Dissenting Opinion of Judge Read

Document Number
030-19561023-ADV-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
030-19561023-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

1 regret that 1 am unable to concur in the answers given by the
majority of my colleagues to the Questions submitted in the Request.
In general 1 agree n.ith the position taken by President Hackworth

and Vice-President Badawi, but there are certain aspects of the
matter, which, in my opinion, deserve special consideration.

JI>-dificicultiei in concurring in the Opinion are fourfold. The'-
concern: the nature and significancc of the notion of competence
or jurisdiction; and the problems of interpretation arising under
Article XII, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Administratil-e
Tribunal, the clauses in the Judgments which purport to confirm its
jurisdiction, and Question 1.
My first dificulty relates to competence or jurisdiction. Thi5
notion is the principle that a Tribunal must keep within the limits
imposed by law, or by the instrument under which it operates. It
applies at al1 stages of proceedings: commencement; pleadings;
oral proceedings; and, above all, at the crucial stage, delivery of
judgment.
Lack of competence may be raised by preliminary objection, or

during the examination of the merits. In preliminary proceedings,
the tribunal may simply reject the objection to the jurisdiction, or
it may decide, at that stage, that it is competent: but either
finding is interlocutory. 111any event, if, in the course of the exami-
nation of the merits, it is established by a party, or the tribunal
finds of its own motion, that it is incompetent to adjudicate, it
cannot proceed to judgment. This does not mean that the problems
of competence and merits are the same. They are separate in prin-
ciple, although there may be issues of fact and law that are common
to both. What it does mean is that it is the duty of every tribunal--
when the relationship of the parties, the essential character of the
cause of action, and other matters relevant to jurisdiction have
been established-to satisfy itself that it is competent to deliver
the judgmerit and thus to complete the hearing of the case.

This confirmation of jurisdiction is a finding by the tribunal
that, in adjudicating, it is acting within the scope of its authority

to adjudicate, prescribed by law and by the statute under which it
operates. It has nothing to do with the question whether the decision
is right or wrong: that is merits. It is concerned solely with the
duty of the tribunal to respect and maintain the limits imposed
on its authority; the rightness or wrongness of the decision being
irrelevant considerations.
70 My second difficulty relates to the interpretation of Article3XII
of the Statute, which provides that:
"In any case in which the Executive Board ...challenges a
decision of the Tribunal confirmingits jurisdiction,...the question
of the validityof the decision given by the Tribunal shall be sub-
mitted by the Executive Board concerned, for an advisory opinion,
to the International Court of Justice."

1 am disregarding the provision relating to procedural fault,
which was eliminated from the case by Unesco.
Four expressions present problems ofinterpretation : "challenges" ;
"decision of the Tribunal confirming its jurisdiction" ; "the question
of the validity of the decision"; and "shall be submitted". The
first three are directly involved in this case.
There are two ways of construing a text. It can be given its
ordinary and natural meaning; or, when that does not make sense,
it can be given a meaning which, while not doing violence to the
words used, is in conformity with the context and the general
tenor of the document, and which will give effect to the general
intentions of itsauthors, as indicated by its terms and by attendant
-circumstances. 1 shall refer to the first as literal, and to the second
way of construing the text as liberal interpretation.
The expression "challenges a decision", if literally construed,

would connote the fact of challenge and not its substantial quality.
Unesco, acting under Article XII, did challenge the whole Judgment,
in terms broad enough to constitute a challenge to the decision
confirming jurisdiction. Literally construing the word "challenges",
it wouid follow that the Executive Board was empowered to submit
the validity of the decision to this Court, regardless of whether or
not it could substantiate the challenge. But it has been universally
accepted that Unesco can only require the Court to rule on validity
if the challenge proves to be well-founded. Al1unite in applying a
liberal interpretation.

Similarly, liberal interpretation has been given to the last two
expressions referred to above. Strictly, "the question of the validity
of the decision" would cover al1aspects of validity, but it is univer-
sally accepted that it must, in order to give effect to the general
intention of the authors, be restricted to those aspects of validity
or invalidity which result from the competence or incompetence
of the Tribunal. Literally, "shall be submitted" is imperative; but
it is recognized that the Executive Board is under no compulsion
but exercises its political judgment in deciding whether or not to
submit the question to the Court. The second expression-"decision of the Tribunal confirming its
jurisdictionn-gives more difficulty. It is impossible, on the basis
of literal construction, to confine the words to decisions that the
Tribunals were competent to entertain the complaints, and to
listen to the witnesses and counsel, i.e. to exercise the less important
aspects of jurisdiction, because the authors did not choose to use
the words "confirming the preliminary and relatively unimportant

elements of jurisdiction, but ignoring the crucial element, the
delivery of judgment". But 1 do not feel justified in giving a liberal
interpretation to the first three expressions with which 1 have
dealt, and at the same time imposing a literal construction on the
expression now under consideration. Accordingly, 1 shall examine
the nature and historical background of the Article and its relation
to other parts of the Statute.
A precedent was established in 1946 when the Assembly of the
League of Nations refused to give effect to certain judgments of
the Administrative Tribunal, on grounds of nullity. Some of the
officials were from the International Labour Organisation and
when the Organisation was taking over the League Tribunal and
Statute, it became necessary to cope with the problem presented
by the precedent. This was a serious matter, because it imported
into the relation between officia1 and organization an arbitrary
element, and destroyed security of tenure. It was, however, impos-
sible to reverse the precedent, because many members were not
prepared to accept a position in which a judgment of the Tribunal
which was nul1 and void would be binding on the Organisation. A
compromise was reached and embodied in Article XII.

Prior to the adoption of Article XII, the officials were at the
mercy of the Organisation, because there was no legal sanction
against possible action in treating a judgment as a nullity. Under
Article XII, provided that it is liberally construed, the Organisation
can only treat a judgment as invalid if it has been found to be so
by this Court.
For ten years, the provisions of Article XII have stood out as
the only safeguard giving effective protection to officials from
arbitrary action by the Organizations. Restrictive construction
of the expression under consideration, confining the effect of this
safeguard to cases in which there can be found a decision of the
Tribunal limited to the preliminary and relative unimportant
elements of jurisdiction, would narrow the scope of the safeguard,
and enlarge the field in which officials were at the mercy of the
Organizations. 1 am compelled to give a broad and liberal inter-
pretation to a remedial measure, designed to ensure justice and to
prevent arbitrary action.
Apart from the historical background, which so strongly indicates
the need for broad and liberal construction, the context suggests
the same need, with equal force. Here 1 shall mention only one146 DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE READ (OPIN. 23 X 56)

point: Article VIII. The scope of the judgment to be given by the
Tribunal was rigidly confined. It was given competence to "order
the rescinding of the decision impugned or the performance of the
obligation relied upon". In the event that these courses proved to
be impossible or inadvisable, competence was given to "award
compensation for the injury caused ...".The language was imper-
ative, and it is clear beyond argument that the authors of the
Statute intended to confine the Tribunal to these forms of redress.

There was no way in which an Organization could know that the
Tribunal was delivering a judgment which, in the matter of redress,
was beyond its competence, until after the judgment had been
delivered. That would be too late for argument, too late f~ any-
thing but the procedure under Article XII.
Restrictive construction would thus render nugatory the limi-
tations imposed by Article VI11 and it is therefore unacceptable
to me.
It thus appears that a literal examination of the words "decision

of the Tribunal confirming its jurisdiction", a siirvey of the histor-
ical background, and the context, al1 unite in compelling me to
adopt a broad and liberal construction. 1 am convinced that the
authors of the Statute had in mind al1elements of jurisdiction and
that they did not intend to exclude the crucial element, the delivery
of judgment .
My third difficulty in concurring in the Opinion relates to the
interpretation of the clauses in the Judgments of the Tribunal which
deal with jurisdiction.

The first is the seventh clause appearing under the heading
"os COMPETENCE", which reads :
"that by virtue of Article II, paragraph 1, of its Statute, the
Tribunal is competent to hear the said dispute ;"

The reference to paragraph (1) is an obvious clerical error. It
must be treated as referring to paragraph (5),but this is of no
importance asthe link with Article II of the Statute was abandoned
in the dispositive. To avoid confusion 1 shall refer to this clause as

the tentative finding on competence.
The second clause, to which 1 shall refer as the decision confirm-
ing jurisdiction, is in the dispositive. Together with the preceding
and following clauses, it reads :

"OX THE GROUXDS AS AFOPESAIL)
THE TRIBUNAL,

Rejecting any wider or contrary conclusions,
Declares the complaint to be receivable as to form ;

necbayesthat it is compete~z t
Orders the decision taken to be rescinded and declares in lawI.47 DISS. OPIN. OF JCDGE READ (OPIN. 23 S 56)

that it constitutes an abuse of rights causing prejiidice to the
complainant ;
In consequence, shoiild the defendant not reconsider the decision
taken and renew the complainant's appointment, orders the
said defendant to pay to the complainant the sum of $~j,joo,
together with interest at 4 per centum from I January Igjj ;

Orders the defendant Organisation to pay to the complainant the
sum of $300 by way of participation in the costs of her
defence ;..."

(1 have italicized the decision confirming jurisdiction.)

There can be no doubt as to the meaning. This clause was an
integral and operative part of the dispositive. Read with the fol-
lowing clause, it was an unequivocal decision by the Tribunal
confirming its jurisdiction to render judgment based, not on the
provisions of Article II, paragraph 5, but on abuse of rights, a very
different matter.

