Separate Opinion of Judge Basdevant (translation)

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024-19550607-ADV-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
024-19550607-ADV-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE BASDEVANT

While fully accepting the operative clause of the Opinion, 1have,
to my regret, reached the same view by a different path from that
followed by the Court. 1 in no way intend any criticism of the
latter which, 1 consider, would be out of place in a separate opin-
ion written by a Judge, but 1believe that 1 should indicate briefly
the means by which 1am enabled to subscribe to the Opinion given
by the Court.
In order to give a reply to the question piit to the Court, 1 feel
that it is necessary to consider, in the first place, the operative
clause of the Opinion given in 1950. 1 there find an assertion of the
competence of the United Nations in respect of supervision, but no
indication of the competent organ or of the way in which its deci-
sions are to be reached. This seems to me to involve reference on
these points to the provisions of the Charter, and particularly to

Articles IO and 18, and consequently to involve the conclusion
that Rule F, which has been submitted for the Court's consider-
ation, accords with a correct interpretation of the Opinion of 1950.
From this point 1pass to a consideration of the reasons on which
the Opinion of 1950 was based. Among these 1 find an assertion oi
the competence of the General Assembly based on Article IO of the
Charter. Since what is involved is a competence conferred by the
Charter, it is quite naturâl that the Assembly should exercise it in
accordance with the provisions of the Charter, in this case, of
Article 18. This is what is prescribed by Rule F. The tentative
conclusion previously anticipated is thus confirmed.
1s there to be found, in the grounds on which the Opinion was
based, any indication ofsufficient strength to upset this conclusion ?
It is at this point, and at this point only, that it becomes necessary
to consider the sentence, quoted by the Assembly'sResolution, from
the reasons given in support of the Opinion of 1950, a sentence
which has doubtless given rise to the hesitation displayed by the
General Assembly, but which, in order to arrive at a correct inter-
pretation of the Opinion of 1950, must be considered with due

regard to the place which it occupies in that Opinion.
In this sentence there are two propositions.
The first is, as is clear from its terms, concerned with thedeter-
mination of the framework within which supervision is to be
exercised, with the fixing of limits beyond which supervision should
not extend. This is confirmed by the place in the Opinion in which
this proposition is to be found ; it appears after a reference to
annual reports and petitions. With this purpose in mind, it defines
the substance of the obligation to submit to the exercise of super-
17vision, which is in consonance with the request for an Opinion
addressed to the Court, whereas the Court was not, in 1950,ques-
tioned as to the way in which decisions ofthe General Assembly were
to be made. Rule F, which is now submitted for the Court'sconsider-
ation, makes reference to reports and petitions : it is in this respect
within the limits stated by the Opinion. The marking out of those
limits is one thing, the fixing of a rule for the making of decisions
with regard to reports and petitions is another. The first proposition
now being considered is inno way inconsistent with the concliision
as to the compatibility of the Rule so far contemplated.
The second proposition prescribes or recommends that the degree
of supervision to be exercised by the General Assembly should

conform as far as possible to the procedure followed in this respect
by the Council of the League of Nations. This doubtless includes
the provision to be made for an organ corresponding .to the Per-
manent Mandates Commission, its method of operation and its
relationship with the General Assembly. But does it apply to the
way in which the General Assembly is to make its decisions-a
qualified majority instead of the unanimity prescribed by the
Covenant for decisions of the Council of the League of Nations ?
Resolution 904 (IX) of the General Assembly would tend to
suggest that it does, since it speaks of voting procedure in
connection with Rule F which, by reference to Article 18 of the
Charter, adopts the two-thirds majority rule for the making of a
decision. But this Resolution cannot fumish any assistance in the
interpretation of a sentence in the Opinion of 1950, ~4th regard to
the interpretation of which this very Resolution seeks elucidation
by the Court.
The word "procedure" is often used to include not only the way
in which votes are cast, but also the determination of their weight
in the making of a decision. The word "procedure" is then used in
a general and a vague sense. Was it such a sense that the Cou~t

