Dissenting Opinion of Judge Córdova

Document Number
030-19561023-ADV-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
030-19561023-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE CORDOVA

The Executive Board of the United Nations Educational, Scien-
tific and Cultural Organization, relying on Article XII of the Statute
of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organi-
sation, has requested an Advisory Opinion of the Court with regard
tothe competence of that Tribunal to hearthe complaints introduced

by Messrs. Duberg and Leff and Jfrs. TVilcoxand Mrs. Bernstein.
Had 1 not been firmly convinced that the Court should have
refused to comply with the Request of Unesco because of its lack
of competence to render an advisory opinion in circumstances such
as those underlying the present case, 1 would certainly have con-
curred in the Opinion of the Court on the merits, and would have
expressed my opinion in favour of the competence of the Adminis-
trative Tribunal to hear and adjudicate upon the complaints
referred to above.
The decision of the Court with regard to its competence in this
case will have far-reaching consequences. For the first time the
Court has had occasion to define its own legal position in connexion
with the attempt to transform it into a Court of Appeal in cases
tried by the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour

Organisation and by that of the United Nations. Although the
present case relates only to decisions of the first of these Tribunals,
the two situations;save for slight differences, are very similar.

The General Assembly, in Resolution 957 (X) of November 8th
of last year, adopted an amendment to the Statute of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal introducing a new Article II which
sets forth grounds for review by the International Court of Justice
of the decisions of the said Tribunal which reproduce those set
forth in Article XII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
of the International Labour Organisation.
Both Articles, II and XII respectively, confer jurisdictionon the

Court to review the Administrative Tribunal's decisions by means of
Advisory Opinions, in casesin which the jurisdiction of the Tribunal
is challenged, or when it is alleged that the Tribunal has made a
fundamental fault in the procedure followed. With regard to those
two grounds the two Statutes are almostidentical.The new Article II
of the Statute of the United Nations Tribunal also includes, as an
additional ground for the intervention of this Court, an error com-
mitted by the Administrative Tribunal on a question of law relating
to the provisions of the Charter. There is a further difference which
is worth noting : Article XII of the Statute of the International
Labour Organisation's Tribunal does not give to the individuals the

82right to appeal to the Court, while Article II of the United Nations
Tribunal expressly mentions the "person concerned" as a possible
applicant for an Advisory Opinion. We find the greatest deviation
from the wording of Article XII of the Statute of the International
Labour Organisation's Tribunal in Article II of the Statute of the
United Nations Tribunal where it introduces two special innova-
tions: first, the creation of a Special Committee to act as a screen
for applications by individual members of the staff, Member States
or the Secretary-General asking that the Court should be requested
to review a decision of the Administrative Tribunal; second, the
provision that the Advisory Opinion of the Court is not binding on
the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, although it will be

binding on the parties if the Tribunal so decides. These main dif-
ferences and other minor ones are not, 1 think, of such a nature as
to change the issue which both Statutes put before the Court.

The legal and practical problem which both amendments tried
to resolve was the possibility for the International Court of Justice
of becoming a judicial body reviewing the decisions of the two
Administrative Tribunals in certain and specified cases. In giving
its opinion in this case the Court has also, to a certain extent, given
its views on its own jurisdiction as an appellate Court with regard
to decisions of the Administrative Tribunal of the United Nations.

There are several arguments which have convinced me that the
Court lacks jurisdiction to act in such a capacity in cases in which
the parties are an international organization on the one hand
(Unesco in the present case) and staff members on the other. These
argumentsrelate to two different sets ofideas. Firstly, the jurisdiction
of the Court derives entirely and exclusively from its Statute, and no
other international instrument, including the Statutes of Adminis-
trative Tribunals or the resolutions of any Organ of the United
Nations, can introduce any modification with regard to the juris-
diction of the Court; they cannot, in particular, either enlarge or
diminish the competence of the Court, as defined by the Statute,
with regard to its two legal activities, the judicial and the advisory
functions. Secondly, the present Request for an Advisory Opinion,

in fact, is designed to bring before the Court, in second instance, a
contentious case between Unesco and several of its officials, a
situation which falls, 1believe, outside the competence of the Court.

It might serve a useful purpose to remember at this point the
circumstances in which the present Article XII of the Statute of the
Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation
and Article II of the United Nations Tribunal were introduced.

83 I57 DISS. OPIK. OF JUDGE CORDOV (APIN. 23 X 56)

-4t its last Session, the Assembly of the Leagiie of Xations decided
not to comply with certain judgments of the Administrative
Tribunal rendered in 1946. It was then thought that it would be
wise to introduce in the Statute the possibility to "re-consider"
the decisions of the Administrative Tribunal, denying them the
automatic binding effect which they had, and setting up a "Coztrt
of Appeal" to pass final judgments. ''Co?lrtof Appeal" :those urere
the very words used by the Chairman of the Governing Body of

the International Labour Organisation in referring to the possi-
bility for the International Court of playing the rôle of a second
instance tribunal (Memorandum submitted by the International
Labour Organisation to the International Court of Justice, I.C.J.,
Plendings, United Nations Administrative Tribunal, p. 71). In
a parallel manner, only last year, the United Nations set up a
Special Committee on the "Judicial Review of the Judgments of
the Administrative Tribunal of the United Nations", in accordance
with a previous Resolution of the General Assembly (888 (IX) of
December 17th, 1954). The work of this Special Coinmittee led to
the introduction of the present Article II in the Statute of the

Administrative Tribunal of the United Nations.
The framers of the two amendments could not fail to recognize
that the cases tried by the Administrative Tribunals were true
litigations which had been brought before these judicial bodies to
be decided by them, and that their decisions would be bincling on
the parties concerned ;they also realized that before the Adminis-
trative Tribunals, the Parties were, on the one hand, the inter-
national organizations and, on the other, the private individuals,
mernbers of the staffs ;and they must also have been conscious that
Article 34 of the Statute of the Court-the very first Article of
Chapter II dealing with the "Competence of the Court"-espressly

lays down that "Only Statesnzaybepartiesin casesbeforethr Cozwt".
In their desire, nevertheIess, to enIist the services of the highest
judicial authority of the United Nations to act as a Court of Xppeal,
the authors of both amendments resorted to the procedure of
Advisory Opinions, thinking that, by introducing in their respective
Statutes the provision that the Advisory Opinion should be binding
upon the parties, they could avoid the diîficulty of Article 34 of
the Statute of the Court.
This historical background, the plain words used, and the spirit
of the amendments are enough to show that their authors decided,
by themselves and for themselves, that, in certain instances, the

International Court of Justice should act as Court of Appeal. It
is hardly necessary to comment upon the capacity or the right
of the International Labour Organisation-or as far as that is
concerned, of the Assembly of the United Nations-to impose
upon the International Court of Justice obligations and new
functions which are not provided for in its Statute or in the
Charter.

84 The International Court of Justice is incompetent, both ratione
+ersonaeand ratione materiae, to play the rôle of a Court of Appeal
~~ithregard to cases tried in first instance by the Administrative
Tribunals.
In order to achieve their aims, the framers of Articles XII of
the Statute of the International Labour Organisation's Tribunal
and II of that of the Tribunal of the Vnited Nations made
a confusion between the two main functions of this Court.
None of the Articles of the Statute expressly states that the
Court has two functions. Article 68 is the only one which, though

in an incidental way, distinguishes bettveen the judicial functions
and the advisory functions of the Court as being different in nature.
It reads :

"In the exercise of its adcisoryfunctions, the Court shall further
he guided hy the provisions of the present Statute which apply in
contentiouscases.."

Of al1 the other articles of the Statute, some refer to the judicial
and some to the advisory functions of the Court, but without
drawing a precise distinction. It is not difficult, nevertheless,
to detect the different juridical nature of the tuTomain activities
of the Court. The Statute of the Permanent Court of International

Justice, upon which the present Statute is based, whenever it
used the word "case", meant a contentious dispute ; advisory
opinions were requested upon "legal questions". The present
Statute kept this terminology and thus we see that al1 articles
dealing with the competence and compulsory juriscliction of the
Court, from Article 34 to Article 38, refer only to "cases" without
any other qualification, but they al1 refer to contentious disputes
exclusively. The Rules of both the Permanent Court and this
Court likewise refer only to "cases" in al1 the articles included
under "Heading II :Contentious Proceedings".

The judicial activity of the Court deals only with contentious
disputes between parties. These are the "contentious cases" to
which Article 68 refers. The resolution of the Court in cases,
contentious in their nature, is a decision, a judgment establishing
the rights of the parties with binding force. The resolution, the
decision or, properly stated, the judgment rendered by the Court
in such cases is binding upon the parties. A very different situation
appears with regard to the advisory function of the Court. This
is only discharged when there is no contention for the Court to
decide ; where there are no parties in the proper juridical sense
of the word. The Organ or the Specialized Agency seeking an
opinion of this kind does not wish, in principle, to be bound byit. They are rnerely seeking juridical advice from the Court on
a legal question.
The difference between the judicial and the advisory functions of
the Court lies in the fact that, in the first of these, there are two or
more parties which submit a dispute to the Court, to its authority
to impose upon them tlie law, %.hilein the secoiid, there is no dis-
pute, no parties, and no compulsor~7jurisdiction to decide upon
rights and diities in conflict, even though the body seeki~~gthe
advisory opinion rnay be ssrilliilgto accept alid be giiided by it.

There is also a very important clifference as regards the parties
which mal7 appear before tlie Court in eacli of the two aforemen-
tioiied functions. The Statute makes a very clear distiiictioil between
those entitled to come before the Court seelcing a judgment and

those allowed to request advice. This great diffcrence shoulcl be
borne in inind in order to understand why tlic present Requcst for
an Advisory Opinion should have been declincd.

Article 65 of the Statiite provides that the Court ma\- gi1.e an
Xdvisory Opinion at the recluest of "~vhatever body ma? be autlinr-
ized by or in rtccordancc with the Charter cf tlie LTniteclXatioiis".
In turil, Article96 of the Charter directly provides that the Ge~ieral
Assembly arid the Seciirit~- Council mal- request siich Advisoi-j-
Opinions and, indirectly, if so authorized bj- the General Assembly,
that "other organ5 of the United Kations and the Specialized
-\geiicies" may also recluest siich Xdvisory Opinions. Thercfore,
according to the Statute, only the General Assembly, the Security
Council, other orgails of the United Nations and the Specialized
Agencies niay request Advisory Opinions. States and individuals

are not allowecl to request theni. Unesco, heing a Specialized
-4gency and havi~igbeen granted authorizatioii by the Assembly,
may therefore legally ask for an Advisory Opinion, lhai is to Say,
for a decision of thiç Court, as defined above.

Keither the Gencral Assen~bly,the Security Couilcil, other organs,
Specialized .4gencies, nor individuals may ask the Coiirt to render
a decision in contcntious cases. Articles 34, 35, 36 and 37 of the
Statute, which gover11the jiidicial competencc of che Court, exclude
the legal possibility of their becoming parties in contcntious cases
before the Co~irt.That is the only way in which the rule laid down
by Article 34, paragraph I,can be understood. It says plainly and
clearly :

"Only States may be partiesin cases beforethe Court."

In its three paragraphs, Article 35 only makes reference to States
which may either be or not be parties to the Statute, but they must160 DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE CORDOV (~PIN. 23 X 56)

be States for the Court to be open to them in contentious cases.
Article 36, in dealing with the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court,
refers to "States parties to the present Statiite".

In a word, the contentious jurisdiction, the true judicial function
of the Court, covers contentious disputes between States, on.lyand
exclusively.
In debarring individuals from coining before the Court as parties
to "a case", that is, to a contentious litigation, theStatute adopted
the theory that individuals are not subjects of international law.

Attention shoiild be called here to a precedent which seems to be
of importance. The possibility for the International Coztrtof Jztstice
of becominga Coztrtof Appeal with regard to casestried byAdminis-
trative Tribztnals was considered and not acceptedby the frnmers of
the Statztte..he Delegates to the United Nations Conference on
InternationaI Organization at San Francisco had before them a
proposal, drafted in almost identical terms and inspired by the same
ideas 3s the amendments contained in Articles XII and II of the
respective Statutes of the Administrative Tribunals of the Inter-
national Laboiir Organisation and of the United Nations.