The use of the present tense, "is competent", places the construc-
tion beyond doubt. The words cannot possibly be construed as
meaning: "Declares that it zelascompetent". The tentative finding
on competence was part of the expositive, and it must give way

to the decisive clause which appears in the dispositive. The decision
by which the Tribunal actually confirmed its decision, the decision
which was challenged by Enesco, and the decision which must
be taken into account in answering the Ouestions in the Request,
is the actual decision which is contained'yn the dispositive andnot
the tentative finding on competence.
My fourth difficulty relates to the interpretation of Question 1
of the Request. In putting the question of jurisdiction to the Court,
Unesco used the expression "Was the Administrative Tribunal
competent ...to hear the complaints ...".The words used suggest
that Unesco wanted the Court's Opinion as to the Tribunal's
competence to hear theco~~plaintsin the widest sense. The expres-
sion "to hear the complaints", if given the ordinary and natural

meaning of the words used, would extend to both the reception
and the disposition of the complaints. But the French text, which
is the original, is, perhaps, less free from doubt in this regard.

Accordingly, it becomes necessary to consider the attendant
circumstances, and to ressort to liberal interpretation. In this way
the true position emerges.
In the first place, the Question should be considered in relation
to the scope of Article XII, under which it was put to the Court;
and also in relation to the scope of the clauses in the Judgments
confirming competence. Both the former and the latter extendedto both the reception and the disposition of complaints. It would
not be unreasonable to interpret the question as extending to the
whole field of competence, as included within the Judgments and
the Article.
In the second place, Unesco has throughout made it clear that
it was intended to raise the question of jurisdiction in the widest
sense. This was done in paragraph 93 of the Written Statement,and
reasserted in the letter from the Legal Adviser to the Registrar
of the Court, dated June 20th of this year.
In the Written Statements, not only Unesco but also the Govern-
ments have discussed the issues on the assumption that the issue
of competence, in the widest sense, was raised by the Questions.
The only doubt arises from some remarks by Unesco, both in para-
graph 93 of the Written Statement and in the letter of June 20th.
It was there suggested that the issue of competence in one aspect
(competence to entertain the complaints) was being raised by
Question 1, and that competence in its other aspect (competence

to dispose of the complaints) was covered by Question II.

To me the question whether the issue of competence to deliver
judgments on matters over which jurisdiction had not been con-
ferred by the Statute should be regarded as arising under Question 1
or II is a matter of slight importance. The important thing is that
the issue has arisen, and must be dealt with.
In my opinion, the proper course to be followed would be to
revise the Questions by striking out Question II, and bygiving to
Question 1 a liberal interpretation, so as to cover both the reception
and the disposition of the complaints. That is the course which the
Permanent Court, and also this Court, invariably followed, when
there was possible discrepancy between the Questions as framed and
the actual legal questions as developed by the Written and Oral
Proceedings.

Examination of these four matters has led me to the following
conclusions :
1st. That Article XII contemplates a decision by the Tribunal
confirming its jurisdiction in its entirety.

2nd. That the clauses in the Judgments confirming cornpetence
must be construed as confirmation based on the actual
position as established in the proceedings, and as confirm-
ing the competence of the Tribunal to deliver the Judg-
ments of which they are parts.
3rd. That Question 1 of the Request should be construed as
raising the issue of competence of the Tribunal to deliver
the judgment.

75 Accordingly, 1 am unable to confine my examination of the case
to the seven clauses which come under the heading "ON COMPE-
TENCE", but find it necessary to look at the whole judgment. In
so doing, 1 shall not consider whether the Tribunal was right or
wrong in any conclusions which it reached concerning the merits.
1shalI not consider whether there was or was not, in fact or law,
non-observance of the terms of appointment or of provisions of
the Staff Regulations; or whether there was or was not, in fact or
in law, an abuse of rights. 1 shall confine myself to the single ques-
tion: did the Tribunal keep within the limits of its competence, as

prescribed by the law and by the Statute? 1 shall begin with the
limitations on the competence of the Tribunal, and then examine
the course actually followed in delivering the Judgments and end
with my own opinion as to the answers that should be given to
the questions.

As regards limitation, 1shall begin with two which were imposed
by the Statute.
By Article II, paragraph 5, the competence of the Tribunal was
restricted to hearing "complaints alleging non-observance, in
substance or in form, of the terms of appointment of officials and
of provisions of the Staff Regulations.. .".

There are three possible constructions to be placed on these
words. The first, based on literal interpretation, is that the Tribunal
is competent to entertain a complaint, provided that there has been
an allegation of non-observance of the terms and provisions, and
notwithstanding that there is no substantial basis for the allegation.

If this construction is accepted, the inevitable conclusion is that
the Tribunal was without jurisdiction; because the complainants
made no such allegation. They did not allege non-observance of the
terms of appointment, or of provisions of the regulations.They put
their cases on an entirely different basis, which was described by the
Tribunal in the following words:
"Having had referred to it a complaint submitted against the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
of 5February 1955by Mr.Peter Duberg, an officia1ofthat Organisa-
tion, asking that the Tribunal be pleased to rescind the decision
taken by the Director-General on 13 August 1954and to enjoin
the Director-General to renew the contract of the complainant
and to pay him the sum of one franc in respect of damages and
legal costs;".
There is nothing there about non-observance.
However, 1 am unable to accept this literal construction, for the

same reasons that led to the universal rejection of a similarconstruc-
tion of "thallenges", in Article XII. The second possible construction is neither literal nor liberal. It
is that, to sustain jurisdiction, the complainant must make out a
prima facie case, but need not prove that the case is, in reality,
based on non-observance within the meaning of Article II, para-
graph 5. That course has its proper place when an objection is
taken to the jurisdiction in preliminary proceedings. But then, the
decision of the Tribunal is interlocutory, and subject to reversal, as
regards competence when, in dealing with the merits, the Tribunal
finds that the actual cause of action is not based on "non-observ-
ance".

1 am unable to accept this construction. There is nothing in the
words used to justify its adoption. 1do not think that the authors of
the Statute intended that the Tribunal should be competent to
entertain a complaint, based on a prima facie case of "non-observ-
ance" ;and that, after that prima facie case had been disproved or
abandoned, it would be competent to proceed to deal with different

causes of action which they had attempted to exclude from the juris-
diction of the Tribunal by the terms of Article II, paragraph 5. 1
am of the opinion that it must be established that the cause of
action is based on "non-observance" before the Tribunal can be
regarded as competent to render judgment. It is noteworthy that
there is not even a tentative finding of "non-observance" in the
expositive and that it was abandoned in the dispositive.

The second limitation was imposed by Article VIII; and 1 do
not need to repeat what 1have said with regard to it. The Tribunal's
competence in regard to the contents of its judgment was subject
to the most stringent limitation. It could not award damages, puni-
tive or otherwise, it could not impose fines or imprisonment or order
equitable reparation; it could only grant the redress for which
Article VI11 made express provision : rescission, specific performance
or competence to "award compensation for'the injury caused".

The third limitation is imposed by positive law. It is a general
principle of law, recognized in national legal systems and by inter-
national jurisprudence, that a tribunal must base its decision on the
legal rights of the parties. In the absence of a special provision in
its statute, a tribunal is not competent to base its judgment ex
aequo et bono.

Keeping these limitations in mind, it is necessary to look at the
course actually followed by the Tribunal in dealing with the cases.
In sor far as the Judgments appeared to be dealing with the question

77151 DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE READ (OPIN. 23 x 56)
of non-observance of the terms and provisions, 1 shall refrain from

comment, as 1am concurring generally with the views expressed by
President Hackworth and Vice-President Badawi. But, after touch-
ing lightly on these matters, the Tribunal was not content to rely
on the grounds set fourth in the Statute. It proceeded to base its
judgment on an entirely different cause of action: "détournementde
pouvoir" and "abuse of rights" l.1 do not need to discuss the pro-
priety of attempting, without statutory authority, to introduce
these notions into international administrative law. It is sufficient

to point out that the adjudication of a cause of action based on
them was beyond the competence of the Tribunal under Article II,
paragraph 5,of the Statute. Further, they were not merely beyond
the scope of this paragraph. They were completely inconsistent with
"non-observance". Both notions were based on the assumption that
the Director-General was observing the terms of appointment and
the provisions of the Staff Regulations, and exercising the legal
rights of the Organization, but that he was exercising the rights

unconscionably, or for motives different from those which the
framers of the Regulations had in mind.

Further, in dealing with the problem of redress, the Tribunal
proceeded in disregard of the limits on its competence imposed by
the Statute, and by positive law. It abandoned the idea of awarding

compensation in pursuance of the provisions of Article VIII, and
decided to award "equitable reparation", a course which was pre-
cluded by the Statute. It abandoned legal considerations, and
decided "That redress will be ensured ex aequo et bonoby the grant-
ing to the complainant of the sum set forth below;".
Finally, when it came to the dispositive, the Tribunal jettisoned
the entire cause of action in so far as it was based on "non-observ-
ance", and relied solely on the cause of action based on "abuse of
rights". The dispositive began with the provision: "Rejecting any

wider or contrary conclusions". Assuming that this provision has
any meaning at all, it must mean that the Tribunal was rejecting
the contrary conclusions, i.e. the complainant's objection dealt with
in section "D" under the heading "ON THE SUBSTANCE" and the
respondent's contentions; and also the wider conclusions i.e. con-
tentions based on any ground other than abuse of rights, such as a
claim based on "non-observance".

1 The expression "détournement de pouvozr", in the unofficialfurnishedion
to the Court by Unesco, has been mistranslas "wrongful exerciof powers".
abuse of right inivate law, the four Judgmentreat them as synonymous and of
interchangeable terms. But even if the first provision, quoted above, has no meaning, the
matter is put beyond al1 doubt by the central operative clause of
the dispositive, which reads:
"Orders the decision taken to be rescinded and declares in law
that it constitutes an abuse of rights causingprejudice to the com-
plainant :".

The words used in this, the crucial clause of the dispositive, leave
no room for doubt that the Tribunal had abandoned the complaint,
in so far as it was based on any consideration other than abuse of
rights.
Before leaving the dispositive, it is necessary to refer to the
declaration which immediately precedes this clause :
"Declares that it is competent ;".

