Separate Opinion of Sir Hersch Lauterpacht

Document Number
031-19560601-ADV-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
031-19560601-ADV-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF SIR HERSCH LAUTERPACHT

While 1 am in general agreement with the Opinion of the Court,
1have concurred in it subject to reservations both with regard to
the scope of the operative part of the Opinion and the reasons
adduced in support of it. Moreover, 1 feel it my duty to elaborate
in more detail certain questions relating to the main problem
confronting the Court.

There arises in the present case a preliminary issue which is to
a large extent responsiMefor the division of the Court and which is
connected in a significant manner with the exercise of its advisory
function.
The request for the present Advisory Opinion of the Court is
stated in apparently general terms. It runs as follows : "1s it
consistent with the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of
Justice of II July 1950 for the Committee on South West Afnca,
established by General Assembly Resolution 749 A (VIII) of
28 November 1953,to grant oral hearings to petitioners on matters
relating to the territory of South West Africa ?" Thus put, the
question does'not seem to refer to any specific situation. In view
of this, it has been suggested-a suggestion to which the Court,
rightly in my view, ha5 declined to accede-that the reply of the
Court must be of a general character unrelated to the events and
providing no answer to the difficulty which underlay the request
the Court by the Secretary-General that in asking the Court ford to
an Opinion on the question whether oral hearings of petitioners on
matters relating to the territory of South WestAfnca areconsistent
with the Opinion ofthe Court of II July 1950,the GeneralAssembly
was referring not to this question in general but to one aspect of
that question as it results from a particular situation. The gist of
that situation is that, while the General Assembly has with prac-
tical unanimity approved the Opinion of the Court of II July
1950, the Union ofSoiith Africa has deklinedto accept it as express-
ing the correct legal position and that it has refused to comply
with its principal obligations in respect of the supervision of the
legal régimeof the mandated territory of South West Africa as
ascertained by the Court in its Opinion of IIJuly 1950.In partic-
ular, it has declined to provide the supervising authonty with
annual reports and to lend its assistance by forwarding, comment-
ing upon, or participating in the examination of written petitions

16submitted to the Committee on South West Africa. It is on account
of that situation that the Court has been requestec! to give the
present Advisory Opinion. So far as 1 am aware, no suggestion has
been made from any quarter that the Committee on South West
Africa is or should be entitled to grant oral hearings even if the
Union of South Africa fulfils her obligations as Mandatory in the
matter of annual reports and petitions. It cannot be reasonably
assumed that in framing its request the General Assembly intended
no more than to obtain the confirmation of a proposition which has
not been disputed and which is not at issue. The General Assembly
could not have intended to confine the task of the Court to an
academic exercise ~iot requiring any notable display of jiidicial
effort.
This being so, the Court cannot answer the question put to it
without direct reference to a situation of whicha complete picture
is presented in the documents which have been sent to it by the
Secretary-General and of which it must also othenvise take judicial
notice. Moreover, that particular situation is set out in the very
terms of the request for an Advisory Opinion. The request expressly
refers to Resolution 749 A (VIII) of 28 November 1953 which, in
its recitals, includes an account of the attitude adopted by the
Union of South Afnca. Even if the Court were to ignore the official
documents, minutes and reports submitted to it by the Secretary-
General, the wording of the request, in embodying Resolution

749 A (VIII), must be held to give, in considerable detail, a picture
of the problem confronting the General Assembly. It is clear, there-
fore, that theres no warrant in the present case for extracting from
the wording of the request for the Opinion of the Court al1 possible
element of generality and abstraction with the object of producing
an answer which is entirely academic in character.
There occurs in the Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1948 on the
Conditions of Admission of a State to Membershi* in the United
Nations a passage which, when read in isolation, seems to give
support to a view contrary to that here advanced. In that case the
Court said : "It is the duty of the Court to envisage the question
submitted to it only in the abstract form which has been given to ;t
nothing which is said in the present opinion refers, either directly
or indirectly, to concrete cases' or to particular circumstances."
(I.C.J. Reports1947-1948, p. 61. T)hat passage seems to lend colour
to the suggestion that the Court ought also in the present case to
answer the question put toit without reference tothe circumstances
which prompted the General Assembly to make the request. However,
on reading the relevant paragraph as a whole it is clear that the
passage quoted is not germane to the present issue. The Court was
on that occasion concerned with the objection that "the question
put [to it] must be regarded as a political one and that, for this

reason, it falls outside the jurisdiction of the Court". The Court
rejected that contention on the ground that it "cannot attribute a
17political character to a request which, framed in abstract terms,
invites it to undertake an essentiallyjudicial task, the interpretation
of a treaty provision" and that "it is not concerned with the motives
which may have inspired this request, nor with the considerations
which, in the concrete cases submitted for examination to the
Security Council, formed the subject of the exchange of views
which took place in that body". There followed the sentence quoted
at the beginning ofthis paragraph. It will thus be seen from this
bare recital that the passage in question is not relevant to the issue
now before the Court.

At the same time, while 1am in agreement with the present Opin-
ion of the Court as to this aspect of the matter, 1 do not consider
that the question put to it bythe General Assembly can accurately
be answered by way of a simple affirmative. The difficultyarisesfrom
the fact that the General Assembly, although actually desirous of an
answer of the Court bearing upon a specific situation, cast its
request in an apparently general form unrelated to that situation.
This being so, a bare affirmative answer does not seem to me to meet
the exigencies of the case. Itis a matter of common experience that
a mere affirmation or a mere denial of a question does not necessarily
result in a close approximatiori to truth. The previous practice of
the Court supplies authority for the proposition that the Court
enjoys considerable !atitc.le in construing the question put to it
or in formulating i: ;'ns~:T in such a manner as to make its advisory
function effective and useful. Thus, for instance, in the Jaworzina
case (Series B, No. 8, p. 50) the Court amplified the question sub-
mitted to the Court. Although the request for an Advisory Opinion
in that case seemed to be confined to the frontier region of Spisz,
the Court came to the conclusion that it must express an opinion on

the other parts of the frontier in so far as the delimitation of the
frontiers in the entire region may be interdependent. In the case
concerning the Cornpetence of theInternational Labour Organisation,
it restated and limited the question put to it (SeriesB, No. 3, p. 59).
In the Advisory Opinion ori the Interpretation of theGreco-Turkish
Agreement, the Court held that asthe request for its Opinion did not
state exactly the question upon which the Opinion was sought, "it is
essential that it shoulddeterminewhat this question isand formulate
an exact statement of it" (Series B, No. 16, p. 14). In the field of
the ~ontentious procedure the previous jurispnidence of the Court as
forn~iilated in its Judgment No. II on the Interfiretation3f Judg-
ments Nos. 7 G 8 (pp. 15, 16) contains authority for the proposition
that the Court, for thepurpose of the iriterpietation of its Judgments
-a matter of some importance for the purposes of rhe present
Advisory Opinion designed to interpret a previous Opinion-does
not consider itself as bound simply to reply "yes" or "no" to the
propositions formulated by the parties and that "it cannot be

bound by formulae chosen by the Parties concerned, but must be
able to take an unhampered decision".
I8 Undoubtedly it is desirable that the request for an Advisory
Opinion should not, through exces of brevity, make it necessary
for the Court to go outside the question asformulated. Reference
may be made in this connection to suggestions bearing upon
possible developments in the procedure followed by the General
Assembly in making requests for an Advisory Opinion of the
Court (see Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice in Transactions of Grotius
Society, 38 (1952), p. 139). However, the absence of the requisite
degree of precision or elaboration in the wording of the request
does not absolve the Court of the duty to give an effective and
accurate answer in conformity with the true purpose of its
advisory function. For these reasons 1 consider that, having
regard to the apparently general form in which the request for

the Opinion is framed, the Opinion of the Court in the present
case could not properly be couched in terms of "yes" or "no"
but ought to have been given in relation both to the specific
situation underlying the request for the Advisory Opinion and to
the powers of the Committee on South West Africa irrespective
of that situation. An answer which concentrates on only one of
these two aspects may well be such as either to ignore the true
issue before the Court or to oDen the other for veJ another inter-
pretative Opinion.
It mav be convenient if. in order to illustrate the above as~ect
of the Present Separate Opinion, 1 reverse the customary &der
and give my own version as to what ought to be the answer of
the Court in the present case :

(1) It may or may not be consistent with the Advisory Opinion
of II July 1950 for the Committee on South West Africa to
grant oral heanngs to petitioners on matters relating to the
territory of South West Africa.

(2) In circumstances in which there is present the requisite co-
operation on the part of the Mandatory complying with his
obligation to send reports and transmit petitions to the super-
vising authonty as envisaged in the Opinion of II July 1950,
it is not consistent with that Opinion to grant oral hearings
to petitioners.
(3) It is consistent with the Advisory Opinion of II July 1950
for the Committee on South West Africa to gant oral hearings
to petitioners from that temtory whenever, and so long as,

owing to the absence of such CO-operationon the part of the
Mandatory, the Committee feels constrained, in order to fulfil
the duty entrusted to it by the General Assembly, to use
sources of information other than those which would be nor-
mally available to it if the Mandatory were willing to assist
the Committee in obtaining information in accordance with
the procedure as it existed under the League of Nations. It will be seen that on the main issue, as formulated under
(3), my view is substantially identical with that of the operative
part of the Opinion of the Court. 1 differ from it inasmuch, in
consequence of the generality of its answer, the latter may be
interpreted as mea,ping that the Committee on South West Africa
is entitled to grant oral hearings even if there is present the neces-
sary CO-operationon the part of the Union of South Africa. Any
such finding would, in my view, be unwarranted and inconsistent
with the Opinion of II July 1950.

1now propose to examine the main substantive question which is
relevant to the answer of the Court, namely, whether oral hearings
are consistent with that qualifying clause of its Opinion of II July
1950 which laid down that "the degree of supervision to be exer-
cised by the General Assembly should not ...exceed that which
applied under the Mandates System, and should conform as far as
possible to the procedure followed in this respect by the Council of
the League of NationsJ'. That qualifying clause was in the nature
of an elaboration-a necessary elaboration-of the goveming consi-
deration which underlay that Opinion, namely, that in the absence
of a new arrangement agreed to by the Union of South Africa her
obligations and her position in the matter of supervision were, in
principle, to continue unaltered. No other object can properly be

attributed to that qualifying clause. In particular, no intention can
reasonably be imputed to the Court to crystallize in absolute terms
and in every detail the degree of supervision and the procedure
obtaining under the Mandates System. The object was to preserve
the degree and the procedure of supervision not as an end in itself
or because of any immutable virtue inherent in it, but merely as
a means of obviating an extension or diminution of the obligations
of the Union of South Africa as a Mandatory. If, as 1believe to be
the case, the grant of oral hearings does not, upon examination of
the entire position ensuing from the attitude of the Union of South
Africa, result in any addition to its obligations, then the issue of
crystallizing the degree and procedure of supervision cannot pro-
yerly be deemed to aise.

Ço far as the language of the above-mentioned qualifying clause
is concerned, 1 have come to the conclusion that normally, i.e., so
long as there are available the regular sources of information
through annual reports and petitions transmitted by the Union of
South Africa in accordance with the Opinion of II July 1950, the
grant of oral hearings to petitioners would exceed the degree of
supervision which applied during the Mandates System and that it
wouldnot conform to the procedure followed inthis respect, i.eIn

the matter of supervision, by the Council of the League of Nations.
m Bbtaining of information through oral hearings results in a degree
of supervision more stringent than that implied in the system of
written petitions. Oral hearings were not permitted under the
system applied by the Council of the League of Nations. They were
expressly disaliowed by it on repeated occasions. As wiil be sub-
mitted rater on, that attitude of the Council must be viewed in the
Irightof the circumstances which explained its refusal to authonze
oral hearings. However, these circumstances, dthough they are
relevant Po the more general issue now before the Court, do not
alter the fact that oralhearhgs found no place In the procedure of
supervision as applied under the Mandates System. 1 have little
doubt that this would have been the answer-in the nature of a
simple and obvious constatdion-if that question had been asked
during the existence of the League of Nations, at the time of its

iormal demiçe in 1946, or when the Advisory Qpinion of the Court
was given in 1950.
Neither have Ifound it possible to rely to any substantial extent
an the view that although the Council of CheLeague did not permit
and that although it expressly rejected the procedure of oral
hearings, it was entitledto grant oralhearings by virtue ofits inherent
powers in the matter of supervision and that these powers passed
lrom the Council of the League of Nations to the General Assembly
of the United Nations in conformity with the Opinion of the Court
of II July 1950.An57devolution of powers in this respect êouldtake
place only subject to the goveming nile as laid down in that
Opinion, namely, that the degree of supervision by the General
Assembly should not exceed that applied under the Mandates
System. 1 Iind it difficult to accept as a siabstanlial ground for the
present Opiriion of the Court an interpretation which construes that
qualifying mle as refening not necessady to the system which
actually applied but éoone which could or might have been applied
in certain circumstances. The doctrine of implied powers ûf the

Council might, if resorted to, render meaningleçs-to a large
zxtent-the rule Chat ihere rnust be no excess of supervision. As the
Council of the League, in the exercise of its allegednlierent powers,
could introduce any means of supervisionnot patently inconsistent
with the mandate, no means of supervision thus introduced by the
General Assembly could conceivably be in excess of the supervision
"applied" under the Mandates System. 1 cannot accept any such
interpretation of the Advisory Opinion of 1950 which may go a
long way towards reducing its principal qualifying provision to a
mere form of words. The word "applied" in the qualifying passage,
quoted above, of -the Opinion of 1950 means "actually" (and not
"potentially") applied just as the words "procedure followed in this
respect by the Council" mean the procedure as actually followed
and not as it might have been foliowed. It may also be borne in mind that there is a distinct element of
unreality in relgng, in this and in other matters, on the inherent
powers of the Council of the League. Such powers, if any, were
powers not of an ordinary legislature or executive proceeding by a
majority vote. They were powers of a body acting under the mle of
unanimity scrupulously observed. There was, as a matter of reason-
able estimate, little prospect of the Council, which included the
principal Mandatory Powers as its Members, derreeing by an unani-
mous vote the authorization of oralhearings which encountered the
emphatic opp~sition of these Powers. There is accordingly no
persuasive ment in the argument which relies on inherent powers

whose exercise hung on the slender thread of unanimity in circum-
stances such as these.

mile 1 am of the view that in normal circumstances the grant of
oral hearings to petitioners would result in exceeding the degree of
supervision as actually applied under the Mandates System and
that it would not conform with the procedure followed in this
respect by the Council of the League, 1 believe that both the excess
and the departure are of lirnited compass. This fact, although it
does not affect rny answer to the more limited aspect of the question
here examined, has a bearing upon what 1consider to be the proper
basis of the Opinion of the Court.
With regard to degree of supervision, it is difficult tc deny that
oral hearings, as compared with written petitions, result to some
extent in exceeding the degree of supervision obtaining under the

League of Nations. In SC far as oral hearingç accompanied by a
detailed examination of petitioners add to the reality and the
effectiveness of the scrutiny of the conduct ob'the administering
authority-and it is difficult to deny that they doo--they increase
the degree of supervision as compared with a systern which knows
of no oral hearings of petitioners. It has been suggested that as
oral hearings may disclose the spurious or fraudulent nature of
some petitions, such hearings are tothe advantage of the Mandatory
and that they do not therefore increase his obligations in thematter
of supervision. This argument 1 find unconvincing. It assumes that
fraudulent petitions are therule, and not the exception.

Similar considerations apply to the question whether oralhearings
constitute a departure from the procedure obtaining under the
League of Nations. By and large, oral hearings before the Mandates
Commission were not admissible under the procedure of the League

of &ations and, in fact, they were never resorted to. On the face
of it, recourse to oralarings would therefore constitute a departure
22from the procedure of the Mandates Commission and the Council
of the League of Nations.

Admittedly, the above findings ought to be qualified by reference
to certain factors which suggest that the departure consisting in
the admission of oral hearings is-although real-less radical than
appears at first sight. In the first instance, although the Mandates
Commission, in compliance with the attitude of the Council of
the League, did not grant oral hearings, that practice was not
expressive of its view of the usefulness and of the necessity, in
some cases, of relying on that procedure. The record shows that
the Mandates Commission felt itself free to approach the Council
on future occasions with a view to obtaining a modification of

its attitude. Secondly, although the Commission as such did not
grant oral hearings, its members and its Chairman, in their indi-
vidual capacity, did in fact grant oral hearings to petitioners in
private interviews outside the meetings of the Commission.
Although subsequently some fine psychological distinctions were
made between the minds of the members of the Commission as
influenced outside its meetings and as formed inside the Commis-
sion, the reality of that distinction is limited. Thirdly, the refusa1
of the Council of the League of Nations to authorize oral hearings
did not bear any mark of finality. In stating repeatedly that there
was no reason, on the occasions before it, to depart from the
previous practice, the Council left the door open for a modification
of its practice in exceptional circumstances. It is not certain to
what extent such possible modifications included the admissibility
of oral hearings. In the report accompanying the Resolution
approved by the Couneil on the last occasion when it declined
to authorize oral hearings, it was stated that if in any par-
ticular circumstances it should be impossible for al1the necessaiy

information to be secured with the assistance of the Mandatory
Power, the Council could "decide on such exceptional procedure
as might seem appropnate and necessary in the particular circum-
stancesJ'. (Report approved on 7th March 1927.) It is possible
-we cannot put it higher than that-that, having regard to the
circumstances which brought about the Resolution, the Council,
in referring to "such exceptional procedure", was referring to
oral hearings. The particular situations, referred to in the Reso-
lution, may fairly be assumed to anse wheri, owing to an attitude
of total non CO-operationon his part, no assistance whatsoever is
forthcoming from the Mandatory. Fourthly, it appears from the
replies which the Mandatory Powers gave in 1926 and in which
they rejected the pnnciple of oral hearings that one of the main
reasons for their attitude was the assumption of the continuing
CO-operation and assistance on the part of the Mandatory. It is III

As stated, if the Court were not confronted with a situation
created by the attitude of the Government of South Africa and if it
were merely called upon to reply in the abstract to the question put
to it, 1would feel bound to answer that the grant of oral hearings
constitutes a sufficient addition to the degree of supervision and
that it departs sufficiently from the procedure obtaining under the
League. of Nations to bring it within the two restrictive clauses,

referred to above, of the Opinion of II July 1950. However, this is
not the situation with which the Court is faced. The Court is now
called upon to answer not an abstract question, but-primarily-
the question as to the consistency of oral hearings with its Opinion
of II Jiily 1950 in a situation in which the two positivedispositions,
of that Opinion,for securing the international supervision of the
Temtory have become inoperative. These are the provisions, repeat-
edly affirmed in the Opinion, referring to the obligation of the Man-
datory Power to submit anhua1 reports and to transmit petitions
from the inhabitants of the Mandated Temtory. They are the basic
provisions whose place as such must be kept in mind. For this
reason any preoccupation with the two limitative clauses of the
Opinion ought not to be allowed to overshadow its main purport.
There has been a tendency to describe these limitative clauses as.
the basic provisions of the Opinion of II July 1950. Any such

emphasis distorts that Opinion.

It is submitted that in answering the question put to it against
the background of the fact that the two basic provisions of the
operative part of its Opinion of 1950 are in abeyance owing to the
attitude adopted by the Union of South Africa, the Court must be
guided by established principles oE interpretation and the appli-
cable general principles of law.
In the first instance, in accordance with a recognized principle
of interpretation, its Opinion of II July 1950 miist, like any other
legal text, be read as a whole. Jt must be read as a comprehensive

pronouncement providing for the continuation of the administration
and the continuedsupervision, by the United Nations, of the admin-
istration of South West Africa as a Mandated Territory. Ali other
dispositions, injunctions and qualifications of the Opinion of II July
1950 must be regarded as subservient to tliat overriding purpose.
The principal means for fulfilling that purpose-namely, annual
reports supplied by the Mandatory and Written petitions trans-
mitted, commented upon and explained by him before the super-
vising body-which were in operation under the Mandates Systemare now in abeyance owing to the attitude adopted by the Union of
South Africa. If the Opinion of II July 1950 is read as a vhole,
t.hen it is impossible, without destroying its effect, to maintain fully
and literally provisions qualifying the operation of a system whcse
main characteristics have become inoperative. It seems unreason-
able to uphold fully and literally the limitations of a rule after the
possibility of giving effect to the mle itself has disappeared. To do
that isto elevate the exception into a de and to reduce the govern-
ing de to a nullity. A court of law cannot give its sanction to any
such simplification of logic. Neither can it avoid its judicial duty

by declaring that only a political or legislative body is competent
to resolve the conflict which has arisen, asthe result of the action of
a party, between the ovemding purpose of the instrument and its
individual provisions and limitations. To resolve that conflict, in
the light of the instrument as a whole, is an essential function of a
judicial tribunal.

In particular, if we act on the principle that the Opinion of
II July 1950 must be read and interpreted as a whole, then it is
necessary to apply that principle tu the interpretation of that clause
of that Opinion which IPVC ?c\wn that the degree of supervision mst
not exceed that oF-t,.inlngunder the MandatesSystem. That clause,

properly interpreted, does not rigidly and automatically apply to
each and every aspect of supervision. If,owing to the attitude of
the Govemment of South Africa, the degree of siipervision as
applied under the Mandates System is in danger of being severely
reduced with regard to the principal aspects of its operation, it is
fully consistent with the Opinion of the Court of II July 1950
that in some respects that supervision should become more stringent
provided that it can be said, in reason and in good faith, that the
total effect is not such as to increase the degree of supervision as
previously obtaining. It is in accordance with sound principles of
interpretation that the Court should safeguard the operation of its
Opinion of II July 1950 not xnerely with regard to its individual
clauses but in relation to its major purpose. This is, in the ~rese~t
context, the meani~g of the principle that that Opinion must be

inteipreted as a whole. The question is not whether the admission
of oral hearings of petitioners implies an excess of supervision
witk regard to this particular aear,s af su~ervisiori. The dccisive
question is whether, ov:ing to the situation brought aboutby the
Unim of South Africa, oral hearings of petitioners would result in
an cxcess of siipervision as a ur?iole. It rnay Be admitted that the
proceriüre of orai hearings uf petitioners conrrotes in itsela degree
of supervision of a stringency greater than that obtaining in the
matter of petitions under the Mandates System. But if, as the
reçult of tlie attitirde of the Union of South Africa, the degree

26 of supervision is substantially reduced in other respects, then the
total effect of the departure here conternplated will not be such
as to result in exceeding the degree of supervision asa whole. On the
contrary, however effective oral hearings of petitioners may be,
they are unlikely to restore to the procedure of supervision the
effectiveness of which it is being deprived as the result of theattitude
of non CO-operationon the part of the Union of South Africa. Thus
viewed, the authorization of oral hearings is no more than a specific
application of the principle that a legal text must beinterpreted as
a whole.