At San Francisco the Delegation of Venezuela proposed the
insertion of the following paragraphs in -4rticle 34 of the Statiite :

"Article 34.-(1) Withtheexceptionoftheprovisionsin paragraph 2
ofthisArticle,only States or Membersof the United Nations may be
parties in cases beforethe Court.
(2)As a Courtof Appeal, the Courtwill hace jurisdictionto take
cognizanceover such casesas are triedunder original jurisdictionby
international administrative tribunalsdependent upon the United
Nations when the appeal would be provided in the Statute of such
Tribunals." (United Nations Conference 011International Organi-
zation, Documents, Vol. 13,p. 482.)
Therefore, exactly the same situation as the one which is now
envisaged by the Statutes of the Administrative Tribunals was
under consideration by the Delegates to the San Francisco Con-
ference. The Venezuelan amendment even refers to the possibility

of the Statutes of those Administrative Tribunals providing that
the International Court of Justice should have the neur function
as a Court of Appeal. If the Delegates had wished the Inter-
national Court to act as the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
now requires, they certainly had the occasion to introduce into
the Statute a provision to that effect ;but, on the contrary, the
amendment to Article 34 proposed by the Delegation of Venezuela
was not incorporated in the Statute, thus excluding that legal
possibility.
It is interesting to note that the Delegation of Venezuela, as
well as al1 other Delegations, never thought that such an amend-

87ment dealing with the possible jurisdiction of the Court as a
Tribunal of Appeal, could have any other place than in the chapter
on the contentious competence of the Court and never in connexion
with its advisory function.

When the San Francisco Conference, which drafted and approved
the Statute, did not adopt this amendment, it also, in fact, rejected

the possibility for individuals or for bodies other than States
to become parties in "cases" before the Court. The failure of
the Venezuelan amendment is sufficient evidence, in my opinion,
to show that the Statute completely rejects the possibility for
the Court to play the part of a Court of Appeal in precisely the
same terms in which Unesco has requested the Court to do so
in this case. To my mind, this failure of the Venezuelan amendment
amounts to an advanced denial and clear rejection of al1 Requests
for Advisory Opinions having the effect of an appeal, presented
on the basis of Articles XII and II of the respective Statutes of
the two Administrative Tribunals.

After Article 34 and the Venezuelan amendment had been

discussed in Conimittee 4 of the San Francisco Conference, the
Chairman, Mr. Gallagher from Peru, sixmmarizing the discussion,
stated :
"The pri~icipleinvolved in Article 34 was that States, but not
privateindividualsorinterîaational rganizntions,might be parties to
cases." (United NationsConferenceon International Organization,
vol. 14,p. 141.)

Froin the foregoing, which 1 believe is the correct and only
possible interpretation of the Statute of the Court as a whole,

1 feel justified in concluding that Unesco could have asked for
an Advisory Opinion on an abstract question of law, only if it
were seeking advice, an opinion without legal binding force. An
Advisory Opinion could never have been asked from this Court
in accordance with Articles 34 and 66 of the Statute when, as
in the present instance, the case brought before the Court is a
contentious legal difference between two or more parties, and
when the Organization brings it before the Court with the intention
that it will render-in the guise of an advisory opinion or advice-a
true judgment, a real decision binding those parties.
The confusion made by Articles XII and II of the Statute of
both Administrative Tribunals between the judicial and advisory
functions of the Court in order to transform an Advisory Opinion
into a Judgment is an absolute legal impossibility according to the

only applicable law- :the Statute.
Nobody questioils that what Ijnesco is tryiilg to obtain from the
Court is not an opinion or advice but a binding decision, a judgment.
The \.ery n-ords of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal of
88the International Labour Organisation are the best evidence that
what Cnesco is seeking is revision, a second instance decision, a
final judgment.

The decision of the Court seems to be predicated on the assump-
tion that Article XII of the Administrative Tribunal's Statute
is res inter aLios acta for the Court, meaning that the Advisory
Opinion has nothing to do with the rule laid down by the said
Article XII. With regard to the binding force upon the parties before
the said Tribunal,this rule, directed solely to the Organization and
to the staff members, hacl nothing to do with the Court itself.
It should be rememberecl that the Request itself refers to the
Executive Board of Cnesco as acting within the framework of
Article XII of the Statute in asking for the Advisory Opinion. That
is, the Executive Board found the source of its faculty to ask for
an Advisory Opinion with binding force with regard to the decision
of the Administrative Tribunal precisely in Article XII of the

Statute of that judicial body. If the Executive Board had relied
only on the authorisation of the General Assembly to ask for such
an Advisory Opinion, aild had not relied onArticle XII ofthe Statute
of the Administrative Tribunal, it could not claim that the Advisory
Opinion given by the Court would be binding on the staff members
who were parties to the dispute before the Administrative Tribunal.
The Advisory Opinion thus obtained by Unesco would be a real
Advisory Opinion without binding force. But, by relying on, and
purporting to act within, the framework of the Statute, Unesco
considers itself justified in imposing the Advisory Opinion on its
officials because they accepted the Statute of the Tribuilal in
signing their contracts of employment. Article XII is the only and
the indispensable link between an Advisory Opinion pure and simple

and the Advisory Opinion with a supposed effect of a judgment.
The closest that a Request for an Advisory Opinion may come
to a contentious case, without nevertheless changing its nature, may
be found in Article 82, paragraph 1, and Artide 83 of the Rules of
Court.
"Article 82, para.I.-In proceedings in regard to advisory opi-
nions, the Court shall, in addition to the provisions of Article 96
of the Charter and Chapter IV of the Statute, apply the provisions
of the Articles which follow.It shall also be guided by the provisions
of these Rules which apply in contentious cases to the extent to
which it recognizes them to be applicable ;for this purpose it shall
above all consider whether the request for the advisory opiniogzrelates
to a legalquestionactztally Pending between two or more States."
"Article 83.-If the advisory opinion is requested upon a legal
question actually pending between two or more States, Article 31
of the Statute shall apply, as also the provisions of these Rules
concerning the application of that Article."

In the circumstances envisaged by these Articles, since the States
have not themselves submitted the case to the jurisdiction of the
89Court, the question is only potentially a contentious case. Kerer-
theless Article 83 makes it possible for those States to appoint
ad hoc Judges in compliance with Article 31 of the Statute just as
if the question were actually a contentious dispute ; bzrteven then,
the Adirisory Opinion zelillnot bebinding either on the reqz~estingbody

or on the interestedStates.
The view has also been expressed that Article 34 of the Statute,
which deals only with contentious disputes, has nothing to do with
the present case, because the Court is riot here concerned with a
contentious dispute but only with a Kequest for an Advisory
Opinion ; that the Court is not concerned with "parties" in the
juridical sense of the word, Unesco being the only one appearing
before the Court and that this Court is not obliged and should not
try to ascertain what the real purpose of Cnesco is in seeking such
an Advisory Opinion.
TVith this interpretation of the facts and of the legal position
of Unesco 1 cannot agree. 1 believe ihat the first obligation of
the Court--as of any other judicial body-is to ascertain its own
competence and, in order to do that, it has first to determine what
is the nature of the case which is brought before it. The present
and application of Article XII of the Admin-
Request, by definition
istrative Tribunal, will bc binding on both the Organization and
the private individuals, its officials; it may not be considered
therefore as anything different from a contentious case. It is
impossible to get away from the fact that the officials were neces-
sarily parties in the first instance and they should be so considered
in the second instance as well. One cannot think of this case as
being of two different natures, a contentious case before the Admin-
istrative Tribunal and not a contentious one when it comes before
the Court. TVhenand why shoiild it lose its initial nature ?When it
comes to the second instance before the Court and just because it
is improperly introduced as an Advisory Opinion ? The decision of
this Court is not only connected with, but absolutely restricted to,
the contentious dispute decided by the Administrative Tribunal
between the two parties, the Organization and the individuals.

In the Court's Advisory Opinion of July 13th, 1954 ,nthe "Effect
of Awards of Compensation made by the United Nations Admin-
istrative Tribunal", we find the following passage :
"If he terminates (the Secretary-General)the contract of service
without the assent of the staff member and this action results in a
dispute which is referred to the AdministrativeTribunal,heparties
to this disputebefore the Tribunal, the stag memberconcernedand
the United Nations Organization, represented by the Secretary-
General,will becomebound by the judgrnent of the Tribunal."
Therefore the parties in a dispute decided by an Administrative
Tribunal are the Organization itself and the staff member whobrought the action before the Tribunal. This, of course, necessarily
means that, should there be a second instance, the parties must be
the same before the reviewing tribunal, in Our case, before the
Court. That is the essence of an appeal, the essence of a second
instance, the essence of a revision of a decision of a lower court.
The decision of the International Court of Justice to which 1 have
just referred was given in a case where the Statute of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal of the United Nations did not provide for an
appeal to the Court but laid down that its Judgments should "be
final and without appeal". But when the Statute provides for the
possibility of an appeal, may the Court Say that the parties in this
appeal do not exist or are not the same as the ones which argued
the case in first instance before the Administrative Tribunal ?Therc
is no way out :the parties remain the same, they have to be the

same or the decision of the Court would not and could not be binding
upon them.
Article XII of the Statute, the application of which Unesco is
seeking, states :"2. The Opinion given by the Court shall be bind-
ing." Upon whom ? Upon the Organization only ? That is not the
intention of the framers of Article XII. IVhat is wanted is to have
the Advisory Opinion of the Court binding upon both the Organiza-
tion and the staff member. This effect cari never be juridically
attained unless the staff member is considered as a party in the
second instance. Since the Statute prevents individuals and inter-
national organizations, that is to Say, Unesco and its officiais, from
bringing their disputes before the Court and since the present case
is undoubtedly a contentious one, the inescapable legal conclusion
follows that the Court has no competence rationeperso~zae to enter-
tain and give a decision in the present case.

Neither has the Court cornpetence ratione materiae to deal u-ith
this kind of dispute.
This other aspect of the incompetence of the Court also flows
from the Statute. It relates to the nature of the litigation and of
the lasv which the Court has been called upon to apply.
Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, which was
the origin of the Permanent Court of International Justice and
therefore of this International Court of Justice, stated :

"The Court shall be competent to hear and determine any disfiute
of an internationalcharacterwhich the parties thereto submit to it."

These words are the basis of al1judicial activities of the Perma-
nent Court of International Justice and therefore of theInternational
Court of Justice. 1 do not think that anybody can contend that a
dispute between an international organization and a member of its
staff, though a contentious case, is an international dispute, in the
sense that the Covenant of the League of Nations and the Statutesof the Permanent Court of International Justice and of the present
Court (Article 34 in both Statutes), refer to international disputes
as "cases".

Article 38 of the Statute is thus worded

"The Court, whosefunction is to decidein accordancewith inter-
national law such disputes as are submitted to it..."

This provision, if correctly interpreted, means that the Court was
set up to apply inter-State law only, because only Statesmay submit
disputes to the Court.

There are times when,an Arbitration Tribunal or this Court have
to deal with municipal law, or any other kind of law and even with
private contracts, when they have to take judicial notice of its
existence, and perhaps even of its correct interpretation. Such a
case was, for instance, the Nottebohm case, and there are many
others, especially those involving the wrongful acts of Governments
against foreigners, denial of justice, direct or indirect responsibility
and the like ; but even then, neither this Court nor the Arbitration
Tribunals apply municipal law ;they only have to judge such cases
according to inter-State law. Municipal law, administrative laws
and private contracts only concern them incidentally, in the same
way as they have to concern themselves \vit11the facts of the case
submitted to them.

Charters of international organizations being, iri fact, conventions
between States form part, as such, of inter-State law. The Statutes
of Administrative Tribunals and the Staff Regulations, al1 dealiiig
with legal relations between the Organization and private indivi-
duals may perhaps be classifiecl as administrative international
law ;but Article 38 of the Statute, quoted abore, dses not give to
the Court the possibility of applying in contentioiis cases such
administrative international law, because in this kind of judicial
controversy brought before the Court, the parties being States, the
onlyinternational latv applicable has to be perforce, inter-State law.
International administrative law would have as milch reason to
be applied by the Court, under Article 38 of its Statute, as inter-
national criminal law, that is to Say the Ststute and the Principles
of the Nuremberg Tribunal. International administrative law and
international criminal law may form part of a wider concept of the
law of nations, but they certainly concern the relations between a

State and individuals and therefore they have no room within the
interpretation of the words "international law" as used in Article 38
of the Statute of the Court. Once having decided to comply with
the Request, the Court had to apply the Statute of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal, the Staff Regulations and the contract between
the parties, Unesco and the individual officials concerned, that is to
92I 66 DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE CORDOV OPIS. 23 x 56)

Say, it had to apply "International Administrative Lanr".

