of the proceeding before it, was induced to consider whether the
bondholders' conduct provided any basis for an inference that
they-the bondholders-were of the opinion that they were not
entitled to payment on the basis of gold; in short whether their
conduct could provide evidence against them.

Finally there is the Advisory Opinion of this Court in Competence
of the GeneralAssembly regardingAdmission to the United Nations
(Article 4 of the Charter) (I.CJ. Reports 1950, p. 9) which the
Court in the present case accepts as authority for its reliance upon
practice within the United Nations to sustain its reasoning and
which is usually relied upon in support of the proposition that

"subsequent conduct" is to be equated with a practice pursued
by the organs of the United Nations.
In that Advisory Opinion the Court would appear to have found
support for its conclusion already othenvise arrived at on the mean-
ing of Article 4 of the Charter. It had found "no difficulty in as-
certaining the natural and ordinary meaning of the words in ques-
tion and no difficulty in giving effect to them". But it appears to
have found sustenance or satisfaction for its conclusion in the fact
that "the organs to which Article 4 entrusts the judgrnent of the
Organization have consistently interpreted the text" in the manner
47 Il est à peine nécessaire de s'étendresur la question pour démon-
trer que cette affaire n'offre aucune base sur quoi fonder les argu-
ments des différents États dont il a déjà été antérieurement fait
mention.
Il en est de mêmede l'avis consultatif de la Cour à propos du
Statut international du Sztd-Ouest ajricain (C.1.J. Recueil 19j0,
p. 135), où la Cour a déclaré :

((L'interprétation d'instruments juridiques donnée par les
partieselles-mêmess,i elle n'est pas concluante pour en déterminer
le sens, jouit néanmoinsd'une grande valeur probante quandcette
interprétation contient la reconnaissance par l'une des parties de
sesobligations en vertu d'un instrument )),

ou de l'affaire des Emprunts brésiliens(C. P. J.I., 1929, série A,
nos 20/21, p. 119) - qui ont étéinvoquées l'une et l'autre pour
soutenir l'idée que l'interprétation des dispositions de la Charte

donnéepar l'Assembléegénéraleet par le Conseil de Sécuritédevait
jouir du plus grand poids dans les examens judiciaires postérieurs:
ces précédentsne font pas avancer la question d'un pas. Dans la
première affaire, la Cour a constaté l'existence d'une intention
commune - l'interprétation que l'Afrique du Sud était déclarée
avoir donnée à la Charte (ou à son Mandat) par sa conduite four-
nissait une preuve à l'encontrede ce pays. La seconde affaire n'a
que peu ou point de pertinence. Ayant énoncéle principe de la
(conduite ultérieure ))selon les termes déjàindiqués, la Cour pour-
suit en disant qu'il n'y avait vraiment aucune ambiguïté dans le

texte. En conséquence,le principe ne s'appliquait pas. Maisla Cour,
en raison des arguments invoqués devant elle pendant la procédure,
a étéamenée à examiner si la conduite des porteurs de titres per-
mettait de conclure que ces porteurs estimaient qu'ils n'avaient
pas droit au paiement sur la base de l'or; bref, si leur conduite
pouvait fournir une preuve à leur encontre.
Enfin, rappelons l'avis consultatif rendu par la présente Cour sur
la Compétencede l'Assembléegénérale pour l'admission d'un Etat
aux Nations Unies (C. I. J. Recueil 1950, p. 8) auquel la Cour se
réfèredans la présente affaire pour invoquer la pratique au sein des

Nations Unies à l'appui de son raisonnement et qu'on invoque géné-
ralement à l'appui de la proposition que la ((conduite ultérieure »
équivaut à une pratique suivie par les organes des Nations Unies.

Dans cet avis consultatif, il semble que la Cour aurait trouvé la
base de la conclusion à laquelle elle était déjà arrivée sur le sens
de l'article4 de la Charte. Elle n'avait rencontré aucune difficulté
à établir quel est le sens naturel et ordinaire des termespertinents,
ni àleur donner effet ».Mais elle parait avoir trouvé un appui ou une
justification de sa conclusion dans le fait que ((les organes auxquels

l'article4 a confiéle jugement de l'organisation ...ont constamment
interprétéce texte )de la manière dont la Cour concluait qu'il devaitwhich it had concluded was its proper interpretation. Again,
whatever is the significance to be attached to this purely factual
observation on a coincidence, it was unnecessary and irrelevant to
the Court's opinion. The Court had already made it abundantly
clear that it was only when the words in their natural and ordinary
meaning were ambiguous or led to an unreasonable result, that it

was permissible to resort to other methods of interpretation. It
thus confirmed the rule laid down in CaseofBrazilian Loans (ante),
SerbianLoans (P.C.I. J.,Series A, Nos. 20/21,p. 38) and International
LabourOrganisation(ante)that itis only where a treaty isambiguous
that resort may be had "to the manner of performance in order to
ascertain the intention of the parties".