It is unnecessary to repeat the comments already made with regard
to this declaration. It is sufficient to point out that the actual deci-
sion confirming jurisdiction challenged by the Executive Board of
Unesco and presented to this Court for consideration was a declara-
tion by the Tribunal that it was competent to render a judgment
based, not on non-observance of the terms of appointment of officials
and of provisions of the Staff Regulations, but on abuse of rights, a
matter which was plainly beyond the competence of the Tribunal
as established by the provisions of its Statute.

It has been suggested that the foregoing considerations are part
of the merits, and not relevant to the competence of the Tribunal.
But 1 am unable to accept this view because it does not take full

account of what really happened when the four Judgments were
rendered.
Before there had been a position, under the Constitution, the
Staff Regulations and Rules, and the Statute of the Administrative
Tribunal, in which there was an orderly distribution of authority
and functions among the Organs of Unesco as regards staff matters.
Sovereign power was reserved to the Member States, but, subject
to this reservation, general and paramount power was given to
the General Conference and, to a more limited extent, to the Exe-
cutive Board.
By recognizing the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal
of the International Labour Organisation, a field was established
within which disputes between officials and Unesco were to be
dealt with by the Tribunal. But this field, while broad and extensive,
was strictly limited. The Tribunal could not go beyond «non-
observance ...of the terms of appointment of officials and of pro-
visions of the Staff Regulations ...",and there was no authority to
disregard the legal rights of either officials or Organization.

The Director-General, under the Constitution, was "the chief
Administrative officer of the Organization". The Constitution was I53 DISS. OPIX. OF JUDGE READ (OPIN. 23 X 56)
based on the principle of separation of the powers, and his task was
simply to give effect to the common will of Vnesco, as expressed by
the General Conference and ExecutiveBoard. That common will, as
regards staff matters, was largely embodied in the Regulations and

Rules, in which some discretionary pomTerswere conferred on the
Director-General. The General Conference did not choose to
submit these discretionary matters to judicial review, but re-
tained them within its own authority. They were matters in
which the exercise, by the Director-General, of his discretionary
powers was neither absolute nor arbitrary, but subject to control
through the political organs, the General Conference and the
Executive Board.

Henceforth, and as a result of the four Judgments, the orderly
distribution of authority and functions among the Organs-as
established iinder the Constitution, the Regulations andthe Statute

-has been destroyed. By its assertion of competence to proceed
ex aequo et bono, the subjective appreciation of the Tribunal has
been substituted for the rule of law in deciding disputes between
officiais and Organization. By asserting its competence to base its
judgments on abuse of rights, the Tribunal has substituted its own
notions of "the good of the service" and "the interest of the Organi-
sation" for the control by the General Conference and Executive
Board over the exercise by the Director-General of discretionary
powers conferred on him by the General Conference.
In my opinion the bringing about of such a revolutionary change
went far beyond the disposition of the cases on the merits, and
transcended the competence conferred on the Tribunal by the
provisions of Article II, paragraph 5, of its Statute.

Having dealt with the limitations imposed on the competence of
the Tribunal, and the course actually followed in delivering judg-
ment,it is necessary for me to give my own opinion astothe answers
that ought to be given to the Questions set forth in the Request.

1have interpreted Question 1 as raising the issue of the compe-
tence of the Tribunal to deliver the Judgments, -as well as its
competence to deal with the less important parts of the hearing.

Accordingly, my answer is in the negative.
The problem of dealing with Question II does not arise for me.
But if Question 1 is not interpreted as raising the issue of the compe-
tence of the Tribunal to deliver the Judgments, it follows that
80 DISS.OPIN. OF JUDGE READ (OPIN. 23 X 56)
I54
this issue would be raised by Question II. Intevent, my answer
to Question II, clauses (a) and (b), would be in the negative.

My answer to Question III is that the decisions given by the

_Administrative Tribunal are invalid, by reason of lack of juris-
diction under the Statute.

(Signed) J. E. READ.

Bilingual Content

1 regret that 1 am unable to concur in the answers given by the
majority of my colleagues to the Questions submitted in the Request.
In general 1 agree n.ith the position taken by President Hackworth

and Vice-President Badawi, but there are certain aspects of the
matter, which, in my opinion, deserve special consideration.

JI>-dificicultiei in concurring in the Opinion are fourfold. The'-
concern: the nature and significancc of the notion of competence
or jurisdiction; and the problems of interpretation arising under
Article XII, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Administratil-e
Tribunal, the clauses in the Judgments which purport to confirm its
jurisdiction, and Question 1.
My first dificulty relates to competence or jurisdiction. Thi5
notion is the principle that a Tribunal must keep within the limits
imposed by law, or by the instrument under which it operates. It
applies at al1 stages of proceedings: commencement; pleadings;
oral proceedings; and, above all, at the crucial stage, delivery of
judgment.
Lack of competence may be raised by preliminary objection, or

during the examination of the merits. In preliminary proceedings,
the tribunal may simply reject the objection to the jurisdiction, or
it may decide, at that stage, that it is competent: but either
finding is interlocutory. 111any event, if, in the course of the exami-
nation of the merits, it is established by a party, or the tribunal
finds of its own motion, that it is incompetent to adjudicate, it
cannot proceed to judgment. This does not mean that the problems
of competence and merits are the same. They are separate in prin-
ciple, although there may be issues of fact and law that are common
to both. What it does mean is that it is the duty of every tribunal--
when the relationship of the parties, the essential character of the
cause of action, and other matters relevant to jurisdiction have
been established-to satisfy itself that it is competent to deliver
the judgmerit and thus to complete the hearing of the case.

This confirmation of jurisdiction is a finding by the tribunal
that, in adjudicating, it is acting within the scope of its authority

to adjudicate, prescribed by law and by the statute under which it
operates. It has nothing to do with the question whether the decision
is right or wrong: that is merits. It is concerned solely with the
duty of the tribunal to respect and maintain the limits imposed
on its authority; the rightness or wrongness of the decision being
irrelevant considerations.
70 OPIKIOS DISSIDENTE DE M. REAL)
[Traduction]

J'ai le regret de ne pouvoir me rallier aux réponses données
par la majorité de mes collèguesaux questions qui leur sont posées
dans la requête. Tout en étant d'une manière générale en accord
avecla position prise par le Président Hackworth et le Vice-Président
Badawi, j'estime que certains aspects du problème justifient un
examen particulier.
Les difficultés qui m'empêchent de me rallier à l'avis sont de
quatre sortes. Elles portent respectivement surlanature et la portée
de la notion de compétence ou de juridiction, sur les problèmes
soulevés par l'interprétation de l'article XII, paragraphe 1, du
Statut du Tribunal administratif, sur les clauses des jugements
dans lesquels le Tribunal affirme sa compétence et sur la question 1.

Tout d'abord, la compétence ou juridiction. J'entends par là le
principe selon lequel un Tribunal doit demeurer dans les limites
que lui fixe la loi ou l'instrument qui a déterminéses fonctions. Ce
principe s'applique à tous les stades de la procédure, qu'il s'agisse
de l'introduction de l'instance, de la procédure écrite, des plaidoi-
ries et surtout de ce stade crucial qu'est le prononcé de l'arrêt.
Le défaut de compétence peut êtreinvoqué dans le cadre d'une
exception préliminaire ou au cours de l'examen au fond. Dans une
procédure d'exception préliminaire, le tribunal peut rejeter pure-
ment et simplement l'exception d'incompétence ou, à ce stade, se
déclarer compétent: il s'agit dans un cas comme dans l'autre d'une
décisioninterlocutoire. En tout état de cause, si, au cours de l'exa-
men au fond, il est établipar l'une des parties ou par le tribunal, de
son propre chef, que celui-ci n'a pas compétence pour statuer,

aucun jugement ne saurait intervenir. Cela ne signifie pas que les
problèmes de la compétence et du fond soient confondus. Ils sont
en principe séparés,bien que certains points de fait 'ou de droit
puissent êtrecommuns à l'un età l'autre. Cela signifie qu'un tribu-
nal a le devoir - lorsque les relations entre les parties, les carac-
tères essentiels del'es~èceet d'autres oints ~ertinents en matière
de compétence ont ét' éétablis- de Sassure; qu'il est compétent
pour rendre un arrêtet mener l'examen du litige jusqu'à son terme.
Cette affirmation de compétence est une décision du tribunal
qu'en statuant, il agit dans le cadre de son pouvoir de rendre juge-
ment, tel qu'il est tracé par la loi et par le texte qui régitson fonc-
tionnement. Cela n'a rien à voir avec le point de savoir si sa décision
est justifiée ounon, ce qui relève du fond. Il s'agit uniquement du
devoir qu'a le tribunal de respecter et de maintenir les limites

im~osées à son autorité: le bien-fondé de sa décisionest sans ~erti-
nence à cet égard. My second difficulty relates to the interpretation of Article3XII
of the Statute, which provides that:
"In any case in which the Executive Board ...challenges a
decision of the Tribunal confirmingits jurisdiction,...the question
of the validityof the decision given by the Tribunal shall be sub-
mitted by the Executive Board concerned, for an advisory opinion,
to the International Court of Justice."

1 am disregarding the provision relating to procedural fault,
which was eliminated from the case by Unesco.
Four expressions present problems ofinterpretation : "challenges" ;
"decision of the Tribunal confirming its jurisdiction" ; "the question
of the validity of the decision"; and "shall be submitted". The
first three are directly involved in this case.
There are two ways of construing a text. It can be given its
ordinary and natural meaning; or, when that does not make sense,
it can be given a meaning which, while not doing violence to the
words used, is in conformity with the context and the general
tenor of the document, and which will give effect to the general
intentions of itsauthors, as indicated by its terms and by attendant
-circumstances. 1 shall refer to the first as literal, and to the second
way of construing the text as liberal interpretation.
The expression "challenges a decision", if literally construed,

would connote the fact of challenge and not its substantial quality.
Unesco, acting under Article XII, did challenge the whole Judgment,
in terms broad enough to constitute a challenge to the decision
confirming jurisdiction. Literally construing the word "challenges",
it wouid follow that the Executive Board was empowered to submit
the validity of the decision to this Court, regardless of whether or
not it could substantiate the challenge. But it has been universally
accepted that Unesco can only require the Court to rule on validity
if the challenge proves to be well-founded. Al1unite in applying a
liberal interpretation.