The incompetence of the Court ratione ~nateriae,1 believe, is thus
also well established.

What have been the extraordinary practical and juridical conse-
quences of the coi-ifusion between the judicial and tlie advisory
activities of the Court ?
Being parties, Ci-iesco and the officials were entitled to equal
treatment in the administration of ji~stice. They obtained it in
the first instance bcfore the Administrative Tribunal, but were
they ahle to enjoy it before the Court as was their right ? The in-
equality of the parties in the present case is er.ident. o~vingto the

impossibility under the Statute for i~idividuals to come before the
Court and therefore the impossibility for the Court to respect one
of the most fundameiltal and time-honoured principles which
requires equality of the parties before the law and in the exerciw
of their rights Defore tribunals. In an effort to minimize such an
inequality, the Court, on March 16th of this year, decided to depart
from the normal procedure and dispense with the hearings in this
case. This decision wasin harmony with last year's Recommendation
of the General Asseinbly in the sense that, in order to maintain
the equzlity between the parties as much as possible, the interna-
tional organizations, the States and the Secretary-General, n.he1-i
seeking a revision of a decision of the LTnited Nations Tribunal,
should not make oral statements.

With the same idea in mind the Court accepted the very unusual
procedure that one of the parties, Unesco, ~vouldlay before the
Court both, its owi-iarguments and those of the other parties, its
opponents, the Unesco officials. Of course, thisabnormal procedure,
in the sense that it is not in conformity with the norms, only makes
more flagrant the existence of such inequality between the parties.
Even with regard to the written arguments, the inere fact that the
plaintiffs before thedministrative Tribuilal in the procedure before
the Court had to depend upon the goodwill of their opponents to
acr as an intermediary for the presentation of their views having

regard to the unavoidable obstacle of the Statute, the Court, the
highest judicictl organ of the United Nations, was not in a position
to administer justice, in cases like the present one, on the basis of
strict equalitybetnreen the parties.
It has been said that in this case the inequality of the parties
is only apparent because the officials were able to present their
views to the Court. This means, in effect, that although there
was a recognized legal inequality between the parties, in the
sense that they could not both appear on the same footing before
the Court, this legal inequality,in factdid not represent a practical

disadvantage for the staff members.
93 Even from the practical point of view the inequality existed.
The officials could iiot and may not cal1 upon the Court-as the
Organization was entitled to do-to adji~dicate in second instance
on a decision taken against them ; nor were they able to appear
to arguc the case in oral proceedings before the Court. But even
granting, for the sake of argument, that, from the practical
viewpoint, there would have been equality between Unesco and
the staff members, the fact that the latter are legally precluded
from asserting their own rights themselves constitutes a juridical
inequality which makes it impossible for the Coiirt to administer
justice in strict compliance with the basic principles of justice.

That the Statute requires legal as well as practical conditions
of equality of the parties for the Court to act legally is made

abundantly clear from the wording of Article 35, paragraph 2,
of its Statute, which provides that the Court shall be open to
other States on conditions laid down by the Security Council,
provided that "i?z no case shall such conditions place the parties
in a position of inequality befovethe Court".
If the Security Council must not place the parties in a position
of inequality before the Court, even when the Council itself is
not one of these parties, can a Specialized Agency, such as the
International Labour Organisation or Unesco, create conditions
placing a party, its own opponents, in a position of inequality
before the Court ?
There are, of course, instances in which, even in the absence
of one of the parties, the Court, or any other tribunal, can render
a legal decision. That is the situation envisagea by Article 53 of
the Statute, when one of the parties does not appear or fails to
defend its case. Rut this article deals with a case of a judgment

by default, with the voluntary absence of one of the parties,
and has nothing to do with the legal impossibility to be present
and to defend its own cause, a situation with which the Court
was confronteci in this case.
Some of the Judges also shared the view tliat the Court should
have declined to givc the Advisory Opinion in this case, on the
sole ground that the Court cannot administer justice in accordance
with the well-established principle of equality of the parties in
any judicial procedure. They do not go so far as to Say that this
inequality, being exclusively derived from the Statute, constitutes
in fact and in law the incompetence ratione personaeof the Court.
They are reluctant to admit the incompetence of the Court but,
nevertheless, they have to rely on the fact that the present Request
brings before the Court a contentious case in which the parties,
a Specialized Agency and private individuals, are both precluded
by the Statute from appearing in a contentious dispute. The
inequality of the parties appears both in the first instance as

well as in the procedure before the Court. III the first instance,
94the individual is not entitled to appeal against a decision of the

Administrative Tribunal while the'other party, Unesco, is entitled
to do so. In the second instance, while Unesco may present written
and oral arguments, the individual has no such legal possibilities.
The source of both inequalities is to be found in the Statute
alone. The framers of Article XII knew perfectly well that the
staff member could never be entitled to ask for an -4dvisory
Opinion or for a decision from the Court, and so they did not
even try to give such a right to the staff members. For individuals
and international organizations to be parties in a contentious
procedure it would be absolutely necessary to change the Statute,
the only means of securing equality for them before the Court.
This fact necessarily means that the Court, according to the
present terms of the Statute, cannot legally act in compliance
with the equality principle, which is the same thing as to Say
that the Court is incompetent or has not the legal possibility
in this case to discharge its functions.

(Signed R). CORDOVA.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE CORDOVA

The Executive Board of the United Nations Educational, Scien-
tific and Cultural Organization, relying on Article XII of the Statute
of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organi-
sation, has requested an Advisory Opinion of the Court with regard
tothe competence of that Tribunal to hearthe complaints introduced

by Messrs. Duberg and Leff and Jfrs. TVilcoxand Mrs. Bernstein.
Had 1 not been firmly convinced that the Court should have
refused to comply with the Request of Unesco because of its lack
of competence to render an advisory opinion in circumstances such
as those underlying the present case, 1 would certainly have con-
curred in the Opinion of the Court on the merits, and would have
expressed my opinion in favour of the competence of the Adminis-
trative Tribunal to hear and adjudicate upon the complaints
referred to above.
The decision of the Court with regard to its competence in this
case will have far-reaching consequences. For the first time the
Court has had occasion to define its own legal position in connexion
with the attempt to transform it into a Court of Appeal in cases
tried by the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour

Organisation and by that of the United Nations. Although the
present case relates only to decisions of the first of these Tribunals,
the two situations;save for slight differences, are very similar.

The General Assembly, in Resolution 957 (X) of November 8th
of last year, adopted an amendment to the Statute of the United
Nations Administrative Tribunal introducing a new Article II which
sets forth grounds for review by the International Court of Justice
of the decisions of the said Tribunal which reproduce those set
forth in Article XII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
of the International Labour Organisation.
Both Articles, II and XII respectively, confer jurisdictionon the

Court to review the Administrative Tribunal's decisions by means of
Advisory Opinions, in casesin which the jurisdiction of the Tribunal
is challenged, or when it is alleged that the Tribunal has made a
fundamental fault in the procedure followed. With regard to those
two grounds the two Statutes are almostidentical.The new Article II
of the Statute of the United Nations Tribunal also includes, as an
additional ground for the intervention of this Court, an error com-
mitted by the Administrative Tribunal on a question of law relating
to the provisions of the Charter. There is a further difference which
is worth noting : Article XII of the Statute of the International
Labour Organisation's Tribunal does not give to the individuals the

82 OPISION DISSIDENTE DE AI. CORDOVA

[Traduction]
Le Conseil exécutif de l'organisation des Nations Knies pour
l'éducation, la science et la culture a demandé à la Cour, par
applicatioil de l'article XII du Statut du Tribunal administratif
de l'organisation internationale du Travail, un avis consultatif
quant à la compétence de ce Tribunal de connaître des requêtes
introduites par MM. Duberg et Leff et Mmes Wilcox et Bernstein.
Si je n'avais pas étéabsolument convaincu que la Cour aurait

dû refuser de donner suite à la demande de l'Unesco en raison
de son manque de compétence de donner un avis consultatif
dans des conditions semblables à celles du cas d'espèce, je me
serais ralliéà l'avis de la Cour dans son opinion quant au fond
de l'affaire et j'aurais exprimé mon avis favorable à la compétence
du Tribunal administratif de connaître et de juger des requêtes
dont il est question ci-dessus.
La décision de la Cour par rapport à sa compétence dans cette
affaire aura des conséquences très étendues. Pour la première
fois, la Cour a eu la possibilité de prendre position quant à
l'attitude juridique qu'elle adopte au sujet de la tentative qui
est faite de la transformer en Cour d'appel pour les affaires jugées
par le Tribunal administratif de l'Organisation internationale du
Travail et par celui des Nations 'C'nies.Quoique le cas d'espèce

ne concerne que des décisions du premier de ces tribunaux, les
deux questions, malgré de légères différences,se présentent dans
des conditions très similaires.
L'Assembléegénérale,dans sa résolution 957 (X) du 8 novembre
de l'année dernière,adopta un amendement au Statut du Tribunal
administratif des Nations Unies par lequel fut inclus un nouvel
article II, qui énumère les raisons permettant de soumettre les
décisionsde ce Tribunal au contrôle de la Cour internationale de
Justice, raisons qui reproduisent celles énoncéespar l'article XII
du Statut du Tribunal de l'Organisation internationale du Travail.
Les deux articles, IIet XII respectivement, donnent compétence
à la Cour pour réformer les jugements du Tribunal administratif
par le moyen d'avis consultatifs, lorsque la compétence du Tribunal

est contestée, ou quand il est alléguéque le Tribunal a commis
une faute essentielle dans la procédure suivie. Les deux Statuts sont
presque identiques en ce qui concerne ces deux raisons. Le nouvel
articleII du Statut du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies
inclut en plus, comme raison additionnelle pour l'intervention
de la Cour, une erreur de droit commise par le Tribunal admi-
nistratif concernant les dispositions de la Charte des Nations
Unies. Il faut noter une autre différence :l'article XII du Statut
du Tribunal de l'organisation internationale du Travail ne donne
82right to appeal to the Court, while Article II of the United Nations
Tribunal expressly mentions the "person concerned" as a possible
applicant for an Advisory Opinion. We find the greatest deviation
from the wording of Article XII of the Statute of the International
Labour Organisation's Tribunal in Article II of the Statute of the
United Nations Tribunal where it introduces two special innova-
tions: first, the creation of a Special Committee to act as a screen
for applications by individual members of the staff, Member States
or the Secretary-General asking that the Court should be requested
to review a decision of the Administrative Tribunal; second, the
provision that the Advisory Opinion of the Court is not binding on
the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, although it will be

binding on the parties if the Tribunal so decides. These main dif-
ferences and other minor ones are not, 1 think, of such a nature as
to change the issue which both Statutes put before the Court.

The legal and practical problem which both amendments tried
to resolve was the possibility for the International Court of Justice
of becoming a judicial body reviewing the decisions of the two
Administrative Tribunals in certain and specified cases. In giving
its opinion in this case the Court has also, to a certain extent, given
its views on its own jurisdiction as an appellate Court with regard
to decisions of the Administrative Tribunal of the United Nations.

There are several arguments which have convinced me that the
Court lacks jurisdiction to act in such a capacity in cases in which
the parties are an international organization on the one hand
(Unesco in the present case) and staff members on the other. These
argumentsrelate to two different sets ofideas. Firstly, the jurisdiction
of the Court derives entirely and exclusively from its Statute, and no
other international instrument, including the Statutes of Adminis-
trative Tribunals or the resolutions of any Organ of the United
Nations, can introduce any modification with regard to the juris-
diction of the Court; they cannot, in particular, either enlarge or
diminish the competence of the Court, as defined by the Statute,
with regard to its two legal activities, the judicial and the advisory
functions. Secondly, the present Request for an Advisory Opinion,

in fact, is designed to bring before the Court, in second instance, a
contentious case between Unesco and several of its officials, a
situation which falls, 1believe, outside the competence of the Court.

It might serve a useful purpose to remember at this point the
circumstances in which the present Article XII of the Statute of the
Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation
and Article II of the United Nations Tribunal were introduced.

