Dissenting Opinion of Mr. de Visscher (translation)

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010-19500711-ADV-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
010-19500711-ADV-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

LlISSENTIKG OPINIOX OF Mr. DE VISSCHEX

1 regret that 1 am unable to concur in the second part oi the
Court's ansurer to the question iin(ler-letter (5). 1 concede that the
provisions of Chapter XII of the Charter do not iniposc on thr
Union of South Africa a legal obligation to conclude a Tr.iisteeship
Agreement, in the sense that the Union is free to accept or to refuse
the particular terins of a draft agreement. On the other liarid, I

consider that these pro~lisionsimpose on the Vnion of South Atrica
an obligation to take part in negotiationc with a 1-iewto concliidir~g
an agreement. In this respect, the Court's answer falls short of XI'.
opinion on the obligations resulting from the Charter for the Mari-
datory Power. My opinion is based on an interpretatiori of tests
which differs from that adopted in the Court's 0pinic)n.
The Opinion says :"The Charter has contemplated and regulated
only a single system, the International Trusteeship Systcm.
It did not contemplate or regulate a CO-existing Mandates
System." Furthermore, the relevant articles of Chapter XII
dealing with the International Trusteeship System are clearljr
imperative : Article 75 : "The United Nations shall establish
under its authority an International Trusteeship System ....",
"L'Organisation des h'atioiis Unies établira, sous son autorité,
un régime de tutelle ....";Article 77 :"The Trusteeship System

shall apply ...."; "Le Régime de Tutelle s'appliquera....".
The Mandates System was maintained by Article 80 of the
Charter orily as a transitional measure. The terms of the first
paragraph alone: "and until such agreements have been con-
cluded" exclude the possibility of prolonged CO-existenceof the
two régimes. As to Article 80, paragaph 2, its Icgal bearing in
this connexion is clearly defined. It provides that the preceding
paragraph, which maintains the statz!s qzcuntil such agreements
have been concluded (the so-called safeguarding claiise), "shall
not be interpreted as giving grounds for delay or postponement
of the negotiation and conclusion of agreements for placing
mandated and other territories under the Trusteeship Sjrstem as
provided for in Article 77".

1 consider that the Opinion does not give to these provisioris

their proper place in the general framework of the provisions of
Chapter XII, and, as a result, does not deduce from theni al1
the consequences which follow therefrom. The Opinion minimizes
their import to the point of considering them merely as expres- DISSENTING OPINION OF MT. DE VISSCHER 187

sing the expectation that "the mandatory States would follow
the normal course indicated by the Charter, namely, conclude
Trusteeship Agreements".
It is an acknowledged rule of interpretation that treaty clauses
must not only be considered as a whole, but must also be inter-
preted so as to avoid as much as possible depriving one of them
of practical effect for the benefit of others. This rule is particularly
applicable to the interpretation of a text of a treaty of a con-
stitutional character like the United Nations Charter, above al1
when, as in this case, its provisions create a well-defined inter-
national régime, and for that reason may be considered as com-

plementary to one another.

1 cannot readily believe that the authors of the Charter would
have warned the mandatory Powers, by means of an express
and particularly emphatic provision, that the negotiation and
conclusion of Trusteeship Agreements could not, by reason of
the status quo temporarily guaranteed under Article 80, para-
graph 1, "give grounds for delay or postponement" if the scope
of this provision amounted simply to the expression of an
expectation or, at the most, of a wish or an advice. The terms
of article 80, paragraph 2, do not favour this interpretation.
The negative character of the phrase is not an argument in
favour of the absence of an obligation. The warning given to

the mandatory Powers that the status quo referred to in the
preceding paragraph gives no valid ground for delaying or post-
poning the agreements which, as will be shown later, are the
instrument for the application of the Trusteeship System, is
clearly, in my opinion, a direction to those Powers to be ready,
at the earliest opportunity, to negotiate with a view to concluding
such agreements. What Article 80, paragraph 2, intended to
prevent was that a mandatory Power, while invoking on the
one hand the disappearance of the League of Nations, should
refuse on the other hand to recognize the United Nations or to
consider submitting itself to the only régime contemplated in
the Charter, namely, the Trusteeship System. What this same
provision intended to enact was that the mandatory Power should

take appropriate measures for the negotiation of a Trusteeship
Agreement.
If, as has already been said, we must endeavour to reconcile
the texts rather than to set them in opposition to one another,
and attempt to give each one its due by preserving its practical
effect within the system as a whole, we are led to the following
conclusions.
The wording of Articles 75, 77 and 79 is permissive in the
sense that the placing under Trusteeship is contingent upon the
conclusion of subsequent agreements, the mandatory Power being
free to accept or to reject the terms of a proposed agreement.