Similarly, liberal interpretation has been given to the last two
expressions referred to above. Strictly, "the question of the validity
of the decision" would cover al1aspects of validity, but it is univer-
sally accepted that it must, in order to give effect to the general
intention of the authors, be restricted to those aspects of validity
or invalidity which result from the competence or incompetence
of the Tribunal. Literally, "shall be submitted" is imperative; but
it is recognized that the Executive Board is under no compulsion
but exercises its political judgment in deciding whether or not to
submit the question to the Court. OPIN. DISSIDENTE L)E M. READ (AVIS 23 X 56)
I44
J'éprouve en second lieu des difficultés au regard de l'interpré-
tation de l'article XII du Statut qui porte:

cAucasoù leConseilexécutif ...contesteune décision du Tribunal
affirmant sa compétence ...la question de la validitéde la décision
rendue par le Tribunal sera soumisepar ledit Conseilexécutif,pour
avis consultatif,à la Cour internationale de Justice. »

Je fais abstraction des dispositions relatives à une faute de procé-
dure, que l'Unesco a écartéesdes débats.
Quatre expressions soulèvent des problèmes d'interprétation:

ccconteste »; « décision du Tribunal affirmant sa compétence »;
c(la question de la validité de la décision »; et (sera soumise D.Les
trois premières concernent directement la présente affaire.
Ily a deux manières d'interpréter un texte. On peut lui donner
sa signification naturelle et ordinaire; ou, si cela semble dépourvu
de sens, lui donner une signification qui, sans torturer les mots
employés, est conforme au contexte et à la teneur généraledu
document et donne effet aux intentions généralesde ses auteurs

telles qu'elles résultent des termes qu'ils emploient et des circons-
tances y afférentes. Je qualifierai la première méthode d'interpré-
tation littérale et la seconde d'interprétation libérale.
Si on l'interprète littéralement, l'expression ccconteste une
décision 1s'applique au fait mêmede la contestation et non à son
caractère bien ou mal fondé. L'Unesco,se prévalant des dispositions
de l'article XII, a contesté l'ensemble du jugement en termes
suffisamment générauxpour que cela constitue une contestation

de la décision du Tribunal affirmant sa compétence. L'interpré-
tation littérale du mot (conteste ))conduirait à dire que le Conseil
exécutif avait le pouvoir de soumettre à la Cour la question de la
validité de la décision,qu'il puisse ou non établir le bien-fondé de
sa contestation. Mais il a étéuniversellement admis que l'Unesco
ne peut requérir la Cour de statuer sur la validité que si la contes-
tation s'avère bien fondée. On s'accorde donc sur une interpré-
tation libérale.

C'est également une interprétation libéralequi a été donnéedes
deux dernières expressions dont j'ai fait état plus haut. Stricto
sensu, cla question de la validité de la décision ))s'appliquerait à
tous les aspects de la validité, mais il est universellement admis
que, si l'on veut se référerà l'intention générale desauteurs, il faut
se limiter au seul aspect du problème de la validitéou de l'invalidité
qui résulte de la compétence ou de l'incompétence du Tribunal.
A l'interpréter littéralement, l'expression ((sera soumise )) est
impérative, mais l'on reconnaît que le Conseil exécutifn'est soumis

à aucune obligation mais qu'il exerce un pouvoir d'appréciation
politique en décidant s'il convient de soumettre la question à la
Cour. The second expression-"decision of the Tribunal confirming its
jurisdictionn-gives more difficulty. It is impossible, on the basis
of literal construction, to confine the words to decisions that the
Tribunals were competent to entertain the complaints, and to
listen to the witnesses and counsel, i.e. to exercise the less important
aspects of jurisdiction, because the authors did not choose to use
the words "confirming the preliminary and relatively unimportant

elements of jurisdiction, but ignoring the crucial element, the
delivery of judgment". But 1 do not feel justified in giving a liberal
interpretation to the first three expressions with which 1 have
dealt, and at the same time imposing a literal construction on the
expression now under consideration. Accordingly, 1 shall examine
the nature and historical background of the Article and its relation
to other parts of the Statute.
A precedent was established in 1946 when the Assembly of the
League of Nations refused to give effect to certain judgments of
the Administrative Tribunal, on grounds of nullity. Some of the
officials were from the International Labour Organisation and
when the Organisation was taking over the League Tribunal and
Statute, it became necessary to cope with the problem presented
by the precedent. This was a serious matter, because it imported
into the relation between officia1 and organization an arbitrary
element, and destroyed security of tenure. It was, however, impos-
sible to reverse the precedent, because many members were not
prepared to accept a position in which a judgment of the Tribunal
which was nul1 and void would be binding on the Organisation. A
compromise was reached and embodied in Article XII.

Prior to the adoption of Article XII, the officials were at the
mercy of the Organisation, because there was no legal sanction
against possible action in treating a judgment as a nullity. Under
Article XII, provided that it is liberally construed, the Organisation
can only treat a judgment as invalid if it has been found to be so
by this Court.
For ten years, the provisions of Article XII have stood out as
the only safeguard giving effective protection to officials from
arbitrary action by the Organizations. Restrictive construction
of the expression under consideration, confining the effect of this
safeguard to cases in which there can be found a decision of the
Tribunal limited to the preliminary and relative unimportant
elements of jurisdiction, would narrow the scope of the safeguard,
and enlarge the field in which officials were at the mercy of the
Organizations. 1 am compelled to give a broad and liberal inter-
pretation to a remedial measure, designed to ensure justice and to
prevent arbitrary action.
Apart from the historical background, which so strongly indicates
the need for broad and liberal construction, the context suggests
the same need, with equal force. Here 1 shall mention only one OPIK. DISSIDE'TTE DE hl. READ (AVIS 23 X 56) I45
La deuxième expression - cdéc&iondu Tribunal affirmant sa

compétence ))- soulèvedes difficultésplus graves. Il est impossible,
si on l'interprète littéralement, de la limiter aux décisionsdes Tri-
bunaux sur sa compétence pour connaître des requêtes et entendre
témoins et conseils, c'est-à-dire pour exercer la part la moins
importante de sa juridiction; en effet, les auteurs n'ont pas dit
expressément: caffirmant les éléments préliminaires et relative-
ment sans importance de sa compétence, sans toucher l'objet
essentiel qui est le prononcé du jugement ))Il me semble toutefois
difficile d'imposer une interprétation libérale aux trois premières

expressions dont j'ai traité et en mêmetemps d'interpréter litté-
ralement l'expression actuellement en examen. C'est pourquoi
j'examinerai tour à tour la nature et l'origine de l'article XII et sa
place dans l'ensemble du Statut.
Un précédent a été établien 1946 lorsque l'Assemblée de la
Sociétédes Nations a refusé de donner effet à certains jugements
du Tribunal administratif qu'elle considérait comme entachés de
nullité. Certains des fonctionnaires en cause ayant appartenu àl'Or-
ganisation internationale du Travail, il apparut nécessaire, lorsque
cette Organisation reprit le Tribunal de la SociétédesNations et son

Statut, de résoudrele problème posépar ce précédent.La question
était grave, en ce qu'elle introduisait dans les relations des fonc-
tionnaires avec l'organisation un élémentd'arbitraire et leur ôtait
toute sécuritédans leur e,mploi. Il fut impossible de renverser le
précédent, nombre des Etats Membres n'étant pas disposés à
accepter qu'un jugement du Tribunal qui était nul et non avenu
ait force obligatoire pour l'organisation. L'article XII représente
une solution de compromis.
Avant son adoption, les fonctionnaires étaient à la discrétion de

l'organisation, faute de recours juridique au cas où un jugement
serait considéré commeentaché de nullité. Aux termes de l'arti-
cle XII, si toutefois on l'interprète libéralement, l'organisation ne
peut considérer un jugement comme sans valeur que si la Cour en
a décidéainsi.
Pendant dix ans, l'article XII a constitué la seule sauvegarde
offrant aux fonctionnaires une protection efficace contre l'arbitraire
des Organisations qui les employaient. Si, par une interprétation
restrictive de l'expression en cause, on limite les effets de cette

sauvegarde aux décisionsdu Tribunal limitées aux élémentspréli-
minaires et relativement sans importance de sa compétence, cela
en restreindrait la portée et augmenterait la mesure dans laquelle
les fonctionnaires sont à la merci de leurs Organisations. Pour ma
part, je ne puis que donner une interprétation large et libérale à
un recours destiné à assurer la justice et à prévenir toute mesure
arbitraire.
En dehors des considérations historiques qui militent si fortement
en faveur d'une interprétation large et libérale, le contexte suggère
avec autant de force la mêmenécessité.Je me bornerai à citer à cet146 DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE READ (OPIN. 23 X 56)

point: Article VIII. The scope of the judgment to be given by the
Tribunal was rigidly confined. It was given competence to "order
the rescinding of the decision impugned or the performance of the
obligation relied upon". In the event that these courses proved to
be impossible or inadvisable, competence was given to "award
compensation for the injury caused ...".The language was imper-
ative, and it is clear beyond argument that the authors of the
Statute intended to confine the Tribunal to these forms of redress.