83pas aux individus le droit d'en appeler à la Cour, alors que
l'article II du Statut du Tribunal des Nations Unies mentionne
expressément c(la personne qui a été l'objet d'un jugement ))
comme pouvant demander un avis consultatif. La déviation la
plus importante des termes de l'article XII du Statut du Tribunal

de l'organisation internationale du Travail se retrouve dans
l'articleII du Statut du Tribunal des Nations Cnies, quand cet
article prévoit deux innovations particulières ; premièrement, la
création d'un comitéspécialchargé de trier les demandes présentées
par les membres individuels du personnel, les Etats Membres ou
le Secrétaire généralinvitant la Cour à examiner une décision du
Tribunal administratif ; deuxièmement, la disposition que l'avis
consultatif de la Cour n'a pas force obligatoire pour le Tribunal
administratif, quoiqu'il ait force obligatoire pour les parties, si
le Tribunal en décide ainsi. Ces différences essentielles et d'autres
différences de moindre importance ne sont pas, je pense, de

nature à changer les problèines posés à la Cour par les deux
Statuts.
Le problèn~etant juridique que pratique que les deux amende-
ments tentèrent de résoudre était de permettre à la Cour interna-
tionale de Justice de devenir une autorité judiciaire ayant pouvoir
de réformer, dans certains cas spécifiques, les décisions des deux
tribunaux administratifs. En donnant son avis dans le cas d'espèce,
la Cour a aussi, dans uiic certaine mesure, donné son opinion au
sujet de sa propre compétence en tant que Cour d'appel pour
les décisions du Tribunal administratif des Kations Unies.
Ily a plusieurs arguments qui m'ont convaincu de l'incompétence
de la Cour internationale d'agir dans une telle capacité dans des

cas dans lesquels les parties sont, d'une part, une Organisation
internationale (comme 1'T;nescodans le cas d'espèce)et d'autre part,
les membres du personnel. Ces arguments se réfèrentà deux ordres
d'idées différents. Premièrement, la compétence de la Cour pro-
vient entièrement et exclusivement de son Statut et aucun autre
instrument international, y compris les statuts des tribunaux
administratifs ou les résolutions de tout autre organe des Nations
Vnies, ne peuvent introduire de modifications par rapport à la
compétence de la Cour ; ils ne peuvent, en particillier, ni étendre
ni restreindre la compétence de la Cour, telle qu'elle est définiepar

le Statut, par rapport à ses deux activités juridiques, sa fonction
judiciaire et sa fonction consultative. Deuxièmement, la présente
demande d'avis consultatif, en fait, tend à soumettre à la Cour,
en deuxième instance, une affaire contentieuse entre l'lnesco et
plusieurs de ses fonctionnaires, situation qui est, à mon sens, en
dehors de la compétence de la Cour.
Il serait utile de se rappeler à ce sujet les circonstances dans les-
quelles le présent article XII du Statut du Tribunal administratif
de l'organisation internationale du Travail et l'articleII du Statut
du Tribunal des Nations Unies furent introduits dans ces statuts.

83 I57 DISS. OPIK. OF JUDGE CORDOV (APIN. 23 X 56)

-4t its last Session, the Assembly of the Leagiie of Xations decided
not to comply with certain judgments of the Administrative
Tribunal rendered in 1946. It was then thought that it would be
wise to introduce in the Statute the possibility to "re-consider"
the decisions of the Administrative Tribunal, denying them the
automatic binding effect which they had, and setting up a "Coztrt
of Appeal" to pass final judgments. ''Co?lrtof Appeal" :those urere
the very words used by the Chairman of the Governing Body of

the International Labour Organisation in referring to the possi-
bility for the International Court of playing the rôle of a second
instance tribunal (Memorandum submitted by the International
Labour Organisation to the International Court of Justice, I.C.J.,
Plendings, United Nations Administrative Tribunal, p. 71). In
a parallel manner, only last year, the United Nations set up a
Special Committee on the "Judicial Review of the Judgments of
the Administrative Tribunal of the United Nations", in accordance
with a previous Resolution of the General Assembly (888 (IX) of
December 17th, 1954). The work of this Special Coinmittee led to
the introduction of the present Article II in the Statute of the

Administrative Tribunal of the United Nations.
The framers of the two amendments could not fail to recognize
that the cases tried by the Administrative Tribunals were true
litigations which had been brought before these judicial bodies to
be decided by them, and that their decisions would be bincling on
the parties concerned ;they also realized that before the Adminis-
trative Tribunals, the Parties were, on the one hand, the inter-
national organizations and, on the other, the private individuals,
mernbers of the staffs ;and they must also have been conscious that
Article 34 of the Statute of the Court-the very first Article of
Chapter II dealing with the "Competence of the Court"-espressly

lays down that "Only Statesnzaybepartiesin casesbeforethr Cozwt".
In their desire, nevertheIess, to enIist the services of the highest
judicial authority of the United Nations to act as a Court of Xppeal,
the authors of both amendments resorted to the procedure of
Advisory Opinions, thinking that, by introducing in their respective
Statutes the provision that the Advisory Opinion should be binding
upon the parties, they could avoid the diîficulty of Article 34 of
the Statute of the Court.
This historical background, the plain words used, and the spirit
of the amendments are enough to show that their authors decided,
by themselves and for themselves, that, in certain instances, the

International Court of Justice should act as Court of Appeal. It
is hardly necessary to comment upon the capacity or the right
of the International Labour Organisation-or as far as that is
concerned, of the Assembly of the United Nations-to impose
upon the International Court of Justice obligations and new
functions which are not provided for in its Statute or in the
Charter.

84 Lors de sa dernière session, l'i2sseinbléede la Sociétédes Sation.;
décidade ne pas exécuter certains jugements du Tribunal adminis-
tratif rendus en 1946. C'est alors qu'on a pensé qu'il serait sage
d'introduire dans le Statut la possibilité de ctreconsidérer » les
décisions du Tribunal administratif, leur déniant ainsi la force
obligatoire automatique qu'ils avaient, et d'établir 11x1((Tribunal
d'appel » qui aurait pour tâche de prendre une décisiondéfinitive ;
ce furent les mots employéspar le Président du Conseil d'adminis-
tration dc l'organisation internationale du Travail se référant à la

possibilité pour la Coiir interl~ationale de jouer le rôle d'un tribunal
de deuxième instance. (Mémoiresoumis par l'organisation inter-
nationale du Travail à la Cour internationale de Justice, C. 1. J.,
Plaidoiries, Tribz~naladministratif des Nations U?zies,p. 71.) D'une
facon parallèle, l'année dernière encore, les Kations Gnies ont
établi un coinité spécial pour étudier tl'institution d'une procé-
dure qui permette la réformation des jugements rendus par le
Tribunal administratif »,conformément à une résolution antérieure
de 1'Asseimblée générale(888 (IX) du 17 décembre 1954). Idetravail
de ce comité spécialaboutit à l'introduction de l'article II actuel

dans le Statut du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies.
Les rédacteurs des deux amendements ne pouvaient manquer dc
reconnaître que les affaires jugées par les tribunaux administratifs
étaient de réelslitiges, qui avaient étésoumis à ces corps judiciaires
pour être jugés par eux, et que leurs jugements auraient force
obligatoire pour les parties en cause; ils se rendaient également
compte que les parties devant les tribunaux administratifs étaient,
d'une part, les organisations internationales et, d'autre part, des
individus privés, membres de leur personnel ; et ils devaient aussi
êtreconscients du fait que l'article 34 du Statut de la Cour - le

premier articledu chapitre IItraitant de la t(compétence de la Cour ))
-- affirmait expressément que (Seds les Etats ont qualitépour se
prksentev devant la Cozlr ».Néanmoins, conformément à leur désir
de pouvoir utiliser la plus haute autorité judiciaire des Nations
Unies en qualité de Cour d'appel, les rédacteurs des deux amende-
inents ont eu recours à la procédiire des avis consultatifs,espérant
que, en spécifiantdans leurs Statuts respectifs que l'avis consultatif
aurait force obligatoire pour les parties, ils pourraient éviter la
difficulté de l'article34 du Statut de la Cour.

Cet aperçu historique, les mots précis qui ont étéemployés et
l'esprit des amendements sont suffisants pour prouver que leurs
auteurs ont décidé,par eux-mêmeset pour eux-mêmes,que, dans
certains cas, la Cour internationale de Justice devrait jouer le rôle
de Cour d'appel. Il est à peine nécessaire d'ajouter des commen-
taires quant à la capacité ou au droit de l'Organisation interna-
tionale du Travail ou - pour aut2nt qu'il en est question, de
l'Assembléedes Nations Unies - d'imposer à la Cour internationale
de Justice des obligations et de noiivelles fonctions qui ne sont The International Court of Justice is incompetent, both ratione
+ersonaeand ratione materiae, to play the rôle of a Court of Appeal
~~ithregard to cases tried in first instance by the Administrative
Tribunals.
In order to achieve their aims, the framers of Articles XII of
the Statute of the International Labour Organisation's Tribunal
and II of that of the Tribunal of the Vnited Nations made
a confusion between the two main functions of this Court.
None of the Articles of the Statute expressly states that the
Court has two functions. Article 68 is the only one which, though

in an incidental way, distinguishes bettveen the judicial functions
and the advisory functions of the Court as being different in nature.
It reads :

"In the exercise of its adcisoryfunctions, the Court shall further
he guided hy the provisions of the present Statute which apply in
contentiouscases.."

Of al1 the other articles of the Statute, some refer to the judicial
and some to the advisory functions of the Court, but without
drawing a precise distinction. It is not difficult, nevertheless,
to detect the different juridical nature of the tuTomain activities
of the Court. The Statute of the Permanent Court of International

Justice, upon which the present Statute is based, whenever it
used the word "case", meant a contentious dispute ; advisory
opinions were requested upon "legal questions". The present
Statute kept this terminology and thus we see that al1 articles
dealing with the competence and compulsory juriscliction of the
Court, from Article 34 to Article 38, refer only to "cases" without
any other qualification, but they al1 refer to contentious disputes
exclusively. The Rules of both the Permanent Court and this
Court likewise refer only to "cases" in al1 the articles included
under "Heading II :Contentious Proceedings".

The judicial activity of the Court deals only with contentious
disputes between parties. These are the "contentious cases" to
which Article 68 refers. The resolution of the Court in cases,
contentious in their nature, is a decision, a judgment establishing
the rights of the parties with binding force. The resolution, the
decision or, properly stated, the judgment rendered by the Court
in such cases is binding upon the parties. A very different situation
appears with regard to the advisory function of the Court. This
is only discharged when there is no contention for the Court to
decide ; where there are no parties in the proper juridical sense
of the word. The Organ or the Specialized Agency seeking an
opinion of this kind does not wish, in principle, to be bound by OPIN. DIS5. DE 31.C~RDOI';~ (AVIS 23 X jG) 158

prévues ni par son Statut, ni par la Charte des Xations Gnies.
La Cour internationale de Justice est incompétente, tant ratiorze
9ersonae que ratiol~emateriae, d'assumer le rôle d'une Cour d'appel
pour les affaires jugées en première instance par les tribunaux

administratifs.
Pour atteindre leur but, les rédacteurs des articles ~11'du Statut
du Tribunal de l'Organisation internationale di1 Travail et II du
Tribunal des Nations Unies ont confondii les deux fonctions princi-
pales de cette Cour.
Aucun des articles di1 Statut ne dit expressément que la Cour a
deux fonctions. L'article 68 est le seul qui, bien que de façon

incidente, distingue entre les fonctions judiciaires et consulta t'ives
de la Cour comme étant de nature différente.

Il dit

(Dans l'exercice de ses attriblttio~tc soitsztltativesl,a Cour s'inspi-
rera en outre des dispositions du présentStatut qui s'appliquent
en matièrecontentieuse ...1)

Quant aux autres articles du Statut, les uns se réfèrent aux
fonctions judiciaires et les autres aux attributions consultatives
de la Cour, mais sans jamais faire de distinction précise. II n'est
pourtant pas difficile de déterminer la nature juridique différente
des deux activités principales de la Cour.Le Statut de la Cour perma-

nente de Justice internationale, sur lequel le Statut actuel est
fondé,faisait usage du mot (affaire ))quand il se référaitàla matière
contentieuse ; les avis consultatifs devaient êtredemandés pour des
((questions juridiques ». Le Statut actueln'a pas changécette termi-
nologie et nous voyons ainsi qüe tous les articles qui traitent de la
compétence et de la juridiction obligatoires de la Cour, c'est-à-dire

des articles 34 à 38, se réfèrent tous à des (affaires ))sans autre
clualification, mais ils traitent exclusivement de litiges contentieux.
Le Règlement, tant de la Cour permanente que de cette Cour, fait
lui aussi allusion uniquement à des ((affaires 1)dans tous les articles
inclus au (titre II :Procédure en matière contentieuse ».
L'activité judiciaire de la Cour ne traite que de litiges conten-
tieux entre parties. C'est la ((matière contentieuse ))à laquelle se

réfèrel'article 68. La décisionde la Cour dans des affaires de nature
contentieuse est une décision, un jugement, qui établit les droits
des parties et qui a force obligatoire. La résolution, la décision ou,
en termes précis,l'arrêt rendu par la Cour dans ces affaires, a force
obligatoire pour les parties. Une situation totalement différente
existe par rapport aux fonctions consultatives de la Cour. Cette

fonction ne peut exister que quand il n'y a pas de litiges dont la
Cour doit décider ; quand il n'y a pas de parties en cause au sens
juridique exact du terme. L'organe ou l'institiition spécialiséequi
demande iin avis de cette nature ne désire pas, en principe, êtreit. They are rnerely seeking juridical advice from the Court on
a legal question.
The difference between the judicial and the advisory functions of
the Court lies in the fact that, in the first of these, there are two or
more parties which submit a dispute to the Court, to its authority
to impose upon them tlie law, %.hilein the secoiid, there is no dis-
pute, no parties, and no compulsor~7jurisdiction to decide upon
rights and diities in conflict, even though the body seeki~~gthe
advisory opinion rnay be ssrilliilgto accept alid be giiided by it.