The second principle of iaw of general import in the present
case is connected with the nature of the régime of the territory
of South West Africa as declared in the Opinion of II July 1950.
Inasmuch as that Opinion laid down, by reference to the Covenant
of the League of Nations and the Charter of the United Nations,
the status of South West Africa-a régime in the nature of an
objective law which is legally operative irrespective of the conduct
of the Union of South Africa-that status must be given effect
except in so far as its mn'ication is rendered impossible, in terms
of its generai plir!qosc, riaving regard to the attitude adopted by

the Union. To that extent there are permissible such modifications
in its application as are necessary to maintain-but no more-
the effectiveness of that status as contemplated in the Court's
Opinion of 1950. It is a sound principle of law that whenever a
'2gal instrument of continuing validity cannot be applied literally
owing to the eonduct of one of the parties, it must, without
allowing that party to take advantage of its own conduct, be
applied in a way approximating most cIosely to its primary object.
To do that is to interpret and to give effect to the instrument-
not to change it.
Consequently, there can be no question here of the Union of
South Africa having been divested, owing to the attitude adopted
Ly her, of any safeguards which the Opinion of II July 1950

provided in her interest as the Maridatory with the view to not
increasing her obligations. No countenance can be given to the
suggestion that, as the result of the attitude adopted by South
kfrica, the régime as established by that Opiriiori of the Court
is liable to changes-exceyt in pursuance of the principle that
that régimeas a whole niust be and remain eflective. The Opinion
of II July rggo has been accepted anci approved by the Ge~eral
Assembly. Whatever may be its biriding face as pûrt of inter-
~iationctllaw---a yuestiori upon which the Court need not fxpress
ô view--it isthe law recognized by the United Nations. It continiies
to be so although the Government of South Africa has declineà to47 SEP.OP.SIR HERSCH LAUTERPACHT (OPIN. 1VI 56)

accept it as binding upon it and although it has acted in disregard
of the international obligations as declared by the Court in that
Opinion.
* * *

At the same time, and for the same reasons, in so far as the
Opinion of 1950is relied upon for the purpose of upholdingliterally
al1 the safeguards and restrictions formulated in the interest of
the Mandatory, it must, like any other legal instrument, be inter-
preted reasonably and in accordance with legal principle. The
jurisprudence of the Court in the matter of treaties and otherwise
provides by analogy some useful instruction in this respect. In

Che fifteenth Advisory Opinion on the Jurisdiction of the Courts
of Danzig, the Court formulated the principle that a State cannot
avail itself of an objection which would amount to relying on
the non-fulfilment of an obligation imposed on it by an international
engagement (SeriesB, No. 15, p. 27). It is not suggested that these
principles are directly germane or applicable to the present case.
For this is not the case of a treaty-although the Opinion of
II July 1950 did no more than to formulate a régime resulting
from two multilateral conventional instruments, namdy, the
Covenant of the League of Nations and the Charter of the United
Nations. Neither do 1 suggest that this is technically a case of
estoppel-though there is a measure of contradiction, reminiscent
of situations underlying estoppel, in the fact that an instrument
repudiated by a Government is being invoked for the benefit
of that Govemment. (While the Government of South Africa did
not participate in the present proceedings before the Court, in
the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly of 1955 it opposed
oral hearings in reliance on the Advisory Opinion of II July
1950 (Officia1Records, Fourth Committee, 500th Meeting, 8 No-
1955, p. 182).) Finally, I do not attach any decisive
importance to the possible submission that this is an instance of

a Government claiming to benefit from its own wrong by declining
to supply and transmit information which, according to the Opinion
of 11 July 1950, it is legally bound to supply and tracsmit and
at the same time resisticg the ccntemplated effort to obtain alter-
native information. For it nay not be easy to characterize pre-
ciselÿ in legal terms a situation in which South Africa declines
to act on an Advisory Opinion which it vras not legally bound to
accept but which gave expression to the legal position as ascer-
tained by the Court and as accepted by the General Assembly.

Nevertheles, the above c~nsiderations are not wholly extraneous
to the case now before the Court. For these are not technicalrules
of the law of contract or treaties. They are rules of common sense

2848 SEP. OP. SIR HERSCH LAUTERPACHT (OPIN. 1 VI 56)

and good faith. As such they are relevant to al1legal instruments,
of whatsoever description, inasmuch as their effect is not to permit
a party which repudiates an instrument to rely Literally on it-or
have it invoked for its benefit-in a manner which renders the
fulfilment of its purpose impossible. In particuiar, these principles
are relevant to the question-which ought not to remain unans-
wered-as to the legal basis of a judicial decision which by way of
interpretation substitutes a measure of supervision or an act of
performance for one repudiated or frustrated by the party affected
by the instrument in question. What, apart from the general prin-
ciples of interpretation as set out above, is the authority for the
proposition that the Court may replace one means of supervision
by another, not previously authorized-nay, expressly disallowed ?

l'his, it may be objected, is not the way in which courts normally
proceed in the matter of contracts between individuals (though in
many countries courts, when confronted with a situation in which
a substantive provision of the instrument goveming succession is
in danger of being frustrated owing to an obscunty of expression
or an event subsequently arising, will Vary the original disposition
in such a way as to make it approximate so far as possible to the
generai intention of itsauthor. It will be noted that the supervision
by the United Nations of the inandate for South West Africa
constitules the most important example of succession in interna-
tional organization) .

However, this is not a case of a contract or even of an ordinary
treaty analogous to a contract. As alreadv pointed out, this is a
case of the operation and application of multilateral instruments,
as interpreted by the Court in its Opinion of II July 1950,creating
an international status-an international régime-transcending a

mere contractual relation (I.C. J. Reports 1950, p. 132). The
essence of such instruments is that their validity continues notwith-
standing changes in the attitudes, or the status, or the very survival
of individual parties or perçons aflected. Their continuing validity
implies their continued operation and the resulting legitimacy of
the means devised for that purpose by way of judicial interpreta-
tion and application of the original instrument. The unity and the
operation of the régime created by them cannot be allowed to fail
because of a breakdown or gap which may arise in consequence of
an act of a party or othenvise. Thus viewed, the issue before the
Court is potentially of wider import than the problem which has
provided the occasion for the present Advisory Opinion. It is just
because the régimeestablished by them constitutes a unity that,
in relation to instruments of this nature, the law-the existing
law as judicially interpreted-finds means for removing a clog or
fiiling a lacuna or adopting an alternative device in order to prevent
a. standstill of the entire system on account of a failure in any
particular link or part. This is unlike the case of a breach of theprovisions of an ordinary treaty-which breach creates, as a rule,
a right for the injured party to denounce it and to claim damages.
It is instr~ctive in this connection that with regard to general

texts of a law-making character or those providing for an inter-.
national régime or administration the principle O! separability of
their provisions with a view to ensuring the continuous operation
of the treaty as a whole has been increasingly recognized by inter-
national practice. The treaty as a whole does not terminate asthe
result of a breach of an individual clause. Neither is it necessarily
rendered impotent and inoperative as the result of the action or
inaction of one of the parties. It continues in being subject to
adaptation to circumstances which have arisen.

Itis now necessary to enquire to what extent the situation with
which the General Assembly-and the Court-are confronted cal1
for and permit the application of the principles of law as here
outlined. To what extent has the refusal of the Union of Solith
Africa to submit annual reports and to transmit and comment
on written petitions in conformity witli the obligations established
in the Opinion of II July 1950, created a gap so serious in the
system there contemplated as-in conformity with these prin-
cipleç-to render legitimate alternative sources of information not
exceeding thetotal degree of supervision envisaged in that Opinion ?
These principles are that the Opinion of 1950 must be read as
a whole : that it cannot be deprived of its effect by the action of
the State which has repudiated it ; and that the ensuring of the
continued operation of the international régime in question is a

legitimate object of the interpretative task of the Court.
Having regard to the non CO-operation of the Mandatory, what
is the position in the matter of the sources of information available
to the supervising agency and indispensable for the proper working
of the system of supervision and the implementing of the Opinion
of the Court of II July 1950 ?
In the first instance, the annual report of the Mândatory, as
provided by the Opinion of the Court of 1950 and as forrni~igan
integral part of the procedure of the League of Nations, has
disappearetl. It has been replaced by a conscie~ltious and well-
documented volume prepared by the Secretary-General and.
entitled "Information and Documentation in respect of the Ter-
ritory of South West Africa" (such as in Doc. AlAC 73 L 3 ; Doc.

A/AC 73/L 7). That volume provides, to a considerable cxtent,
the substance of the report which the Cornmittee on South West
Africa submits to the General Assembly. But this is not a docu-
ment in the same category as a report submitted by the Man-
30 datory and explained by it point by point, if necessary, at the
meetings of the Committee. The supervising authority is thus
deprived of an authentic source of information which is one of
the two main pillars of the system of supervision. There is a gap
here and a resulting diminution of the degree of supervision as
previously existing and as envisaged by the Court in its Opinion
of 1950. It is consistent with that Opinion to interpret it in a
manner which authorizes the filling of that gap-provided that

the result is not to increase the total degree of supervision of the
system as a whole.
The second main source of information which forms an impor-
tant part of the system of supervision and to which the Opinion
of the Court of 1950 refers in passages of particular emphasis
are petitions sent by the inhabitants of the administered ter-
ritory. Under the League of Nations only petitions in whiting
urere admissible. These, when silpplemented by the observations
of the Mandatory and the explanations supplied by him in the
course of the proceedings of the supervising organ, are a weighty
instrument of supervision and an important factor in the formation
of the judgment of the supervising authority. As the result of
the attitude of non CO-operation adopted by the Union of South
Africa, the efficacy of that source has been substantially reduced.
The Mandatory, who is absent from the meetings of the Committee,
provides no comment of his own and does not assist the super-
vlsory body by explanations supplied at its request during or
subseqùent to its meetings. Moreover, the Mandatory has declined

to transmit petitions submitted by the inhabitants of the admin-
istered territory. If the procedure of the Mandates Commission
were adhered to in this respect, it is difficiilt to see how written
petitions from the inhabitants of the temtory could come at al1
before the Cornmittee on South West Africa. That Committee has
now adopted a deliberate change in the procedure obtaining imder
the Mandates System. The sules of procedure as adopted in 1923
by the League of Nations provided that petitions by communitieç
or sections of the population of mandated territories shall be
sent to the Secretariat of the League through the mandatory
governments concemed and that any petitions received by the
Secretary-General of the League through any channel other than
the mandatory government should be returned to the signatories
ulitli the request that they should re-submit the petitions in accor-
dance with the above procedure. As the (iovemment of South
Africa has refused to transmit the petitions thus received, the
Committee on South West Africa has provided in its Provisional
Ri~lcs of Procedure-Rule 26-tliat on receipt of a petition the

Seci-etary-General shall request the signatories to submit the
petition to the Committee through the Govemment of South
Africa but that if, aftcr a period of two months, the petition has
not been received through the Govemment ofSouth Africa, the Com-
31mittee shall regard the petition as validly received. It is also
provided that the Committeeshall subsequently notify the Govern-
ment of South Africa as to the conclusions it has reached on the
petition. It does not appear that objection has been raised against
that particular-and important-departure from thé procedure
obtaining under the Mandates System.

However, although thus made available to the supervisingorgan,
the written petition no longer fulfilsthe same function and no longer
partakes of the same effectiveness as written petitions examined in
the presence and with the CO-operationof the Mandatory. It isin
the nature of ex$arte information which may or may not be capable
of verification. This does not mean that the written petition examin-
ed without the assistance of the Mandatory is without value or

that it cm never provide a basis for the conclusions of the super-
vising Committee. But it is clear that it is not the same thing as and
that it is a lesser thingan written petitions within the f~amework
of a machinery operating with the participation of the Mandatory.

The interpretation, in this matter, of the Opinion of the Court
of II July 1950 is thus confronted with the fact that owing to the
attitude of South Africa the potency of the two ~rinci~alinstruments
of supervision is substantially reduced and that other means, not
fundamentally inconsistent with that Opinion, must be found in
order to give effect to its essential purpose. The crucial question
which the Court has now to answer is : Are oral hearings one of these
means ? Are they truly necessary and effective for filling the gap
that has arisen ? Do they secure the reality of the task of super-
visionothenvise reduced below the levelcontemplated by and under-
lying the Opinion of 1950 ? 1am of the view that, in the circumstan-
ces, they fulfil that purpose. Oral hearings contribute one of the
tangible elements of supervision which otherwise-i.e., in the
absence of other means of supe~ision-operat~~ inan atmosphere

of unrealit~. Undoubtedly, the information received through oral
hearings may be exaggerated, false and misleading. Oral heanngs
may be abused by fanatics and seekers for self-advertisement. But
these difficulties and dangers are also present, and less capable of
correction, in the case of written petitions-pecially when examin-
ed in the absence of the Mandatory. Moreover, it is clear that the
importance of oral hearings increases in proportion as the effect-
iveness of the other instruments of supervision has been reduced as
the result of theattitude of the Union of South Africa. If the United
Nations were not confronted with the refusa1of the Union of South
Africa to abide by its obligations as a Mandatory in confomity
with the Opinion of the Court of 1950and if there remaine.d,in their
full effectiveness, the other instruments of supervision therein
32 provided, then the advantages of oral hearings, considerable as
they rnay be and though being, according to some, in keeping with
the recognition within the United Nations of the nght of oral
hearing as a corollary of the fundamental nght of petition, would
be no more than an improvement on the existing machinery of
supervision. They would not be essential to it. In fact, being in the
nature of an excess of supervision as it existed under the League
of Nations, they would be contrary, on that account, to the Opinion
of 19jo. But this is not the position with which the Court is confront-
ed. The Court is not here called upon to express a view on the con-
troversial question of the ments of oral hearings in general. The
question before it is the necessity for oral hearings in a situation
amounting to a substantial drying up of other sources of information.

There is therefore little force in the argument that, after all,
oral hearings are not the only source of information. Admittedly,
they are not. There are other sources. In particular, written peti-
:ions are still available. However, if the effectiveness of these
available means has become drastically reduced owing to the
attitude of the Mandatory, then it is open to the Committee on
South West Afnca, as a matter of effectiveness of the instrument
which it has to apply, to fulfil thatduty by other means.

It may be objected that oral hearings in the absence of the
Mandatory are a procedure which amounts to passing of judgment
in default upon that authonty in its absence andthat for that, if no
other, reason it constitutes a particularly flagrant excess of super-
vision. But is that so?When the Committee on South West Africa
examines written petitions in the absence of the Mandatory, that
procedure may also be said tu arnount to passing of judgment by
default. The êommittee simply informs the Government of South
Africa of its conclusions. But it has not been denied that the Com-
mittee is entitled to do so and that the rule of procedure which it

has adopted for that purpose is in accordance with the Opinion
of the Court ofII July 1950. Moreovor,when the supervising author-
ity hears petitioners in person it has the opportunity of checking
and verifying their statements by a direct and efficacious method
which is not available when written petitions are examine6 in the
absence of their authors.
'This, then, is the principal question before the Court. 1s the
need for oral hearings reai ? If permitted, would they, in the
situation before the Court,contribute to exceeding the total degree
:)fsupervision as circumscribed in the Opinion of the Court of1950 ?
For it is onlÿ under the following two conditions that oral hearings
of petitioners can be held to be consistent with that Opinion: the
need for them must be real in terms of implementii~g the twobasic provisions of that Opinion of the Court ;secondly, they must
not add to the degree of supervision in such a way that in the
aggregate it becomes more stringent than under the League of
Nations. Oral hearings of petitioners would not be permissible if
they were attempted not because of that real need but as an expres-
sion of the disapproval of the attitude of South AfriCa. Any sdch
innovation implying that the Opinion of 1950has lost its regulating
and restraining force would not be permissible. The Opinion of
Iaqo is not a treaty whose provisions can be discarded for the
reason that South Africa has declined to complywith them. It gives
expression to an objective legal status recognized by ,the United
Nations and it must be acted upon. But it must be acted upon
in a reasonable-and not in a one-sided and literal-manner.

My conclusion is, therefore, that there is a true need for oral
hearings in order to supplement sources of information which have

become incomplete in consequence of the attitude of the Union of
South Africa and that, if adopted, they would not result in exceeding
the total degree of supe~sion as laid down in, the Opinion of
II July 1950. This being so, they must be held to be consistent with
that Opinion. They would be so consistent even if the Opinion of
II July 1950 were in absolute terms, namely, if it did not contain
the qualification "as far as yossible".

In view of the preceding observations 1 need only refer briefly tc
the second qualifying clause of the Opinion of II July 1950,namely,
that "the degree of supervision ..should conform as far as possible
to the procedure followed in this respect by the Council of the
League of Nations". The expression "as far as possible" is a form
of words of pronounced elasticity. Its interpretation is a matter of

degree. It is "possible" for a system of supervision to continue
without reports of the Mandatory, without written petitions accom-
anied by his comments and explanations, without the represen-
Patives of the latter being present at the meetings of the super-
visory organ, and without oral hearings filling the gap which has
thus arisen. But that would not be a supervision as contemplated
by the Opinion of 1950. It would be a supervision fallingshort not
only of the assumption of effectiveness which underlay that Opin-
ion of the Court, but also of what must be regarded as a reasonable
measure of effectiveness. It has been suggested that the Committee
would meet with no difficulty if it were to abstain from oral hearings
of petitioners. Admittedly, there is as a de no difficulty encoun-
tered by doing nothing or little, but this is hardly a reasonable
standard by which to gauge the fulfilment of the task of the super-
vising authority. There is no occasion to go to the extreme length

34in thus interpreting away the requirements of satisfactory super-
vision in deference to a persistent attitude of non co-operation oii
the part of the Mandatory. There is no general interest involved in
weakening the system of supervision so considerably below the
level contemplated in the Opinion of 1950. For these reasons 1find
no difficulty in accepting the view that the saving expression "so
faras possible" can properly berelied upon in this case so as to permit
oral heanngs of petitioners. 1cannot accept the argument that the

expression "as far as possible" should be reduced to insignificance
for the reason that the Opinion of 1950 intended to crystallize the
~lihstantive and procedural status quo as it then existed. Reasons
have been given above why there is no merit in the view that the
Court ought to lend its authority to the continued and unaltered
maintenance of that statas quo by upholding the two qualifying
clauses of its Opinion of 1950 after the two basic provisions which
it thus qualified have ceased to be operative as the result of the
attitude of the Mandatory.

There is or.iC : :ii-iwnich requires some explanation in this
connection. In ~ts Opinion of 7 June 1955on the Voting Procedure,
the Court, in explaining the expression "as far as possible" as being
"designed to allou- for adjustments and modifications necessitated
by legal or practical corisiderations" (at p. 77)-an explanation
which fully covers the issue now before the Court-seemed to give
a restricted scope to that expression. It explained that phrase as
"indicating that in the nature of things the General Assembly,
operating under an instrument different from that which govemed
the Council of the League of Nations, would not be able to follow
precisely the same procedures as were followed by the Council"
(ibid.). It might tbus appear that the Court was limiting the opera-
tion of the "as far as possible" principle to the exigencies of the
Charter and of the procedure of the General Assembly. It is not

believed that this is so. In the case of the Voting Procedure the
Court was concerneù with this particular aspect of the question and
it was therefore natural that its reasoning should have concentrated
on that issue. 'L'hereis no reasori to assume that it intended to li.iit
generally. the apparent cornprehensi-deness of the clause "as ~ar as
possible". Siinllar considerations apply to those passages of the
Opiniori of 1953 in whicil the Court attacheci importance Lo stating
ihat the exprrssiori "degrie of supervision", iriasmuch as it related
to the "measurc and rneans oi supervision" and to "the means
employed hy the suyervisory authority in obtaining ad-]P( uate
infermatiori", slioulù. not be kterpreted as relating îo proceduralmatters (at p. 72). The correct view is that the issue of oral hea~ings
is both a question of substantive supervision and of procedure. It is
clear that a procedural measure may decisivelyaffect thenghts and
obligations of the parties. There would be a disadvantage in basing
the Judgments and Opinions of the Court not on legal considera-
tions of general application but on controversial technicalities and
artificial classifications.

There remains the question whether, assuming that there has
been created a real gap in the system of supervision and that oral
bearings may be instrumental to some extent in fîlling that gap,
the consistency of oral hearings with the Ophiion of II July 1950
can be ascertained by way of judicial interpretation or whether it
can only be decreed, by way of legislative change, by the General
Assembly. This question, it is kelieved, must be answered affir-
matively in the light of the general legal considerations outlined
above.

There are three possible methods of approach for a court of law
confronted with a situation such as the present, namely, that of
a party refusing to reco;;n;,- or Coact upon a legal instrument which
purports to express the legal obligations of that party and whose
validity must, as in the present case, be regarded as continuing :

(1) It is possible to hold that, even if that party refuses to be
bound by any of the obligations or limitations of the legal instru-
ment in question, the other party-in this case the United Nations
and the Committee on South West Africa are ,the other party-
must fulfil literally and abide by al1 the restraining provisions

emcted for the benefit of the recalcitrant party even if such one-
sided application results in reducing substantially the effectiveness
of the instrument. Any such method 1 consider to be unsound.