There was no way in which an Organization could know that the
Tribunal was delivering a judgment which, in the matter of redress,
was beyond its competence, until after the judgment had been
delivered. That would be too late for argument, too late f~ any-
thing but the procedure under Article XII.
Restrictive construction would thus render nugatory the limi-
tations imposed by Article VI11 and it is therefore unacceptable
to me.
It thus appears that a literal examination of the words "decision

of the Tribunal confirming its jurisdiction", a siirvey of the histor-
ical background, and the context, al1 unite in compelling me to
adopt a broad and liberal construction. 1 am convinced that the
authors of the Statute had in mind al1elements of jurisdiction and
that they did not intend to exclude the crucial element, the delivery
of judgment .
My third difficulty in concurring in the Opinion relates to the
interpretation of the clauses in the Judgments of the Tribunal which
deal with jurisdiction.

The first is the seventh clause appearing under the heading
"os COMPETENCE", which reads :
"that by virtue of Article II, paragraph 1, of its Statute, the
Tribunal is competent to hear the said dispute ;"

The reference to paragraph (1) is an obvious clerical error. It
must be treated as referring to paragraph (5),but this is of no
importance asthe link with Article II of the Statute was abandoned
in the dispositive. To avoid confusion 1 shall refer to this clause as

the tentative finding on competence.
The second clause, to which 1 shall refer as the decision confirm-
ing jurisdiction, is in the dispositive. Together with the preceding
and following clauses, it reads :

"OX THE GROUXDS AS AFOPESAIL)
THE TRIBUNAL,

Rejecting any wider or contrary conclusions,
Declares the complaint to be receivable as to form ;

necbayesthat it is compete~z t
Orders the decision taken to be rescinded and declares in lawégard l'article VIII. La portée des décisions à rendre par le Tribunal
y est strictement délimitée. Il a compétence pour c(ordonner)
l'annulation de la décisioncontestée ou l'exécutionde l'obligation 1).
Si ces mesures s'avèrent impossibles ou inopportunes, il a compé-
tence pour (((attribuer) ..une indemnité pour le préjudice souffert ».
Ce texte est impératif; il ne fait pas de doute que les auteurs du
Statut ont entendu limiter le pouvoir du Tribunal à ces formes de

réparation. L'Organisation n'a aucun moyen de savoir si le Tribunal
rend un jugement dépassant sa compétenceenmatière de réparation,
jusqu'à ce que ce jugement ait étérendu. Mais il est alors trop tard
pour toute contestation, trop tard pour toute autre procédure que
&lle qui est prévue à l'article XII.

C'est pourquoi une interprétation littérale ôtant toute valeur aux
limitations imposées par l'article VI11 me semble inacceptable.

Il s'ensuit qu'un examen littéral des mots (dé'cisiondu Tribunal
affirmant sa compétence »,aussi bien que l'étude de l'historique et
du contexte de l'article, m'obligent à adopter une interprétation
large et libérale de cette expression. Je suis convaincu que les

auteurs du Statut pensaient à tous les élémentsde la juridiction
et n'entendaient pas en exclure le plus important, c'est-à-dire le
prononcé du jugement.
La troisième raison qui m'empêchede me rallier à l'avis a trait
à l'interprétation des clauses des jugements du Tribunal relatives
à sa compétence.
Je mentionnerai tout d'abord la septième clause de la section

((SUR LA COMPÉTENCE », qui énonce:
((Qu'envertu de l'article II, paragraphe I, de son propre Statut,
le Tribunal est compétent pour s'en saisir ;»

La mention du paragraphe I constituede toute évidenceune coquille.
Il s'agit en fait du paragraphe 5, mais cela n'a point d'importance,

puisque la référenceà l'article II du Statut a étéabandonnée dans
le dispositif. En vue d'éviter des confusions, je désignerai ci-après
cette clause comme tentative de conclusion sur la compétence.
La deuxième clause que je désigneraici-après comme la décision
affirmant la compétence se trouve dans le dispositif. J'en donne le
texte en mêmetemps que celui des alinéas qui la précèdent et la
suivent :

<(PAR CES MOTIFS

LE TRIBUNAL,
Rejetant toutes conclusions plus amples ou contraires,

Reçoit la requêteen la forme ;
Se déclarecom+ételz;t

Prononce l'annulation de la décisionentreprise et dit pour droitI.47 DISS. OPIN. OF JCDGE READ (OPIN. 23 S 56)

that it constitutes an abuse of rights causing prejiidice to the
complainant ;
In consequence, shoiild the defendant not reconsider the decision
taken and renew the complainant's appointment, orders the
said defendant to pay to the complainant the sum of $~j,joo,
together with interest at 4 per centum from I January Igjj ;

Orders the defendant Organisation to pay to the complainant the
sum of $300 by way of participation in the costs of her
defence ;..."

(1 have italicized the decision confirming jurisdiction.)

There can be no doubt as to the meaning. This clause was an
integral and operative part of the dispositive. Read with the fol-
lowing clause, it was an unequivocal decision by the Tribunal
confirming its jurisdiction to render judgment based, not on the
provisions of Article II, paragraph 5, but on abuse of rights, a very
different matter.

The use of the present tense, "is competent", places the construc-
tion beyond doubt. The words cannot possibly be construed as
meaning: "Declares that it zelascompetent". The tentative finding
on competence was part of the expositive, and it must give way

to the decisive clause which appears in the dispositive. The decision
by which the Tribunal actually confirmed its decision, the decision
which was challenged by Enesco, and the decision which must
be taken into account in answering the Ouestions in the Request,
is the actual decision which is contained'yn the dispositive andnot
the tentative finding on competence.
My fourth difficulty relates to the interpretation of Question 1
of the Request. In putting the question of jurisdiction to the Court,
Unesco used the expression "Was the Administrative Tribunal
competent ...to hear the complaints ...".The words used suggest
that Unesco wanted the Court's Opinion as to the Tribunal's
competence to hear theco~~plaintsin the widest sense. The expres-
sion "to hear the complaints", if given the ordinary and natural

meaning of the words used, would extend to both the reception
and the disposition of the complaints. But the French text, which
is the original, is, perhaps, less free from doubt in this regard.

Accordingly, it becomes necessary to consider the attendant
circumstances, and to ressort to liberal interpretation. In this way
the true position emerges.
In the first place, the Question should be considered in relation
to the scope of Article XII, under which it was put to the Court;
and also in relation to the scope of the clauses in the Judgments
confirming competence. Both the former and the latter extended qu'elle constitue un abus 'de droit préjudiciable ;

En conséquence, à défaut par la partie défenderessede reconsi-
dérerla décisionentreprise dans le sens de renouvellement de
l'engagement du requérant, la condamne à payer au requérant
la somme de 15.500 dollars, ensemble avec les intérêts à
4 pour cent à partir du ~er janvier 1955 ;
Condamne l'organisation défenderesse à payer en outre au re-
quérant la somme de 300 dollars à titre de participation à ses
frais de défense ;...»
(Je mets en italiques la décisionaffirmative de compétence.)

Il ne saurait y avoir de doute sur l'interprétation de cette clause.
Elle constitue une partie intégrante et essentielle du dispositif. Lue

en mêmetemps que l'alinéa qui la suit, elle constitue une affirma-
tion sans équivoque par le Tribunal de sa compétence en vue de
rendre un jugement fondé non sur les dispositions de l'article II,
paragraphe 5, mais sur un abus de droit, ce qui est tout àfait diffé-
rent.
L'utilisation du présent, ((se déclarecompétent ))rend l'interpré-
tation de cette phrase indubitable. Il est impossible de l'interpréter
comme signifiant: (déclare qu'il étaitcompétent ».La tentative de
conclusion sur la compétence figure dans les attendus et doit s'ef-

facer devant la clause décisivedu dispositif. La décisionpar laquelle
le Tribunal s'est déclarécompétent, décisionque l'Unesco a contes-
tée et sur laquelle il convient de se fonder en vue de répondre aux
questions posées dans la requête, est la décision réellequi figure
dans le dispositif et non la tentative de conclusion sur la compé-
tence.
J'éprouve en quatrième lieu des difficultés quant à l'interpréta-
tion de la question 1 de la requête. En soumettant cette question à
la Cour, l'Unesco s'est servie de l'expression ((LeTribunal adminis-

tratif était-il compétent ... pour connaître des requêtes ...». Cela
tend à indiquer que l'Unesco désirait connaître l'avis de la Cour sur
la compétence du Tribunal pour connaitre des requêtes au sens le
plus large. Si l'on donne à l'expression ((connaître des requêtes 1)le
sens naturel et ordinaire des mots dont elle se compose, elle doit
s'étendre à la fois au fait de recevoir les requêteset de statuer à leur
sujet. Le texte français, qui constitue le texte original, suscite peut-
être encore moins de doute à cet égard.
Il devient ainsi nécessaire de tenir compte des circonstances de
l'espèce et d'avoir recours à une interprétation libérale. C'est alors

que la question s'éclaire sous son vrai jour.
Tout d'abord, elle doit êtreconsidérée à la lumière de la portée
de l'article XII aux termes duquel elle a étésoumise à la Cour, et
par rapport à la portée des clauses du jugement par lesquelles le
Tribunal s'est déclarécompétent. Dans un cas comme dans l'autre,to both the reception and the disposition of complaints. It would
not be unreasonable to interpret the question as extending to the
whole field of competence, as included within the Judgments and
the Article.
In the second place, Unesco has throughout made it clear that
it was intended to raise the question of jurisdiction in the widest
sense. This was done in paragraph 93 of the Written Statement,and
reasserted in the letter from the Legal Adviser to the Registrar
of the Court, dated June 20th of this year.
In the Written Statements, not only Unesco but also the Govern-
ments have discussed the issues on the assumption that the issue
of competence, in the widest sense, was raised by the Questions.
The only doubt arises from some remarks by Unesco, both in para-
graph 93 of the Written Statement and in the letter of June 20th.
It was there suggested that the issue of competence in one aspect
(competence to entertain the complaints) was being raised by
Question 1, and that competence in its other aspect (competence

to dispose of the complaints) was covered by Question II.