There is also a very important clifference as regards the parties
which mal7 appear before tlie Court in eacli of the two aforemen-
tioiied functions. The Statute makes a very clear distiiictioil between
those entitled to come before the Court seelcing a judgment and

those allowed to request advice. This great diffcrence shoulcl be
borne in inind in order to understand why tlic present Requcst for
an Advisory Opinion should have been declincd.

Article 65 of the Statiite provides that the Court ma\- gi1.e an
Xdvisory Opinion at the recluest of "~vhatever body ma? be autlinr-
ized by or in rtccordancc with the Charter cf tlie LTniteclXatioiis".
In turil, Article96 of the Charter directly provides that the Ge~ieral
Assembly arid the Seciirit~- Council mal- request siich Advisoi-j-
Opinions and, indirectly, if so authorized bj- the General Assembly,
that "other organ5 of the United Kations and the Specialized
-\geiicies" may also recluest siich Xdvisory Opinions. Thercfore,
according to the Statute, only the General Assembly, the Security
Council, other orgails of the United Nations and the Specialized
Agencies niay request Advisory Opinions. States and individuals

are not allowecl to request theni. Unesco, heing a Specialized
-4gency and havi~igbeen granted authorizatioii by the Assembly,
may therefore legally ask for an Advisory Opinion, lhai is to Say,
for a decision of thiç Court, as defined above.

Keither the Gencral Assen~bly,the Security Couilcil, other organs,
Specialized .4gencies, nor individuals may ask the Coiirt to render
a decision in contcntious cases. Articles 34, 35, 36 and 37 of the
Statute, which gover11the jiidicial competencc of che Court, exclude
the legal possibility of their becoming parties in contcntious cases
before the Co~irt.That is the only way in which the rule laid down
by Article 34, paragraph I,can be understood. It says plainly and
clearly :

"Only States may be partiesin cases beforethe Court."

In its three paragraphs, Article 35 only makes reference to States
which may either be or not be parties to the Statute, but they mustliépar cet avis. Il demande simplement à la Cour un avis juridique
au sujet d'une question juridique.
La différence entre les attributions judiciaires et consultatives
de la Cour provient du fait que, dans le premier cas, deux ou
plusieurs parties soumettent un litigeà la Cour, à son autorité
de leur imposer le droit, alors que dans le deuxième cas, il n'existe
pas de litige, pas de parties, et aucune juridiction obligatoire
de décider quant aux droits et aux devoirs en conflit et ce, même
si l'organe qui demande l'avis consultatif peut avoir l'intention
d'accepter cet avis et de se laisser guider par lui.

Il existe également une différence très importante par rapport
aux parties qui peuvent comparaître devant la Cour, dans chacune
de ses deux attributions. Le Statut établit une distinction très
claire entre ceux qui ont le droit de se présenter devant la Cour
pour demander un jugement, et ceux qui peuvent demander un
avis. Cette distinction importante doit être présente à l'esprit
afin de comprendre pourquoi la requêteactuelle d'avis consultatif
aurait dû êtrerejetée.
L'article 65 du Statut dispose que la Cour peut donner un avis
consultatif à la demande de ((tout organe ou institution qui aura
étéautorisé par la Charte des Nations Unies, ou conformément
à ses dispositions ».A son tour, l'article96 de la Charte dispose

directement que l'Assemblée générale ou leConseil de Sécurité
peuvent demander de tels avis consultatifs et, indirectement, que
4(tous autres organes de l'organisation et institutions spécialisées ))
peuvent demander aussi un avis consultatif, après autorisation
de l'Assemblée générale. Il s'ensuit que, aux termes du Statut,
seuls l'Assembléegénérale,le Conseil de Sécurité,les autres organes
des Nations Unies et les institutions spécialisées,peuvent demander
des avis consultatifs. Les Etats et les individus ne peuvent en
demander. L'Unesco, qui est une institution spécialisée,et qui a
reçu l'autorisation de l'Assemblée, est donc habilitée en droit à
demander un avis consultatif, c'est-à-dire à demander une décision

de la Cour dans les limites tracées ci-dessus.
Si l'Assemblée généraleni le Conseil de Sécurité niles autres
organes et organisations ni les institutions spécialisées, ni les
individus ne peuvent demander à la Cour de rendre une décision
dans les affaires contentieuses. Les articles 34, 35, 36 et 37 du
Statut, qui gouvernent la compétence judiciaire de la Cour,
excluent la possibilité juridique qu'ils soient parties dans des
affaires contentieuses soumises à la Cour. C'est la seule façon
dont il est possible de comprendre la règle établie par l'article 34,
paragraphe 1, qui est libellé clairement comme suit :

(Seuls lesÉtats ont qualitépour se présenterdevant la Cour.»

L'article 35 ne traite, dans ses trois paragraphes, que des États
qui sont parties ou non au Statut de la Cour, mais en tout cas,160 DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE CORDOV (~PIN. 23 X 56)

be States for the Court to be open to them in contentious cases.
Article 36, in dealing with the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court,
refers to "States parties to the present Statiite".

In a word, the contentious jurisdiction, the true judicial function
of the Court, covers contentious disputes between States, on.lyand
exclusively.
In debarring individuals from coining before the Court as parties
to "a case", that is, to a contentious litigation, theStatute adopted
the theory that individuals are not subjects of international law.

Attention shoiild be called here to a precedent which seems to be
of importance. The possibility for the International Coztrtof Jztstice
of becominga Coztrtof Appeal with regard to casestried byAdminis-
trative Tribztnals was considered and not acceptedby the frnmers of
the Statztte..he Delegates to the United Nations Conference on
InternationaI Organization at San Francisco had before them a
proposal, drafted in almost identical terms and inspired by the same
ideas 3s the amendments contained in Articles XII and II of the
respective Statutes of the Administrative Tribunals of the Inter-
national Laboiir Organisation and of the United Nations.

At San Francisco the Delegation of Venezuela proposed the
insertion of the following paragraphs in -4rticle 34 of the Statiite :

"Article 34.-(1) Withtheexceptionoftheprovisionsin paragraph 2
ofthisArticle,only States or Membersof the United Nations may be
parties in cases beforethe Court.
(2)As a Courtof Appeal, the Courtwill hace jurisdictionto take
cognizanceover such casesas are triedunder original jurisdictionby
international administrative tribunalsdependent upon the United
Nations when the appeal would be provided in the Statute of such
Tribunals." (United Nations Conference 011International Organi-
zation, Documents, Vol. 13,p. 482.)
Therefore, exactly the same situation as the one which is now
envisaged by the Statutes of the Administrative Tribunals was
under consideration by the Delegates to the San Francisco Con-
ference. The Venezuelan amendment even refers to the possibility

of the Statutes of those Administrative Tribunals providing that
the International Court of Justice should have the neur function
as a Court of Appeal. If the Delegates had wished the Inter-
national Court to act as the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
now requires, they certainly had the occasion to introduce into
the Statute a provision to that effect ;but, on the contrary, the
amendment to Article 34 proposed by the Delegation of Venezuela
was not incorporated in the Statute, thus excluding that legal
possibility.
It is interesting to note that the Delegation of Venezuela, as
well as al1 other Delegations, never thought that such an amend-

87il faut que ce soient des États pour que la Cour leur, soit ouverte

en matière contentieuse. L'article 36 parle des c(Etats parties
au présent Statut » en traitant de la juridiction obligatoire de
la Cour.
En résumé, la juridiction contentieuse, la vraie attribution
judiciaire de la Cour, se limite aux litiges conteiltieux entre les
États, et exclusivenze~ztà ceux-ci.
En interdisant aux individus de se présenter devant la Cour
comme parties dans une caffaire», c'est-à-dire comme parties à
un litige contentieux, le Statut a adopté la théorie que les
individus ne sont pas sujets de droit international.

Il faut ici attirer l'attention sur un précédent qui paraît fort
important. La possibilité pour la Cour internationale de Justice
de devenir un tribunal d'appel poztr des agaires jugées par les
tribunaztx administratifs fzttprise en considération et rejetéepar
les rédacteursdzt Statut. Ce précédent prouve que les délégués à
la Conférencedes Nations Unies sur l'organisation internationale,
à San Francisco, avaient devant eux un projet, rédigéen termes
presque identiques et s'inspirant exactement des mêmes idées
que les amendements contenus dans les articles XII et II des
Statuts respectifs des Tribunaux administratifs de l'organisation

internationale du Travail et des Nations Unies.
A San Francisco, la délégation du Venezuela proposa l'insertion
des paragraphes suivants dans l'article 34 du Statut :
«Article34. - 1)A l'exceptiondesdispositionsdu paragraphe 2dzt
présentarticle,seulsles Etats ou les Membresdes Nations Uniesont
qualitépour se présenterdevant la Cour.
2) Siégeanten degréd'appel,la Courpourra connaltredes litiges
jugésen premièreinstance par destribunaux administratifs inter-
nationaux défiendandt es Nations Unies, dofitle Statut contiendrait
une disposition ceteget.»(Conférence desNations Uniessur I'Orga-
nisation internationale, Documents, vol13, p. 482.)

Les déléguésà la Conférence de San Francisco devaient donc
prendre position au sujet d'une situation exactement semblable à
celle qui est actuellement envisagée par les Statuts des tribunaux
administratifs. L'amendement du Venezuela se réfère même à
la possibilité que ce soient les statuts de ces Tribunaux adminis-
tratifs qui donnent à la Cour internationale cette nouvelle fonction
de Cour d'appel. Si les délégués avaient désiréque la Cour inter-

nationale agisse comme le Statut du Tribunal administratif le
demande actuellement, ils avaient certainement la possibilité
d'inclure dans le Statut une disposition à cet effet ; mais, au
contraire, l'amendement à l'article 34 présentépar la délégationdu
Venezuela ne fut pas intégrédans le Statut, excluant ainsi cette
possibilitéjuridique.
Il est intéressant de noter que la délégation du Venezuela,
comme toutes les autres délégations, n'a jamais penséqu'un tel

87ment dealing with the possible jurisdiction of the Court as a
Tribunal of Appeal, could have any other place than in the chapter
on the contentious competence of the Court and never in connexion
with its advisory function.

When the San Francisco Conference, which drafted and approved
the Statute, did not adopt this amendment, it also, in fact, rejected

the possibility for individuals or for bodies other than States
to become parties in "cases" before the Court. The failure of
the Venezuelan amendment is sufficient evidence, in my opinion,
to show that the Statute completely rejects the possibility for
the Court to play the part of a Court of Appeal in precisely the
same terms in which Unesco has requested the Court to do so
in this case. To my mind, this failure of the Venezuelan amendment
amounts to an advanced denial and clear rejection of al1 Requests
for Advisory Opinions having the effect of an appeal, presented
on the basis of Articles XII and II of the respective Statutes of
the two Administrative Tribunals.

After Article 34 and the Venezuelan amendment had been

discussed in Conimittee 4 of the San Francisco Conference, the
Chairman, Mr. Gallagher from Peru, sixmmarizing the discussion,
stated :
"The pri~icipleinvolved in Article 34 was that States, but not
privateindividualsorinterîaational rganizntions,might be parties to
cases." (United NationsConferenceon International Organization,
vol. 14,p. 141.)