(2)The second method is to assert that, as the legal instrument
in question has been repudiated by one party, a new factual and
legal situation has arisen in which the other party is free to act
as it pleases and to disregard al1 the restraints of the instrument.
This, 1 believe, is not the view which the Court czn properly
adopt. The Opinion of 1350 continues to be tlie law. It established
-or recognized-a legal status of the Temtory. It is the law
binding upon the Committee for South West Afnca.

(3) The third poszibility, which appears to me most appropnate
as a legal proposition and in accordance with good faith and
common sense, is to interpret the instrument as continuing in
validity and as fully applicable subject to reasonable re-adjust--

26 ments calculated to maintain the effectiveness, though not more
than that. of the major purpose of the instrument.
Similarly, it is in the light of the general principle as thus stated
that there must be considered the contention that if as the result
of the attitude of South Africa and the situation which has thus
arisen it is necessary to effect changes in the Opinion of the Court
of II July 1950, such changes must be accomplished by the
General Assembly and not by the Court. For it would appear
that that argument begs the question. The Court, in finding that
its Opinion of II July 1950, is
oral hearings are consistent with
not changing the law as laid down in that Opinion. It interprets
it in accordance with good sense and sound legal pnnciple. This
in fact was the method which the Court followed in its Opinion
of II July 1950,when it was called upon to interpret the relevant
clauses of the Covenant of the League of Nations and of the Charter
af the United Nations. In answering the question as to the existing
international legal position of South West Africa it applied the
relevant international instruments in so far as this was possible.
It did not change the law as contained therein. The essence of
that Opinion was that the Court declined to apply literally the
!egal régime which it was cailed upon to interpret. It declined
to admit that the continuity of the mandatory system meant
necessarily that only the League of Nations-and no one else-
could act as the .,,;per~~sing authority. On the face of it, the

Opinion, inasmuch as it held that the United Nations must be
substituted for the League of Nations as the supervisory organ,
signified a change as compared with the letter of the Covenant.
Actually, the Opinion did no more than give effect to the main
purpose of the legal instruments before if. That is the true function
of interpretation The Opinion gave effect to the existing law in a
situation iri \-/hiii otherwise its purpose, as the Court saw it,
would have bccr, endangered. This is essentially the situation
with which the Court is confronted in the present case.
There is onc hirfher consideration which must be borne in
rnind in relation ho the suggestion that although the Court
samot declare 01,t hearings of peti tioriers to be consistent with
its Opinion of 1950, the General Assembly-and the General

Assembly only- has the power to do so. The Preamble to the
request for the present Opinion begins as follows : "The General
Assembly, having been requested by the Committee on South
West Africa to decide whetlier or not the oral heanng of petitioners
on matters relating to the territory of South West Africa is admis-
sible before that Committee ..."The Court is requested to advise
tlic General Assembly whether, as a matter of law embodied in
the Opinion of the Court of II July 1950, the General Assembly
ic entitled to decide that oral hearings are admissible. In view of
this, itis hardly possible for the Court to give a negative answer
to the question put to it and to say--or imply--that if any changeis required as the result of the attitude of South Africa then that
change must be effected by the General Assembly and not the
Court. For this is the very question which the Court has been

asked to answer. It is not possible for the Court to Say that it
would be contrary to the Opinion of II July 1950 for the Ceneral
Assembly to authorize oral hearings and at the same time to Say,
or imply, that the General Assembly may do it. If the General
Assembly had felt at liberty to authorize oral hearings regardless
of whether such authorization is consistent with the Opinion of
II July 1950 or not, it would have hardly found it necessary to
request the Court to give the present Advisory Opinion. This
being so, the Court could not, in the present case, renounce its
legitimate function on the ground that the appropriate result
can be achieved by the legislative action of the political organ.
Reluctance to encroach upon the province of the Iegislature is a
propeL manifestation of judicial caution. If exaggerated, it may
amount to unwillingness to fulfil a task which is within the orbit
of the functions of the Court as defined by its Statute. The Court

cannot properly be concerned with any political effects of its
decisions. But it is important, as a matter of international public
policy, to bear in mind the indirect consequences of any pronounce-
ment which, by giving a purelp literal interpretation of the Opinion
of II July 1950, would have rendered it impotent in face of obstruc-
tion by one party.

In fact, from whatever angle the request for the present Advisory
Opinion is viewed, a substantive answer to it seems indicated by
reference to general legal considerations such as outlined in this
and in the preceding parts of this Separate Opinion. This applies
also to that part ofthe Opinion in which 1have cometo the conclusion
that oral hearings of petitioners would-apart from the situation
actually confronting the United Nations-be inconsistent with the
Opinion of II July 1950 inasmuch as they depart from the system
which obtained under the League of Nations. But, as explained,

tbat system was predicated on the fulfilment by the Mandatory
of his obligations in the matter of reports and petitions. AS the
result of the attitude now adopted by the Union of South Africa,
that assumption no longer applies. The maxim cessante ratione
cessat lex ipsa is a tnte legal proposition. This circumstance does
not affect the propriety and the necessity of its judicialapplication.

It is necessary in this connection to refer to the apparent incon-
sistency between the view which is put forward in this Separate
Opinion (and which in effect underlies the present Opinion of the
Court) and that on which the Court seems to have based its Opinion

38 of 18 July 1950 on the Interpretation of the PeaceTreaties(Second
Phase). In the latter case the Court declined to hold that the

failure, contrary to their international obligations, of certain
States to appoint representatives to the Commissions provided by
the treaties in question for settling disputes justified some alter-
native method of appointment not contemplated by these treaties.
As in the present case, the conduct of the States inquestion had thus
created a gap-in fact, a breakdown-in the operation of the system
of supervision contemplated by the treaties. Yet the Court refused
to admit the legality of an alternative method designed to remedy
the situation. It said :
"The failure of machinery for settling disputes by reason of
the practical impossibility of creating the Commission provided
for in the Treaties is one thing ; international responsibility is
another. The breach of a treaty obligation cannot be remedied
by creating a Comniission whichis not the kind of Commission
contemplated by the Treaties. lt is the dutg of the Court to inter-
pret the Treaties, not to revisethem." (I.C.J. Reports1950p,.229.)

The resemblance of the two cases is as striking as the apparent
discrepancy between the present Opinion of the Court and that in
the case of the Interpretation of the Peace Treaties. In view of
this it is appropriate and desirable to state the reasons, if any,
for this seeming departure from a previous Opinion. Without
expressing a view as to the merits of the Opinion of the Coiirt on the
lnterpretation of the Peace Treaties, 1 consider that, in fact, the
two cases are dissimilar in a vital respect. The clauses of the Peace
Treaties of 1947 relating to settlement of disputes were, as shown
in their wording and the protracted history of their adoption,
formulated in terms which clearly revealed the absence of agreement
to endow them with a full measure of effectiveness--including
safeguards to be resorted to in the event of the failure of one of the
parties to participate in the procedure of settlement of disputes.
This was a case in which the application of the principle of effec-

tiveness in the interpretation of treaties found, in the view of the
Court, a necessary limit in the circumstance that the parties had
failed-not accidentally, but by design-to render them fully effec-
tive. This is not the position in the present case when the Court is
condronted with the interpretation of provisions concerning a régime
in the nature of an international status of established and conti-
nuous operation ;provisions in relation to which :Fie Court, in the
Opinion of II July 1950and that of 7June 1955onvoting Procedure,
anirrrled in emphatic language the necessity of securing the unim-
peded and effective application of the system of supervision in
accordance with the fundamental provisions of the Covenant and
the Charter ; and with regard to which it qualified the notion of
any literai and rigid continuity of the Mandates System by making
it obligatory only "so far as possible1'-an expression expressly

39"designed to allow for adjustments and modifications necessitated
by legal or practical considerations" (I.C. J. Reports 1955, p. 77).
This being so, the present Advisory Opinion of the Court seems
to be fully in accordance with its previous practice of interpreting
treaties and other international instruments in a manner calculated
to secure their effective operation. For this reason, subject to
some doubts as to the formulation of the operative part of the
Opinion and as to some aspects of its reasoning such as the extent

of the reliance on the implied powers of the Councilof the League of
Nations, 1 have no hesitation in concurring inthe Opinion of the
Court.

(Signed) H. LAUTERPACHT.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF SIR HERSCH LAUTERPACHT

While 1 am in general agreement with the Opinion of the Court,
1have concurred in it subject to reservations both with regard to
the scope of the operative part of the Opinion and the reasons
adduced in support of it. Moreover, 1 feel it my duty to elaborate
in more detail certain questions relating to the main problem
confronting the Court.

There arises in the present case a preliminary issue which is to
a large extent responsiMefor the division of the Court and which is
connected in a significant manner with the exercise of its advisory
function.
The request for the present Advisory Opinion of the Court is
stated in apparently general terms. It runs as follows : "1s it
consistent with the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of
Justice of II July 1950 for the Committee on South West Afnca,
established by General Assembly Resolution 749 A (VIII) of
28 November 1953,to grant oral hearings to petitioners on matters
relating to the territory of South West Africa ?" Thus put, the
question does'not seem to refer to any specific situation. In view
of this, it has been suggested-a suggestion to which the Court,
rightly in my view, ha5 declined to accede-that the reply of the
Court must be of a general character unrelated to the events and
providing no answer to the difficulty which underlay the request
the Court by the Secretary-General that in asking the Court ford to
an Opinion on the question whether oral hearings of petitioners on
matters relating to the territory of South WestAfnca areconsistent
with the Opinion ofthe Court of II July 1950,the GeneralAssembly
was referring not to this question in general but to one aspect of
that question as it results from a particular situation. The gist of
that situation is that, while the General Assembly has with prac-
tical unanimity approved the Opinion of the Court of II July
1950, the Union ofSoiith Africa has deklinedto accept it as express-
ing the correct legal position and that it has refused to comply
with its principal obligations in respect of the supervision of the
legal régimeof the mandated territory of South West Africa as
ascertained by the Court in its Opinion of IIJuly 1950.In partic-
ular, it has declined to provide the supervising authonty with
annual reports and to lend its assistance by forwarding, comment-
ing upon, or participating in the examination of written petitions

16OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DESIR HERSCH LAUTERPACHT
[ Traduction]

Bien que je sois d'accord d'une façon générale avec l'avis de la
Cour, je m'y suis rallié sous certaines réserves touchant à la fois
la portée dudispositif del'avis et les motifsinvoquéspour l'appuyer.
En outre, je crois de mon devoir de développer avec plus de détails
certaines questions touchant au problème principal soumis à la
Cour.

La présente affaire pose une question préliminaire qui est large-
ment responsable du partage des opinions au sein de la Cour et
qui se rattache d'une manière significative àl'exercice de sa fonction
consultative.
La requête pour avis consultatif est en apparence énoncée en
termes généraux. Voici son texte : «Le Comité du Sud-Ouest
africain, créépar la résolution749A (VIII) de l'Assembléegénérale
en date du 28 novembre 1953, se conformerait-il à l'avis consul-
tatif rendu par la Cour internationale de Justice, leII juillet 1950,
en accordant des audiences à des pétitionnaires sur des questions
relatives au Territoire du Sud-Ouest africain ? 1)Airisi posée, la
question semble n'envisager aucune situation particulière donnée.
C'est pourquoi on a prétendu - et c'est une idéeà laquelle la Cour
a refusé,à juste titre selon moi, d'accéder - que la réponse dela

Cour devait êtrcde caractère gériérals ,ans rapport avec les événe-
ments, et ne fournissant pas de réponse à la difficultéd'où est née
la requête d'avis. Il est clair cependant, comme le montrent les
documents transmis à la Cour par le Secrétaire général, qu'en
sollicitant l'avis de la Cour sur la question de savoir si l'audition
de pétitionnaires sur des questions relatives au Territoire di1 Sud-
Ouest africain était compatible avec l'avis rendu par la Cour le
II juillet 1950, l'Assembléegénéralese référaitnon pas à cette
question d'une manière générale mais à un aspect de la question
tel qu'il résulte d'une situation particulihre. Le point essentiel de
cette situation est qu'au moment oùl'Assembléegénérale a approuvé
presque à l'unanimité l'avis rendu par la Cour le II juillet 1950,
l'union sud-africaine a refuséde l'accepter comme l'expression de

la vérité juridique etderemplir sesprincipalesobligations en matière
de surveillance du régimelégaldu Temtoire sous Mandat du Sud-
Ouest africain, tel que la Cour a définice régimedans son avis du
IIjuillet1950 . n particulier, ellarefusé deremettre des rapports
annuels à l'autorité de surveillance et de i'assister en transmettant
les pétitions écrites soumises au Comité du Sud-Ouest africain,
16submitted to the Committee on South West Africa. It is on account
of that situation that the Court has been requestec! to give the
present Advisory Opinion. So far as 1 am aware, no suggestion has
been made from any quarter that the Committee on South West
Africa is or should be entitled to grant oral hearings even if the
Union of South Africa fulfils her obligations as Mandatory in the
matter of annual reports and petitions. It cannot be reasonably
assumed that in framing its request the General Assembly intended
no more than to obtain the confirmation of a proposition which has
not been disputed and which is not at issue. The General Assembly
could not have intended to confine the task of the Court to an
academic exercise ~iot requiring any notable display of jiidicial
effort.
This being so, the Court cannot answer the question put to it
without direct reference to a situation of whicha complete picture
is presented in the documents which have been sent to it by the
Secretary-General and of which it must also othenvise take judicial
notice. Moreover, that particular situation is set out in the very
terms of the request for an Advisory Opinion. The request expressly
refers to Resolution 749 A (VIII) of 28 November 1953 which, in
its recitals, includes an account of the attitude adopted by the
Union of South Afnca. Even if the Court were to ignore the official
documents, minutes and reports submitted to it by the Secretary-
General, the wording of the request, in embodying Resolution

749 A (VIII), must be held to give, in considerable detail, a picture
of the problem confronting the General Assembly. It is clear, there-
fore, that theres no warrant in the present case for extracting from
the wording of the request for the Opinion of the Court al1 possible
element of generality and abstraction with the object of producing
an answer which is entirely academic in character.
There occurs in the Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1948 on the
Conditions of Admission of a State to Membershi* in the United
Nations a passage which, when read in isolation, seems to give
support to a view contrary to that here advanced. In that case the
Court said : "It is the duty of the Court to envisage the question
submitted to it only in the abstract form which has been given to ;t
nothing which is said in the present opinion refers, either directly
or indirectly, to concrete cases' or to particular circumstances."
(I.C.J. Reports1947-1948, p. 61. T)hat passage seems to lend colour
to the suggestion that the Court ought also in the present case to
answer the question put toit without reference tothe circumstances
which prompted the General Assembly to make the request. However,
on reading the relevant paragraph as a whole it is clear that the
passage quoted is not germane to the present issue. The Court was
on that occasion concerned with the objection that "the question
put [to it] must be regarded as a political one and that, for this

reason, it falls outside the jurisdiction of the Court". The Court
rejected that contention on the ground that it "cannot attribute a
17en les commentant ou en participant à leur examen. Telle est la
situation en raison de laquelle la Cour a étérequise de donner le
présent avis. Pour autant que je sache, personne n'a prétendu que
le Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain ait le droit, ou dût avoir le droit,
d'accorder des audiences mêmesi l'Union sud-africaine remplissait
ses obligations de Puissance mandataire en matière de rapports
annuels et de pétitions. On ne peut raisonnablement admettre qu'en
fbrmulant sa requête, l'Assemblée ait simplement désiré obtenir
la confirmation d'une proposition qui n'a pas étécontestée et qui
n'est pas en cause. L'Assembléegénérale n'apas pu vouloir limiter
la tâche de la Cour à un exercice académique, qui ne demande pas

le déploiement d'un gros effort juridique.

Cela étant,la Cour ne peut répondre à la question qu'on lui pose
sans viser directement une situation dont les documents envoyés
par le Secrétaire général fournissentl'image complète et dont par
ailleurs elle doit aussitenir judiciairement compte. Au surplus,
cette situation particulière est énoncée,dansles termes mêmesde
la requête pour avis consultatif. La requêtevise expressément la
résolution 749 A (VIII) du 28novembre 1953 qui, dans ses motifs,
expose l'attitude adoptée par l'Union sud-africaine. Mêmesi la
Cour ignorait les documents officiels, procès-verbaux et rapports
présentéspar le Secrétairegénérall,etexte dela requête,du faitque la
la résolution749 A (VIII)y est incorporée,doit êtreconsidércomme
donnant un tableau assez détaillédu problème devant lequel se
trouve l'Assemblée générale. Par conséquent, en l'espèce, rien
n'autoriserait à extraire du libellé de la requêtetous les éléments
généraux et abstraits qui peuvent s'y trouver, et cela dans le
dessein de produire une réponse de caractère purement académique.

L'avis consultatif du28 mai 1948 sur les Conditions del'admission
d'un État comme Membre des Nations Unies contient un passage
qui, pris isolément, semble prêter appui à une opinion contraire à
celle-là. Dans cette affaire, la Cour a di((La Cour a le devoir de
n'envisager la question qui lui est présenréeque sous l'aspect
abstrait qui luia étédonné; rien de ce qui est dit dans le présent
avis ne se réfère,ni directement ni indirectement, à des cas concrets
ou à des contingences particulières n (C. I. J. Recz~eiZrg47-rgq8,
p. 61). Cepassage paraît justifier l'idéeque la Cour devrait, également
en l'espèce,répondreàla question qu'on lui pose sans se référeraux
circonstances qui ont amené l'Assemblée gsnérale à présenter sa
requête.Mais, en lisant le passage pertinent dans son ensemble, il
est clair que la citation est sans lien avec la question actuelle.
Dans l'affaire citée plus haut, la Cour s'occupait de l'objection
d'après laquelle (la question poséedoit êtretenue pour politique
et qu'elle échapperait, à ce titre, à la compétence de la Cou».La
Cour a rejeté cette thèse en disant qu'elle ((ne peut attribuer un

caractère politique à une demande, libelléeen termes abstraits, et
17political character to a request which, framed in abstract terms,
invites it to undertake an essentiallyjudicial task, the interpretation
of a treaty provision" and that "it is not concerned with the motives
which may have inspired this request, nor with the considerations
which, in the concrete cases submitted for examination to the
Security Council, formed the subject of the exchange of views
which took place in that body". There followed the sentence quoted
at the beginning ofthis paragraph. It will thus be seen from this
bare recital that the passage in question is not relevant to the issue
now before the Court.

At the same time, while 1am in agreement with the present Opin-
ion of the Court as to this aspect of the matter, 1 do not consider
that the question put to it bythe General Assembly can accurately
be answered by way of a simple affirmative. The difficultyarisesfrom
the fact that the General Assembly, although actually desirous of an
answer of the Court bearing upon a specific situation, cast its
request in an apparently general form unrelated to that situation.
This being so, a bare affirmative answer does not seem to me to meet
the exigencies of the case. Itis a matter of common experience that
a mere affirmation or a mere denial of a question does not necessarily
result in a close approximatiori to truth. The previous practice of
the Court supplies authority for the proposition that the Court
enjoys considerable !atitc.le in construing the question put to it
or in formulating i: ;'ns~:T in such a manner as to make its advisory
function effective and useful. Thus, for instance, in the Jaworzina
case (Series B, No. 8, p. 50) the Court amplified the question sub-
mitted to the Court. Although the request for an Advisory Opinion
in that case seemed to be confined to the frontier region of Spisz,
the Court came to the conclusion that it must express an opinion on

the other parts of the frontier in so far as the delimitation of the
frontiers in the entire region may be interdependent. In the case
concerning the Cornpetence of theInternational Labour Organisation,
it restated and limited the question put to it (SeriesB, No. 3, p. 59).
In the Advisory Opinion ori the Interpretation of theGreco-Turkish
Agreement, the Court held that asthe request for its Opinion did not
state exactly the question upon which the Opinion was sought, "it is
essential that it shoulddeterminewhat this question isand formulate
an exact statement of it" (Series B, No. 16, p. 14). In the field of
the ~ontentious procedure the previous jurispnidence of the Court as
forn~iilated in its Judgment No. II on the Interfiretation3f Judg-
ments Nos. 7 G 8 (pp. 15, 16) contains authority for the proposition
that the Court, for thepurpose of the iriterpietation of its Judgments
-a matter of some importance for the purposes of rhe present
Advisory Opinion designed to interpret a previous Opinion-does
not consider itself as bound simply to reply "yes" or "no" to the
propositions formulated by the parties and that "it cannot be

bound by formulae chosen by the Parties concerned, but must be
able to take an unhampered decision".
I8qui, en lui déférant l'interprétation d'un texte conventionnel,
l'inviteà une fonction essentiellement judiciaire »,et qu'elle (n'a
point à s'arrêteraux mobiles qui ont pu inspirer cette demande, ni
aux considérations qui, dans les cas concrets soiimis à l'examen du
Conseil de Sécurité,ont étél'objet des vues échangéesdans son
sein n.Ensuite vient la phrase citéeau débutdu présent paragraphe.
Ce simple exposémontre que le passage en question est sans perti-

nence en l'espèce.

Cependant. tout en étant d'accord avec l'avis de la Cour sur cet
aspect de la question, je ne considère pas que la demande qui lui a
été faite par l'Assembléegénérale puisse recevoir réponseexacte au
moyen d'une simple affirmation. La difficultéest née du fait que
l'Assemblée générale, bien qu'effectivement désireuse d'avoir la
réponsede la Cour à propos d'une situation déterminée, a formulé
sa requêteen des termes qui paraissent détachésde cette situation.
Cela étant, une réponse par voie de simple affirmation ne semble
pas satisfaire aux exigerices du cas. L'expériencedémontrecouram-
ment que la simple ~éponseaffirmative ou négative à une question
n'est pa3toujours cellequi s'approcheleplusprès possible dela vérité.