To me the question whether the issue of competence to deliver
judgments on matters over which jurisdiction had not been con-
ferred by the Statute should be regarded as arising under Question 1
or II is a matter of slight importance. The important thing is that
the issue has arisen, and must be dealt with.
In my opinion, the proper course to be followed would be to
revise the Questions by striking out Question II, and bygiving to
Question 1 a liberal interpretation, so as to cover both the reception
and the disposition of the complaints. That is the course which the
Permanent Court, and also this Court, invariably followed, when
there was possible discrepancy between the Questions as framed and
the actual legal questions as developed by the Written and Oral
Proceedings.

Examination of these four matters has led me to the following
conclusions :
1st. That Article XII contemplates a decision by the Tribunal
confirming its jurisdiction in its entirety.

2nd. That the clauses in the Judgments confirming cornpetence
must be construed as confirmation based on the actual
position as established in the proceedings, and as confirm-
ing the competence of the Tribunal to deliver the Judg-
ments of which they are parts.
3rd. That Question 1 of the Request should be construed as
raising the issue of competence of the Tribunal to deliver
the judgment.

75il s'agit aussi bien de recevoir des requêtesque de statuer à leur
sujet. Il n'est donc pas déraisonnable de considérerque la question
s'étend à tout le problème de la compétence tel qu'il est posépar
les jugements et par l'article XII.
En second lieu, l'Unesco a constamment précisé qu'elleentendait
soulever la question de compétencedans son sens le plus large. Ceci
fut fait dans le paragraphe 93 de son exposéécritet affirméde nou-
veau Dar la lettre de son conseiller iuridiaue au Greffier de la Cour
en dAe du 20 juin dernier.
Dans leurs exposésécrits,l'Unesco comme les Gouvernements se

sont fondéssur l'hypothèse que les questions soulevaient le point de
compétence dans son acception la plus large. Le seul doute qui
puisse s'élever à cet égard provient de quelques observations pré-
sentées par l'Unesco dans le paragraphe 93 de son exposéécrit et
dansla lettre du 20 juin, et tendant à indiquer que le point de com-
pétence en un de ses aspects (la compétencede connaître des requê-
tes) était soulevédans la question 1, et que ce problème, sous un
autre aspect (la compétence de statuer sur les requêtes)était posé
dans la question II.
J'attache pour ma part une importance très réduite à la question
de savoir si la compétence en vue de statuer sur des questions au
sujet desquelles le Statut ne confèrepas juridiction se pose dans le
cadre de la question 1 ou de la question II. Ce qui importe est de

savoir que le problème a étéposéet doit êtrerésolu.
J'estime qu'il conviendrait de reviser les questions, en suppri-
mant la question II et en interprétant la question 1d'une manière
libérale, comme couvrant à la fois le fait de connaître des requêtes
et de statuer àleur sujet. C'estla procédureque la Cour permanente
et la présente Cour ont invariablement suivie lorsqu'il pouvait y
avoir une disparité entre le texte des questions et les vrais points de
droit soulevésdans les procédures écriteset orales.

L'examen de ces quatre points m'a conduit à adopter les conclu-
sions suivantes :
IO L'article XII envisage une décisionpar laquelle le Tribunal
affirme sa compétence dans son intégralité.

2" Les clauses des jugements affirmant la compétencedoivent être
considérées commeune affirmation fondée sur la situation
véritable établieau cours de la procédure,et comme affirmant
que le Tribunal est compétent pour prononcer les jugements
dont elles font partie.
3' La question 1de la requêtedoit êtreinterprétéecomme soule-
vant la question de savoir si le Tribunal est compétent pour
statuer au fond.

75 Accordingly, 1 am unable to confine my examination of the case
to the seven clauses which come under the heading "ON COMPE-
TENCE", but find it necessary to look at the whole judgment. In
so doing, 1 shall not consider whether the Tribunal was right or
wrong in any conclusions which it reached concerning the merits.
1shalI not consider whether there was or was not, in fact or law,
non-observance of the terms of appointment or of provisions of
the Staff Regulations; or whether there was or was not, in fact or
in law, an abuse of rights. 1 shall confine myself to the single ques-
tion: did the Tribunal keep within the limits of its competence, as

prescribed by the law and by the Statute? 1 shall begin with the
limitations on the competence of the Tribunal, and then examine
the course actually followed in delivering the Judgments and end
with my own opinion as to the answers that should be given to
the questions.

As regards limitation, 1shall begin with two which were imposed
by the Statute.
By Article II, paragraph 5, the competence of the Tribunal was
restricted to hearing "complaints alleging non-observance, in
substance or in form, of the terms of appointment of officials and
of provisions of the Staff Regulations.. .".

There are three possible constructions to be placed on these
words. The first, based on literal interpretation, is that the Tribunal
is competent to entertain a complaint, provided that there has been
an allegation of non-observance of the terms and provisions, and
notwithstanding that there is no substantial basis for the allegation.

If this construction is accepted, the inevitable conclusion is that
the Tribunal was without jurisdiction; because the complainants
made no such allegation. They did not allege non-observance of the
terms of appointment, or of provisions of the regulations.They put
their cases on an entirely different basis, which was described by the
Tribunal in the following words:
"Having had referred to it a complaint submitted against the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
of 5February 1955by Mr.Peter Duberg, an officia1ofthat Organisa-
tion, asking that the Tribunal be pleased to rescind the decision
taken by the Director-General on 13 August 1954and to enjoin
the Director-General to renew the contract of the complainant
and to pay him the sum of one franc in respect of damages and
legal costs;".
There is nothing there about non-observance.
However, 1 am unable to accept this literal construction, for the

same reasons that led to the universal rejection of a similarconstruc-
tion of "thallenges", in Article XII. OPIY. DISSIDENTE DE JI. READ (AVIS 23 X 56) I49

Il m'est, par conséquent, impossible de me contenter d'examiner
l'affaire dans le cadre des sept questions qui sont rangées sous la
rubrique (SUR LA COMPÉTENCE », et je crois nécessaire d'examiner
l'ensemble du jugement. Ce faisant, je ne me demanderai pas si c'est
à tort ou à raison que le Tribunal a tirécertaines conclusions quant

au fond. Je ne me demanderai pas non plus s'il y a eu ou non, en
fait ou en droit, inobservation des stipulations du contrat d'engage-
ment ou des dispositions du Statut du personnel, ou encore s'il y
a eu ou non, en fait ou en droit, abus de droit. Je me concentrerai
sur une seule question, celle de savoir si le Tribunal est resté dans
les limites de sa compétence telles qu'elles sont définiespar le droit
et par le Statut. J'examinerai d'abord les limitations apportées à la
compétence du Tribunal, je considérerai ensuite la voie qui a été

effectivement suivie pour aboutir au prononcé des jugements et je
terminerai en indiquant quelles sont, à mon avis, les réponses qui
devraient êtredonnées aux questions posées.
Pour ce qui est des limitations à la compétence du Tribunal, j'en
mentionnerai tout d'abord deux qui sont imposées par le Statut.
Aux termes du paragraphe 5 de l'article II, le Tribunaln'est com-
pétent que pour connaître cdes requêtes invoquant l'inobservation,
soit quant au fond, soit quant à la forme, desstipulations du contrat
d'engagement des fonctionnaires ou des dispositions du Statut du

personnel.. .D.
On peut donner de ces termes trois interprétations différentes.
Suivant une première interprétation, fondée sur la lettre du texte,
le Tribunal est compétent pour connaître d'une requête, à condition
que soit invoquée l'inobservation des stipulations et des dispositions,
et indépendamment de savoir si les allégations du requérant ont un
fondement matériel.
Si l'on admetcette interprétation, il faut nécessairement conclure

que le Tribunal n'était pas compétent pour le motif que les requé-
rants n'ont pas formulé de telles allégations. Ils n'ont pas invoqué
l'inobservation des stipulations du contrat d'engagement ou des
dispositions du Statut. Ils ont eu recours à des moyens totalement
différents, que le Tribunal a décrits dans les termes suivants:

(Saisi d'une requêteprésentéeen date du j février 1955contre
l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Education, la Science et
la Culture par M. Peter Duberg, membre du personnel de cette ins-
titution, requêtetendant à ce qu'il plaise au Tribunal d'anniiler
la décisiondu 13 août 1954et d'inviter le Directeur général à
renou.iielerle contrat du requérant et de lui allouer la somme de un
franc de dommages-intérets et des frais légauxde droit ;1).

Il n'est nullement question d'inobservation.
Pour ma part, je ne puis admettre cette interprétation littérale

et ce, pour les mêmesraisons qui ont amené à rejeter unanimement
une, interprétation analogue du terme ccconteste )) qui figure à
l'article XII.
76 The second possible construction is neither literal nor liberal. It
is that, to sustain jurisdiction, the complainant must make out a
prima facie case, but need not prove that the case is, in reality,
based on non-observance within the meaning of Article II, para-
graph 5. That course has its proper place when an objection is
taken to the jurisdiction in preliminary proceedings. But then, the
decision of the Tribunal is interlocutory, and subject to reversal, as
regards competence when, in dealing with the merits, the Tribunal
finds that the actual cause of action is not based on "non-observ-
ance".

1 am unable to accept this construction. There is nothing in the
words used to justify its adoption. 1do not think that the authors of
the Statute intended that the Tribunal should be competent to
entertain a complaint, based on a prima facie case of "non-observ-
ance" ;and that, after that prima facie case had been disproved or
abandoned, it would be competent to proceed to deal with different

causes of action which they had attempted to exclude from the juris-
diction of the Tribunal by the terms of Article II, paragraph 5. 1
am of the opinion that it must be established that the cause of
action is based on "non-observance" before the Tribunal can be
regarded as competent to render judgment. It is noteworthy that
there is not even a tentative finding of "non-observance" in the
expositive and that it was abandoned in the dispositive.