Froin the foregoing, which 1 believe is the correct and only
possible interpretation of the Statute of the Court as a whole,

1 feel justified in concluding that Unesco could have asked for
an Advisory Opinion on an abstract question of law, only if it
were seeking advice, an opinion without legal binding force. An
Advisory Opinion could never have been asked from this Court
in accordance with Articles 34 and 66 of the Statute when, as
in the present instance, the case brought before the Court is a
contentious legal difference between two or more parties, and
when the Organization brings it before the Court with the intention
that it will render-in the guise of an advisory opinion or advice-a
true judgment, a real decision binding those parties.
The confusion made by Articles XII and II of the Statute of
both Administrative Tribunals between the judicial and advisory
functions of the Court in order to transform an Advisory Opinion
into a Judgment is an absolute legal impossibility according to the

only applicable law- :the Statute.
Nobody questioils that what Ijnesco is tryiilg to obtain from the
Court is not an opinion or advice but a binding decision, a judgment.
The \.ery n-ords of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal of
88 amendement traitant de la juridiction possible de la Cour en qualité
de juridiction d'appel pouvait être intégré ailleurs que dans le
cha~itre traitant de la com~étence contentieuse de la Cour et à
auch moment cet amendemint ne se place dans les articles traitant
de sa fonction consultative.
Quand la Conférencede San Francisco, qui rédigea et approuva
le Statut, refusa d'adopter cet amendement, elle rejetaen faitla pos-
sibilité que des individus ou des corps autres que des Etats puissent

devenir parties dans des caffaires » soumises à la Cour. L'échec
de l'amendement vénézuélien constitue une preuve suffisante, à mon
avis, pour montrer que le Statut rejette complètement la possibilité
que la Cour puisse jouer le rôle d'une Cour d'appel dans des condi-
tions exactement similaires à celles dans lesquelles l'Unesco a
demandé à la Cour d'agir dans le cas d'espèce. A mon sens, le rejet
de l'amendement du Venezuela doit s'interpréter comme étant un
refus absolu et un rejet évident de toutes demandes d'avis consul-
tatif qui produiraient le mêmeeffet qu'un appel et qui seraient
présentéespar application des articles XII etII des Statuts respectifs
des deux Tribunaux administratifs.

Après que l'article 34 et l'amendement vénézuélien eurent étédis-
cutés au Comité4 de la Conférencede San Francisco, le Président,
M.Gallagher, du Pérou,faisant un résumé dela discussion, déclara :

((Le principe impliquédans l'article 34étaitque les États avaient
qualitépour se présenterdevant la Cour, mais non les personnes
pvivéesni les organisations internationales). (P. 141, vol. 14de la
Conférencedes Nations Unies sur l'organisation internationale.)
(Traduction.)

De ce qui précède,et qui est, à mon sens, la seule interprétation
correcte et possible du Statut de la Cour, je crois êtrejustifié à
conclure que l'Unesco aurait pu demander un avis consultatif au
sujet d'une question juridique abstraite, et cela seulement si elle
désirait un avis, une opinion sans force obligatoire. Un avis consul-
tatif ne peut êtredemandé à cette Cour par application des arti-
cles 34 et 66 du Statut dans le cas où, comme dans le cas d'espèce,
l'affaire soumise à la Cour est un litige contentieux juridique entre
deux ou plusieurs parties et quand l'organisation soumet ce litige à

la Cour avec l'intention que celle-ci rende - sous l'apparence d'un
avis consultatif -- un véritable jugement, prenne une décision
véritable ayant force obligatoire pour les parties.
La confusion opéréepar les articles XII et II des Statuts des
deux Tribunaux administratifs entre les fonctions judiciaire et
consultative de la Cour, dans le but de transformer un avis consul-
tatif en un arrêt,constitue une impossibilité juridique absolue aux
termes du seul droit applicable, c'est-à-dire du Statut.
Nul ile met en doute que ce que l'Unesco vise à obtenir de la
Cour n'est pas une opinion ou un avis, mais une décision ayant
force obligatoire, un arrêt. Le texte mêmedu Statut du Tribunal

88the International Labour Organisation are the best evidence that
what Cnesco is seeking is revision, a second instance decision, a
final judgment.

The decision of the Court seems to be predicated on the assump-
tion that Article XII of the Administrative Tribunal's Statute
is res inter aLios acta for the Court, meaning that the Advisory
Opinion has nothing to do with the rule laid down by the said
Article XII. With regard to the binding force upon the parties before
the said Tribunal,this rule, directed solely to the Organization and
to the staff members, hacl nothing to do with the Court itself.
It should be rememberecl that the Request itself refers to the
Executive Board of Cnesco as acting within the framework of
Article XII of the Statute in asking for the Advisory Opinion. That
is, the Executive Board found the source of its faculty to ask for
an Advisory Opinion with binding force with regard to the decision
of the Administrative Tribunal precisely in Article XII of the

Statute of that judicial body. If the Executive Board had relied
only on the authorisation of the General Assembly to ask for such
an Advisory Opinion, aild had not relied onArticle XII ofthe Statute
of the Administrative Tribunal, it could not claim that the Advisory
Opinion given by the Court would be binding on the staff members
who were parties to the dispute before the Administrative Tribunal.
The Advisory Opinion thus obtained by Unesco would be a real
Advisory Opinion without binding force. But, by relying on, and
purporting to act within, the framework of the Statute, Unesco
considers itself justified in imposing the Advisory Opinion on its
officials because they accepted the Statute of the Tribuilal in
signing their contracts of employment. Article XII is the only and
the indispensable link between an Advisory Opinion pure and simple

and the Advisory Opinion with a supposed effect of a judgment.
The closest that a Request for an Advisory Opinion may come
to a contentious case, without nevertheless changing its nature, may
be found in Article 82, paragraph 1, and Artide 83 of the Rules of
Court.
"Article 82, para.I.-In proceedings in regard to advisory opi-
nions, the Court shall, in addition to the provisions of Article 96
of the Charter and Chapter IV of the Statute, apply the provisions
of the Articles which follow.It shall also be guided by the provisions
of these Rules which apply in contentious cases to the extent to
which it recognizes them to be applicable ;for this purpose it shall
above all consider whether the request for the advisory opiniogzrelates
to a legalquestionactztally Pending between two or more States."
"Article 83.-If the advisory opinion is requested upon a legal
question actually pending between two or more States, Article 31
of the Statute shall apply, as also the provisions of these Rules
concerning the application of that Article."

In the circumstances envisaged by these Articles, since the States
have not themselves submitted the case to the jurisdiction of the
89 OPIN. DISS. DE 1\1. CORDOV.~ (AVIS 23 X 56) 162

administratif de l'organisation internationale du Travail constitue
la meilleure preuve que l'Unesco désire obtenir une revision, une
décision en appel, un jugement définitif.
Il semble que la décision de la Cour se fonde sur l'hypothèse que
l'article XII du Statut du Tribunal administratif est res inter alios
acta à l'égard de la Cour, ce qui signifie que la règle énoncéeaudit

article XII n'affecte en rien l'avis consultatif. Concernant l'effet
obligatoire sur les parties devant le Tribunal, cette règle, qui ne lie
que l'Organisation et ses fonctionnaires, n'affecte en rien la Cour.

Il faut se souvenir qu'aux termes mêmesde la requête, le Conseil
exécutif de l'Unesco s'est placé, en demandant un avis consultatif,
dans le cadre de l'article XII du Statut. C'est-à-dire que le Conseil
exécutif a précisément trouvé, dans l'article XII du Statut du
Tribunal administratif, la faculté dont il s'est prévalu pour deman-

der un avis consultatif ayant force obligatoire au sujet d'un juge-
ment dudit Tribunal. Si le Conseil exécutif avait uniquement fondé
sa demande d'avis consultatif sur une autorisation de l'Assemblée
générale,sans invoquer l'article XII du Statut du Tribunal adminis-
tratif, il n'aurait pu prétendre que l'avis rendu par la Cour ait
force obligatoire à l'égard des fonctionnaires parties au différend
tranché par le Tribunal administratif. L'avis obtenu par l'Unesco
aurait alors étéun véritable avis consultatif, sans force obligatoire.
Mais, en invoquant le Statut et en prétendant se placer dans le

cadre de ce Statut, 1'Cnesco se considère comme fondée à imposer
l'avis consultatif à ses fonctionnaires, parce qu'en signant leur
contrat d'engagement, ils ont accepté le Statut du Tribunal.
L'article XII constitue le seul et indispensable lien entre un avis
consultatif pur et simple et l'avis consultatif, doté d'un effet sup-
posé être celui d'un jugement.
Le cas dans lequel une requête pour avis consultatif peut se rap-
procher le plus d'une affaire contentieuse, sans que toutefois sa
nature en soit modifiée, ressort de l'article 82, paragraphe 1,et de

l'article83 du Règlement de la Cour :
((Article 82, $al.I. - En matière d'avis consultatifs, la Cour
applique, en dehors des dispositions de l'article 96 de la Charte et
du chapitre IV.du Statut, les articles ci-après. Elle s'iilspire, en
outre, des dispositions du présent Règlementrelatives à la procédure
en matière contentieuse dans la mesure où elle les reconnaît appli-
cables : àcet effet, elle recherche avant tout si la demande d'avis
consultatif a trait ou non à une -question juridique actuellement
pendante entre deux ou plusieurs Etats. ))
« Arttcle83. - Si l'avis consultatif est demandé au sujet d'une
question juridique actuellement pendante entre deux ou plusieurs
États, l'article1 du Statut est applicable,ainsi que les dispositions
du présent Règlementqui pourvoient à l'application de cet article))

Dans les circonstances visées par ces articles, puisque les États
n'ont pas eux-mêmes soumis la question à la juridiction de la Cour,

89Court, the question is only potentially a contentious case. Kerer-
theless Article 83 makes it possible for those States to appoint
ad hoc Judges in compliance with Article 31 of the Statute just as
if the question were actually a contentious dispute ; bzrteven then,
the Adirisory Opinion zelillnot bebinding either on the reqz~estingbody

or on the interestedStates.
The view has also been expressed that Article 34 of the Statute,
which deals only with contentious disputes, has nothing to do with
the present case, because the Court is riot here concerned with a
contentious dispute but only with a Kequest for an Advisory
Opinion ; that the Court is not concerned with "parties" in the
juridical sense of the word, Unesco being the only one appearing
before the Court and that this Court is not obliged and should not
try to ascertain what the real purpose of Cnesco is in seeking such
an Advisory Opinion.
TVith this interpretation of the facts and of the legal position
of Unesco 1 cannot agree. 1 believe ihat the first obligation of
the Court--as of any other judicial body-is to ascertain its own
competence and, in order to do that, it has first to determine what
is the nature of the case which is brought before it. The present
and application of Article XII of the Admin-
Request, by definition
istrative Tribunal, will bc binding on both the Organization and
the private individuals, its officials; it may not be considered
therefore as anything different from a contentious case. It is
impossible to get away from the fact that the officials were neces-
sarily parties in the first instance and they should be so considered
in the second instance as well. One cannot think of this case as
being of two different natures, a contentious case before the Admin-
istrative Tribunal and not a contentious one when it comes before
the Court. TVhenand why shoiild it lose its initial nature ?When it
comes to the second instance before the Court and just because it
is improperly introduced as an Advisory Opinion ? The decision of
this Court is not only connected with, but absolutely restricted to,
the contentious dispute decided by the Administrative Tribunal
between the two parties, the Organization and the individuals.