intended to be given to this word when it referred; in connection
with the supervision to be exercised by the General Assembly, to
the procedure followed by the Council of the League of Nations ?
If the Court had so intended, it would have constituted disregard
by it of the more precise terminology adopted by the Charter in
connection with the General Assembly and repeated in connection
with the Security Councïi, the Economic and Social Council and
the Trusteeship Council. The rules governing the way in which the
General Assembly is to make its decisions (Article 18) are set out
under the heading "Voting", and not under the heading "Proce-
dure" ;under the latter heading, Articles 20 to 22 contain provi-
sions of lesser importance. The limited scope of the word "proce-
dure" is again demonstrated by the fact that, under Article 27 of
the Charter, a majority constituted by seven members is sufficient
to make decisions on procedural matters, whereas the requirement
is greater for the making of decisions on al1 other matters. It is

18difficult to suppose that the Opinion was disregarding this termino-
logy and using the word "procedure" in its general and vague sense.
It is the more difficult in that the classification thus made by

the Charter corresponds to a profound reality. The majority rule
laid down by Article 18 of the Charter and the unanimity rule
prescnbed by the Covenant of the League of Nations are something
other than rules of procedure ;they determine an essential charac-
teristic of the organs in question and of their parent international
institutions. Thecharacter of these rules appears to me to bebeyond
question and, in my view, it provides a decisive element in
reaching the answer to be given to the question which has been put.
Furthermore, when the Opinion, in setting forth the grounds on
which it was based, statedthe proposition now under consideration,
it did so in connection with the obligation binding upon the Union of
South Africa to submit to supervision exercised by the General
Assembly. The Union of South Africa, it was intended to Say, is
only bound to submit to this supervision in so far as such super-
vision is effected in accordance with a procedure which conforms

as far as possible to that followed in this respect by the Council of
the League of Nations. But when, at the close of the discussions
in the Assembly, that body proceeds to vote, the Union of South
Africa does not take part in the voting in its capacityas a mandatory
Power, in pursuance of its obligation to submit to supervision by
the General Assembly ; it does so as a Member of the United
Nations, and consequently has the rights and duties flowing from
the Charter and not those flowing from the Mandate. The Opinion
of 1950 was concerned with the obligations of the Union of South
Africa by virtue of the Mandate ;it was not necessary in that Opinion
to deal with the Union's participation in the decisions of the General
Assembly, and the Opinion cannot be interpreted on the basis that
that was done.
It may be added that when the Opinion of 1950 stated that, in

exercising its supervision, the General Assembly should conform as
far as possible to the procedure followed by the Council of the
League of Nations, it intended to indicate that the Assembly would,
in this connection, have a certain discretion in determining to what
extent it was possible for it so to conform. This can be easily under-
stood in respect of decisions as to the organ it would cal1upon for
assistance and as to the form such assistance should take : such
matters must be left to the discretion of the General Assembly.
The position is entirely different with regard to the way in which
the Assembly must make its decisions;this is not a matter in which
it has any discretion. It cannot be open to the General Assembly,
depending upon its assessment of what it regards as possible in
this connection, to alter what is laid down by Article 18 of the

Charter in order to adapt that Article more or less to the methods
employed in the League of Nations for the making of decisions of
the Council. It cannot have been supposed, and therefore cannothave been accepted in the Opinion of 1950,that the GeneralAsscmbly
was invested with'any such power in the case now under consider-
ation.
These considerations lead me to think that the Opinion of 1950
intended no derogation, in respect of decisions to be made by the
General Assembly with regard to reports and petitions concerning
the Temtory of South-West Africa, from the application of Arti-
cle 18 of the Charter. The rule submitted by the General Assembly
for consideration by the Court refers to this Article ; it therefore
appears to me to correspond to a correct interpretation of the
Opinion of 1950.
In setting forth the above considerations, 1 lay no claim to have
presented a complete argument. To do so, 1 should be prepared to
adopt parts of the reasoning set out in the Opinion. 1 have sought
only to indicate the general outline of my argument.

(Signed) BASDEVANT.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. BASDEVANT

Tout en acceptant pleinement le dispositif de I'avis, j'ai le
regret d'y arriver par une autre voie que celle suivie par la Cour.
Je n'entends pas entreprendre la critique de celle-ci, ce qui, je
pense, serait déplacédans une opinion individuelle émisepar un
juge, mais je crois devoir indiquer sommairement la voie par
laquelle je suis amvé à soiiscnre à l'avis émis par la Cour.