La prztique antérieure de laCour fournit des précédents à l'opinion
que ?elle-ci jouit d'une latitude considérable pour interpréter la
question qu'on lui pose, ou pour formuler sa réponse de manière
à rendre son rôle consultatif utile et effectif. Ainsi, par exemple,
dans l'affâire Jaworzina (Série B, no8, p. 501,la Cour a dévcloppé
la question qui lui était soumise. Bien que la requêted'avis consul-
tatif dans cette affaire parût limitée à la région frontalière de
Spisz, la Cour en est venue à coriclure qu'elle devait exprimer son
avis sur les autres régions de la frontière, dans la mesure oii les
frontières délimitéesdanstoute cette zone étaient interdépendantes.
Dans l'affaire relativeà la Compétencede l'Organisation internatio-
nale dzt Pavail, elle a formuléà nouveau et limitéla question qu'on
lui posait (SérieB, no3, p. 59). Dans l'avis consultatif sur l'Inter-
prétutionde l'Accordgréco-turc,la Cour a jugéque, la requêtepour

avis consultatif n'ayant pas énoncéexactement la question sur
laquelle on sollicitait un avis, «'ilétait indispensable qu'elle dégage
et ft>rrriuleen termes préciscette question » (SérieB, no 16, p. 14).
Dans le domaine de la procédure contentieuse, la jurisprudence
antérieure de la Cour, telle qu'elle est formulée dans l'arrêtno II
sur I'InterPrktation desarrèts nO7 G 8 (pp. 15 et 16), justifie l'opi-
nion qiie la Cour, dans l'interprétation de ses jugements- question
qui a son importance au point de vue de l'avis consultatif actuel,
destinéàinterpréter un avis antérieur- ne se considèrepas comme
tenue de répondre simplement par « ouin ou par «non »aux proposi-
tions formuléespar les parties,'et qu'elle « ne saurait êtreliéepar
des formules choisies par les Parties en cause, mais doit pouvoir
se prononcer librement B.

18 Undoubtedly it is desirable that the request for an Advisory
Opinion should not, through exces of brevity, make it necessary
for the Court to go outside the question asformulated. Reference
may be made in this connection to suggestions bearing upon
possible developments in the procedure followed by the General
Assembly in making requests for an Advisory Opinion of the
Court (see Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice in Transactions of Grotius
Society, 38 (1952), p. 139). However, the absence of the requisite
degree of precision or elaboration in the wording of the request
does not absolve the Court of the duty to give an effective and
accurate answer in conformity with the true purpose of its
advisory function. For these reasons 1 consider that, having
regard to the apparently general form in which the request for

the Opinion is framed, the Opinion of the Court in the present
case could not properly be couched in terms of "yes" or "no"
but ought to have been given in relation both to the specific
situation underlying the request for the Advisory Opinion and to
the powers of the Committee on South West Africa irrespective
of that situation. An answer which concentrates on only one of
these two aspects may well be such as either to ignore the true
issue before the Court or to oDen the other for veJ another inter-
pretative Opinion.
It mav be convenient if. in order to illustrate the above as~ect
of the Present Separate Opinion, 1 reverse the customary &der
and give my own version as to what ought to be the answer of
the Court in the present case :

(1) It may or may not be consistent with the Advisory Opinion
of II July 1950 for the Committee on South West Africa to
grant oral heanngs to petitioners on matters relating to the
territory of South West Africa.

(2) In circumstances in which there is present the requisite co-
operation on the part of the Mandatory complying with his
obligation to send reports and transmit petitions to the super-
vising authonty as envisaged in the Opinion of II July 1950,
it is not consistent with that Opinion to grant oral hearings
to petitioners.
(3) It is consistent with the Advisory Opinion of II July 1950
for the Committee on South West Africa to gant oral hearings
to petitioners from that temtory whenever, and so long as,

owing to the absence of such CO-operationon the part of the
Mandatory, the Committee feels constrained, in order to fulfil
the duty entrusted to it by the General Assembly, to use
sources of information other than those which would be nor-
mally available to it if the Mandatory were willing to assist
the Committee in obtaining information in accordance with
the procedure as it existed under the League of Nations. Sans auciu? doute, il est souhaitable que, par une concision
exagérée,la demande d'avis consultatif n'oblige pas la Cour à

sortir des limites de la question telle qu'elle est fornulCe. On
peut citer à ce propos les vues portant sur le développement
possible de la procédure appliquée par l'Assemblée générale en
matière de requêtes pour avis consultatif présentées à la Cour
(voir su Gerald Fitzmaurice dans Transactioon fsGrotizrsSociety,
38 (rgsz), p. 139). L'absence du degré nécessairede prScision ou
de détails dans l'énoncéde la requête ne dispense pourtant pas
12 Cour du devoir de répondre de façon utile et exacte, confor-
mémen?au véritable but de sa fonction consiiltative. Voici pour-
quoi, selon moi, bien que la demande d'avis soit en apparence
formulée en termes généraux, il ne saurait y être répondu pal
«oui ):ou par « non » : l'avis aurait dû tenir compte à la fois de
la situation de fait à l'origine de la demande et des pouvoirs du
Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain, indépendamment de cette situation.

Une rhponse qui se limiterait à un seul. de ces deux aspects ris-
querait ou bien d'ignorer la vraie question qui se pose à la Cou1
ou bien, pour l'autre question, d'ouvrir encore la voie à un
avis interprétatif. Selon moi, l'avis de la Cour doit tenir compte
des deux.

Pour plils de commodité, afin d'illustrer cet aspect de la présente
opinion individuelle, je renverserai l'ordre habituel et donnerai
ma propre version de ce que devrait êtrela réponse de la Cour
dans le cas actuel :

I) En accordant des audiences à des pétitionnaires sur des ques-
tions relatives au Territoire du Sud-Ouest africain le Comité
du Sud-Ouest africain pourrait se conformer, ou pourrait ne
pas se canformer à l'avis consultatif du 11 juillet1950.
2) Lorsque la Puissance mandataire apporte la coopération néces-
saii-e, en s'acquittant de son obligation d'envoyer des rzpportr

et de transmettre des pétitions à l'autorité chargée de la sur-
veiliatice, comme l'a envisagé I'avis du II juillet 1950, il ne
serait pas confonne à cet avis d'accorder des audiences à des
pétitionnaires.
3) Le Cornite du Sud-Ouest africain se conformerait à l'avis
consultatif du ~i judlei 1950 en accordant des audiences A
des pétitionnaires de ce territoire toutes les fois que, faute de
la coopération de la, Yuissmce mandataire, il se sentira obligé,
pour rempli les fonctions à lui confiéespar l'Assembléegkné-
rde, de puiser à des sou~ces d'informa,tion autres quz celles
dont il disposerait normalement si la Puissance maridataire

consentait à l'aider à obtenir des re~iseignements selon la
procédiire telle qu'elle existait au temps de la Sociétédes
Nations, et cela aussi longtempsqu'il ressentira cette obligation. It will be seen that on the main issue, as formulated under
(3), my view is substantially identical with that of the operative
part of the Opinion of the Court. 1 differ from it inasmuch, in
consequence of the generality of its answer, the latter may be
interpreted as mea,ping that the Committee on South West Africa
is entitled to grant oral hearings even if there is present the neces-
sary CO-operationon the part of the Union of South Africa. Any
such finding would, in my view, be unwarranted and inconsistent
with the Opinion of II July 1950.

1now propose to examine the main substantive question which is
relevant to the answer of the Court, namely, whether oral hearings
are consistent with that qualifying clause of its Opinion of II July
1950 which laid down that "the degree of supervision to be exer-
cised by the General Assembly should not ...exceed that which
applied under the Mandates System, and should conform as far as
possible to the procedure followed in this respect by the Council of
the League of NationsJ'. That qualifying clause was in the nature
of an elaboration-a necessary elaboration-of the goveming consi-
deration which underlay that Opinion, namely, that in the absence
of a new arrangement agreed to by the Union of South Africa her
obligations and her position in the matter of supervision were, in
principle, to continue unaltered. No other object can properly be

attributed to that qualifying clause. In particular, no intention can
reasonably be imputed to the Court to crystallize in absolute terms
and in every detail the degree of supervision and the procedure
obtaining under the Mandates System. The object was to preserve
the degree and the procedure of supervision not as an end in itself
or because of any immutable virtue inherent in it, but merely as
a means of obviating an extension or diminution of the obligations
of the Union of South Africa as a Mandatory. If, as 1believe to be
the case, the grant of oral hearings does not, upon examination of
the entire position ensuing from the attitude of the Union of South
Africa, result in any addition to its obligations, then the issue of
crystallizing the degree and procedure of supervision cannot pro-
yerly be deemed to aise.

Ço far as the language of the above-mentioned qualifying clause
is concerned, 1 have come to the conclusion that normally, i.e., so
long as there are available the regular sources of information
through annual reports and petitions transmitted by the Union of
South Africa in accordance with the Opinion of II July 1950, the
grant of oral hearings to petitioners would exceed the degree of
supervision which applied during the Mandates System and that it
wouldnot conform to the procedure followed inthis respect, i.eIn

the matter of supervision, by the Council of the League of Nations.
m On verra que sur le point principal, tel qu'il est formulé ail
paragraphe 3), mon opinion est en substance identique à celle

du dispositif de l'avis. Je m'en écarte dans la mesure où, en raison
de son caractère général, laréponse pourrait s'interpréter comme
signifiant que le Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain a le droit d'accorder
des audiences, mêmesi l'Union sud-africaine apporte la coopé-
ration nécessaire. Une décision dans ce sens serait, à mon avis,
injustifiée et incompatible avec l'avis du II juillet 1950.

Je me propose d'examiner maintenant la principale question de
fond à laquelle doit répondre la Cour, à savoir si les audiences sont
conformes à la clause restrictive de l'avis du II juillet 1950 qui a
déclaré que «le degré de surveillance à exercer par l'Assemblée

généralene saurait ... dépasser celui qui a étCappliqué sous le
régime des Mandats et devrait êtreconforme autant que possible à
la procédure suivie en la matière par le Conseil de la Sociétédes
Nations 1).Cette clause restrictive présente les caractères d'un
développement - un développement nécessaire - de l'idéemaî-
tresse sur laquelle repose l'avis, à savoirqu'en l'absence d'un nouvel
arrangement 6tabli avec l'accord de l'Union sud-africaine, ses obli-
gations et sa position en matière de surveillancedevaient, en prin-
cipe, demeurer sans changement. On ne saurait attribuer légitime-
ment d'autres buts à cette restriction. En particulier, on ne peut
raisonnablement imputer à la Cour l'intention de cristalliser en
termes absolus et dans tous les détailsle degréde surveillance et la
procédure applicable au système des Mandats. Le but était de
maintenir le degréet la procédure de surveillance, non pas comme
une fin en soi ou à cause d'un principe inhérent d'immutabilité,

mais seulement pour empêcherque les obligations ue l'Union sud-
africaine en tant que Puissance mandataire soient étendues ou
diminuées. Si,comme je le crois, l'octroi d'audiencesne conduit pas,
après un examen d'ensemble de la situation qui résulte del'attitude
de l'Union sud-africaine, à une extension des obligations de cet
État, alors la question de la cristallisation du degré desurveillance
et de la procédure employéeà cette fin ne peut légitimement être
considéréecomme se posant.
Pour ce qui est du texte de la clause restrictive citée plus haut,
je suis amvé àla conclusion que normalement, c'est-à-dire tant qu'il
est possible d'user des sources régulièresd'information qu'offrent
les rapports annuels et les pétitions transmises par l'Union sud-
africaine conformément à l'avis du II juillet 1950, les audiences
accordéesaux pétitionnaires dépasseraient le degréde surveillance

qui s'appliquait sous le système des Mandats et ne se conformerait
pas à la procédure suivie en la matière, c'est-à-dire en matière de
surveillance, par le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations. Obtenir des Bbtaining of information through oral hearings results in a degree
of supervision more stringent than that implied in the system of
written petitions. Oral hearings were not permitted under the
system applied by the Council of the League of Nations. They were
expressly disaliowed by it on repeated occasions. As wiil be sub-
mitted rater on, that attitude of the Council must be viewed in the
Irightof the circumstances which explained its refusal to authonze
oral hearings. However, these circumstances, dthough they are
relevant Po the more general issue now before the Court, do not
alter the fact that oralhearhgs found no place In the procedure of
supervision as applied under the Mandates System. 1 have little
doubt that this would have been the answer-in the nature of a
simple and obvious constatdion-if that question had been asked
during the existence of the League of Nations, at the time of its

iormal demiçe in 1946, or when the Advisory Qpinion of the Court
was given in 1950.
Neither have Ifound it possible to rely to any substantial extent
an the view that although the Council of CheLeague did not permit
and that although it expressly rejected the procedure of oral
hearings, it was entitledto grant oralhearings by virtue ofits inherent
powers in the matter of supervision and that these powers passed
lrom the Council of the League of Nations to the General Assembly
of the United Nations in conformity with the Opinion of the Court
of II July 1950.An57devolution of powers in this respect êouldtake
place only subject to the goveming nile as laid down in that
Opinion, namely, that the degree of supervision by the General
Assembly should not exceed that applied under the Mandates
System. 1 Iind it difficult to accept as a siabstanlial ground for the
present Opiriion of the Court an interpretation which construes that
qualifying mle as refening not necessady to the system which
actually applied but éoone which could or might have been applied
in certain circumstances. The doctrine of implied powers ûf the

Council might, if resorted to, render meaningleçs-to a large
zxtent-the rule Chat ihere rnust be no excess of supervision. As the
Council of the League, in the exercise of its allegednlierent powers,
could introduce any means of supervisionnot patently inconsistent
with the mandate, no means of supervision thus introduced by the
General Assembly could conceivably be in excess of the supervision
"applied" under the Mandates System. 1 cannot accept any such
interpretation of the Advisory Opinion of 1950 which may go a
long way towards reducing its principal qualifying provision to a
mere form of words. The word "applied" in the qualifying passage,
quoted above, of -the Opinion of 1950 means "actually" (and not
"potentially") applied just as the words "procedure followed in this
respect by the Council" mean the procedure as actually followed
and not as it might have been foliowed. renseignements par voie d'audiences entraîne un degréde surveil-
lance plus strict que celui qui résultedu systèmedespétitionsécrites.
Les audiences n'étaient pas admises sous le système appliqué par
le Conseil de la Société des Nations. Le Conseil les a expressément
écartéesà plusieurs reprises. Comme je l'exposerai plus loin, l'atti-
tude du Conseil doit êtreexaminée à la lumière des circonstances
qui expliquent le refus d'autoriser ces audiences. Mais ces circons-
tances, bien que pertinentes au point de vue de la question plus

générale actuellement soumise à la Cour, ne changent pas le fait
que les audiences n'ont pas trouvé place dans la procédure de
surveillance appliquée sous le régimedes Mandats. Je ne doute pas
que telle eût étéla réponse - sous la forme d'une constatation
simple et 6vidente - si la question avait étéposéependant l'exis-
tence de la Sociétédes Nations, à l'époque de sa liquidation for-
melle en 1946, ou quand l'avis de la Cour a étSrendu en 1950.

Je n'ai pas davantage pu me fonder utilement sur l'idée que le

Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations, en ne permettant pas la procédure
par audiences et mêmeen la rejetant expressément, aqait ledroit
d'autoriser les audiences, en vertu de ses pouvoirs inhérents en
matière de sun~eillance et que ces pouvoirs sont passésdu Conseil
de la Sociétédes Nations à l'Assembléegénérale des Nations Unies,
conformément à l'avis de la Cour du II juillet 1950. Une dbvolution
de pouvoirs sur ce point ne pouvait s'opérer que sous réserve de la
règlemaîtresse énoncéedans cet avis, à savoir que le degréae sur-

veillance à exercer par l'Assemblée généralene saurait dépasser
celui qui a étéappliqué sousle régimedes Mandats. II m'est difficile
d'accepter comme un motif essentiel de l'avis actuel de la Cour une
interprétation selon laquelle cette clause restrictive ne viserait pas
nécessairement le système effectivement appliqué, mais celui qui,
dans certaines circonstances, eût étéapyliqui: ou aurait pu l'être.
La théorie des pouvoirs implic~tesdu Conseil pourrait, si on y faisait
appel, retirer dans une large mesure toute signification à la règle

d'après laquelle le degré de surveillance ne doit pas excéder cer-
taines limites. Si le Conseil de la Sociétt.d: es Iiations, dans l'exeicice
de ses prétendus pouvoirs inhérents, eût pu introduire tous meyens
de surveillance qui n'étaient pas en patente contradiction avec le
Mandat, nul moyen de surveillance ainsi introduit par l'Assemblée
généralene pourrait jamais dépasser la surveillance (qui a été
appliquée )sous le régime des Mandats. Je ne puis accepter pareille
interprétation de l'avis consultatif de 1950 qui tend grandement A,
réduire sa principale clause restrictive à une formule vide. Les mots

((qui a étéappliquée ))dans le passage restrictif cité plus haut de
l'avis de 1950 signifient ((effectivement ))(et non pas (susceptible
d'être ») appliqué, tout comme les mots ((procédure suivie en la
matière par le Conseil ))signifient la procédure telle qu'elle a été
effectivement suivie et non telle qu'elle aurait pu l'être. It may also be borne in mind that there is a distinct element of
unreality in relgng, in this and in other matters, on the inherent
powers of the Council of the League. Such powers, if any, were
powers not of an ordinary legislature or executive proceeding by a
majority vote. They were powers of a body acting under the mle of
unanimity scrupulously observed. There was, as a matter of reason-
able estimate, little prospect of the Council, which included the
principal Mandatory Powers as its Members, derreeing by an unani-
mous vote the authorization of oralhearings which encountered the
emphatic opp~sition of these Powers. There is accordingly no
persuasive ment in the argument which relies on inherent powers

whose exercise hung on the slender thread of unanimity in circum-
stances such as these.

mile 1 am of the view that in normal circumstances the grant of
oral hearings to petitioners would result in exceeding the degree of
supervision as actually applied under the Mandates System and
that it would not conform with the procedure followed in this
respect by the Council of the League, 1 believe that both the excess
and the departure are of lirnited compass. This fact, although it
does not affect rny answer to the more limited aspect of the question
here examined, has a bearing upon what 1consider to be the proper
basis of the Opinion of the Court.
With regard to degree of supervision, it is difficult tc deny that
oral hearings, as compared with written petitions, result to some
extent in exceeding the degree of supervision obtaining under the

League of Nations. In SC far as oral hearingç accompanied by a
detailed examination of petitioners add to the reality and the
effectiveness of the scrutiny of the conduct ob'the administering
authority-and it is difficult to deny that they doo--they increase
the degree of supervision as compared with a systern which knows
of no oral hearings of petitioners. It has been suggested that as
oral hearings may disclose the spurious or fraudulent nature of
some petitions, such hearings are tothe advantage of the Mandatory
and that they do not therefore increase his obligations in thematter
of supervision. This argument 1 find unconvincing. It assumes that
fraudulent petitions are therule, and not the exception.

Similar considerations apply to the question whether oralhearings
constitute a departure from the procedure obtaining under the
League of Nations. By and large, oral hearings before the Mandates
Commission were not admissible under the procedure of the League

of &ations and, in fact, they were never resorted to. On the face
of it, recourse to oralarings would therefore constitute a departure
22 Il ne faut pas non plus perdre de vue qu'il est quelque peu
irréel d'invoquer ici et en d'autres matières les pouvoirs inhkrents
du Conseil de la Société des Nations. Ces pouvoirs, s'ils existaient,
étaient non pas ceux d'un législateur ordinaire ou d'un pouvoir
exécutifprocédant par vote à la majorité. 11s'agissait des pouvoirs
d'un corps opérant sous la règle de l'unaniniité, scrupuleusement
otservée. On peut raisonnablement supposer qu'il y avait peu de

chance pour que le Conseii, qui comptait parmi ses membres les
principales Puissances mandataires, votât à l'unanimité l'auto-
risation des audiences, qui se heurtaient à l'opposition énergique
de ces Puissances. L'argument qui repose sur des pouvoirs inhé-
~ients,dont l'exercice dans de pareilles circonstances eût dépendu
du fil fragile de l'unanimité, est par conséquent sans valeur per-
suasive.

Tout en estimant que, dans des circonstances normales, l'octroi
d'audiences à des pétitionnaires conduirait à dépasser le degré
de surveillance tel qu'il a étéeffectivement appliqué sous le régime
des Mandats et ne serait pas conforme à 12 procédure suivie en
la matière par le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations, le dépassement
et la dérogation me paraissent l'un et l'autre de peu d'étendue.
Ce fait, tout en ne modifiant pas ma réponse à l'aspect plus limité
de la question que j'examine ici, influe sur ce que je conçidè14-
comme le vrai fondement de l'avis de la Cour.

En matière de degré de surveillance, on peut difficiiernect nier
que. les audiences, comparées aux pétitions écrites, amènent dans
une certaine mesure un dépassernent du degré de surveillarice
appliqué sous la Société des Katinns. ilans la mesure où les
audiences, accompagnées d'wi examen détaillé des pCtitions,
ajoutent à la réalité et à I'efncacité du contrôle de la conduite
de l'autorité chargéede l'administration - et on peut difficilement
12 contester -, elles augmentent le degré de surveillance, par
comparâison avec un système qui ne connaît pas les audiences
de pétitionnaires. On a suggéré que, étant susceptibles de rivél le^
le caractère fictif oii frauduleux de certaines pétitions, les audiences
tourneraient à l'avantage de la Puissance mandataire et, par
conséquent, n'augmenteraient pas ses obligations en matière de
surveillance. Je ne trouve pas cet argïment convaincant. 11part
de l'idéeque les pétitions frauduleuses sont la règle et non pas
l'exception.
Des considérations du mêmeordre s'appliquent à la question

de savoir si les audiences dérogent à la procédure appliquée au
temps de la Sociétédes Nations. D'une façon générale,les audiences
devant la Commission des Mandats n'étaient pas a8n;ises dans
la procédure de la Sociétédes Nations et, en fait, on n'y a jamais
fait appel. A première vue. l'usage des audiences constitueraitfrom the procedure of the Mandates Commission and the Council
of the League of Nations.