63 DISSENTING OPINION OF Mr. DE VISSCHER 188

This is where the so-called "optional" character of the Trusteeship
appears. It is impossible, however, to reconcile these permissive
provisions with Article 80, paragraph z, and with the clear intent
of the authors of the Charter to substitute the Trusteeship System

for the Mandates System, without admitting that the mandatory
Power, while remaining free to reject the particular terms of a
proposLeciagreement, has the legal obligation to be ready to take
part i negotiations and to conduct them in good faith with a
view O concluding an agreement.
Th !! an obligation so understood may form the valid and
practical object of an international undertaking has been clearly
recognized by the Permanent Court of International Justice in
the following passage in its Advisory Opinion of October ~jth,

1931 :"The Court is indeed justified in considering that the engage-
ment incumbent on the two Governments in conformity with the
Council's Resolution is not only to enter into negotiations, but
also to pursue them as far as possible with a view to concluding
agreements." The Court added, however : "But an obligation to
negotiate does not imply an obligation to reach an agreement l."
It is reasonable to believe that Article 80, paragraph 2, which
mentions "the conclusion" in addition to "the negotiation", had
no other meaning : the obligation to be seady to negotiate ivitti
a view to concliiding an agreement.

Nor should we overlook the psychdogical value of thc
opening of negotiations, particularly whcn the object of thc
negotiations, as is the case here, is only to apply in practicc
principles forming part of a pre-established international ré&'
The opening of siich negotiations is often a decisive step to~vard
the concliisiori of an agreement.
Difficulties of iriterpretation have arisen in connexion with the
word "voluntarily" which appears in Article 77 only in respect
of territories in category (c).It seems to me impossible that thib

provision, which is so clearly in contrast with the absence of any
similar indication regarding territories in categories (a) and (b),
should have been inserted without any definite purpose and
should not correspond in the general framework of the systen~
to a. well-defined interest.
The word "voluntarily" has here the meaning of "spontaneously".
It defines the unilateral act by which a State, while free froni
any obligation, decides of its own initiative to place a territorj-
under the Trusteeship System by concluding a subsequent agree-
ment as indicated in Chapter XII. It would be distorting the

natural meaning of the word "voluntarily" and depriving it of
its signification in the context to treat it as an equivalent of
hy agreement, thus making it a synonym to the terms "by means

l Publicationof the Permanent Court ofInternationalJusttce,Series A/B,
fasc.No. 42,p. 116.

64 DISSENTING OPINION OF AIr.DE VISÇCHER 189

of Trusteeship Agreements" which appear at the beginning of
Article 77, or the terms "a subsequent agreement" in paragraph 2
of the same article. The Trusteeshi2 Agreement is a condition
common to the three categories of\ territoriesenumerated by
Article 77 as territories which may be placed under Trustership,
whereas, on the contrary, the voluntary decision, that is the
spontaneous decision of a State to place under Trusteeship a terri-
tory in category (c), is a condition peculiar to the last category.
The decision precedes the agreement; it is by no means identi-
fied with it.
The term "voluntarily" which thus finds its own place in the
context and its practical effect, shows that it is only with regard
to territories in category (c) that the conclusion of a Trusteeship

Agreement has been contemplated by the Charter asbeing free
from any pre-existing obligation, even in the realm of negotiations.
The difference in the wording is easy to explain by taking into
consideration the differences between the territories enumerated
in Article 77 from the point of view of the international interest
which they respectively presented at the time of the drafting
of the Charter : those in category (a) were already subject to
an international régime, and moreover, were clearly known and
defined ; those in category (b) were detached from enemy States
by the common victory of the Allied Powers. For various reasons
they both possessed an international element, which marked
them oiit as being prima facie the necessary objects of regulation
by international agreement. The position of territories in cate-
gory (c) was quite different in this respect. Complete freedom

of decision was left to the States responsible for their administratioil
to place them "voluntarily" under the system and consequently
to consent to negotiations to that effect, or to refuse to take
part in such negotiations.
The Charter has created an international system which
would never have had more than theoretical existence if the
mandatory Powers had considered themselves under no obligation
to negotiate agreements to convert their Mandates into Trustee-
ship Agreements. In fact, apart from instances of accession to
independence and from the case of Palestine, al1 mandatory
Powers other than the LTnionof South Africa have consented to
this conversion. The obligation to be ready to negotiate with a
view to concluding an agreement represented the minimum of inter-

national CO-operationwithout which the entire régime contem-
platec! and regulated by the Charter would have been frustratcd.
111this connexion one must bear in mind that in the interpretation
of a great international constitutional instrument, like the Cnited
Nations Charter, the individualistic concepts which are generally
adequate in the interpretatiori of ordinary treaties, do not suffice.
Under Article 76 of the Charter, "the basic objectives of the
Trusteeship System" conform to "the purposes of the United
Nations laid down in Article I of the present Charter". In

65recognizing its obligation to be ready to negotiate \vit11 a view
to concluding a Trusteeship Agreement, a mandatory Power,

without thcreby jeopardizing its freedom to accept or refuse
the terms of such an Agreement, CO-operates in a particularly
impwrtant field in the attainment of the highest objectives of
the I'nited Xations.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. DE VISSCHER