Pour répondre à la question qui lui était posée,j'ai cru devoir

considérer tout d'abord le dispositif de l'avis émis en 1950. J'y
ai trouvé l'affirmation de la compétence des Nations Unies en
matière de surveillance, sans indication de l'organe compétent ni
de son mode de décider. Cela me parait impliquer un renvoi sur
ces points aux dispositionsde la Charte, notamment aux articlesIO
et 18 et, par suite, la conclusion que l'artiFlsoumis à l'examen
de la Cour est en conformité avec une exacte interprétation de
I'avis de 1950.

Je suis passé alors à l'examen des motifs de l'avis de 1950.
J'y ai trouvé celui qui affirme la compétence de l'Assemblée
généralefondée sur l'article IO de la Charte. S'agissant d'une
compétence conféréepar la Charte, il est naturel que l'Assemblée
l'exerce conformément aux dispositions de la Charte, en l'espèce
à l'article 18. C'est ce que prescrit l'article F. La conclusion
précédemment entrevue se trouve ainsi confirmée.

Y a-t-il dans les motifs de l'avis quelque indicationassez forte

pour renverser cette conclusion ? C'est ici- mais ici seulement
- qu'intervient la phrase extraite par la résolution de l'Assemblée
des motifs énoncésà l'appui de l'avis de 1950, phrase qui, assuré-
ment, a été à l'origine des hésitations de l'Assemblée générale
mais qui, pour amver à une interprétation exacte de I'avis de
1950, doit êtreremise à la place qu'elle occupe dans celui-ci.

Dans cette phrase, deux propositions.
La première a pour objet, dans ses termes mêmes,de déterminer
le cadre dans lequel s'exercera la surveillance, de fixer les limites
qu'elle ne saurait dépasser. La place que cette proposition occupe
dans l'avis le confirme ; elle y figure après mention, par celui-ci,
des rapports annuels et des pétitions. Avec cet objet, elle précise
le contenu de l'obligation de se prêter à l'exercice de la surveil-
lance, ce qui correspond à-la demande d'avis adressée à la Cour SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE BASDEVANT

While fully accepting the operative clause of the Opinion, 1have,
to my regret, reached the same view by a different path from that
followed by the Court. 1 in no way intend any criticism of the
latter which, 1 consider, would be out of place in a separate opin-
ion written by a Judge, but 1believe that 1 should indicate briefly
the means by which 1am enabled to subscribe to the Opinion given
by the Court.
In order to give a reply to the question piit to the Court, 1 feel
that it is necessary to consider, in the first place, the operative
clause of the Opinion given in 1950. 1 there find an assertion of the
competence of the United Nations in respect of supervision, but no
indication of the competent organ or of the way in which its deci-
sions are to be reached. This seems to me to involve reference on
these points to the provisions of the Charter, and particularly to

Articles IO and 18, and consequently to involve the conclusion
that Rule F, which has been submitted for the Court's consider-
ation, accords with a correct interpretation of the Opinion of 1950.
From this point 1pass to a consideration of the reasons on which
the Opinion of 1950 was based. Among these 1 find an assertion oi
the competence of the General Assembly based on Article IO of the
Charter. Since what is involved is a competence conferred by the
Charter, it is quite naturâl that the Assembly should exercise it in
accordance with the provisions of the Charter, in this case, of
Article 18. This is what is prescribed by Rule F. The tentative
conclusion previously anticipated is thus confirmed.
1s there to be found, in the grounds on which the Opinion was
based, any indication ofsufficient strength to upset this conclusion ?
It is at this point, and at this point only, that it becomes necessary
to consider the sentence, quoted by the Assembly'sResolution, from
the reasons given in support of the Opinion of 1950, a sentence
which has doubtless given rise to the hesitation displayed by the
General Assembly, but which, in order to arrive at a correct inter-
pretation of the Opinion of 1950, must be considered with due

regard to the place which it occupies in that Opinion.
In this sentence there are two propositions.
The first is, as is clear from its terms, concerned with thedeter-
mination of the framework within which supervision is to be
exercised, with the fixing of limits beyond which supervision should
not extend. This is confirmed by the place in the Opinion in which
this proposition is to be found ; it appears after a reference to
annual reports and petitions. With this purpose in mind, it defines
the substance of the obligation to submit to the exercise of super-
1701 AVIS CONS. DU 7 VI 55 (OPIN. IND. M. BASDEVANT)