Admittedly, the above findings ought to be qualified by reference
to certain factors which suggest that the departure consisting in
the admission of oral hearings is-although real-less radical than
appears at first sight. In the first instance, although the Mandates
Commission, in compliance with the attitude of the Council of
the League, did not grant oral hearings, that practice was not
expressive of its view of the usefulness and of the necessity, in
some cases, of relying on that procedure. The record shows that
the Mandates Commission felt itself free to approach the Council
on future occasions with a view to obtaining a modification of

its attitude. Secondly, although the Commission as such did not
grant oral hearings, its members and its Chairman, in their indi-
vidual capacity, did in fact grant oral hearings to petitioners in
private interviews outside the meetings of the Commission.
Although subsequently some fine psychological distinctions were
made between the minds of the members of the Commission as
influenced outside its meetings and as formed inside the Commis-
sion, the reality of that distinction is limited. Thirdly, the refusa1
of the Council of the League of Nations to authorize oral hearings
did not bear any mark of finality. In stating repeatedly that there
was no reason, on the occasions before it, to depart from the
previous practice, the Council left the door open for a modification
of its practice in exceptional circumstances. It is not certain to
what extent such possible modifications included the admissibility
of oral hearings. In the report accompanying the Resolution
approved by the Couneil on the last occasion when it declined
to authorize oral hearings, it was stated that if in any par-
ticular circumstances it should be impossible for al1the necessaiy

information to be secured with the assistance of the Mandatory
Power, the Council could "decide on such exceptional procedure
as might seem appropnate and necessary in the particular circum-
stancesJ'. (Report approved on 7th March 1927.) It is possible
-we cannot put it higher than that-that, having regard to the
circumstances which brought about the Resolution, the Council,
in referring to "such exceptional procedure", was referring to
oral hearings. The particular situations, referred to in the Reso-
lution, may fairly be assumed to anse wheri, owing to an attitude
of total non CO-operationon his part, no assistance whatsoever is
forthcoming from the Mandatory. Fourthly, it appears from the
replies which the Mandatory Powers gave in 1926 and in which
they rejected the pnnciple of oral hearings that one of the main
reasons for their attitude was the assumption of the continuing
CO-operation and assistance on the part of the Mandatory. It is donc une dérogation à la procédure de la Commission des Mandats
et du Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations.

Certes. les conclusions qui précèdent devraient être limitées
par certains facteurs qui indiquent que la dérogation consistant à
admettre des audiences est - quoique réelle - moins radicale
qu'elle ne le paraît à première vue. Tout d'abord, bien que la
Commission des Mandats, se conformant à l'attitude du Conseil
de la Sociétédes Nations, n'ait pas accordé d'audiences, cette
pratique n'exprimait pas son point de vue sur l'utilitéet la nécessité

d'utiliser cette procédure en certains cas. L'expérience montre
qu'ultérieurement, la Commission des Mandats s'est crue libre de
revenir devant le Conseil pour obtenir une modification de son
attitude. En second lieu, bien que la Commission, agissant collec-
tivement, n'ait pas accordé d'audiences, ses membres et son Prési-
dent ont, en fait, accordéà titre individuel audience à des pétition-
naires dans des entrevues privées, en dehors des séances de la
Commission. Par la suite, on a fait de subtiles mais peu réelles
distinctions psychologiques entre l'esprit des membres de la Com-
mission tel qu'il était influencéhors séance et leur esprit tel qu'il
était formé en séance.En troisième lieu, le refus du Conseil de la
Société desNations d'autoriser les audiences n'avait rien de définitif.
En déclarant à plusieurs reprises que, dans les circonstances telles
qu'elles se présentaient, il n'y avait pas de raison de s'écarter de
la pratique antérieure, le Conseil n'a pas exclu que dans l'abenir,
ilpuisse apporter des modifications à sa pratique dans des circons-
tances exceptionnelles. Il est difEcile de dire dans quelle mesure

pareilles modifications comprenaient l'admissibilité des audiences.
Dans le rapport qui accompagne la résolution approuvée par le
Conseil lorsqu'il a eu pour la dernière fois l'occasion de refuser
d'autoriser les audiences, il est dit que si, dans un cas spécial
quelconque. il était impossible d'obtenir tous les renseignements
nécessaires avec l'aide de la Puissance mandataire, le Conseil
pourrait cdécider de la procédure exceptionnelle qui paraîtrait
justifiéeet nécessairedans les circonstancesparticulières »(rapport
approuvé le 7 mars 1927) I.est possible- nous ne pouvons aller
plus loin - qu'eu égard aux circonstances à l'origine de la réso-
lution, le Conseil, en se référantcette« procédure exceptionnelle »,
se référaitaux audiences orales. On peut légitimement considérer
que quand, en raison de l'attitude de non-coopération absolue de
la Puissance mandataire, aucune assistance ne vient de ce côté,
il se produit une des situations particulières viséesdans la rCsolu-
tion. Er1quatrième lieu, les réponsesrejetant le principe des audien-
ces, données en 1926 par les Puissances mandataires, montrent

que l'une des principales raisons de cette attitude était qu'on
escomptait la continuation de la coopération de la Puissance
23mandataireet son assistance. Il vaut de rappeler que pendant toute
l'c~xistencede la Sociétédes Nations il n'y a pas eu d'exemple d'une
Puissance mandataire refusant de fournir des informations au
sujet d'une plainte soumise à la Commission des Mandats. (Dans
l'affaire de la révolte des Bondelzwarts qu'on a citée comme un
exemple de ce genre, l'administrateur sud-africain du territoire
en question a étélonguement interrogé par la Commission des
Mandats, en présence du représentant sud-africain, et a soumis un
~a,pport détaillé au sujet de la plainte, nonobstant le refus du
Gouvernement sud-africain d'accepter un rapport de la Commission
d'enquête locale et de commenter ce rapport (Commissionperma-
nente des Mandais, Procès-verbaux de la 3rnZSession, I9-23.)
Par conséquent, dire que les audiences n'existaient pas au temps
de la Sociétédes Nations et que leur ernploi par le ComitéaduSud-

Ouest africain dérogerait à cette pratique, serait strictement \.rai
- mais simplifiswit trop la situation. Ce n'est pas seiilement
parce que l'exclusion des audiences était moins rigide que ne parait
l'indiquer un examen superficiel. 11 en est ainsi principalement
parce que l'exclusion des audiences était une pratique adoptée dans
le cadre du fonctionnement normal des autres élkmentsdu méca-
nisme de surveillance. Ceux-ci ne fonctionnent pliis maintenant, en
raison de l'attitude adoptée par l'Union sud-africaine. En d'autres
termes, la dérogation à la procédurelegale que représente le système
des audiences n'est fondameritaie que si l'on sereporte àla situation
telle qu'elle a existé au temps de la Sociétédes Nations, quand la
Puissance mandataire transmettait régulièrement les rapports et
les pétitions. La dérogation est moins radicale quand on l'envisage
à la lumière de la cessation de ce système à czuce de l'attitiide de
non-coopération artoptéepar l'Afrique dii Sud. C'est pouquoi rieri
ne permet de traiter la pratique ail ternps de la Sociétédes Nations
comme suffisamment claire et dkisive pour écarter tous autres
facteurs de nature juridique ou pratique.

Les considérations qui précèdent n'affectent pas de mdrrierc
dCcisiverna réponse2tla question ghérale de savoir si les audiences
sont confoimes à l'avis rendu par la Cour cn 1950 C.ette que\tion,
qiiand ciiy répond dans l'abstrait - c'est-à-dire sans se réf6rerà
la situation qiii a donnénaissanceà la demande d'avis consultatif -
appelle ilne réponsenégative.Toutefcis, conime je l'ai dCjàexpliqué,
la Cour n'est~3ç libre de se contenter dedonner une réponseabstrai-
te. C'est pourqlioi ces considérations ont une certaine importance
indirecte en ce qui touche la question spécifique de savoir si les
aildiences sont conformes à l'avis de 1950, eu égardà la situation de
fait concernant le Territoire du Sud-Ouest africain. III

As stated, if the Court were not confronted with a situation
created by the attitude of the Government of South Africa and if it
were merely called upon to reply in the abstract to the question put
to it, 1would feel bound to answer that the grant of oral hearings
constitutes a sufficient addition to the degree of supervision and
that it departs sufficiently from the procedure obtaining under the
League. of Nations to bring it within the two restrictive clauses,

referred to above, of the Opinion of II July 1950. However, this is
not the situation with which the Court is faced. The Court is now
called upon to answer not an abstract question, but-primarily-
the question as to the consistency of oral hearings with its Opinion
of II Jiily 1950 in a situation in which the two positivedispositions,
of that Opinion,for securing the international supervision of the
Temtory have become inoperative. These are the provisions, repeat-
edly affirmed in the Opinion, referring to the obligation of the Man-
datory Power to submit anhua1 reports and to transmit petitions
from the inhabitants of the Mandated Temtory. They are the basic
provisions whose place as such must be kept in mind. For this
reason any preoccupation with the two limitative clauses of the
Opinion ought not to be allowed to overshadow its main purport.
There has been a tendency to describe these limitative clauses as.
the basic provisions of the Opinion of II July 1950. Any such

emphasis distorts that Opinion.

It is submitted that in answering the question put to it against
the background of the fact that the two basic provisions of the
operative part of its Opinion of 1950 are in abeyance owing to the
attitude adopted by the Union of South Africa, the Court must be
guided by established principles oE interpretation and the appli-
cable general principles of law.
In the first instance, in accordance with a recognized principle
of interpretation, its Opinion of II July 1950 miist, like any other
legal text, be read as a whole. Jt must be read as a comprehensive

pronouncement providing for the continuation of the administration
and the continuedsupervision, by the United Nations, of the admin-
istration of South West Africa as a Mandated Territory. Ali other
dispositions, injunctions and qualifications of the Opinion of II July
1950 must be regarded as subservient to tliat overriding purpose.
The principal means for fulfilling that purpose-namely, annual
reports supplied by the Mandatory and Written petitions trans-
mitted, commented upon and explained by him before the super-
vising body-which were in operation under the Mandates System III

Comme je l'ai dit, si la Cour ne se trouvait pas en face d'une
situation crééepar l'attitude du Gouvernement de l'Afrique du
Sud, et si elle était simplement invitée à répondre dans l'abstrait à
la question qui lui est posée, je me sentirais forcé de dire que,
l'octroi d'audiences augmente assez le degré de surveillance et
dérogeassez à la procédure en vigueur au temps de la Sociétédes

Nations pour que s'y appliquent les deux clauses restrictives de
l'avis du II juillet 1950 rappelées plus haut. Toutefois, telle n'est
pas la situation en face de laquelle la Cour se trouve. Celle-ci est
tnvitée à répondre non pas à une question abstraite, mais - tout
d'abord - à la question de la conformité entre les audiences et
l'avis du II juillet 1950 dans une situation où sont devenues inopé-
rantes les deux dispositions positives de cet avis qui ont pour
objet d'assurer la surveillance internationale du Territoire. Il
s'agit des dispositions, affirméesmaintes fois dans l'avis, qui se
réfèrent à l'obligation de la Puissance mandataire de présenter des
rapports annuels et de transmettre des pétitions émanant des
habitants du Temtoire sous mandat. Ce sont les dispositions
fondamentales, dont la place, à ce titre, ne doit pas êtreoubliée.
C'est pourquoi le souci des deux clauses limitatives de l'avis ne doit
pas rejeter dans l'ombre son but principal. J'ai pu constater une

tendance à décrireces clauses limitatives comme étant les disposi-
tions principales de l'avis du II juillet 1950. Ily a là une accentua-
tion qui déformecet avis.

Selon moi, pour répondre à la question qui lui est poséedans le
cadre de la situation de fait où les deux dispositionsfondamentales
du dispositif de l'avis de 1950 sont inopérantes du fait de l'attitude
adoptée par l'Union sud-africaine, la Cour doit se guider sur les
principes d'interprétation établis et sur les principes généraux du
droit applicables.
Tout d'abord, suivant un principe d'interprétation reconnu,
l'avis de 1950 doit, comme tout autre texte juridique, êtrepris
dans son entier. Ilfaut y voir une déclaration d'ensemble assurant

d'une part la continuation de l'administration et d'autre part la
surveillance continuée par les Nations Unies de l'administration
du Sud-Ouest africain en tant que Territoire sous mandat. Toutes
autres dispositions, injonctions et restrictions énoncéespar l'avis
du II juillet 1950 doivent être envisagées comme subordonnées
à ce but essentiel. Ides principaux moyens pour atteindre ce but
-- à savoir, les rapports annuels présentés par l'autorité chargée
de l'administration et les pétitions écrites transmises à l'organe
de surveillance avec les commentaires et les explications de cette

2.5are now in abeyance owing to the attitude adopted by the Union of
South Africa. If the Opinion of II July 1950 is read as a vhole,
t.hen it is impossible, without destroying its effect, to maintain fully
and literally provisions qualifying the operation of a system whcse
main characteristics have become inoperative. It seems unreason-
able to uphold fully and literally the limitations of a rule after the
possibility of giving effect to the mle itself has disappeared. To do
that isto elevate the exception into a de and to reduce the govern-
ing de to a nullity. A court of law cannot give its sanction to any
such simplification of logic. Neither can it avoid its judicial duty

by declaring that only a political or legislative body is competent
to resolve the conflict which has arisen, asthe result of the action of
a party, between the ovemding purpose of the instrument and its
individual provisions and limitations. To resolve that conflict, in
the light of the instrument as a whole, is an essential function of a
judicial tribunal.

In particular, if we act on the principle that the Opinion of
II July 1950 must be read and interpreted as a whole, then it is
necessary to apply that principle tu the interpretation of that clause
of that Opinion which IPVC ?c\wn that the degree of supervision mst
not exceed that oF-t,.inlngunder the MandatesSystem. That clause,

properly interpreted, does not rigidly and automatically apply to
each and every aspect of supervision. If,owing to the attitude of
the Govemment of South Africa, the degree of siipervision as
applied under the Mandates System is in danger of being severely
reduced with regard to the principal aspects of its operation, it is
fully consistent with the Opinion of the Court of II July 1950
that in some respects that supervision should become more stringent
provided that it can be said, in reason and in good faith, that the
total effect is not such as to increase the degree of supervision as
previously obtaining. It is in accordance with sound principles of
interpretation that the Court should safeguard the operation of its
Opinion of II July 1950 not xnerely with regard to its individual
clauses but in relation to its major purpose. This is, in the ~rese~t
context, the meani~g of the principle that that Opinion must be

inteipreted as a whole. The question is not whether the admission
of oral hearings of petitioners implies an excess of supervision
witk regard to this particular aear,s af su~ervisiori. The dccisive
question is whether, ov:ing to the situation brought aboutby the
Unim of South Africa, oral hearings of petitioners would result in
an cxcess of siipervision as a ur?iole. It rnay Be admitted that the
proceriüre of orai hearings uf petitioners conrrotes in itsela degree
of supervision of a stringency greater than that obtaining in the
matter of petitions under the Mandates System. But if, as the
reçult of tlie attitirde of the Union of South Africa, the degree

26autorité - qui fonctionnaient sous le régime des Mandats, sont
devenues inopérantes, en raison de I'attitude adoptée par l'autonté
charg6e de l'administration. Si l'on envisage l'avis du II juillet
1950 dans son ensemble, il devient impossible, sans en détruire
l'effet, de maintenir pleinement et littéralement les dispositions
qui restreignent le fonctionnement d'un système dont les prin-
cipales caractéristiques sont devenues inopérantes. Il semble

déraisonnable de maintenir pleinement et littéralement les lirni-
tations apportées à une règle quand la possibilité d'appliquer la
règle elle-mêmea disparu. Agir ainsi serait faire de l'exception
une règle et réduire à rien la règle dominante. Un tribunal lie
peut apporter sa sanction à une telle simplification de la logique.
11ne peut non plus se dérober à son devoir judiciaire en déclarant
que seul un corpspolitique ou législatifest compétent pour résoudre
le conflit qui s'est élevé,à la suite des actes de l'une des parties,
entre l'objet prééminent d'un iristrument et ses dispositions et
limitations particulières. Résoudre ce conflit à la lumière de
I'instmment pris dans son ensemble est la fonction essentielle
d'un organé judiciaire.
En particulier, si nous partons du principe que l'avis du II juillet
1950 doit se lire et s'interpréter comme un tout, il est dors néces-
saire d'appliquer ce principe à l'interprétation de la phrase de

l'avis qui énonceque le degré de surveillance ne saurait dépasser
celui qui s'appliquait sous le régime des Mandats. CetCe phrase
correctement interprétée ne s'applique pas strictement et auto-
matiquement à tous les aspects de la surveillance et à chacun
d'eux séparément. Si,en raison de I'attitude du Gouvernement de
l'Union sud-africaine,le degréde surveillance tel qu'il s'appliquait
sous le système des Mandats risque d'être sérieusement réduit
quant aux aspects principaux de son fonctionnement, il est pleine-
ment conforme à l'avis de la Cour du 21 juillet 1950 qu'à certains
égards cette surveillance devienne plus rigoureuse, pourvu qu'on
puisse dire raisonnablement et de bonne foi que l'effet total n'est
pas de nature à augmenter le degré desurveillance antérieurement
applicable. Il est conforme aux principès d'une saine interpré-
tation que la Cour protège la mise en Œuvre de son avis du
II juillet 1950, non seulement dans ses clauses individuelles mais

encore par rapport à son but principal. Tel est, dans le contexte
actuel, le sens du principe que l'avis doit s'interpréter comme
un tout. II ne s'agit pas de savoir si admettre l'audition de péti-
tionnaires implique un excès de surveillance en ce qui concerne
ce moyen pariiculier de surveillance. La question décisive est
plutôt ùe savoir si, eu égard à la situation crééepar l'Union sud-
africaine, l'audition de pétitionnaires entraînerait un excès de la
siir:jeillance prisdans scn enseriibie. On peut admettre que la
procédure d'audition de p6titionnaires implique par elle-mêmeun
degré de surveiliance plus strict que celui qui s'exerçait en matière
de pétitions sous le système des Mandats. Mais si, à la suite de of supervision is substantially reduced in other respects, then the
total effect of the departure here conternplated will not be such
as to result in exceeding the degree of supervision asa whole. On the
contrary, however effective oral hearings of petitioners may be,
they are unlikely to restore to the procedure of supervision the
effectiveness of which it is being deprived as the result of theattitude
of non CO-operationon the part of the Union of South Africa. Thus
viewed, the authorization of oral hearings is no more than a specific
application of the principle that a legal text must beinterpreted as
a whole.

The second principle of iaw of general import in the present
case is connected with the nature of the régime of the territory
of South West Africa as declared in the Opinion of II July 1950.
Inasmuch as that Opinion laid down, by reference to the Covenant
of the League of Nations and the Charter of the United Nations,
the status of South West Africa-a régime in the nature of an
objective law which is legally operative irrespective of the conduct
of the Union of South Africa-that status must be given effect
except in so far as its mn'ication is rendered impossible, in terms
of its generai plir!qosc, riaving regard to the attitude adopted by

the Union. To that extent there are permissible such modifications
in its application as are necessary to maintain-but no more-
the effectiveness of that status as contemplated in the Court's
Opinion of 1950. It is a sound principle of law that whenever a
'2gal instrument of continuing validity cannot be applied literally
owing to the eonduct of one of the parties, it must, without
allowing that party to take advantage of its own conduct, be
applied in a way approximating most cIosely to its primary object.
To do that is to interpret and to give effect to the instrument-
not to change it.
Consequently, there can be no question here of the Union of
South Africa having been divested, owing to the attitude adopted
Ly her, of any safeguards which the Opinion of II July 1950

provided in her interest as the Maridatory with the view to not
increasing her obligations. No countenance can be given to the
suggestion that, as the result of the attitude adopted by South
kfrica, the régime as established by that Opiriiori of the Court
is liable to changes-exceyt in pursuance of the principle that
that régimeas a whole niust be and remain eflective. The Opinion
of II July rggo has been accepted anci approved by the Ge~eral
Assembly. Whatever may be its biriding face as pûrt of inter-
~iationctllaw---a yuestiori upon which the Court need not fxpress
ô view--it isthe law recognized by the United Nations. It continiies
to be so although the Government of South Africa has declineà tol'attitude du Gouvernement de l'Union sud-africaine, le degré de
surveillance est, à d'autres égards,réduit de façon importante,
alors l'effet total de la dérogation envisagée ici ne sera pas de
nature à entraîner un dépassement du degré de surveillance
d'ensemble. Au contraire, si efficace que puisse êtrel'audition de
pétitionnaires, il est peu probable qu'elle rende à la procédure
de surveillance l'efficacité dont elle est privée par l'attitude de
non-coopération de l'Union sud-africaine. Envisagée sous cet
angle, l'autorisation d'accorder des audiences est simplement une
application particulière du principe qu'un texte juridique doit
s'interpréter comme un tout.