That being so it is not apparent what legal significance is to be
attached to the Court's observation. The fact stated added nothing
to the Court's reasoning. Whether the General Assembly and the
Secunty Council had consistently interpreted Article 4 in the sense
in which the Court did or had consistently interpreted it in a
different sense was quite irrelevant to the Court's conclusion. On
any rational examination of this case, it provides, 1 believe, no
authonty, at least none of any weight, for the proposition that the
practice followed by an organofthe United Nations may be equated
with the subsequent conduct of the parties to a treaty.

The jurisprudence of this Court and of the Permanent Court
accordingly reveals, 1 believe, no support for the vanous conten-
tions advanced by the States to which reference has been made and
in particular lends none to the proposition that a pratice pursued
by a majority of Member States in an organ of the United Nations
has probative value in the present case.

Apart from a practice which is of a peaceful, uniform and undis-
puted character accepted in fact by all current Members, a consi-
deration of which is not germane to the present examination, 1
accordingly entertain considerable doubt whether practice of an
organ of the United Nations has any probative value either as pro-
viding evidence of the intentions of the original Member States
or otherwise a criterion of interpretation. As presently advised 1
think it has none.
If however it has probative value, what is the measure of its

value before this Court?
An organ of the United Nations, whether it be the General As-
sembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council,
the Secretariat or its subsidiary organs, has in practice to interpret
its authority in order that it may effectively function. So, through-
out the world, have countless governmental and administrative
48êtreinterprété.Encore une fois, quelle que soit la signification qui
s'attache à cette observation de pur fait sur une coïncidence, elle
étaitinutile et sans pertinence pour fonder l'avis de la Cour. Celle-ci
avait déjàrendu abondamment clair que ce n'est que dans le cas où
les mots, pris dans leur sens naturel et ordinaire, sont ambigus ou
conduisent à un résultat déraisonnable qu'il serait permis de
recourir à d'autres méthodes d'interprétation. Ce faisant, elle a

confirméla règleposéedans l'affaire des Emprunts brésiliens(ante),
dans celle des Emprunts serbes (C.P. J. I., sérieA, nos20121,p. 38)
et dans celledel'Organisationinternationaledu Travail (ante) d'après
laquelle c'est seulement lorsqu'un traité est ambigu qu'il est permis
de recourir ((au mode d'exécution ...pour établir ...l'intention
des parties 1).
Cela étant, on ne voit pas quelle signification juridique il faut
attacher à l'observation de la Cour. Le fait énoncén'ajoute rien au
raisonnement de celle- ci. Que l'Assembléegénéraleet le Conseil de
Sécuritéaient constamment interprétél'article 4 dans le mêmesens
que la Cour, ou qu'ils l'aient constamment interprété d'unemanibre
différente, cela était sans aucune pertinence pour la conclusion de
la Cour. A mon avis, il n'y a pas d'examen rationnel de cette
affaire qui permette de lui reconnaître une autorité, en tout cas
aucune ayant quelque valeur, pour justifier l'idéeque la pratique
suivie par un organe des Nations Unies équivaut à la conduite
ultérieure des parties à un traité.
Je pense donc que la jurisprudence de la présente Cour et celle

de la Cour permanente n'offrent aucune base aux diverses thèses
avancées par les États et en particulier qu'elles ne fournissent
aucune base à la proposition d'après laquelle la pratique suivie par
la majorité des États Membres au sein d'un organe des Nations
Unies aurait une force probante dans le cas actuel.

En dehors d'une pratique paisible, uniforme et incontestée,
acceptée par tous les Membres actuels, considération qui ne joue
pas dans la question actuelle, j'ai donc les doutes les plus sérieux
sur le point de savoir si la pratique d'un organe des Nations Unies
a une force probante quelconque,soit pour démontrer les intentions
des Membresoriginaires,soitpour fournir un critèred'interprétation.
En l'étatactuel des choses, je pense qu'elle n'en a pas.

Mais, en admettant qu'elle en ait, quelle est sa valeur devant la
présente Cour?

Un organe des Nations Unies, qu'il s'agisse de l'Assemblée
générale,du Conseilde Sécurité,du Conseiléconomiqueet social, du
Secrétariat ou des organessubsidiaires,doit en pratique interpréter
sa compétence pour pouvoir fonctionner efficacement. C'est ainsi
que, dans le monde entier, d'innombrables organes et fonction-
48organs and officials to interpret theirs. The General Assembly rnay

thus in practice, by majority vote, interpret Charter provisions as
giving it authority to pursue a certain course of action. It rnay
continue to give the same interpretation to these Charter provi-
sions in similar or different situations as they arise. In so doing
action taken by it rnay be extended to cover circumstances and
situations which had never been contemplated by those who framed
the Charter. But this would not, for reasons which have already
been given, necessarily involve any departure from the terms of the
Charter.