alors qu'au contraire la Cour n'était pas interrogée, en 1950,
sur la manière dont seraient prises les décisions de l'Assemblée
générale.L'article F, soumis aujourd'hui à l'examen de la Cour,

se réfère à l'examen des rapports et pétitions : en cela il reste
dans les limites énoncéespar l'avis. Tracer ces limites est une
chose, déterminer comment il sera décidéau sujet de rapports
et pétitions est une autre chose. La première proposition ici
considéréene contredit pas la conclusion de conformité jusqu'ici
entrevue.

La seconde proposition prescrit ou recommande que le degré
de surveillance à exercer par l'Assemblée générale soit conforme,

autant que possible, à la procédure suivie en la matière par le
Conseil de la Société des Nations. Cela comprend assurément la
place à faire à un organe correspondant à la Commission per-
manente des Mandats, à son mode d'action, à ses rapports avec
l'Assemblée générale. Mais cela s'applique-t-il au mode selon
lequel l'Assemblée généralp erendra ses décisions: majorité qualifiée
au lieu de l'unanimité prescrite par le Pacte pour les décisions
du Conseil de la Société desNations ?
La résolution 904 (IX) de l'Assembléegénéralepeut faire incliner
ves une réponse affirmative puisqu'elle parle de procédure de

vote à propos de l'articleF qui, par référenceà l'article 18 de la
Charte, consacre la règlede la majorité des deux tiers pour qu'une
décisionsoit prise. Mais cette résolutionne peut apporter un élément
pour l'interprétation d'une phrase de l'avis de 1950, point sur
lequel cette même résolutiondemande à la Cour de lui fournir des
éclaircissements.
On a fréquemment englobé dans le terme ((procédure », non
seulement le mode d'émissiondes votes mais aussi la détermination
de leur valeur pour la prise d'une décision.On a pris alors le terme

((procédüre ))dans un sens génér~e lt vague. Est-ce un tel sens que
la Cour a entendu donner à ce terme quand elle s'est référée pour
la surveillance à exercer par l'Assemblée générale à la procédure
suivie par le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations ?
C'eût été, de sa part, méconnaître la terminologie plus précise
adoptée par la Charte à propos de l'Assemblée générale et reprise
pour le Conseil de Sécurité, leConseil économique et social et le
Conseil de Tutelle. Les règles sur la manière dont l'Assemblée
généraleprendra ses décisions (article 18) sont énoncées sousla
rubrique (Vote 1)et non sous la rubrique (Procédure ))sous laquelle

les articles20 à 22 énoncent des dispositions de moindre impor-
tance. Le sens limité du terme «procédure » réapparaît quand
l'article27 de la Charte se contente d'une majorité de sept membres
pour décidersur des questions de procédure mais exige davantage
pour décidersur toutes autres questions. 11est difficile d'admettre
que l'avis se soit éloignéde cette terminologie pour s'en tenir au
sens généralet vague du terme ((procédure ».

1Svision, which is in consonance with the request for an Opinion
addressed to the Court, whereas the Court was not, in 1950,ques-
tioned as to the way in which decisions ofthe General Assembly were
to be made. Rule F, which is now submitted for the Court'sconsider-
ation, makes reference to reports and petitions : it is in this respect
within the limits stated by the Opinion. The marking out of those
limits is one thing, the fixing of a rule for the making of decisions
with regard to reports and petitions is another. The first proposition
now being considered is inno way inconsistent with the concliision
as to the compatibility of the Rule so far contemplated.
The second proposition prescribes or recommends that the degree
of supervision to be exercised by the General Assembly should