Le deuxième principe de droit d'une portée généraledans la
présente affaire se rattache à la nature du régimedu Temtoire du
Sud-Ouest africain tel que l'a énoncél'avis du II juillet 1950. Cet
avis a définile Statut du Sud-Ouest africain - régimequi présente
la nature d'un droit objectif juridiquement applicable indépendem-
ment de la conduite de l'Union sud-africaine - par référenceau
Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations et à la Charte des Nations Unies ;
il faut donc donner effet à ce statut, sauf dans la mesure où sor,
application est rendue impossible, du point de vue de son but
général,à raison de l'attitude adoptée par l'Union. Dans cette
mesure, on peut apporter à son application les modifications
nécessairespour en maintenir sansplus l'efficacité,comme l'envisage
la Cour dans son avis de 1950. C'est un principe sain de droit que
si un instrument juridique de validité continue ne peut s'appliquer
littéralement, du fait de la conduite de l'une des parties, il faut,
sans permettre à celle-ci de se prévaloir de sa propre conduite,
l'appliquer d'une manière s'approchant le plus possible de son

but primitif. Agir ainsiest interpréter et donner effet àl'instrument,
et non le modifier.

En conséquence, il ne saurait être question ici de dépouiller
l'Union sud-africaine, en raison de son attitude, des garanties
prévues dans son intérêten tant que Puissance mandataire par
l'avis du II juillet 1950en vue de ne pas augmenter ses obligations.
On ne peut admettre que, à la suite de l'attitude adoptée par
l'Afrique du Sud, le régime établi par cet avis de la Cour soit
susceptible de modifications - sauf en application du principe
que le régime, dans son ensemble, doit êtreet demeurer efficace.
L'Assemblée générale a acceptéet approuvé l'avis du II juillet
1950. Quelle que puisse êtresa force obligatoire comme un élément
du droit international - question sur laquelle la Cour n'a pas à
se prononcer -, il est la loi reconnue par les Nations Unies. 11
continue d'en êtreainsi, bien que le Gouvernement sud-africain ait
refuséde l'accepter comme obligatoirepour lui-même,et, bien que47 SEP.OP.SIR HERSCH LAUTERPACHT (OPIN. 1VI 56)

accept it as binding upon it and although it has acted in disregard
of the international obligations as declared by the Court in that
Opinion.
* * *

At the same time, and for the same reasons, in so far as the
Opinion of 1950is relied upon for the purpose of upholdingliterally
al1 the safeguards and restrictions formulated in the interest of
the Mandatory, it must, like any other legal instrument, be inter-
preted reasonably and in accordance with legal principle. The
jurisprudence of the Court in the matter of treaties and otherwise
provides by analogy some useful instruction in this respect. In

Che fifteenth Advisory Opinion on the Jurisdiction of the Courts
of Danzig, the Court formulated the principle that a State cannot
avail itself of an objection which would amount to relying on
the non-fulfilment of an obligation imposed on it by an international
engagement (SeriesB, No. 15, p. 27). It is not suggested that these
principles are directly germane or applicable to the present case.
For this is not the case of a treaty-although the Opinion of
II July 1950 did no more than to formulate a régime resulting
from two multilateral conventional instruments, namdy, the
Covenant of the League of Nations and the Charter of the United
Nations. Neither do 1 suggest that this is technically a case of
estoppel-though there is a measure of contradiction, reminiscent
of situations underlying estoppel, in the fact that an instrument
repudiated by a Government is being invoked for the benefit
of that Govemment. (While the Government of South Africa did
not participate in the present proceedings before the Court, in
the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly of 1955 it opposed
oral hearings in reliance on the Advisory Opinion of II July
1950 (Officia1Records, Fourth Committee, 500th Meeting, 8 No-
1955, p. 182).) Finally, I do not attach any decisive
importance to the possible submission that this is an instance of

a Government claiming to benefit from its own wrong by declining
to supply and transmit information which, according to the Opinion
of 11 July 1950, it is legally bound to supply and tracsmit and
at the same time resisticg the ccntemplated effort to obtain alter-
native information. For it nay not be easy to characterize pre-
ciselÿ in legal terms a situation in which South Africa declines
to act on an Advisory Opinion which it vras not legally bound to
accept but which gave expression to the legal position as ascer-
tained by the Court and as accepted by the General Assembly.

Nevertheles, the above c~nsiderations are not wholly extraneous
to the case now before the Court. For these are not technicalrules
of the law of contract or treaties. They are rules of common sense

28ce Gouvernement ait agi sans tenir compte des obligations inter-
nationales telles que les a définiesla Cour dans cet avis.

En mêmetemps, et pour les mêmesraisons, dans la mesure où
l'on invoque l'avis de 1950 pour maintenir littéralement toutes
les sauvegardes et restrictions formuléesdans l'intérêtde la Puk-
sance mandataire, il faut l'interpréter, comme n'importe quel
autre instrument juridique, raisonnablement et conformément aux
principes de droit. La jurisprudence dela Cour en matière de traités
et en d'autres matières fournit par analogie des instructions utiles
à ce sujet. Dans le quinzième avis consultatif sur la Compétence
des Tribunaux de Dantzig, la Cour a énoncéle principe qu'un État
ne peut se prévaloir d'une objection qui équivaudrait à se fonder
sur la non-exécution d'une obligation qui lui a étéimposéepar un
engagement international (SérieB, no 15, p. 27). Je ne suggère pas
que ces principes soient directement apparentés ou applicables
dans le cas actuel. Car il ne s'agit pas ici d'un trait- encore que
l'avis du II juiUet 1950 n'ait rien fait de plus que de formuler un
régime résultant de deux instruments conventionnels multilaté-

raux, à savoir le Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations et la Charte des
Nations Unies. Je ne suggère pas non plus qu'il s'agisse technique-
ment d'un cas de forclusion (estoppel) - bien qu'il y ait une
certaine contradiction, rappelant les situations qui sont à labase
de la forclusion, dans le fait qu'un instrument répudié par un
gouvernement est invoqué au bénéficede celui-ci. (Bien que le
Gouvernement de l'Afrique du Sud n'ait pas pris part à la procédure
actuelle devant la Cour, il s'est opposé,devant la Quatrième Com-
mission de l'Assembléegénéralede 1955, à l'octroi des audiences,
en se fondant sur l'avis consiiltatif du II juillet 1950 : voir les
documents officiels,qmeCommission, 500meséance,8novembre rg55,
p. 182.) Enfin, je n'attache aucune importance décisive à la thèse
possible selon laquelle on se trouverait en présenced'une situation
où un gouvernement réclame le bénéficede sa propre faute en
refusant de fournir et de transmettre des renseignements que,

d'après l'avis du II juillet 1950, il est légalement tenu de fournir
et de transmettre et, en mêmetemps, résiste àl'effort envisagépour
obtenir des renseignements par une autre voie. Car il peut n'être
pas facile de caractériser avec précisicn en termes juridiques une
situation dans laquelle l'Afrique du Sud se refuse d'agir conformé-
ment à un avis consultatif qu'elle n'était pas juridiquement tenue
d'accepter, mais qui a donnéexpression à la position juridique telle
qu'elle a kt6 constatée par la Cour et acceptée par l'Assemblée
générale.
Néanmoins, les considérations qui précèdent ne sont pas entière-
ment étrangères à l'affaire actuellement soumise à la Cour. Car il ne
s'agit pas de règlestechniques du droit des contrats ou des traités.

2848 SEP. OP. SIR HERSCH LAUTERPACHT (OPIN. 1 VI 56)

and good faith. As such they are relevant to al1legal instruments,
of whatsoever description, inasmuch as their effect is not to permit
a party which repudiates an instrument to rely Literally on it-or
have it invoked for its benefit-in a manner which renders the
fulfilment of its purpose impossible. In particuiar, these principles
are relevant to the question-which ought not to remain unans-
wered-as to the legal basis of a judicial decision which by way of
interpretation substitutes a measure of supervision or an act of
performance for one repudiated or frustrated by the party affected
by the instrument in question. What, apart from the general prin-
ciples of interpretation as set out above, is the authority for the
proposition that the Court may replace one means of supervision
by another, not previously authorized-nay, expressly disallowed ?

l'his, it may be objected, is not the way in which courts normally
proceed in the matter of contracts between individuals (though in
many countries courts, when confronted with a situation in which
a substantive provision of the instrument goveming succession is
in danger of being frustrated owing to an obscunty of expression
or an event subsequently arising, will Vary the original disposition
in such a way as to make it approximate so far as possible to the
generai intention of itsauthor. It will be noted that the supervision
by the United Nations of the inandate for South West Africa
constitules the most important example of succession in interna-
tional organization) .

However, this is not a case of a contract or even of an ordinary
treaty analogous to a contract. As alreadv pointed out, this is a
case of the operation and application of multilateral instruments,
as interpreted by the Court in its Opinion of II July 1950,creating
an international status-an international régime-transcending a

mere contractual relation (I.C. J. Reports 1950, p. 132). The
essence of such instruments is that their validity continues notwith-
standing changes in the attitudes, or the status, or the very survival
of individual parties or perçons aflected. Their continuing validity
implies their continued operation and the resulting legitimacy of
the means devised for that purpose by way of judicial interpreta-
tion and application of the original instrument. The unity and the
operation of the régime created by them cannot be allowed to fail
because of a breakdown or gap which may arise in consequence of
an act of a party or othenvise. Thus viewed, the issue before the
Court is potentially of wider import than the problem which has
provided the occasion for the present Advisory Opinion. It is just
because the régimeestablished by them constitutes a unity that,
in relation to instruments of this nature, the law-the existing
law as judicially interpreted-finds means for removing a clog or
fiiling a lacuna or adopting an alternative device in order to prevent
a. standstill of the entire system on account of a failure in any
particular link or part. This is unlike the case of a breach of theCe sont des règles de bon sens et de bonne foi. A ce titre, elles
s'appliquent à tous les instruments juridiques, quels qu'ils soient,
dans la mesure où elles ont pour effet d'empêcherune partie qui
répudie un instru~ilent d'en invoquer ia lettre - ou d'en faire
invoquer la lettre à son profit - de manière à rendre impossible
lyaccomplissernent du but de l'instrument. En particulier, ces prin-

cipes sont relevants pour la question - qui ne doit pas rester sans
réponse - du fondement juridique d'une décision judiciaire qui,
par voie d'interprétation, substitue une mesure de contrôle ou un
acte d'exécution à une mesure ou un acte répudiéou rendu sans
effet par la partie affectéepar l'instrument en question. En dehors
des principes généraux d'interprétation énoncés plushaut, qu'est-ce
qui justifierait la proposition permettant le remplacement par la
Cour d'un moyen de surveillance par un autre non autorisé aupara-
vant et mêmeexpressément refusé? On pourrait objecter que ce
n'est pas :a manière dont les tribunaux procèdent normalement en
matière de contrats entre individus (bien que dans plusieurs pdys,
quand une disposition de foxidd'un instrument régissant la succes-
sion risque d'êtrerendue inopérante par une obscurité d'expression
3u un événement-idtérieur,les tribunaux modifient le texte primitif
de manière à l'approcher le plus possible de l'intention généralede
son auteur. On observercr que la surveillaiice exercéepar les Nations

Unies sur le Mandat pour leSud-Ouest africain constitue le plus
important exemple de siiccession eri matière d'organisation inter-
nationale).
Quoi qu'JI en soit, il ne s'agit pas ici d'un contrat ou mêmed'un
traité ordinaire arialope à un contrat. Comme je l'ai déjà signale,
2 s'agit du fon~tionnement et Je I'application d'irisrrurnents rndt i-
laPCr~ux,interpréfhs par la Cour dans son avis du XI juillet1950,
üréariéun statut - an rkgi~ri~intennational - dépas-
sant uii simple rapport coniraituzi (6. i. J. diecueil1950, p. 132).
L'essence :le tels instsurnents esr que leur validité continue, nonob-
-,tant les rnodificatio~isd'attitude, nu de la condition juridique, ou
la sirr~i~ance elle-même des parties ou personnes individuelles
ifffectées.Le fait de la coritiriuaticri dè leur validité implique le
maintien di: fonctionnement, et par suite 1~l.égrti~~ité des nioyeris

conçus à cette fin par voie d'interprétation et d'application judi-
ciaires de l'instrument original. On ne saurait permettre que l'unité
et le fonctionnement du régime créé par eux soient mis en danger
par suite d'une défaillanceou d'une lacune résultant de l'acte d'une
des parties ou d'autres raisons. A ce point de vue, le problème qui
se pose à la Cour est, potentiellement, d'une portée plus large Que
la question qui a fourni l'occasion du présent avis consultatif. C'est
précisément parceque le régime créé par chacun de ces instruments
est une unité que, pour eux, le droit - le droit en vigueur tel que
la jurisprudence l'interprète - trouve des moyens d'éliminer l'obs-
tacle, de combler la lacune ou d'adopter un autre moyen pour
empêcherque le système entier ne soit immobilisépar la défaillanceprovisions of an ordinary treaty-which breach creates, as a rule,
a right for the injured party to denounce it and to claim damages.
It is instr~ctive in this connection that with regard to general

texts of a law-making character or those providing for an inter-.
national régime or administration the principle O! separability of
their provisions with a view to ensuring the continuous operation
of the treaty as a whole has been increasingly recognized by inter-
national practice. The treaty as a whole does not terminate asthe
result of a breach of an individual clause. Neither is it necessarily
rendered impotent and inoperative as the result of the action or
inaction of one of the parties. It continues in being subject to
adaptation to circumstances which have arisen.

Itis now necessary to enquire to what extent the situation with
which the General Assembly-and the Court-are confronted cal1
for and permit the application of the principles of law as here
outlined. To what extent has the refusal of the Union of Solith
Africa to submit annual reports and to transmit and comment
on written petitions in conformity witli the obligations established
in the Opinion of II July 1950, created a gap so serious in the
system there contemplated as-in conformity with these prin-
cipleç-to render legitimate alternative sources of information not
exceeding thetotal degree of supervision envisaged in that Opinion ?
These principles are that the Opinion of 1950 must be read as
a whole : that it cannot be deprived of its effect by the action of
the State which has repudiated it ; and that the ensuring of the
continued operation of the international régime in question is a

legitimate object of the interpretative task of the Court.
Having regard to the non CO-operation of the Mandatory, what
is the position in the matter of the sources of information available
to the supervising agency and indispensable for the proper working
of the system of supervision and the implementing of the Opinion
of the Court of II July 1950 ?
In the first instance, the annual report of the Mândatory, as
provided by the Opinion of the Court of 1950 and as forrni~igan
integral part of the procedure of the League of Nations, has
disappearetl. It has been replaced by a conscie~ltious and well-
documented volume prepared by the Secretary-General and.
entitled "Information and Documentation in respect of the Ter-
ritory of South West Africa" (such as in Doc. AlAC 73 L 3 ; Doc.

A/AC 73/L 7). That volume provides, to a considerable cxtent,
the substance of the report which the Cornmittee on South West
Africa submits to the General Assembly. But this is not a docu-
ment in the same category as a report submitted by the Man-
30d'un chaînon ou d'un élément particulier. Ce cas est autre que celui
de violation d'uce disposition d'un traité ordinaire, violation qui,
en règle générale, crée seulementle droit pour l'autre partie de
dénoncerle traité et de réclamer des dommages-intérêts. Ace point
de vue, en ce qui concerne les textes générauxde caractère législatif
ou ceux qui instituent un régimeinternational ou une administra-
tion internationale, il est instructif de noter que le principe de la
séparabilitéentre leurs dispositions est de plus en plus reconnu
par la pratique internationale, ceci afin d'assurer l'application
continue du traité dans son ensemble. Le traité dans son ensemble
ne prend pas fin par suite de la violation d'une de ses clauses. Il ne
pe'rd pas non plus nécessairement sa force et son effet du fait de

l'action ou de l'inaction de l'une des parties. Il continue d'exister,
sous réserve d'êtreadapté aux circonstances qui ont surgi.

Je dois maintenant examiner dans quelle mesure la situation en
face de laquelle se trouve l'Assemblée générale - et la Cour -
demande et permet l'application des principes de droit exposés
ici. Dans quelle mesure le refus de l'Union sud-africaine de présenter
des rapports annuels et de transmettre des pétitions écrites avec
ses commei~taires, confurmément aux obligations établies par
l'avis du II juillet 1950, a-t-il créédans le système envisagé alors
une lacune assez sérieuse pour permettre -- conformémient à ce:

principes -- de recourir à d'autres sources d'information ne dépas-
sant pas le degré total de surveillance envisagé dans cet avis ?
Ces principes sont que l'avis d<:1950 doit se lire comme un luut ;
qu'il ne saurait: Ir:, 'privi: de ses effetsj:::1t.sactes de l'État qui
l'a répudié ;et qu'assurer l'applic-,:ioa vvntinue du régirne inter-
tiational dont il s'agit est le bct I4gitime de la tâche interprétative
de la Cour.
Eu égard à la non-coopération de la Puissance mandataire, quelle
est la situation, pour ce qui est des sources d'information dont
dispose l'autorité de surveillance et qr!i sont indispensables au
bon fonctionnement du système de surveillance et à l'appl;~ .c,atio:i

de l'avis de la Cour du II juillet 1950 ?
En prl-mier lieu, le rapport annuel de la Puissance maridat:aire,
prévupar l'avis de la Cour de 1950 et formant uripparfie intAgrante
de la procédure de la Sociétédes Nations, a disparu. II a étérein-
plack par un volia~riebien fait et documenté du Secrétaire général,
intitulé (Inforniatioiis et Documeritaiion relatives an Territoire du
Sud-Ouest africain ))(voir, par exemple, doc. A/AC73/L 3 ;doc. A/AC
73/L 7). Ce volume fournit dans unelarge mesure la substaiice du rq-
port que IeComitkdg Sud-Ouest africain préscriteà1'Asçernblég eéiié-
rale. Mais ce document ii'appartient pas à la mêmecat6g.jric que le
rapport qui est présentépar la Puissance riandaiairi. qui est
expliqué pal elle, point par point s'il est necessaire, aux séances datory and explained by it point by point, if necessary, at the
meetings of the Committee. The supervising authority is thus
deprived of an authentic source of information which is one of
the two main pillars of the system of supervision. There is a gap
here and a resulting diminution of the degree of supervision as
previously existing and as envisaged by the Court in its Opinion
of 1950. It is consistent with that Opinion to interpret it in a
manner which authorizes the filling of that gap-provided that

the result is not to increase the total degree of supervision of the
system as a whole.
The second main source of information which forms an impor-
tant part of the system of supervision and to which the Opinion
of the Court of 1950 refers in passages of particular emphasis
are petitions sent by the inhabitants of the administered ter-
ritory. Under the League of Nations only petitions in whiting
urere admissible. These, when silpplemented by the observations
of the Mandatory and the explanations supplied by him in the
course of the proceedings of the supervising organ, are a weighty
instrument of supervision and an important factor in the formation
of the judgment of the supervising authority. As the result of
the attitude of non CO-operation adopted by the Union of South
Africa, the efficacy of that source has been substantially reduced.
The Mandatory, who is absent from the meetings of the Committee,
provides no comment of his own and does not assist the super-
vlsory body by explanations supplied at its request during or
subseqùent to its meetings. Moreover, the Mandatory has declined

to transmit petitions submitted by the inhabitants of the admin-
istered territory. If the procedure of the Mandates Commission
were adhered to in this respect, it is difficiilt to see how written
petitions from the inhabitants of the temtory could come at al1
before the Cornmittee on South West Africa. That Committee has
now adopted a deliberate change in the procedure obtaining imder
the Mandates System. The sules of procedure as adopted in 1923
by the League of Nations provided that petitions by communitieç
or sections of the population of mandated territories shall be
sent to the Secretariat of the League through the mandatory
governments concemed and that any petitions received by the
Secretary-General of the League through any channel other than
the mandatory government should be returned to the signatories
ulitli the request that they should re-submit the petitions in accor-
dance with the above procedure. As the (iovemment of South
Africa has refused to transmit the petitions thus received, the
Committee on South West Africa has provided in its Provisional
Ri~lcs of Procedure-Rule 26-tliat on receipt of a petition the

Seci-etary-General shall request the signatories to submit the
petition to the Committee through the Govemment of South
Africa but that if, aftcr a period of two months, the petition has
not been received through the Govemment ofSouth Africa, the Com-
31du Comité.L'autorité de surveillance est donc privée d'une source
authentique d'information qui est l'une des deux bases principales
du système de surveillance. Il y a ici une lacurie et par suite une
diminution du degré de surveillance, tel qu'il existait antérieure-

ment et tel qu'il a étéenvisagépar la Cour dans son avis de 1950.
Il est compatible avec cet avis de l'interpréter d'une façon qui
permette de combler cette lacune - pourvu que le résultat n'aug-
mente pas le degrétotal de surveillance du système pris dans son
ensemble.