In the Court's Advisory Opinion of July 13th, 1954 ,nthe "Effect
of Awards of Compensation made by the United Nations Admin-
istrative Tribunal", we find the following passage :
"If he terminates (the Secretary-General)the contract of service
without the assent of the staff member and this action results in a
dispute which is referred to the AdministrativeTribunal,heparties
to this disputebefore the Tribunal, the stag memberconcernedand
the United Nations Organization, represented by the Secretary-
General,will becomebound by the judgrnent of the Tribunal."
Therefore the parties in a dispute decided by an Administrative
Tribunal are the Organization itself and the staff member whoil s'agit seulement d'une affaire contentieuse en puissance. L'arti-
cle ô3 leur permet toutefois de désigner des juges ad hoc, conformé-
ment à l'article31 du Statut, comme s'il s'agissait réellement d'une
affaire contentieuse. Pilais, mêmedans ce cas, l'avis cortszcltatif~ n'a
force obligatoire ni pour l'organismeqzii le demande ni pozrrles Etats
intéressés.
On a également fait valoir que l'article 34 du Statut, ne concer-
nant que la procédure contentieuse, n'a rien à voir avec la présente
espèce, où la Cour ne s'occupe pas d'une affaire contentieuse mais
d'une simple requêtepour avis consultatif ;on a également soutenu

que la Cour n'est pas en présence de (parties ))ail sens juridique du
terme, puisque l'Enesco est seille à se présenter devant elle, et que
la Cour n'est pas obligéeet ne doit pas essayer de rechercher quelle
a étél'intention véritable de l'ljnesco en lui demandant cet avis
consultatif.
Je ne saurais me rallier à cette interprétation des faits et (le la
situation juridique de l'Unesco. Je considère que la .première obli-
gation de la Cour - comme de tout autre organe judiciaire - est
de vérifiersa propre compétence et que, pour ce faire, elle doit tout
d'abord déterminer la nature de l'affaire qui lui est soumise. Le
présent avis, par définition et par application de l'article XII du

Statut du Tribunal administratif, aura force obligatoire à la fois
pour l'organisation et pour ses fonctionnaires, personnes privées ;
il ne saurait donc êtreconsidéré commeautre chose qu'une affaire
contentieuse. Il est impossible d'éluder ce fait que les fonctionnaires
étaient nécessairement parties à la première instance et doivent
également êtreconsidéréscomme tels ?ila seconde. On ne saurait
attribuer à la présente espèce deux natures différentes, celle d'une
affaire contentieuse devant le Tribunal administratif et d'une
affaire non contentieuse devant la Cour. Quand et pourquoi aurait-
elle perdu sa nature primitive au moinent où elle a étéintroduite
en seconde instance devant la Cour, et pour la seule raison qu'elle

l'a étéimproprement, sous forme de requête pour avis consultatif ?
Non seulement la décision de la Cour est liée à l'affaire conten-
tieuse sur laquelle le Tribunal administratif a statué entre deux
parties, l'organisation et les individus, 'mais elle se limite absolu-
ment à cette affaire.
Dans l'avis consultatif rendu par la Cour le 13 juillet 1954 sur
L'effet de jugements du Tribunal administratif des Nations
Unies accordant indemnité », on trouve la phrase suivante :

((S'il (leSecrétairegénéral)met fin au contrat d'engagement sans
l'assentiment du fonctionnaire, et si cette mesure conduit à un
différend soumisau tribunal administratif, les partiesau difiend
Natiolzs Unies,représentéepar le Secrétairegénéral1'O~;et ces parties
seront liéespar le jugement du tribunal. 1)

Il en résulte que les parties à un différend tranché par le Tribunal
administratif sont l'organisation et le fonctionnaire qui a saisi
90brought the action before the Tribunal. This, of course, necessarily
means that, should there be a second instance, the parties must be
the same before the reviewing tribunal, in Our case, before the
Court. That is the essence of an appeal, the essence of a second
instance, the essence of a revision of a decision of a lower court.
The decision of the International Court of Justice to which 1 have
just referred was given in a case where the Statute of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal of the United Nations did not provide for an
appeal to the Court but laid down that its Judgments should "be
final and without appeal". But when the Statute provides for the
possibility of an appeal, may the Court Say that the parties in this
appeal do not exist or are not the same as the ones which argued
the case in first instance before the Administrative Tribunal ?Therc
is no way out :the parties remain the same, they have to be the

same or the decision of the Court would not and could not be binding
upon them.
Article XII of the Statute, the application of which Unesco is
seeking, states :"2. The Opinion given by the Court shall be bind-
ing." Upon whom ? Upon the Organization only ? That is not the
intention of the framers of Article XII. IVhat is wanted is to have
the Advisory Opinion of the Court binding upon both the Organiza-
tion and the staff member. This effect cari never be juridically
attained unless the staff member is considered as a party in the
second instance. Since the Statute prevents individuals and inter-
national organizations, that is to Say, Unesco and its officiais, from
bringing their disputes before the Court and since the present case
is undoubtedly a contentious one, the inescapable legal conclusion
follows that the Court has no competence rationeperso~zae to enter-
tain and give a decision in the present case.

Neither has the Court cornpetence ratione materiae to deal u-ith
this kind of dispute.
This other aspect of the incompetence of the Court also flows
from the Statute. It relates to the nature of the litigation and of
the lasv which the Court has been called upon to apply.
Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, which was
the origin of the Permanent Court of International Justice and
therefore of this International Court of Justice, stated :

"The Court shall be competent to hear and determine any disfiute
of an internationalcharacterwhich the parties thereto submit to it."

These words are the basis of al1judicial activities of the Perma-
nent Court of International Justice and therefore of theInternational
Court of Justice. 1 do not think that anybody can contend that a
dispute between an international organization and a member of its
staff, though a contentious case, is an international dispute, in the
sense that the Covenant of the League of Nations and the Statutes OPIX. DISS. DE M. CORDOV (AVIS 23 X 56) 164
le Tribunal. Ce qui signifie nécessairement et de toute évidence
qu'en cas de seconde instance les parties doivent êtreles mêmes
devant le tribunal d'appel, c'est-à-dire en l'espèce devant la

Cour. C'est l'essence même d'un appel, l'essence d'une seconde
instance, l'essence de la revision d'un arrêt rendu par un tribunal
inférieur. La décision de la Cour internationale de Justice que
je viens de mentionner a étérendue dans un cas où le Statut
du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies ne prévoyait pas
d'appel devant la Cour mais disposait que ses jugements c(sont
définitifs et sans appel 1)Mais la Cour peut-elle, lorsque le Statut
prévoit la possibilité d'un appel, déclarer qu'il n'y a pas de parties
à cet appel ou qu'elles ne sont pas les mêmes qu'en première

instance devant le Tribunal administratif ? Il n'y a pas à sortir
de là : les parties demeurent et doivent êtreles mêmes, ou bien
la décision de la Cour n'aura et ne pourrait avoir force obligatoire
à leur égard.
L'article XII du Statut, dont l'Unesco demande l'application,
porte : « 2. L'avis rendu par la Cour aura force obligatoire. »h4ais
à l'égard dequi ?De l'organisation seule ? Telle n'est pas l'intention
des rédacteurs de l'article XII. Ce qu'ils désirent obtenir, c'est
un avis consultatif de la Cour ayant force obligatoire pour l'Orga-

nisation comme pour le fonctionnaire. Un tel effet ne saurait
juridiquement être produit que si le fonctionnaire est considéré
comme partie à la seconde instance. Attendu que le Statut
n'autorise ni les Organisations internationales, ni les individus,
c'est-à-dire: ni l'Unesco, ni ses fonctionnaires, à soumettre leurs
différends à la Cour, et que la présente espèce est indubitablement
une affaire contentieuse, une conclusion juridique s'impose : la
Cour n'a pas compétence ratione personae pour connaître du
présent différend et pour statuer à son sujet.
Elle n'a pas non plus compétence pour en connaître ratione

materiae.
Cet autre aspect de son incompétence découle également du
Statut. Il ressort de la nature du différend et du droit que la Cour
a étéappelée à appliquer.
L'article 14 du Pacte de la Sociétédes Kations, lequel est à
l'origine de l'institution de la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale, et par conséquent de la présente Cour internationale
de Justice, porte :

«Cette Cour connaîtra de tous digérendsd'un caractèreinter-
national que les parties lui soumettron))

Ce texte est à la base de toutes les activités judiciaires de la
Cour permanente de Justice internationale et par conséquent de
la présente Cour internationale de Justice. Je ne crois pas que
personne puisse soutenir qu'un différend entre une organisation
internationale et l'un de ses fonctionnaires constitue, en dépit
de son caractère contentieux, un différend international au sensof the Permanent Court of International Justice and of the present
Court (Article 34 in both Statutes), refer to international disputes
as "cases".

Article 38 of the Statute is thus worded

"The Court, whosefunction is to decidein accordancewith inter-
national law such disputes as are submitted to it..."

This provision, if correctly interpreted, means that the Court was
set up to apply inter-State law only, because only Statesmay submit
disputes to the Court.

There are times when,an Arbitration Tribunal or this Court have
to deal with municipal law, or any other kind of law and even with
private contracts, when they have to take judicial notice of its
existence, and perhaps even of its correct interpretation. Such a
case was, for instance, the Nottebohm case, and there are many
others, especially those involving the wrongful acts of Governments
against foreigners, denial of justice, direct or indirect responsibility
and the like ; but even then, neither this Court nor the Arbitration
Tribunals apply municipal law ;they only have to judge such cases
according to inter-State law. Municipal law, administrative laws
and private contracts only concern them incidentally, in the same
way as they have to concern themselves \vit11the facts of the case
submitted to them.

Charters of international organizations being, iri fact, conventions
between States form part, as such, of inter-State law. The Statutes
of Administrative Tribunals and the Staff Regulations, al1 dealiiig
with legal relations between the Organization and private indivi-
duals may perhaps be classifiecl as administrative international
law ;but Article 38 of the Statute, quoted abore, dses not give to
the Court the possibility of applying in contentioiis cases such
administrative international law, because in this kind of judicial
controversy brought before the Court, the parties being States, the
onlyinternational latv applicable has to be perforce, inter-State law.
International administrative law would have as milch reason to
be applied by the Court, under Article 38 of its Statute, as inter-
national criminal law, that is to Say the Ststute and the Principles
of the Nuremberg Tribunal. International administrative law and
international criminal law may form part of a wider concept of the
law of nations, but they certainly concern the relations between a

State and individuals and therefore they have no room within the
interpretation of the words "international law" as used in Article 38
of the Statute of the Court. Once having decided to comply with
the Request, the Court had to apply the Statute of the Admin-
istrative Tribunal, the Staff Regulations and the contract between
the parties, Unesco and the individual officials concerned, that is to
92où le Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations, et les Statiits de la Cour
permanente de Justice internationale et de la présente Cour
(articles 34 de l'un et l'autre Statuts) considèrent les différends
internationaux coinine des ((affaires1).

L'article 38 du Statut est ainsi conçu :

((La Cour, do91.tla missiopz est de réglerco~cfovminze~a ztu droit
i~zternatio~zals différendsqui lui sont soumis ..»

Cette disposition signifie, à l'interpréter exactement, que la
Cour a été instituée en vue d'appliquer uniquement le droit
inter-étatique, puisque seuls les Etats peuvent lui soumettre des
différends.
Ilest des circonstances où un tribunal d'arbitrage, oii la présente
Cour, ont à connaître du droit interne, ou de tout autre droit et

mêmedecontrats privés,où ils doivent tenir judiciairement compte
de son existence et peut-être mêmede son interprétation exacte.
Tel a étépar exemple le cas dans l'affaire Nottebohm. Il y en a
bien d'autres, en particulier les cas d'actes injustifiés de gouverne-
ments à l'égarddes étrangers, de déni de justice, de responsabilité
directe ou indirecte et autres cas analogues ; inais mêmedans ces
cas, ni la Cour, ni les tribunaux d'arbitrage n'appliquent le droit
interne ;ils tranchent ces différendsconformément au droit inter-
étatique. Le droit interne, le droit administratif et les contrats
privés ne les intéressent qu'incidemment, au mêmetitre que les

circonstances de l'espèce dont ils sont saisis.
Les chartes des oyganisations internationales étant en fait des
conventions entre Etats appartiennent comnie telles au droit
inter-étatique. Les statuts des tribunaux administratifs et les
statuts du personnel portent les uns et les autres siir les relations
juridiques entre les organisations et des personnes privées,peuvent
êtreconsidérés commerelevant du droit administratif international ;
mais l'article 38 précité deson Statut n'autorise pas la Cour à
appliquer ce droit administratif international en matière conten-

tieuse, parce que les parties aux différendsqui lui sont soumis étant
des Etats, le seul droit international applicable par elle doit néccs-
sairement êtrele droit inter-étatique. Aux termes dc l'article 38
de son Statut, la Cour n'a pas plus de raisons d'appliquer le droit
administratif international que le droit criminel international,
c'est-à-dire le Statut et les Principes du Tribunal de Nuremberg.
Le droit administratif international et le droit criminel international
peuvent relever d'une conception plus large du droit des gens mais,
ayant indubitablement trait aux relations entre Etats et individus,
ils ne relèvent pas du terme (droit international 1)tel qu'il est

employé dans l'article 38 du Statut de la Cour. Ayant une fois
décidéde répondre à la requête,la Cour était amenéeà appliquer
le Statut du Tribunal administratif, le Statut du personnel et le
contrat liant les parties, c'est-à-dire l'Unesco et les fonctionnaires
92I 66 DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE CORDOV OPIS. 23 x 56)

Say, it had to apply "International Administrative Lanr".

The incompetence of the Court ratione ~nateriae,1 believe, is thus
also well established.