conform as far as possible to the procedure followed in this respect
by the Council of the League of Nations. This doubtless includes
the provision to be made for an organ corresponding .to the Per-
manent Mandates Commission, its method of operation and its
relationship with the General Assembly. But does it apply to the
way in which the General Assembly is to make its decisions-a
qualified majority instead of the unanimity prescribed by the
Covenant for decisions of the Council of the League of Nations ?
Resolution 904 (IX) of the General Assembly would tend to
suggest that it does, since it speaks of voting procedure in
connection with Rule F which, by reference to Article 18 of the
Charter, adopts the two-thirds majority rule for the making of a
decision. But this Resolution cannot fumish any assistance in the
interpretation of a sentence in the Opinion of 1950, ~4th regard to
the interpretation of which this very Resolution seeks elucidation
by the Court.
The word "procedure" is often used to include not only the way
in which votes are cast, but also the determination of their weight
in the making of a decision. The word "procedure" is then used in
a general and a vague sense. Was it such a sense that the Cou~t

intended to be given to this word when it referred; in connection
with the supervision to be exercised by the General Assembly, to
the procedure followed by the Council of the League of Nations ?
If the Court had so intended, it would have constituted disregard
by it of the more precise terminology adopted by the Charter in
connection with the General Assembly and repeated in connection
with the Security Councïi, the Economic and Social Council and
the Trusteeship Council. The rules governing the way in which the
General Assembly is to make its decisions (Article 18) are set out
under the heading "Voting", and not under the heading "Proce-
dure" ;under the latter heading, Articles 20 to 22 contain provi-
sions of lesser importance. The limited scope of the word "proce-
dure" is again demonstrated by the fact that, under Article 27 of
the Charter, a majority constituted by seven members is sufficient
to make decisions on procedural matters, whereas the requirement
is greater for the making of decisions on al1 other matters. It is

18 Cela est d'autant plus difficile à admettre que la classification
ainsi faite par la Charte correspond à une réalité profonde. La
règle de la majorité dans l'article 18 de la Charte et celle de l'una-
nimité dans le Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations sont autres choses
que des règlesde procédure ;elles déterminent un caractère essentiel

de l'organe considéréet de l'institution internationale à laquelle
il se rattache. Le caractère de ces règles me parait incontestable
et il fournit,à mes yeux, un élément décisifpour répondre à la
question posée.
Au surplus, quand l'avis, dans ses motifs, a énoncéla proposition
ici considérée,il l'a fait à propos de l'obligation s'imposant à
l'Union sud-africaine de se prêter à la surveillance exercée par
l'Assemblée gVnérale. L'Union sud-africaine. a-t-on voulu dire.
n'est tenue de se prêteràcette surveillance que si celle-cise poursuit
selon une procédure conforme, autant que possible, à ceIle suivie
en la matière par le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations. Mais quand,
toute délibérationayant pris fin au sein de l'Assemblée, celle-ci
passe au vote, l'Union sud-africaine ne participe pas à ce vote en

tant que Puissance mandataire, dans l'accomplissement de son
obligation de se prêter à la surveillance par l'Assembléegénérale,
elle y participe comme Membre de l'organisation des Nations
Unies, donc avec les droits et obligationsdécoulant non du Mandat
mais de la Charte. L'avis de 1950 qui avait à prononcer sur les
obligations de l'Union sud-africaine au titre du Mandat n'avait
pas à se prononcer et ne peut être interprétécomme ayant pro-
noncé sur sa participation aux décisions de l'Assembléegénérale.

-On peut ajouter que lorsque l'avis de 1950 a énoncri:que, dans

l'exercice de sa surveillance, l'Assembléegénéraledevrait se confor-
mer, autant que possible, à la procédure suivie par le Conseil de
la Sociétédes Nations, il a entendu que l'Assembléeaurait, à cet
égard, un certain pouvoir d'appréciation en vue de déterminer
dans quelle mesure cette conformitélui paraîtrait possible. Cela se
comprend très bien quand il s'agit de déterminer par quel organe
elle se fera assister et de quelie façon: cela peut rester à la discré-
tion de l'Assembléegénérale.Il en va tout autrement de la manière
dont elle prendra ses décisions : ce n'est point là matière ouverte
à sa discrétion. Il ne saurait dépendre de l'Assembléegénéraleet
de l'appréciation des possibilités qu'elle pourrait entrevoir à cet
égard, de modifier ce que prescrit l'article 18 de la Charte pour