La deuxième source principale d'information, qui forme une
partie importante du système de surveillance et à laquelle l'avis de
la Cour de 1950 se réfèredans des passages qui en marquent
l'importance particulière, réside dans les pétitions émanant des
habitants du territoire administré. Sous le régime de ;a Société
des Nations, les pétitions écrites étaient seules admises. Quand
elles étaient complétéespar les observations du Mandataire et les
explications fournies par lui au cours de la procédure de l'organe

de surveillance, elles constituaient un instrument puissant de sur-
veillance et un facteur important pour former le jugement de l'auto-
rité de surveillance. A la suite de l'attitude de non-coopération
adoptée par l'Union sud-africaine, l'efficacité de cette source de
renseignements a été cconsidérablerrient réduite. La Puissance
mandataire, qui est absente des séances du Comité, ne présente
pas ses commentaires et n'aide pas l'organe de surveillance en
lui fournissant à sa demande des explications au cours des séances
ou par la suite. Au surplus, la Puissance mandataire a refusé de
transmettre les pétitions présentéespar les habitants du territoire
administré. Si 1'011maintenait à cet égardla procédure de la Com-
mission des Mandats, il est difficile:dr voir comment les pétitions
écritesdeshabitants du territoire pourraient parvenir,d'une manière
quelconque, au Comité du Sud-Ouest africain. Maintenant, ce
Comité a délibérémentadoptt? une modification de la prochdure

appliGiiéesoiis le régime des Mandats. Les règles de procédure
adoptées en 1923 par la Société desNations prévoyaient que les
pétitions des communautés oii des élémentsde la population des
territoires soiis mandat seraient transmises au Secrétariat de la
Société desNations par l'intermédiaire des gouvernements manda-
taires intéresséset que toute pétition reçue par le Secrétaire général
de la SociétédesNations par toute autre voie que celle du goilverne-
ment mandataire serait retournée aux signataires avec pri6re
de la préseriteà nouveau en seconformant itla procédure ci-clessus.
Le Gouvernemerit de l'Afrique du Sud ayant refusé(le transmettre
les pétitions airisi reçues, le Comité du Sud-Ouest africain, dans
son Règlement provisoire - article 26 - a disposé qu'ail reçu
d'une pétitioii, le Secrétaire généralinviterait les çi:,:laiairesà

la préseriter au Colnit$ par l'interniédiaire du Gouvernemcnt de
l'Afrique du Sud, mais (lue si, à i'expiration d'un délai de deuxmittee shall regard the petition as validly received. It is also
provided that the Committeeshall subsequently notify the Govern-
ment of South Africa as to the conclusions it has reached on the
petition. It does not appear that objection has been raised against
that particular-and important-departure from thé procedure
obtaining under the Mandates System.

However, although thus made available to the supervisingorgan,
the written petition no longer fulfilsthe same function and no longer
partakes of the same effectiveness as written petitions examined in
the presence and with the CO-operationof the Mandatory. It isin
the nature of ex$arte information which may or may not be capable
of verification. This does not mean that the written petition examin-
ed without the assistance of the Mandatory is without value or

that it cm never provide a basis for the conclusions of the super-
vising Committee. But it is clear that it is not the same thing as and
that it is a lesser thingan written petitions within the f~amework
of a machinery operating with the participation of the Mandatory.

The interpretation, in this matter, of the Opinion of the Court
of II July 1950 is thus confronted with the fact that owing to the
attitude of South Africa the potency of the two ~rinci~alinstruments
of supervision is substantially reduced and that other means, not
fundamentally inconsistent with that Opinion, must be found in
order to give effect to its essential purpose. The crucial question
which the Court has now to answer is : Are oral hearings one of these
means ? Are they truly necessary and effective for filling the gap
that has arisen ? Do they secure the reality of the task of super-
visionothenvise reduced below the levelcontemplated by and under-
lying the Opinion of 1950 ? 1am of the view that, in the circumstan-
ces, they fulfil that purpose. Oral hearings contribute one of the
tangible elements of supervision which otherwise-i.e., in the
absence of other means of supe~ision-operat~~ inan atmosphere

of unrealit~. Undoubtedly, the information received through oral
hearings may be exaggerated, false and misleading. Oral heanngs
may be abused by fanatics and seekers for self-advertisement. But
these difficulties and dangers are also present, and less capable of
correction, in the case of written petitions-pecially when examin-
ed in the absence of the Mandatory. Moreover, it is clear that the
importance of oral hearings increases in proportion as the effect-
iveness of the other instruments of supervision has been reduced as
the result of theattitude of the Union of South Africa. If the United
Nations were not confronted with the refusa1of the Union of South
Africa to abide by its obligations as a Mandatory in confomity
with the Opinion of the Court of 1950and if there remaine.d,in their
full effectiveness, the other instruments of supervision therein
32 OP. IND. SIR IIERSCH LAUTERPACHT (AVIS 1 VI 56) 51

mois, ce Gouvemement n'avait pas fait parvenir la pétition, le
Comité la considérerait comme ayant été valablement reçue.
L'article prévoit également que le Comité fera connaître par la
suite au Gouvemement sud-africain les conclusions auxquelles il
sera parvenu sur la pétition. Cette dérogation particulière et impor-
tante a la procédureapplicablesousle régimedesMandatsne semble
pas avoir soulevéd'objections.
Toutefois, bien qu'ainsi mise à la disposition de l'organe de
surveillance, la pétition écritene remplit plus les mêmesfonctions
et n'a plus la même efficacité que les pétitions Ccrites examinées

en présence de la Puissance mandataire et avec sa coopération.
Elle ne fournit pas de renseignements impartiaux susceptibles
d'êtrevérifiés.Cela ne signifie pas que la pétition écrite examinée
sans l'aide du Mandataire soit sans valeur et qu'elle ne puisse
jamais fournir une base aux conclusions du Comitéde surveillance.
Mais il est clair que ce?'est pas la même choseet que c'est moins
que les pétitions écrites dans le cadre d'un mécanisme qui fonc-
tionne avec la participation du Mandataire.

L'interprétation, sur ce point, de l'avis de la Cour du II juillet
1950 se trouve donc en face du fait que, à cause de l'attitude
de l'Afrique du Sud, la force des deux principaux instruments
de surveillance est sensiblement réduite et qu'il est nécessaire
de trouver d'autres moyens qui ne soient pas fondamentalement
incompatibles avec cet avis pour donner effet à son but essentiel.
La question principale à laquelle doit répondre la Cour est la
suivante : (Les audiences foumissent-elles l'un de ces moyens ? ))
Sont-elles vraiment nécessaireset efficaces pour remplir la lacune
qui s'est présentée? Assurent-elles réellement la tâche de sur-

veillance par ailleurs réduiteau-dessous du niveau qui étaitenvisagé
et qui est à la base de l'avis de 1950? Je suis d'avis que, dans
les circonstances, elles remplissent ce but. Les audiences four-
nissent l'un des éléments tangibles de surveillance qui autrement
- c'est-à-dire en l'absence d'autres moyens de surveillance -
fonctionneraient dans une atmosphère d'irréalité. Sansdoute les
renseignements reçus au moyen d'audiences peuvent êtreexagérés,
faux et trompeurs. Les audiences se prêtentà des abus de la part
de fanatiques ou de personnes cherchant une publicité personnelle.
Mais ces difficultés et ces dangers existent aussi, et sont plus

difficiles à corriger, dansle cas des pétitions écrite- en particulier
quand on les examine en l'absence de la Puissance mandataire.
De surcroît, il est clair que l'importance des audiences augmente
à mesure que l'efficacitédes autres instruments de surveillance
a étéréduite par suite de l'attitude de l'Union sud-africaine. Si
les Nations Unies n'étaient pas en face du refus de l'Union de
respecter ses obligations de Mandataire, conformément à l'avis provided, then the advantages of oral hearings, considerable as
they rnay be and though being, according to some, in keeping with
the recognition within the United Nations of the nght of oral
hearing as a corollary of the fundamental nght of petition, would
be no more than an improvement on the existing machinery of
supervision. They would not be essential to it. In fact, being in the
nature of an excess of supervision as it existed under the League
of Nations, they would be contrary, on that account, to the Opinion
of 19jo. But this is not the position with which the Court is confront-
ed. The Court is not here called upon to express a view on the con-
troversial question of the ments of oral hearings in general. The
question before it is the necessity for oral hearings in a situation
amounting to a substantial drying up of other sources of information.

There is therefore little force in the argument that, after all,
oral hearings are not the only source of information. Admittedly,
they are not. There are other sources. In particular, written peti-
:ions are still available. However, if the effectiveness of these
available means has become drastically reduced owing to the
attitude of the Mandatory, then it is open to the Committee on
South West Afnca, as a matter of effectiveness of the instrument
which it has to apply, to fulfil thatduty by other means.

It may be objected that oral hearings in the absence of the
Mandatory are a procedure which amounts to passing of judgment
in default upon that authonty in its absence andthat for that, if no
other, reason it constitutes a particularly flagrant excess of super-
vision. But is that so?When the Committee on South West Africa
examines written petitions in the absence of the Mandatory, that
procedure may also be said tu arnount to passing of judgment by
default. The êommittee simply informs the Government of South
Africa of its conclusions. But it has not been denied that the Com-
mittee is entitled to do so and that the rule of procedure which it

has adopted for that purpose is in accordance with the Opinion
of the Court ofII July 1950. Moreovor,when the supervising author-
ity hears petitioners in person it has the opportunity of checking
and verifying their statements by a direct and efficacious method
which is not available when written petitions are examine6 in the
absence of their authors.
'This, then, is the principal question before the Court. 1s the
need for oral hearings reai ? If permitted, would they, in the
situation before the Court,contribute to exceeding the total degree
:)fsupervision as circumscribed in the Opinion of the Court of1950 ?
For it is onlÿ under the following two conditions that oral hearings
of petitioners can be held to be consistent with that Opinion: the
need for them must be real in terms of implementii~g the twode la Cour de 1950, et si les autres moyens de surveillance qui
y sont établis demeuraient dans toute leur efficacité, alors, les
avantages des audiences, pour considérables qu'ils soient, et
quoique conformes, d'après certains, à la reconnaissance au sein
des Nations Unies du droit d'audition comme un corrolaire du
droit fondamental de pétition, ne seraient rien de plus qu'une
amélioration du mécanisme de surveillance existant. Elles n'en

seraient pas un élément essentiel. En fait, constituant un excès
de la surveillance telle qu'elle existaitsous le régime de la Société
des Nations, elles se~aient à ce titre contraires à l'avis de 1950.
Mais telle n'est pas la position devant laquelle se trouve la Cour.
On-ne lui demande pas d'exprimer son opinion sur la question
controversée de la valeur des audiences eil général.La question
qui se pose à elle est de savoir si les audiences sont nécessaires
dans une situation qui entraîne une raréfaction sensible des autres
sources d'information.
C'est pourquoi l'argument selon lequel les audiences ne sont
pas la seule source d'information ne me parait pas convaincant.
11faut reconnaître qu'elles ne sont pas la seule source. Il y en a
d'autres. Les pétitions écrites en particulier sont toujours possibles.
C. pendant, si l'efficacitéde ces moyens a été Iadicalement réduite
à cause de l'attitude du Mandataire, alors le Comité du Siid-

Ouest africain a la faculté, afin de maintenir l'efficacité de l'in-
strument qu'il doit appliquer, de remplir ce devoir par d'autres
moyens.
On pourrait cbjecter qu'en l'absence du Mandataire, les audiences
sont une procédure comparable à un jugement par défaut contre
le Mandataire et, à ce titre seul, elles constituent un excès de
surveilla~ice particulièrement flagrant. Mais est-ce bien le cas ?
Quand le Comité du Sud-Ouest africain examine les pétitions
écrites en l'absence du Mandataire, on peut soutenir aussi que
cette procédure aboutit à un jugement par défaut : le Comité se
borne à fai~e connaître ses conclusions au Gouvernement sud-
africain. Mais on n'a pas nié que le Comité a le droit de le faire
et que la règle de procédure qu'il a adoptée à cette fin est conforme
à l'avis de la Cour du II jilillet 1950. De surcroît, quand l'aiitorité
de surveillance entend les pétitionnaires en personne, elle peut

vérifier et contrôler leurs allégations par une méthode directe
et efficace qui ne peut êtreemployée quand on examine les péii-
tions écrites hors la présence dc leurs auteurs.

Telle est donc la question principale devari: la Coiir. Les
audiences sont-elles vraiment nécessaires ? Si or1 les autorisait,
entraîneraient-elles,dans la situation soumise à la. Coiir, iin dépas-
sement du degré total de survi'illance défini par 1';ivicit.195c ?
Car l'auditicui de pétitionnaires ne peut être coiisidér6e cornme
compatible avec cet ayiis que soiis les deux conditions siiivanteç :
il faut qu'?!le soit réellement n2cessairc pour g!onner effet ail::basic provisions of that Opinion of the Court ;secondly, they must
not add to the degree of supervision in such a way that in the
aggregate it becomes more stringent than under the League of
Nations. Oral hearings of petitioners would not be permissible if
they were attempted not because of that real need but as an expres-
sion of the disapproval of the attitude of South AfriCa. Any sdch
innovation implying that the Opinion of 1950has lost its regulating
and restraining force would not be permissible. The Opinion of
Iaqo is not a treaty whose provisions can be discarded for the
reason that South Africa has declined to complywith them. It gives
expression to an objective legal status recognized by ,the United
Nations and it must be acted upon. But it must be acted upon
in a reasonable-and not in a one-sided and literal-manner.

My conclusion is, therefore, that there is a true need for oral
hearings in order to supplement sources of information which have

become incomplete in consequence of the attitude of the Union of
South Africa and that, if adopted, they would not result in exceeding
the total degree of supe~sion as laid down in, the Opinion of
II July 1950. This being so, they must be held to be consistent with
that Opinion. They would be so consistent even if the Opinion of
II July 1950 were in absolute terms, namely, if it did not contain
the qualification "as far as yossible".

In view of the preceding observations 1 need only refer briefly tc
the second qualifying clause of the Opinion of II July 1950,namely,
that "the degree of supervision ..should conform as far as possible
to the procedure followed in this respect by the Council of the
League of Nations". The expression "as far as possible" is a form
of words of pronounced elasticity. Its interpretation is a matter of

degree. It is "possible" for a system of supervision to continue
without reports of the Mandatory, without written petitions accom-
anied by his comments and explanations, without the represen-
Patives of the latter being present at the meetings of the super-
visory organ, and without oral hearings filling the gap which has
thus arisen. But that would not be a supervision as contemplated
by the Opinion of 1950. It would be a supervision fallingshort not
only of the assumption of effectiveness which underlay that Opin-
ion of the Court, but also of what must be regarded as a reasonable
measure of effectiveness. It has been suggested that the Committee
would meet with no difficulty if it were to abstain from oral hearings
of petitioners. Admittedly, there is as a de no difficulty encoun-
tered by doing nothing or little, but this is hardly a reasonable
standard by which to gauge the fulfilment of the task of the super-
vising authority. There is no occasion to go to the extreme length

34termes des deux dispositions fondamentales de l'avis de la Cour ;
en second lieu, elle ne doit pas ajouter au degré de surveillance
de manière à ce que, dans son ensemble, il devienne plus strict
que sous le régime de la Société desNations. L'audition de péti-
tionnaires ne serait pas permissible si on essayait d'y recourir
non pas en raison de cette nécessité réelle mais comme l'expression
de la désapprobation de l'attitude de l'Afrique du Sud. Toute

innovation de ce genre qui paraît indiquer que l'avis de 1950 a
perdu sa force réglementaire et restrictive ne saurait êtrepermise.
L'avis de 1950 n'est pas un traité dont les dispositions peuvent
êtreécartées pour le motif que l'Afrique du Sud a déclinéde s'y
conformer. Il formule un statut juridique objectif reconnu par
les Nations Unies et il doit êtrerespecté. Mais il faut l'appliquer
d'une manière raisonnable - et non pas unilatérale et littérale.
Ma conclusion est donc que des audiences sont nécessaires pour
suppléer aux sources d'information qui sont devenues incomplètes
du fait de l'attitude de l'Union sud-africaine et que, si on les

adopte, elles n'entraîneront pas un dépassement du degré total
de surveillance tel qu'il a étédéfinidans l'avis du II juillet 1950.
Cela étant, il faut les considérer comme compatibles avec l'avis.
Elles seraient compatibles même si l'avis du II juillet 1950
s'exprimait en termes absolus, c'est-à-dire s'il ne contenait pas
la restriction ccautant que possible 11.

En raison des observations qui précèdent, il me suffira de men-
tionner brièvement la deuxième clause restrictive de l'avis du
II juillet 1950, à savoir que c(le degré de surveillance ...devrait
être conforme, autant que possible, à la procédure suivie en la
matière par le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations 1).L'expression
« autant que possible » est une formule d'une élasticité évidente.
Son interprétation est une question de degré. Il est «possible ))
que le système de surveillance continue à fonctionner sans rapports
de la Puissance mandataire, sans pétitions écrites accompagnées
de ses commentaires et de ses explications, sans que ses repré-

sentants soient présents aux séances de l'organe de surveillance
et sans audiences pour combler la lacune qui en résulte. Mais
ce ne serait pas la surveillance telle que l'a envisagée l'avis de
1950. Ce serait une surveillance insuffisante non seulement au
point de vue de l'idée d'efficacitéqui est à la base de l'avis de
la Cour, mais encore au point de vue de ce qu'on doit considérer .
comme un degré raisonnable d'efficacité. On a suggéréque le
Comité n'aurait pas de difficultés s'il s'abstenait d'accorder des
audiences aux pétitionnaires. Sans doute, on peut poser en règle

qu'on ne rencontre pas de difficultés à ne rien faire ou à faire
peu de chose, mais cela ne peut guère fournir un critère raisonnable
34in thus interpreting away the requirements of satisfactory super-
vision in deference to a persistent attitude of non co-operation oii
the part of the Mandatory. There is no general interest involved in
weakening the system of supervision so considerably below the
level contemplated in the Opinion of 1950. For these reasons 1find
no difficulty in accepting the view that the saving expression "so
faras possible" can properly berelied upon in this case so as to permit
oral heanngs of petitioners. 1cannot accept the argument that the

expression "as far as possible" should be reduced to insignificance
for the reason that the Opinion of 1950 intended to crystallize the
~lihstantive and procedural status quo as it then existed. Reasons
have been given above why there is no merit in the view that the
Court ought to lend its authority to the continued and unaltered
maintenance of that statas quo by upholding the two qualifying
clauses of its Opinion of 1950 after the two basic provisions which
it thus qualified have ceased to be operative as the result of the
attitude of the Mandatory.

There is or.iC : :ii-iwnich requires some explanation in this
connection. In ~ts Opinion of 7 June 1955on the Voting Procedure,
the Court, in explaining the expression "as far as possible" as being
"designed to allou- for adjustments and modifications necessitated
by legal or practical corisiderations" (at p. 77)-an explanation
which fully covers the issue now before the Court-seemed to give
a restricted scope to that expression. It explained that phrase as
"indicating that in the nature of things the General Assembly,
operating under an instrument different from that which govemed
the Council of the League of Nations, would not be able to follow
precisely the same procedures as were followed by the Council"
(ibid.). It might tbus appear that the Court was limiting the opera-
tion of the "as far as possible" principle to the exigencies of the
Charter and of the procedure of the General Assembly. It is not

believed that this is so. In the case of the Voting Procedure the
Court was concerneù with this particular aspect of the question and
it was therefore natural that its reasoning should have concentrated
on that issue. 'L'hereis no reasori to assume that it intended to li.iit
generally. the apparent cornprehensi-deness of the clause "as ~ar as
possible". Siinllar considerations apply to those passages of the
Opiniori of 1953 in whicil the Court attacheci importance Lo stating
ihat the exprrssiori "degrie of supervision", iriasmuch as it related
to the "measurc and rneans oi supervision" and to "the means
employed hy the suyervisory authority in obtaining ad-]P( uate
infermatiori", slioulù. not be kterpreted as relating îo proceduralpour apprécier l'accomplissement de la tâche qui incombe à
lJautorit6 de surveillance. Faire disparaîtreainsi par interprétation
les exigences d'une surveillance efficace, en cédant à l'attitude
persistante de non-coopération du Mandataire, serait aller à
l'extrême,sans nécessité.Il n'est pas de l'intérêtgénérald'affaiblir

le système de surveillance er, le ramenant à un niveau si inférieur
à celui qu'envisageait l'avis de 1950. C'est pourquoi je ne vois
pas de difficulté à accepter l'idée qu'onpeut dans ce cas Iégitime-
ment invoquer la formule de sauvegarde « autant que possible »
pour permettre l'audition de pétitionnaires. Je ne puis accepter
l'argument qu'il faut réduire à l'insignifiance l'expression « autant
que possible » parce que l'avis de 1950 a entendu cristalliser le
statu quo d'alors, pour le fond et pour la procédure. J'ai exposk
plus haut les raisons pour lesquelles on ne peut attacher de valeur
à l'opinion que la Cour devrait appuyer de son autorité le maintien

continu et immuable du statuquo en maintenant les deux clauses
restrictives de l'avis de 1950, après que les deux dispositions
fondamentales qu'eues limitent ont perdu tout effet par suite de
l'attitude du Mandataire.

A ce propos, il est un point qui appelle quelques explications.
Dans son avis du 7 juin 1955 sur la Procédurede Vote, la Cour,

en expliquant l'expression «autant que possible » comme ayant
« pour objet de permettre les ajustements et modifications rendus
nécessaires par des considérations juridiques ou pratiques » (p.77)
- explication qui est pleinement valable pour la question actuelle-
ment devant la Cour -; a paru donner à cette expression une
portée réduite. La Cour a expliqué la phrase en disant qu'«elle
indiquait que, naturellement, l'Assemblée générale,dont le fonc-
tionnement est régipar un instrument autre que celui qui régissait
le Conseil de la Société des Nations, ne pourrait suivre avec pré-
cision les procédures qui étaient suivies pzr le Conseil » (ibid.).

II pourrait donc sembler que la Cour limitait la portée du principe
« autant que possible » aux exigences de la Charte et à la pro-
cédure de l'Assemblée générale.11 ne paraît pas que tel soit le
cas. Dans l'affaire de la Procédzcre de Vote, la Cour s'occupait de
cet aspect particulier de la question ; il est donc naturel que son
raisonnement soit centré sur ce point. Il n'y a pas de raison de
présumer qu'elle ait voulu limiter d'une façon généralel'étendue
apparente de la clause «autant que possible ». Des considérations
du même ordre s'appliquent aux passages de l'avis de 195j où
la Cour a attaché importance à déclarer que l'expression ((degré

de surveillance », dans la mesure où elle se rapporte «à la mesure
et aux moyens de surveillance ,)et aux ((moyens employés par
l'autorité de surveillance pour obtenir des renseignements acié-matters (at p. 72). The correct view is that the issue of oral hea~ings
is both a question of substantive supervision and of procedure. It is
clear that a procedural measure may decisivelyaffect thenghts and
obligations of the parties. There would be a disadvantage in basing
the Judgments and Opinions of the Court not on legal considera-
tions of general application but on controversial technicalities and
artificial classifications.