On the other hand,the GeneralAssembly rnay in practice construe
its authority beyond that conferred upon it, either expressly or
impliedly, by the Charter. It may, for example, interpret its powers
to permit it to enter a field prohibited to it under the Charter or
in disregard of the procedure prescribed in the Charter. Action

taken by the General Assembly (or other organs) rnay accordingly
on occasions be beyond power.

The Charter establishes an Organization. The Organization must
function through its constituted organs. The functions and autho-
rities of those organs are set out in the Charter. However the Char-
ter is othenvise described the essential fact is that it is a multi-
lateral treaty. It cannot be altered at the will of the majority of the
Member States, no matter how often that will is expressed or
asserted against a protesting minority and no matter how large
be the majority of Member States which assert its will in this manner
or how small the minority.

It is no answer to Saythat the protesting minority has the choice
of remaining in or withdrawing from the Organization and that if

it chooses to remain or because it pays its contributions according
'' apportionment under Article 17 (2)the Members in the minority
acquiesce" in the practice or must be deemed to have done so.
They are bound to pay these contributions and the minority has a
right to remain in the Organization and at the same time to assert
what itclaims to be any infringement of its rights under the Charter
or any illegal use of power by any organ of the United Nations.

In practice, if the General Assembly (or any organ) exceeds its
authority there is little that the protesting minority rnay do except
to protest and reserve its rights whatever they rnay be. If, how-
ever, the authority purported to be exercised against the objection
of any Member State is beyond power it remains so.
So, if the General Assembly were to "intervene in matters which

are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State"
within the meaning of Article 2 (7) of the Charter, whatever be the
meaning to be given to these words, that intervention would be the
49naires gouvernementaux et administratifs doivent interpréter la
leur. L'Assemblée généralepeut donc en pratique, par un vote
majoritaire, interpréter les dispositions de la Charte comme lui
donnant pouvoir de suivre une certaine ligne de conduite. Elle peut
continuer à donner la mêmeinterprétation de ces dispositions de la
Charte dans des situations semblables ou différentes, à mesure
qu'elles seprésentent. Cefaisant, les mesures prises par elle peuvent
êtreétendues à des circonstances et à des situations auxquelles les
rédacteurs de la Charte n'avaient jamais songé. Mais, pour les
raisons qui ont déjàétédonnées, celan'entraînerait pas nécessaire-
ment une déviation par rapport aux termes de la Charte.

En revanche, l'Assemblée générale peut en pratique interpréter
sa compétence au-delà de ce qui lui est permis, soit expressément
soit implicitement, par la Charte. Elle peut par exemple inter-
prétersespouvoirs commelui permettant d'intervenir en un domaine
que la Charte lui interdit, ou en contravention aux procédures
prescrites par la Charte. Par conséquent, les mesures prises par
l'Assembléegénérale(oupar tout autre organe) peuvent à l'occasion
dépassersa compétence.
La Charte établit une organisation. Il faut que celle-ci fonctionne
par l'intermédiaire de ses organes constitués. Les fonctions et les
pouvoirs de ceux-ci sont énoncésdans la Charte. Quelle que soit la

définitionqu'on donnede la Charte àd'autres égards,le fait essentiel
demeure que c'est un tra-é multilatéral. Elle ne peut êtremodifiée
au gréde la majorité des Etats Membres,quelle que soit la fréquence
avec laquelle cette volonté est exprimée ou affirmée à l'encontre
d'une minorité,protestataire et quelle que soit l'importance de la
majorité des Etats Membres qui affirment leur volonté de cette
manière, ou pour aussi réduite que soit la minorité.
Il ne sert à rien de répondre que la minorité protestataire a le
choix entre demeurer au sein de l'organisation ou s'enretirer et que,
si elle décidede demeurer, ou si elle paie ses contributions confor-
mément à la répartition faite selon le paragraphe 2 de l'article17,

les membres de la minorité (acquiescent à la pratique ))ou doivent
êtresensésy avoir acquiescé. Ils sont tenus de payer ces contribu-
tions et la minorité a le droit derester au sein de l'Organisation, tout
en dénonçant ce qu'elle prétend êtreune violation quelconque des
droits qu'elle détient de la Charte ou l'usage illégal d'un pouvoir
par un organe quelconque des Nations Unies.
En pratique, si l'Assembléegénérale(ou un organe quelconque)
dépasse sespouvoirs, la minorité protestataire n'a pas grand-chose
à faire, sinon deprotester et de réserver sesdroits, quels qu'ils soient.
Mais, si le pouvoir qu'on prétend exercer contre l'objection d'un
Etat Membre dépasse ces limites, la situation n'est pas changée.