l'adapter plus ou moins aux méthodes en usage à la Société des
Nations pour les décisionsdu Conseil. L'avis de 1950 n'a pu suppo-
ser et par conséquent admettre que l'Assemblée générale fût
hvestie d'un tel pouvoir dans le cas actuellement considéré.
19difficult to suppose that the Opinion was disregarding this termino-
logy and using the word "procedure" in its general and vague sense.
It is the more difficult in that the classification thus made by

the Charter corresponds to a profound reality. The majority rule
laid down by Article 18 of the Charter and the unanimity rule
prescnbed by the Covenant of the League of Nations are something
other than rules of procedure ;they determine an essential charac-
teristic of the organs in question and of their parent international
institutions. Thecharacter of these rules appears to me to bebeyond
question and, in my view, it provides a decisive element in
reaching the answer to be given to the question which has been put.
Furthermore, when the Opinion, in setting forth the grounds on
which it was based, statedthe proposition now under consideration,
it did so in connection with the obligation binding upon the Union of
South Africa to submit to supervision exercised by the General
Assembly. The Union of South Africa, it was intended to Say, is
only bound to submit to this supervision in so far as such super-
vision is effected in accordance with a procedure which conforms

as far as possible to that followed in this respect by the Council of
the League of Nations. But when, at the close of the discussions
in the Assembly, that body proceeds to vote, the Union of South
Africa does not take part in the voting in its capacityas a mandatory
Power, in pursuance of its obligation to submit to supervision by
the General Assembly ; it does so as a Member of the United
Nations, and consequently has the rights and duties flowing from
the Charter and not those flowing from the Mandate. The Opinion
of 1950 was concerned with the obligations of the Union of South
Africa by virtue of the Mandate ;it was not necessary in that Opinion
to deal with the Union's participation in the decisions of the General
Assembly, and the Opinion cannot be interpreted on the basis that
that was done.
It may be added that when the Opinion of 1950 stated that, in

exercising its supervision, the General Assembly should conform as
far as possible to the procedure followed by the Council of the
League of Nations, it intended to indicate that the Assembly would,
in this connection, have a certain discretion in determining to what
extent it was possible for it so to conform. This can be easily under-
stood in respect of decisions as to the organ it would cal1upon for
assistance and as to the form such assistance should take : such
matters must be left to the discretion of the General Assembly.
The position is entirely different with regard to the way in which
the Assembly must make its decisions;this is not a matter in which
it has any discretion. It cannot be open to the General Assembly,
depending upon its assessment of what it regards as possible in
this connection, to alter what is laid down by Article 18 of the

Charter in order to adapt that Article more or less to the methods
employed in the League of Nations for the making of decisions of
the Council. It cannot have been supposed, and therefore cannot Ces considérations m'amènent à penser que l'avis de 1950 n'a
pas entendu déroger,en ce qui concerne les décisionsà prendre par
l'Assembléegénéraleau sujet des rapports et pétitions relatifs au
Territoire du Sud-Ouest africain, à l'application de l'article 18

de la Charte. La disposition soumise par l'Assembléegénérale à
l'examen de la Cour se réfèreà cet article ;elle me paraît, en
conséquence, correspondre à une interprétation exacte de l'avis
de 1950.
Par l'exposé ci-dessusje ne prétends pas donner une dkmonstra-
tion complète et je serais prêt pour celle-ci à reprendre certaines
considérations énoncéesdans l'avis. Je n'ai voulu que tracer la
ligne généralede mon argumentation.

(SignéB )ASDEVANT.have been accepted in the Opinion of 1950,that the GeneralAsscmbly
was invested with'any such power in the case now under consider-
ation.
These considerations lead me to think that the Opinion of 1950
intended no derogation, in respect of decisions to be made by the
General Assembly with regard to reports and petitions concerning
the Temtory of South-West Africa, from the application of Arti-
cle 18 of the Charter. The rule submitted by the General Assembly
for consideration by the Court refers to this Article ; it therefore
appears to me to correspond to a correct interpretation of the
Opinion of 1950.
In setting forth the above considerations, 1 lay no claim to have
presented a complete argument. To do so, 1 should be prepared to
adopt parts of the reasoning set out in the Opinion. 1 have sought
only to indicate the general outline of my argument.

(Signed) BASDEVANT.

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Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Basdevant (translation)

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