There remains the question whether, assuming that there has
been created a real gap in the system of supervision and that oral
bearings may be instrumental to some extent in fîlling that gap,
the consistency of oral hearings with the Ophiion of II July 1950
can be ascertained by way of judicial interpretation or whether it
can only be decreed, by way of legislative change, by the General
Assembly. This question, it is kelieved, must be answered affir-
matively in the light of the general legal considerations outlined
above.

There are three possible methods of approach for a court of law
confronted with a situation such as the present, namely, that of
a party refusing to reco;;n;,- or Coact upon a legal instrument which
purports to express the legal obligations of that party and whose
validity must, as in the present case, be regarded as continuing :

(1) It is possible to hold that, even if that party refuses to be
bound by any of the obligations or limitations of the legal instru-
ment in question, the other party-in this case the United Nations
and the Committee on South West Africa are ,the other party-
must fulfil literally and abide by al1 the restraining provisions

emcted for the benefit of the recalcitrant party even if such one-
sided application results in reducing substantially the effectiveness
of the instrument. Any such method 1 consider to be unsound.

(2)The second method is to assert that, as the legal instrument
in question has been repudiated by one party, a new factual and
legal situation has arisen in which the other party is free to act
as it pleases and to disregard al1 the restraints of the instrument.
This, 1 believe, is not the view which the Court czn properly
adopt. The Opinion of 1350 continues to be tlie law. It established
-or recognized-a legal status of the Temtory. It is the law
binding upon the Committee for South West Afnca.

(3) The third poszibility, which appears to me most appropnate
as a legal proposition and in accordance with good faith and
common sense, is to interpret the instrument as continuing in
validity and as fully applicable subject to reasonable re-adjust--

26quats », ne devrait pas s'interpréter comme visant les questions
de procédure (p. 72). A la vérité, laquestion des audiences touche
à la fois au fond de la surveillance et à la procédure. Il est clair
qu'une mesure de procédure peut affecter les droits et obligations
des parties d'une manière décisive.Il y aurait désavantage 2ifonder

les arrêts et avis de la Cour non pas sur des considérations juri-
diques d'une application généralemais sur des points techniques
controversés et des classificationsartificielles.

Reste la question de savoir si, en admettant qu'une lacune véri-
table ait étécrééedans le système de surveillance et que les audien-

ces puissent, dans une certaine mesure, combler cette lacune, la
conformité des audiences avec l'avis du II juillet 1950 peut se
vérifier par voie d'interprétation judiciaire ou si elle ne peut être
établie que par voie de modification législative par l'Assemblée
générale.Eu égard aux considérations juridiques générales indi-
quées plus haut, il faut, selon moi. répondre à cette question par
l'affirmative.
Il y a, pour un tribunal, trois méthodes pour aborder la question,
en face d'une situation comme ceile devant laquelle se trouve la
Cour, situation où une partie se refuse à reconnaître ou à exécuter
un instmment juridique dont l'objet est d'exprimer les obligations

juridiques de cette partie et dont la validité doit, comme dans le
cas présent, êtreconsidérée commecontinue :
1) On peut soutenir que, mêmesi cette partie se refuse à être
liée par l'une quelconque des obligations ou des limitations de
l'instrument juridique en question, l'autre partie - ici, les Nations
Unies et le Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain sont l'autre partie - doit
remplir littéralement toutes les dispositions restrictives prises au
profit de la partie récalcitrante et s'y conformer, mêmesi cette

application unilatérale aboutit à réduire de façon appréciable
l'efficacité de l'instrument. Pareille méthode ne me paraît pas
satisfaisante.
2) La deuxième méthode est d'affirmer que, l'instrument juri-
dique en question ayant étérépudiépar une partie, il en est résulté
une nouvelle situation de fait et de droit dans laquelle l'autre partie
est libre d'agir comme elle l'entend et d'ignorer toutes leslimitations
de l'instrument. Selon moi, ce n'est pas le point de vue que la Cour

peut légitimement adopter. L'avis de 1950 continue d'êtrela loi.
Il a institué- ou reconnu -- le statut juridique du Territoire. C'est
la loi qui lie le Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain.
3) La troisième possibilité, qui me paraît la proposition juri-
dique la meilleure et la plus conforme à la bonne foi et au bon sens,
est d'interpréter l'instrument comme continuant d'êtrevalable et
pleinement applicabIe, sous réserve des ajustements raisonnables

36 ments calculated to maintain the effectiveness, though not more
than that. of the major purpose of the instrument.
Similarly, it is in the light of the general principle as thus stated
that there must be considered the contention that if as the result
of the attitude of South Africa and the situation which has thus
arisen it is necessary to effect changes in the Opinion of the Court
of II July 1950, such changes must be accomplished by the
General Assembly and not by the Court. For it would appear
that that argument begs the question. The Court, in finding that
its Opinion of II July 1950, is
oral hearings are consistent with
not changing the law as laid down in that Opinion. It interprets
it in accordance with good sense and sound legal pnnciple. This
in fact was the method which the Court followed in its Opinion
of II July 1950,when it was called upon to interpret the relevant
clauses of the Covenant of the League of Nations and of the Charter
af the United Nations. In answering the question as to the existing
international legal position of South West Africa it applied the
relevant international instruments in so far as this was possible.
It did not change the law as contained therein. The essence of
that Opinion was that the Court declined to apply literally the
!egal régime which it was cailed upon to interpret. It declined
to admit that the continuity of the mandatory system meant
necessarily that only the League of Nations-and no one else-
could act as the .,,;per~~sing authority. On the face of it, the

Opinion, inasmuch as it held that the United Nations must be
substituted for the League of Nations as the supervisory organ,
signified a change as compared with the letter of the Covenant.
Actually, the Opinion did no more than give effect to the main
purpose of the legal instruments before if. That is the true function
of interpretation The Opinion gave effect to the existing law in a
situation iri \-/hiii otherwise its purpose, as the Court saw it,
would have bccr, endangered. This is essentially the situation
with which the Court is confronted in the present case.
There is onc hirfher consideration which must be borne in
rnind in relation ho the suggestion that although the Court
samot declare 01,t hearings of peti tioriers to be consistent with
its Opinion of 1950, the General Assembly-and the General

Assembly only- has the power to do so. The Preamble to the
request for the present Opinion begins as follows : "The General
Assembly, having been requested by the Committee on South
West Africa to decide whetlier or not the oral heanng of petitioners
on matters relating to the territory of South West Africa is admis-
sible before that Committee ..."The Court is requested to advise
tlic General Assembly whether, as a matter of law embodied in
the Opinion of the Court of II July 1950, the General Assembly
ic entitled to decide that oral hearings are admissible. In view of
this, itis hardly possible for the Court to give a negative answer
to the question put to it and to say--or imply--that if any change destinésà maintenir l'efficacité,mais rien de plus, du but principal
de l'instrument.
De même, c'est à la lumière du principe général ainsiénoncé

qu'il faut considérerla thèsed'aprèslaquelle, sil'attitude del'Afrique
du Sud et la situation qui en découle ont pour effet de rendre
nhessaires deschangements dans l'avis rendu par la Cour le II juil-
let1950, ces changements doivent etre accomplis par l'Assemblée
généhale et non pas par la Cour. Car cet argument semble êtreune
pétition de principe.En déclarant que les audiences sont conformes ,
à son avis du II juillet 1950, la Cour ne modifie pas l'opinion
énoncéedans cet avis. Elle l'interprète conformément au bon sens
et aux principes juridiques solides. C'est la méthode qu'elle a
suivie dans son avis du XI juillet 1950qumd elle a &téappelée A
interpréter les clauses pertinentes du Pacte et de la Charte des
Nations Unies. En rélpondant à lia question visant le statut
rnternational actuel di1 Sud-Ouest africain elle a ~ppliqué, dans
toute la mesure du possible, les instruments juridiques relevarits.

Elle n'apas modifiéle &oit tel qu'il y est établi. 1-etrait essentiel
de cet avis était que la Cour a refusé d'appliquer littéralement le
réginie juridique qu'elle était invit& à interpréter. Elle a refusé
d'admettre qlüela continuité du systèmedesMandats signifkaitnéces-
sairement que seule la Socihtédes Nations - et nul autre - pût
agir comme autorité de sur~eillance. A première vue, I'avis, dans
la mesure où il a,reconnu que les Nations Unies doivent Ctre
substituées à la Société des Nations comme organe de sur\rillancc,
a apporté me modification par rapport 3.la lettre du Pacte. En
iait, :'avis s'est borné donner e8et au but principal des instru-
ments jrlridiques qiii lui &taient soumis. Telle est la vér~table
fonction de 1l1intepr&tation.L'avisâ donr. Ic8ei zu droit en vigueur
dans une situation c.È on but, le! :lue li. dhicmissaitla Cuur, eiît
sans cela &témenacé. C'est i& essentiellenient la situation qui

confronte %ujourd'hai la Cour.

Il y a me autre considération ir retenir en ce qui concerne la
suggestion sdori àaqndle, si la Cour ne pouvait considérerqi-~~ 1oc-
troi d'audiences à despétitionnaires est confonne à son avis de 1g5c,
l'Assemaléegénérale - et 1'Assemblk généraleseule - aiirait le
pouvoir de le faire. Le préambule de la'requête pour le présent
avis cor~sdtatid commence par ces mots : ((L'Assembléegénérale,
ayant &té priée par le Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain de décider si
les demaiides d'audiences présentées par des pétitionnaires sur des
questions relatives au Territoire du Sud-Ouest africain étaient
recevables devant le Comité ..». On demande àla Cour de donner à
l'Assembléegénéraleson avis sur le point de savoir si, d'aprSs
le droit tel qu'il se dégagede l'avis de la Cour du II juillet 1950,

l'Assembléegénéraleest autorisée à déciderque l'auditicn de péti-
tionnairesest admissible. Celaétant, ilest difficilàla Cour derépon-
dre par la négative à la question qu'on lui pose et de dire- directe-is required as the result of the attitude of South Africa then that
change must be effected by the General Assembly and not the
Court. For this is the very question which the Court has been

asked to answer. It is not possible for the Court to Say that it
would be contrary to the Opinion of II July 1950 for the Ceneral
Assembly to authorize oral hearings and at the same time to Say,
or imply, that the General Assembly may do it. If the General
Assembly had felt at liberty to authorize oral hearings regardless
of whether such authorization is consistent with the Opinion of
II July 1950 or not, it would have hardly found it necessary to
request the Court to give the present Advisory Opinion. This
being so, the Court could not, in the present case, renounce its
legitimate function on the ground that the appropriate result
can be achieved by the legislative action of the political organ.
Reluctance to encroach upon the province of the Iegislature is a
propeL manifestation of judicial caution. If exaggerated, it may
amount to unwillingness to fulfil a task which is within the orbit
of the functions of the Court as defined by its Statute. The Court

cannot properly be concerned with any political effects of its
decisions. But it is important, as a matter of international public
policy, to bear in mind the indirect consequences of any pronounce-
ment which, by giving a purelp literal interpretation of the Opinion
of II July 1950, would have rendered it impotent in face of obstruc-
tion by one party.

In fact, from whatever angle the request for the present Advisory
Opinion is viewed, a substantive answer to it seems indicated by
reference to general legal considerations such as outlined in this
and in the preceding parts of this Separate Opinion. This applies
also to that part ofthe Opinion in which 1have cometo the conclusion
that oral hearings of petitioners would-apart from the situation
actually confronting the United Nations-be inconsistent with the
Opinion of II July 1950 inasmuch as they depart from the system
which obtained under the League of Nations. But, as explained,

tbat system was predicated on the fulfilment by the Mandatory
of his obligations in the matter of reports and petitions. AS the
result of the attitude now adopted by the Union of South Africa,
that assumption no longer applies. The maxim cessante ratione
cessat lex ipsa is a tnte legal proposition. This circumstance does
not affect the propriety and the necessity of its judicialapplication.

It is necessary in this connection to refer to the apparent incon-
sistency between the view which is put forward in this Separate
Opinion (and which in effect underlies the present Opinion of the
Court) and that on which the Court seems to have based its Opinion

38ment ou par implication - que s'il est nécessaire d'apporter une
modification quelconque àla suite de l'attitude de l'Afrique du Sud,
alors cette modification doit êtreeffectuéepar l'Assembléegénérale
et non par la Cour. Car c'est la question même à laquelle la Cour a

étéinvitée à répondre. Il ne lui est pas possible de dire qu'il serait
contraire àl'avis du II juillet 1950que l'Assembléegénéraleautorise
des auditions et, en mêmetemps, explicitement ou implicitement,
que l'Assemblée généraleest en état de le faire. Si l'Assemblée
générales'étaitcruelibre d'autoriser les auditions sans se préoccuper
de savoir si cette autorisation était conforme ou non à l'avis du
II juillet 1950, il est peu probable qu'elle aurait jugé nécessairede
demander à la Cour de rendre le présent avis. Dans ces conditions,
la Cour ne pourrait, dans le cas présent, renoncer à sa fonction
légitime pour le motif que le résultat voulu peut êtreréalisépar une
mesure législative de l'organe politique. Le souci de ne pas empiéter
sur le domaine du législatif est une manifestation légitime de pru-

dence judiciaire. Si on l'exagère, il peut revenir à un refus de
remplir une des tâches appartenant au domaine de la Cour tel
aue le définit leStatut. La Cour n'a rîas à s'occu~er des effets ~oii-
tiques que peuvent avoir ses décisions.Mais il est important, au
point de vue de l'ordre public international,de ne pas perdre de vue
les conséquences indirectes d'une déclaration qui, en donnant une
interprétation purement littérale de l'avis du II juillet 1950,
l'aurait privé de tout effet en face de la résistance de l'une des
parties.
En fait, quel que soit l'angle sous lequel on envisage la présente
requêtepour avis, il paraît indiqué d'y répondre au fond par réfé-
rence aux considérations juridiques générales telles qu'elles ont

étéretracées dan%cette partie de la présente opinion individuelle
et dans les parties qui l'ont précbdée.Cela s'applique également à
la partie de l'opinion où je suis arrivéàla conclusion que - abstrac-
tion faite de la situation qui confronte actuellement les Nations
Unies - l'octroi d'audiences à des pétitionnaires serait incompatible
avec l'avis ciu II juillet 1950, attendu qu'elles s'écartent du régime
qui existait au temps de la Société des Nations.Cependant, comme
je l'ai expliqué, ce système partait de l'idéeque la Puissanre man-
dataire continuerait à remplir ses obligations en matière de rap-
ports et pétitions. Par suite de l'attitude adoptée par l'Union sud-
africaine, cette idéen'est plus valable. La maxime cessant^ ratione
cessat lexipsa est un lieu commun juridique. Elle n'en est pas moins

exacte et il n'en est pas moins nécessaire de l'appliquer judiciaire-
ment.

A ce propos, il faut rappeler la contradiction apparente entre le
point de vue exprimé dans la présente opinion individu:lle (et qui
est, en fait,à la base de l'avis actuel de la Cour) et ceiui sur lequel
la Cour parait avoir fondéson avis du 18 juillet 1950 dans l'affaire of 18 July 1950 on the Interpretation of the PeaceTreaties(Second
Phase). In the latter case the Court declined to hold that the

failure, contrary to their international obligations, of certain
States to appoint representatives to the Commissions provided by
the treaties in question for settling disputes justified some alter-
native method of appointment not contemplated by these treaties.
As in the present case, the conduct of the States inquestion had thus
created a gap-in fact, a breakdown-in the operation of the system
of supervision contemplated by the treaties. Yet the Court refused
to admit the legality of an alternative method designed to remedy
the situation. It said :
"The failure of machinery for settling disputes by reason of
the practical impossibility of creating the Commission provided
for in the Treaties is one thing ; international responsibility is
another. The breach of a treaty obligation cannot be remedied
by creating a Comniission whichis not the kind of Commission
contemplated by the Treaties. lt is the dutg of the Court to inter-
pret the Treaties, not to revisethem." (I.C.J. Reports1950p,.229.)

The resemblance of the two cases is as striking as the apparent
discrepancy between the present Opinion of the Court and that in
the case of the Interpretation of the Peace Treaties. In view of
this it is appropriate and desirable to state the reasons, if any,
for this seeming departure from a previous Opinion. Without
expressing a view as to the merits of the Opinion of the Coiirt on the
lnterpretation of the Peace Treaties, 1 consider that, in fact, the
two cases are dissimilar in a vital respect. The clauses of the Peace
Treaties of 1947 relating to settlement of disputes were, as shown
in their wording and the protracted history of their adoption,
formulated in terms which clearly revealed the absence of agreement
to endow them with a full measure of effectiveness--including
safeguards to be resorted to in the event of the failure of one of the
parties to participate in the procedure of settlement of disputes.
This was a case in which the application of the principle of effec-

tiveness in the interpretation of treaties found, in the view of the
Court, a necessary limit in the circumstance that the parties had
failed-not accidentally, but by design-to render them fully effec-
tive. This is not the position in the present case when the Court is
condronted with the interpretation of provisions concerning a régime
in the nature of an international status of established and conti-
nuous operation ;provisions in relation to which :Fie Court, in the
Opinion of II July 1950and that of 7June 1955onvoting Procedure,
anirrrled in emphatic language the necessity of securing the unim-
peded and effective application of the system of supervision in
accordance with the fundamental provisions of the Covenant and
the Charter ; and with regard to which it qualified the notion of
any literai and rigid continuity of the Mandates System by making
it obligatory only "so far as possible1'-an expression expressly

39de l'lntqtwétatim des Traités de Paix (P phase). La Cour a alors
refuséde dire que le refus par certains États, contrairement à leurs
obligationsinternationales, de nommer des représentants aux com-
missions prévues par les traités en question pour le règlement des

différends justaait le choix d'une autre méthode de désignation
non révuepar ces traités. Comme dans le cas présent, la conduite
des Itats en question avait ainsicrééune lacune dans le fonctionne-
ment du système de surveillanceprévu par les traités - en fait son
effondrement - et néanmoinsla Cour a refuséd'admettre la légalité
d'une méthode alternative destinée à redresser la situation. Elle a
dit :
((L'inefficacitéd'une procédure de règlementdes différends,en
raison de I'impossibilitCde fait de constituer la commissionprévue
par les traités, est une chose, la responsabilitéinternationale en
est une autre.On ne réparepas les conséque~iced s'un manquement
à une obligation conventionnelleen créantune commissionqui ne
serait pas celle que lestraitésont eue en vue. La Courest appelée
à interpréter les tr?ités, noà les reviser.))(C.I. J. Recueil 1950,
P. 229.)

La ressemblance entre les deux affaires est aussi frappante que
la contradiction apparente entre l'avis actuel de la Cour et celui
qu'elle a rendu en matière d'lrzterfirétation des Traitésde Paix. C'est
poiirquoi il est 01,portun et désirable d'énoncerles raisons, s'il y en
a, de cette apparente dkogation à un avis antérieur. Sans me pro-
noncer sur les mCrites de l'avis de la Cour sur l'lnte~prétntzon des
Traitésde Paix, je considère qu'en fait, les deux cas se distinguent
sur un point essentiel. Les clauses des Traités de Paix de 1947 SIIF
le règlement des difikrends étaient tcor~niilées.,:c!mine le monirent

leur rédaction et Ictlongue histoire de le>.;-adoption, en ternies qui
révélaient clairement l'absence <Ircorsi-ïitement à les doter d'un
plein degré d'efficacité - y c(:rnpris des garanties à utiliser au cas
où l'une des parties manquerait à participer à la procédure de
règlement des différends. Il s's-gissait d'lm cas où l'application dix
principe de l'efficacitk dans l'interpr6tatlon des traités a rencontré,
de l'avis dela Cour, une limitation nécessairedil fait que les parties
s'étaient a'usteniles - non pas accidentellement mais à dessein --
de les rendre pleiriement efficaces. Tel n'est pas le cas dans la
présente affaire où la Cour se troiive en face de I'interprétation de
dispositions concernant un régimeprésentant la nature d'un statut
international établi et fonctionnant de fac;oricontinue ;dispositions

à propos desquelles la Cour, dans son avis di1II juillet 1950 et celui
du 7 juin 1955 surla Procédure deVote, a affirméen tt:rmes catégori-
ques la nécessitéd'assurer l'application efficace et sans entraves du
système de surveillance conformément aux dispositions fondamen-
tales du Pacte et de la Charte ; et à propos desquelles elle a limité
l'idéed'une continuité littérale et rigide du système des Mandats
en ne l'imposant quJ«autant que possible ))- expression qui (avait
pour objet de permettre les ajustements et modifications rendus"designed to allow for adjustments and modifications necessitated
by legal or practical considerations" (I.C. J. Reports 1955, p. 77).
This being so, the present Advisory Opinion of the Court seems
to be fully in accordance with its previous practice of interpreting
treaties and other international instruments in a manner calculated
to secure their effective operation. For this reason, subject to
some doubts as to the formulation of the operative part of the
Opinion and as to some aspects of its reasoning such as the extent

of the reliance on the implied powers of the Councilof the League of
Nations, 1 have no hesitation in concurring inthe Opinion of the
Court.

(Signed) H. LAUTERPACHT.nécessairespar des considérations juridiques ou pratique» (C.I. J.
Reczceil1955,p. 77).
Cela étant, le présent avis consultatif de la Cour paraît être plei-
nement en accord avec sa pratique antérieure d'interpréter les
traités et autres instruments internationaux de manière à assurer
leur fonctionnement effectif. Pour ces motifs, sous réserve de quel-
ques doutes sur le libellé du dkpositif de l'avis et sur certains
aspects du raisonnement, tels que la place accordée à l'argument
des pouvoirs implicites du Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations, je
n'hésitepas à partager l'avis de la Cour.

(Signé) H. LAUTERPACHT.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Sir Hersch Lauterpacht

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