The second limitation was imposed by Article VIII; and 1 do
not need to repeat what 1have said with regard to it. The Tribunal's
competence in regard to the contents of its judgment was subject
to the most stringent limitation. It could not award damages, puni-
tive or otherwise, it could not impose fines or imprisonment or order
equitable reparation; it could only grant the redress for which
Article VI11 made express provision : rescission, specific performance
or competence to "award compensation for'the injury caused".

The third limitation is imposed by positive law. It is a general
principle of law, recognized in national legal systems and by inter-
national jurisprudence, that a tribunal must base its decision on the
legal rights of the parties. In the absence of a special provision in
its statute, a tribunal is not competent to base its judgment ex
aequo et bono.

Keeping these limitations in mind, it is necessary to look at the
course actually followed by the Tribunal in dealing with the cases.
In sor far as the Judgments appeared to be dealing with the question

77 La deuxiéme interprétation possible n'est ni littérale, ni libérale.
Elle consiste à dire que, si l'on veut que la compétence puisse être
affirmée, il faut que le requérant fournisse un commencement de
preuve, sans qu'il lui soit besoin de prouver, toutefois, que l'affaire
est réellement fondéesur l'inobservation au sens du paragraphe 5
del'article II. Cette conception se justifie lorsqu'une exception d'in-

compétence est soulevéedans les phases préliminaires de la procé-
dure. Dans ce cas, la décisiondu Tribunal est interlocutoire et sus-
ceptible d'êtrerenversée, pour ce qui est de la compétence, lorsque,
traitant du fond, le Tribunal constate que les véritables motifs de la
requêtene sont pas fondéssur l'ccinobservation 1).
Il m'est pourtant impossible d'admettre cette interprétation.
Aucune disposition des textes ne la justifie. Je ne crois pas que les
auteurs du Statut aient voulu que le Tribunal soit compétent pour
connaître d'une requête fondée sur un commencement de preuve
d'ccinobservation »,ni que, une fois que le commencement de preuve
aurait été infirmé ou abandonné, il soit compétent pour examiner

différents motifs de réclamation qu'ils se sont efforcésd'enlever à la
compétence du Tribunal aux termes du paragraphe 5 de l'article II.
A mon sens, il faut d'abord établir que les motifs de la requêtesont
fondés sur l'ccinobservation 1)avant que le Tribunal puisse être
considéré commecompétent pour prononcer un jugement. Il est
remarquable que les attendus ne contiennent pas mêmeune tenta-
tive de conclusion dans le sens de l'ccinobservation ))et que celle-ci
n'est plus mentionnée dans le dispositif.
La deuxième limitation résulte de l'article VI11 et il est inutile
que je répète ce que j'ai déjà dit à ce sujet. La compétence du
Tribunal, en ce qui concerne la teneur de son jugement, est soumise

à la plus stricte limitation. Il ne lui est pas loisible d'accorder des
dommages-intérêts, à titre de pénalitéou autrement, ni d'infliger
des amendes ou des peines d'emprisonnement, ni d'ordonner une
réparation équitable; il a simplement la faculté d'accorder le
redressement qui est expressément prévu à l'article VIII, à savoir
l'annulation de la décision, l'exécution effective ou l'octroi d'une
ccindemnité pour le préjudice souffer't ».
La troisième limitation résulte du droit positif. Suivant un prin-
cipe généraldu droit, qui est reconnu dans les systèmes juridiques
des différents pays et par la jurisprudence internationale, un tribu-
nal doit fonder ses décisionssur les droits juridiques des parties. En

l'absence d'une disposition spéciale de son statut, un tribunal n'a
pas compétence pour fonder ses jugements ex aequo et bono.

En gardant présentes à l'esprit les limitations indiquéesci-dessus,
il convient d'examiner de quelle façon le Tribunal a effectivement
procédé pour examiner les affaires qui lui étaient soumises. Dans151 DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE READ (OPIN. 23 x 56)
of non-observance of the terms and provisions, 1 shall refrain from

comment, as 1am concurring generally with the views expressed by
President Hackworth and Vice-President Badawi. But, after touch-
ing lightly on these matters, the Tribunal was not content to rely
on the grounds set fourth in the Statute. It proceeded to base its
judgment on an entirely different cause of action: "détournementde
pouvoir" and "abuse of rights" l.1 do not need to discuss the pro-
priety of attempting, without statutory authority, to introduce
these notions into international administrative law. It is sufficient

to point out that the adjudication of a cause of action based on
them was beyond the competence of the Tribunal under Article II,
paragraph 5,of the Statute. Further, they were not merely beyond
the scope of this paragraph. They were completely inconsistent with
"non-observance". Both notions were based on the assumption that
the Director-General was observing the terms of appointment and
the provisions of the Staff Regulations, and exercising the legal
rights of the Organization, but that he was exercising the rights

unconscionably, or for motives different from those which the
framers of the Regulations had in mind.

Further, in dealing with the problem of redress, the Tribunal
proceeded in disregard of the limits on its competence imposed by
the Statute, and by positive law. It abandoned the idea of awarding

compensation in pursuance of the provisions of Article VIII, and
decided to award "equitable reparation", a course which was pre-
cluded by the Statute. It abandoned legal considerations, and
decided "That redress will be ensured ex aequo et bonoby the grant-
ing to the complainant of the sum set forth below;".
Finally, when it came to the dispositive, the Tribunal jettisoned
the entire cause of action in so far as it was based on "non-observ-
ance", and relied solely on the cause of action based on "abuse of
rights". The dispositive began with the provision: "Rejecting any

wider or contrary conclusions". Assuming that this provision has
any meaning at all, it must mean that the Tribunal was rejecting
the contrary conclusions, i.e. the complainant's objection dealt with
in section "D" under the heading "ON THE SUBSTANCE" and the
respondent's contentions; and also the wider conclusions i.e. con-
tentions based on any ground other than abuse of rights, such as a
claim based on "non-observance".

1 The expression "détournement de pouvozr", in the unofficialfurnishedion
to the Court by Unesco, has been mistranslas "wrongful exerciof powers".
abuse of right inivate law, the four Judgmentreat them as synonymous and of
interchangeable terms. la mesure où les jugements paraissent traiter de la question de
l'inobservation des stipulations et des dispositions, je m'abstiendrai

de présenter des observations à ce sujet et je me rallie dans
l'ensemble aux points de vue exprimés par M. Hackworth et
M. Badawi. Toutefois, après avoir abordé ces questions, sans y
insister, le Tribunal ne s'est pas contenté de se fonder sur les
bases prévues dans le Statut. Il a étayéson jugement sur des

motifs complètement différents, à savoir le « détournement de
pouvoir 1)et 1'~abus de droit ))l.Point n'est besoin que j'examine
s'il est admissible de chercher à introduire ces notions en droit
administratif international sans y être autorisé par les textes.
Il me suffira de faire observer qu'en donnant gain de cause aux

requérants sur cette base, le Tribunal a dépasséla compétence
qui lui confère le paragraphe 5 de l'article II du Statut. D'ailleurs,
ces notions ne débordent pas seulement le cadre de ce paragraphe.
Elles sont absolument incompatibles avec l'idée d'(cinobservation )).
Ces deux notions partent de l'hypothèse que le Directeur général
observaitles stipulations du contrat d'engagement et les dispositions

du Statut du personnel, et qu'il exerçait les droits juridiques de
l'organisation, mais qu'il les exerçait inconsidérément ou pour
des motifs qui n'étaient pas ceux qu'avaient envisagés les auteurs
du Statut.
Au surplus, en traitant du problème du redressement, le Tribunal

a ignoré les limites que le Statut et le droit positif apportent à
sa compétence. Renonçant à l'idée d'accorder une indemnité en
application des dispositions de l'article VIII, il a décidéd'octroyer
une (réparation équitable », ce qui lui était interdit aux termes
du Statut. Laissant de côté les considérations juridiques, il a
décidé n Que la réparation sera assurée ex aequo et bono par

l'allocation au requérant du montant énoncéci-après; ».
Enfin, dans le dispositif le Tribunal, répudiant tous les motifs
de la requête dans la mesure où ils étaient fondés sur 1'((inobser-
vation », s'est uniquement appuyé sur les motifs invoquant 1'((abus
de droit ». Le dispositif commence par la formule suivante:

((Rejetant toutes conclusions plus amples ou contraires. » A
supposer qu'on puisse lui trouver un sens quelconque, cette formule
doit signifier que le Tribunal rejetait les conclusions contraires,
c'est-à-dire la protestation du requérant dont il est question au
paragraphe cD ))qui figure sous la rubrique ((AU FOND ))et les

arguments du défendeur, ainsi que les conclusions plus larges,
à savoir les prétentions fondées sur tout autre motif que l'abus
de droit, comme par exemple une réclamation invoquant 1'~inob-
servation )).

1 Dans la traduction officieuse que l'Unesca fournieà la Cour, l'expression
(détournement de pouvoir)>a Pt&traduite d'unemanière inexactepar (wrongful
exerciseolpowers ».Rien qu'elle soit généralemeemployée,comme l'équivalent,
en droit public, dlanotion d'abus de droit en droit privé, les quatre jukements
considèrentles deux formulcs comme synonymes et interchangeables.

78 But even if the first provision, quoted above, has no meaning, the
matter is put beyond al1 doubt by the central operative clause of
the dispositive, which reads:
"Orders the decision taken to be rescinded and declares in law
that it constitutes an abuse of rights causingprejudice to the com-
plainant :".

The words used in this, the crucial clause of the dispositive, leave
no room for doubt that the Tribunal had abandoned the complaint,
in so far as it was based on any consideration other than abuse of
rights.
Before leaving the dispositive, it is necessary to refer to the
declaration which immediately precedes this clause :
"Declares that it is competent ;".