What have been the extraordinary practical and juridical conse-
quences of the coi-ifusion between the judicial and tlie advisory
activities of the Court ?
Being parties, Ci-iesco and the officials were entitled to equal
treatment in the administration of ji~stice. They obtained it in
the first instance bcfore the Administrative Tribunal, but were
they ahle to enjoy it before the Court as was their right ? The in-
equality of the parties in the present case is er.ident. o~vingto the

impossibility under the Statute for i~idividuals to come before the
Court and therefore the impossibility for the Court to respect one
of the most fundameiltal and time-honoured principles which
requires equality of the parties before the law and in the exerciw
of their rights Defore tribunals. In an effort to minimize such an
inequality, the Court, on March 16th of this year, decided to depart
from the normal procedure and dispense with the hearings in this
case. This decision wasin harmony with last year's Recommendation
of the General Asseinbly in the sense that, in order to maintain
the equzlity between the parties as much as possible, the interna-
tional organizations, the States and the Secretary-General, n.he1-i
seeking a revision of a decision of the LTnited Nations Tribunal,
should not make oral statements.

With the same idea in mind the Court accepted the very unusual
procedure that one of the parties, Unesco, ~vouldlay before the
Court both, its owi-iarguments and those of the other parties, its
opponents, the Unesco officials. Of course, thisabnormal procedure,
in the sense that it is not in conformity with the norms, only makes
more flagrant the existence of such inequality between the parties.
Even with regard to the written arguments, the inere fact that the
plaintiffs before thedministrative Tribuilal in the procedure before
the Court had to depend upon the goodwill of their opponents to
acr as an intermediary for the presentation of their views having

regard to the unavoidable obstacle of the Statute, the Court, the
highest judicictl organ of the United Nations, was not in a position
to administer justice, in cases like the present one, on the basis of
strict equalitybetnreen the parties.
It has been said that in this case the inequality of the parties
is only apparent because the officials were able to present their
views to the Court. This means, in effect, that although there
was a recognized legal inequality between the parties, in the
sense that they could not both appear on the same footing before
the Court, this legal inequality,in factdid not represent a practical

disadvantage for the staff members.
93 OPIN. DISS. DE M. CORDOV AAVIS 23 X 56)
166
intéressés ; en d'autres termes la Cour a dû appliquer le (droit
administratif international ».

L'incompétence de la Cour ratiowemateriae est ainsi, ce me semble,
nettement établie.
Quelles sont, en pratique comme en droit, les conséquences
extraordinaires de la confusion opéréeentre les activités judiciaire
et consultative de la Cour ?
EI~leur qualité de parties, l'Unesco et les fonctionnaires étaient
fondés à recevoir un traitement égal dans l'administration de la

justice. Elles l'ont obtenu en première instance devant le Tribunal
administratif, mais ont-elles pu en bénéficierdevant la Cour, ainsi
qu'elles y avaient droit?L'inégalitéentre lesparties dans la présente
espèceest évidente, en raison de l'impossibilité pour des individus,
aux termes du Statut, de se présenter devant la Cour et de
l'impossibilité qui en résulte pour la Cour de respecter l'un des
principes les plus fondamentaux et consacrés par le temps, le prin-
cipe de l'égalité desparties devant la loi et dans l'exercice de leurs
droits devant les tribunaux. Cherchant à réduire cette inégalité,la
Cour a, le 16 mars dernier, décidéde s'écarter en l'espèce de la
procédure normale et derenoncer à tous exposésoraux. Cette décision
était dans la ligne d'une Recommandation votée l'année dernière
par l'Assemblée générale et tendant à ce que, pour mettre le plus

possible les pa~ties sur un pied d'égalité, lesorganisations inter-
nationales, les Etats Membres et le Secrétairegénéral s'abstiennent
de présenter des exposés oraux à l'occasion des procédures de
revision des jugements du Tribunal des Nations Unies.
C'est dans le mêmeesprit que la Cour a accepté cette procédure
très inhabituelle dans laquellel'une des parties, l'Unesco, a présenté
à la Cour à la fois ses propres observations et celles des parties
adverses, c'est-à-dire des fonctionnaires. Il va de soi que cette procé-
dure anormale, en ce sens qu'elle ne se conforme pas aux normes,ne
fait querendreplusflagrant ledéfautd'égalitéentre les parties. Même
pour les exposésécrits,le simple fait que les demandeurs auprès du

Tribunal administratif ont dû, devant la Cour, faire appelàla bonne
volonté de la partie adverse comme intermédiaire pour présenter
leur thèse prouve qu'en raison de l'obstacle infranchissable dressé
par son Statut, la Cour, qui est le plus haut organe judiciaire des
Nations Unies, n'est pas en mesure, dans des affairescomme celles-ci,
de rendre la justice sur la base d'une stricte égalitéentre les parties.

On a fait valoir qu'en l'espèce l'inégalitén'était qu'apparente,
les fonctionnaires ayant étémis en mesure deprésenter leurpoint de
vue à la Cour. Ce qui revient à dire en fait que l'inégalité juridique

reconnue entre les parties, en ce sens qu'elles ne pouvaient se pré-
senter devant la Cour sur le mêmepied, n'a pas en fait constitué un
inconvénient pratique pour les fonctionnaires. Even from the practical point of view the inequality existed.
The officials could iiot and may not cal1 upon the Court-as the
Organization was entitled to do-to adji~dicate in second instance
on a decision taken against them ; nor were they able to appear
to arguc the case in oral proceedings before the Court. But even
granting, for the sake of argument, that, from the practical
viewpoint, there would have been equality between Unesco and
the staff members, the fact that the latter are legally precluded
from asserting their own rights themselves constitutes a juridical
inequality which makes it impossible for the Coiirt to administer
justice in strict compliance with the basic principles of justice.

That the Statute requires legal as well as practical conditions
of equality of the parties for the Court to act legally is made

abundantly clear from the wording of Article 35, paragraph 2,
of its Statute, which provides that the Court shall be open to
other States on conditions laid down by the Security Council,
provided that "i?z no case shall such conditions place the parties
in a position of inequality befovethe Court".
If the Security Council must not place the parties in a position
of inequality before the Court, even when the Council itself is
not one of these parties, can a Specialized Agency, such as the
International Labour Organisation or Unesco, create conditions
placing a party, its own opponents, in a position of inequality
before the Court ?
There are, of course, instances in which, even in the absence
of one of the parties, the Court, or any other tribunal, can render
a legal decision. That is the situation envisagea by Article 53 of
the Statute, when one of the parties does not appear or fails to
defend its case. Rut this article deals with a case of a judgment

by default, with the voluntary absence of one of the parties,
and has nothing to do with the legal impossibility to be present
and to defend its own cause, a situation with which the Court
was confronteci in this case.
Some of the Judges also shared the view tliat the Court should
have declined to givc the Advisory Opinion in this case, on the
sole ground that the Court cannot administer justice in accordance
with the well-established principle of equality of the parties in
any judicial procedure. They do not go so far as to Say that this
inequality, being exclusively derived from the Statute, constitutes
in fact and in law the incompetence ratione personaeof the Court.
They are reluctant to admit the incompetence of the Court but,
nevertheless, they have to rely on the fact that the present Request
brings before the Court a contentious case in which the parties,
a Specialized Agency and private individuals, are both precluded
by the Statute from appearing in a contentious dispute. The
inequality of the parties appears both in the first instance as

well as in the procedure before the Court. III the first instance,
94 Or, mêmesi l'on se place du point de vue pratique, l'inégalité
persiste. Les fonctionnairesne pouvaient et ne peuvent ni en appeler
à la Cour, ainsi que l'Organisation était habilitée à le faire, pour
statuer en seconde instance contre un jugement préjudiciable à
leurs intérêts,ni se présenter devant la Cour pour faire valoir leurs
moyens au cours de la procédure orale. Mêmesi l'on admettait, aux

fins de la démonstration, qu'il y ait eu en pratique égalitéentre
l'Unesco et ses fonctionnaires, l'impossibilité où étaient juridique-
ment ces derniers de faire valoir eux-mêmesleurs droits constitue
une inégalité juridique qui empêchela Cour de s'acquitter de ses
fonctions en pleine conformité avec les principes essentiels de la
justice.
Que le Statut exige que les parties soient placéesdans des condi-
tions d'égalitk,du point de vue juridique comme du point de vue
pratique, pour que la Cour puisse statuer valablement, cela ressort
très clairement du texte du paragraphe 2 de l'article 35, lequel
dis~ose aue la Cour est ouverte aux autres Etats aux conditions

régléespar le Conseil de Sécurité,à condition qu'il ne (puisse en
résulterpour lesparties aucune inégalité devanlta Cour 1).
Si le Conseil de Sécurité ne peut mettre les parties dans une
situation d'inégalitédevant la Cour, mêmelorsqu'il n'est pas lui-
même partie, une institution spécialisée comme l'Organisation
internationale du Travail ou l'Unesco peut-elle créer des conditions
telles qu'il en résulte pour la partie adverse une inégalité devant
la Cour ?
Certes, il est des cas où, même en l'absencede l'une des parties,
la Cour ou tout autre tribunal peut rendre un arrêtvalable. C'est un
cas de ce genre qu'envisage l'article 53 du Statut quand l'une des
parties ne se présente pas ou s'abstient de faire valoir ses moyens.

Mais cet article traite d'un cas de jugement par défaut, de l'absence
volontaire de l'une des parties, et cela n'a rieà voir avec l'impossi-
bilité juridique de se présenter et de faire valoir ses moyens que la
Cour a rencontrée en l'espèce.

Certains juges sont d'avis que la Cour aurait dû refuser de donner
suite à la présentc demande d'avis consultatif, pour la seule raison
que la Cour ne pouvait rendre la justice conformément au principe
bien établi de l'égalité desparties dans toute procédure judiciaire.
Ils ne vont pas jusqu'à admettre que cette inégalité,qui découle
exclusivementdu Statut, entraînait, en fait comme en droit, l'incom-

pétence de la Cour ratione personae. Et cependant, s'ils hésitent à
admettre l'incompétence de la Cour, ils doivent invoquer le fait
que la présente requête a introduit devant la Cour une affaire
contentieuse dont les parties, c'est-à-dire une institution spécialisée
et des personnes privées, n'ont, aux termes du Statut, ni l'une ni
l'autre accès à la Cour en matière contentieuse. Il y a eu inégalité
entre les parties aussi bien en première instance que devant la Cour.
En première instance, la personne privée n'était pas admise à

94the individual is not entitled to appeal against a decision of the

Administrative Tribunal while the'other party, Unesco, is entitled
to do so. In the second instance, while Unesco may present written
and oral arguments, the individual has no such legal possibilities.
The source of both inequalities is to be found in the Statute
alone. The framers of Article XII knew perfectly well that the
staff member could never be entitled to ask for an -4dvisory
Opinion or for a decision from the Court, and so they did not
even try to give such a right to the staff members. For individuals
and international organizations to be parties in a contentious
procedure it would be absolutely necessary to change the Statute,
the only means of securing equality for them before the Court.
This fact necessarily means that the Court, according to the
present terms of the Statute, cannot legally act in compliance
with the equality principle, which is the same thing as to Say
that the Court is incompetent or has not the legal possibility
in this case to discharge its functions.

(Signed R). CORDOVA. OPIN. DISS. DE M. CORDOV AAVIS 23 x 56) I68

interjeter appel contre une décision du Tribunal administratif,
alors que l'autre partie, l'Unesco, avait le droit de le faire. En
seconde instance, l'Unesco pouvait présenter des exposés écrits et
oraux, ce que la personne privée n'avait pas le droit de faire. Ces
deux inégalitésont leur source dans le Statut seul. Les rédacteurs
de l'artide XII, sachant parfaitement que le fonctionnaire ne
serait jamais habilitéà requérir un avis consultatif ou un arrêtde
la Cour, n'ont mêmepas essayé de lui donner ce droit. Pour que
des personnes et des organisations internationales puissent se pré-
senter devant la Cour en matière contentieuse, il serait absolument
nécessaire d'amender le Statut, ce qui serait le seul moyen de les

mettre sur un pied d'égalitédevant la Cour. Il s'ensuit qu'aux termes
de son Statut actuel, la Cour ne peut juridiquement respecter le
principe d'égalité, ce qui revientà dire qu'elle est incompétente
ou qu'elle n'a pas, en l'espèce,la possibilité juridique de s'acquitter
de sa fonction.

(Signé) R. C~RDOVA.

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Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Córdova

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