Par conséquent, si l'Assemblée générale cintervient dans des
affaires qui relèvent essentiellement de lacon~pétencenationale d'un
Etat ))au sens du paragraphe 7 de l'article2 de la Charte, quel que
soit le sens que l'on attacheà ces mots, cette intervention serait une
49 entering into a fieldprohibited to it under the Charter and be beyond
the authority of the General Assembly. This would continue to be
so, no matter how frequently and consistently the GeneralAssembly
had construed its authority to permit it to make intervention in
matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any States.
The majonty has no power to extend, alter or disregard the Charter.

Each organ of the United Nations, of course, has an inherent right

to interpret the Charter in relation to its authority and functions.
But the rule that they rnay do so is not in any case applicable
without qualification.Their interpretation of their respective autho-
rities under the Charter rnay conceivably conflict one with the other.
They rnay agree. They may, after following a certain interpretation
for many years, change it. In any case, their right to interpret the
Charter gives them no power to alter it.

The question of constitutionality of action taken by the General
Assembly or the Secnrity Council will rarely call for consideration
except within the United Nations itself, where a majority rule
prevails. In practice this rnay enable action to be taken which is
beyond power. When, however, the Court is calledupon to pronounce
upon a question whether certain authority exercised by an organ
of the Organization is within the power of that organ, only legal
considerationsrnay be invoked and de factoextension of the Charter

must by disregarded.

Once a request for an Advisory Opinion is made to this Court and
it decides to respond to that request, the question on which the
Opinion has been sought passes, as is claimed by the Republic of
France in its written statement in this case, on to the legal plane
and takes on a new character, in the determination of which legal
considerations and legal considerations only rnay be invoked.

In the present case, it is sufficient to Say that 1 am unable to
regard any usage or practice followed by any organ of the United
Nations which has been determined by a majority therein against
the will of a minority as having any legal relevance or probative
value.

(Signed) Percy C. SPENDER.intrusion dans un domaine que la Charte lui interdit et dépasserait
les pouvoirs de l'Assemblée générale. Rien ne changerait à la
situation, quelle quesoitlafréquence et lapersistance de l'Assemblée
généraleà interpréter sa compétence de manière à lui permettre
d'intervenir en des affaires qui relèvent essentiellement de la com-

pétence nationale des autres Etats. La majorité n'a pas le pouvoir
d'éfendre,de modifier ou d'ignorer la Charte.
Evidemment chaque organe des Nations Unies a le droit inhérent
d'interpréter la Charte à propos de ses pouvoirs et de ses fonctions.
Mais la règle qui le leur permet ne s'applique jamais sans réserve.
Leurs interprétations de leurs pouvoirs respectifs selon la Charte
peuvent êtreen conflit les unes avec les autres ou elles peuvent être
d'accord. Après avoir suivi pendant des années une certaine inter-
prétation, les organes des Nations Unies peuvent en changer. En
tout cas, leur droit d'interpréter la Charte ne leur donne.aucun
pouvoir pour la modifier.
La question de la constitutionnalité des mesures prises par
l'Assembléegénéraleou par le ConseildeSécuritéseposera rarement,
sauf au sein des Nations Unies même,où s'applique la règle de la
majorité; en pratique, cela peut permettre de prendre des mesures
qui sont ultra cires. Mais lorsquela Cour est appelée à se prononcer
sur la question de savoir si un certain pouvoir exercépar un organe

de l'organisation rentre dans la compétence de celui-ci, on ne peut
invoquer que des considérationsjuridiques et les extensions defacto
de la Charte doivent êtreécartées.

Quand une demande d'avis consultatif a étéprésentée àla Cour
et qu'elle décidede répondre à la requête,la question sur laquelle
un avis a étésollicitépasse, comme le soutient la République fran-
çaise dans son exposéécriten cette affaire, sur le plan juridique et
revêt un nouveau caractère qui ne peut êtredéterminé qu'enfaisant
appel à des considérations juridiques, et uniquement à des consi-
dérations juridiques.
Dans le cas présent, il suffit de dire que je ne puis considérer
aucun usage ni aucune pratique suivis par un organe quelconque des
Nations Unies et déterminéspar une majorité à l'encontre de la

volonté d'une minoritécomme ayant unepertinencejuridique ouune
force probante quelconques.

(Signé )ercy C. SPENDER.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Percy Spender

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