It is unnecessary to repeat the comments already made with regard
to this declaration. It is sufficient to point out that the actual deci-
sion confirming jurisdiction challenged by the Executive Board of
Unesco and presented to this Court for consideration was a declara-
tion by the Tribunal that it was competent to render a judgment
based, not on non-observance of the terms of appointment of officials
and of provisions of the Staff Regulations, but on abuse of rights, a
matter which was plainly beyond the competence of the Tribunal
as established by the provisions of its Statute.

It has been suggested that the foregoing considerations are part
of the merits, and not relevant to the competence of the Tribunal.
But 1 am unable to accept this view because it does not take full

account of what really happened when the four Judgments were
rendered.
Before there had been a position, under the Constitution, the
Staff Regulations and Rules, and the Statute of the Administrative
Tribunal, in which there was an orderly distribution of authority
and functions among the Organs of Unesco as regards staff matters.
Sovereign power was reserved to the Member States, but, subject
to this reservation, general and paramount power was given to
the General Conference and, to a more limited extent, to the Exe-
cutive Board.
By recognizing the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal
of the International Labour Organisation, a field was established
within which disputes between officials and Unesco were to be
dealt with by the Tribunal. But this field, while broad and extensive,
was strictly limited. The Tribunal could not go beyond «non-
observance ...of the terms of appointment of officials and of pro-
visions of the Staff Regulations ...",and there was no authority to
disregard the legal rights of either officials or Organization.

The Director-General, under the Constitution, was "the chief
Administrative officer of the Organization". The Constitution was Mêmesi la formule que je viens de citer est dépourvue de sens,
il ne subsiste aucun doute en la matière si l'on se reporte à la
clause centrale du dispositif qui est libellée comme suit:
(Prononce l'annulation de la décisionentreprise et dit pour droit
qu'elle constitue un abus de droit préjudiciable ;1).

Les termes employés dans ce qui constitue la clause essentielle
du dispositif ne permettent pas de douter que le Tribunal a cessé
de considérer la requête dans la mesure où elle était fondée sur
un motif autre que celui de l'abus de droit.
Avant d'en finir avec le dispositif, il convient de mentionner
la déclaration qui précèdeimmédiatement cette clause, à savoir:

cSedéclarecompétent ;».
Il est inutile que je répète les observations déjà faites au sujet
de cette déclaration. Qu'il me suffise de souligner que la véritable
décision affirmative de compétence que le Conseil exécutif de
l'Unesco a contestée et qu'il a soumise à l'examen de la Cour
consistait en une déclaration du Tribunal à l'effet qu'il était
compétent pour prononcer un jugement fondé, non pas sur l'inob-
servation des stipulations du contrat d'engagement des fonc-

tionnaires et des dispositions du Statut du personnel, mais sur
l'abus de droit, motif qui échappe nettement à la compétence du
Tribunal telle qu'elle est définiepar les dispositions de son Statut.
On a argué que les considérations qui précèdent se rattachent
au fond et ne concernent pas la compétence du Tribunal. Il m'est
impossible d'admettre ce point de vue, car il ne tient pas pleine-
ment compte de ce qui s'est réellement passé lorsque les quatre
jugements ont étéprononcés.
La situation qui existait auparavant, en vertu de la Convention,
du Statut et du Règlement du personnel et du Statut du Tribunal
administratif, se caractérisait par une répartition ordonnée des

pouvoirs et des fonctions entre les organes de l'Unesco en ce
qui concerne les questions de p,ersonnel. Le pouvoir souverain
appartenait exclusivement aux Etats Membres mais, sous cette
réserve,un pouvoir généralet supérieur étaitconféré àla Conférence
généraleet, dans une mesure plus limitée, au Conseil exécutif.
Le fait de reconnaître la compétence du Tribunal administratif
de l'Organisation internationale du Travail a ouvert un domaine
dans lequel les litiges entre les fonctionnaires et l'Unesco sont
du ressort du Tribunal. Mais ce domaine, si vaste et si étendu
qu'il soit, n'en est pas moins strictement limité. Le Tribunal ne
peut pas dépasser le champ de cl'inobservation ...des stipulations

du contrat d'engagement des fonctionnaires ou des dispositions
du Statut du personnel ..N, et rien n'autorise à ignorer les droits
juridiques des fonctionnaires ou ceux de l'organisation.
En vertu de la Convention de l'Unesco, le Directeur général
est ccle plus haut fonctionnaire de l'organisation ».La Convention

79 I53 DISS. OPIX. OF JUDGE READ (OPIN. 23 X 56)
based on the principle of separation of the powers, and his task was
simply to give effect to the common will of Vnesco, as expressed by
the General Conference and ExecutiveBoard. That common will, as
regards staff matters, was largely embodied in the Regulations and

Rules, in which some discretionary pomTerswere conferred on the
Director-General. The General Conference did not choose to
submit these discretionary matters to judicial review, but re-
tained them within its own authority. They were matters in
which the exercise, by the Director-General, of his discretionary
powers was neither absolute nor arbitrary, but subject to control
through the political organs, the General Conference and the
Executive Board.

Henceforth, and as a result of the four Judgments, the orderly
distribution of authority and functions among the Organs-as
established iinder the Constitution, the Regulations andthe Statute

-has been destroyed. By its assertion of competence to proceed
ex aequo et bono, the subjective appreciation of the Tribunal has
been substituted for the rule of law in deciding disputes between
officiais and Organization. By asserting its competence to base its
judgments on abuse of rights, the Tribunal has substituted its own
notions of "the good of the service" and "the interest of the Organi-
sation" for the control by the General Conference and Executive
Board over the exercise by the Director-General of discretionary
powers conferred on him by the General Conference.
In my opinion the bringing about of such a revolutionary change
went far beyond the disposition of the cases on the merits, and
transcended the competence conferred on the Tribunal by the
provisions of Article II, paragraph 5, of its Statute.

Having dealt with the limitations imposed on the competence of
the Tribunal, and the course actually followed in delivering judg-
ment,it is necessary for me to give my own opinion astothe answers
that ought to be given to the Questions set forth in the Request.

1have interpreted Question 1 as raising the issue of the compe-
tence of the Tribunal to deliver the Judgments, -as well as its
competence to deal with the less important parts of the hearing.

Accordingly, my answer is in the negative.
The problem of dealing with Question II does not arise for me.
But if Question 1 is not interpreted as raising the issue of the compe-
tence of the Tribunal to deliver the Judgments, it follows that
80est fondée sur le principe de la séparation des pouvoirs et le
Directeur ~énérala sim~lement Dour tâche de donner effet à la
volonté commune des membre; de l'Unesco, telle qu'elle est
exprimée par la Conférence généraleet le Conseil exécutif. Cette

volonté commune, en ce qui concerne les questions de personnel,
se trouve -largement incorporée dans le Statut et le Règlement
qui confèrent au Directeur généralcertains pouvoirs discrétion-
naires. La Conférence générale n'a pas voulu que les. questions
qui relèvent de ses pouvoirs discrétionnaires puissent faire l'objet
d'un recours judiciaire ;elle les a au contraire laisséessous sa pro-
pre juridiction. Ce sont là des questions pour lesquelles le Direc-
teur général nepeut pas exercer ses pouvoirs discrétionnaires de
manière absolue ou arbitraire, mais seulement sous le contrôle des
organes politiques, de la Conférencegénéraleet du Conseil exécutif.
Les quatre jugements ont par conséquent abouti à bouleverser
la répartition des pouvoirs et des fonctions entre les organes telle
qu'elle était définiepar la Convention, le Statut et le Règlement.
En affirmant qu'il était compétent pour juger ex aequo et borzo,
le Tribunal a substitué son appréciation subjective à la règle de
droit pour trancher des litiges entre les fonctionnaires et I'Orga-

nisation. En affirmant qu'il était compétent pour fonder ses
jugements sur l'abus de droit, le Tribunal a substitué ses propres
notions de ((bien du service » et de ((l'intérêtde l'organisation »
au contrôle qui appartient à la Conférence généraleet au Conseil
exécutif sur la façon dont le Directeur généralexerce les pouvoirs
discrétioilnaires qui lui sont attribués par la Conférencegénérale.
A mon avis,le fait d'introduire un changement si révolutionnaire
va très loin au-delà de l'acte qui consisteà juger les affaires quant
au fond et dé~asse la com~étence dont le Tribunal est investi
aux termes du paragraphe 5 de l'article II de son Statut.

Après avoir traité des limitations apportées à la compétence

du Tribunal et de la voie qu'il a effectivement suivie pour statuer,
il me faut maintenant exprimer mon avis personnel sur les réponses
qui devraient être données aux questions formulées dans la
requête.
J'ai interprété la question 1 comme soulevant le problème de
savoir si le Tribunal était compétent pour rendre les jugements
ainsi que pour examiner les points moins importants de l'affaire.
En conséquence, je réponds par la négative.
Je n'ai pas à me demander quelle réponse ilconvient de donner
à la question II. Toutefois, si l'on n'interprète pas la question 1
comme soulevant le problème de savoir sile Tribunal était compé-

80 DISS.OPIN. OF JUDGE READ (OPIN. 23 X 56)
I54
this issue would be raised by Question II. Intevent, my answer
to Question II, clauses (a) and (b), would be in the negative.

My answer to Question III is that the decisions given by the

_Administrative Tribunal are invalid, by reason of lack of juris-
diction under the Statute.

(Signed) J. E. READ. OPIN. DISSIDENTE DE M. READ (AVIS 23 x 56) 154

tent pour rendre les jugements, ce problème se trouvera alors
posépar la question II. Dans cette hypothèse, je répondrais par
la négative aux points a) et b) de la question II.
En ce qui concerne la question III, je réponds que les décisions
rendues par le Tribunal administratif sontnulles pour défaut de
compétence en vertu du Statut.

(SignéJ . E. READ.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Read

Links