J'ai le regret de ne pouvoir me rallier à la deuxième partie de
la réponse que la Cour a faite à la question sous litt. b). J'admets
que les dispositions du chapitre XII de la Charte n'imposent pas
à I'lnion sud-africaine l'obligation juridique de conclure un Accord
de Tutelle, en ce sens qu'elle est libre d'accepter ou de refuser les
termes pârticuiiers d'un projet d'accord. Par contre, j'estime que

ces dispositions imposent à 1'Vnion l'obligation de se prêter à des
négoc~ationsen vue de la conclusion d'un accord. A cet égard, la
réponsede la Cour reste en deçà de l'idéeque je me forme des obliga-
tions qui découlent de la Charte pour la Puissance mandataire. Je
foi~dt.cette opinion sur une interprétation des textes qui n'est pas
ct!le adoptke par l'avis.
Comrne le constate l'avis, ((la Charte n'a prévu et régie qu'un
seul régime, le régime international de tutelle. Elle n'a prévu ni

réglC: à côté de lui un régimede mandat. )D'autre part, lesarticles
(tu chapitre XII relatifs à l'institution mêmed'un régirne inter-
national de tutelle sont nettement impératifs :article 75 : (L'orga-
nisation des Xations Irnics établira, sous son autorité, un régime
international de tutelle ...i; ((The Vnited Nations shall establish
urider its authority an international trusteeship system ....»;
article 77 :<(Le régime de tutelle s'appliquera ....»; (The trustee-

sl:ip system shall apply ....1).
C'est seulement à titre purement transitoire que le maintien du
rCgime des mandats est envisagé à l'article 80 de la Charte. Déjà
les termes du paragraphe premier dudit article :« et jusqu'à ce
que ces accords aient étéconclus » excluent la possibilité d'une
coexistence prolongée des deux régimes. Quant à l'article 80,
paragraphe 2, il revêt, dans ce même ordre d'idées, une portée
juridique nettement définie. II dispose que le paragraphe précédent,

celui qui maintient le statu quo jusqu'à ce que des accords de tutelle
aient étéconclus (clause dite conservatoire ou de sauvegarde), «ne
doit pas êtreinterprété comme motivant un retard ou un ajourne-
ment dc la négociation et de la conclusion d'accords destinés à
placer sous le régime de tutelle des terriioires sous mandat ou
d'autres territoires ainsi qu'il est prévu à l'article 77 ».
J'estime que l'avis n'a pas fait à ces dispositions la place qui
leur revient dans l'économiegénérale destextes du chapitre XII

et qu'ainsi il n'en a pas déduit toutes les conséquences que ces
dispositions comportent. Il en réduit la signification au point de n'y
voir que l'idée((qu'ons'attendait à ce qui les Puissances manda-
62 LlISSENTIKG OPINIOX OF Mr. DE VISSCHEX

1 regret that 1 am unable to concur in the second part oi the
Court's ansurer to the question iin(ler-letter (5). 1 concede that the
provisions of Chapter XII of the Charter do not iniposc on thr
Union of South Africa a legal obligation to conclude a Tr.iisteeship
Agreement, in the sense that the Union is free to accept or to refuse
the particular terins of a draft agreement. On the other liarid, I

consider that these pro~lisionsimpose on the Vnion of South Atrica
an obligation to take part in negotiationc with a 1-iewto concliidir~g
an agreement. In this respect, the Court's answer falls short of XI'.
opinion on the obligations resulting from the Charter for the Mari-
datory Power. My opinion is based on an interpretatiori of tests
which differs from that adopted in the Court's 0pinic)n.
The Opinion says :"The Charter has contemplated and regulated
only a single system, the International Trusteeship Systcm.
It did not contemplate or regulate a CO-existing Mandates
System." Furthermore, the relevant articles of Chapter XII
dealing with the International Trusteeship System are clearljr
imperative : Article 75 : "The United Nations shall establish
under its authority an International Trusteeship System ....",
"L'Organisation des h'atioiis Unies établira, sous son autorité,
un régime de tutelle ....";Article 77 :"The Trusteeship System

shall apply ...."; "Le Régime de Tutelle s'appliquera....".
The Mandates System was maintained by Article 80 of the
Charter orily as a transitional measure. The terms of the first
paragraph alone: "and until such agreements have been con-
cluded" exclude the possibility of prolonged CO-existenceof the
two régimes. As to Article 80, paragaph 2, its Icgal bearing in
this connexion is clearly defined. It provides that the preceding
paragraph, which maintains the statz!s qzcuntil such agreements
have been concluded (the so-called safeguarding claiise), "shall
not be interpreted as giving grounds for delay or postponement
of the negotiation and conclusion of agreements for placing
mandated and other territories under the Trusteeship Sjrstem as
provided for in Article 77".

1 consider that the Opinion does not give to these provisioris

their proper place in the general framework of the provisions of
Chapter XII, and, as a result, does not deduce from theni al1
the consequences which follow therefrom. The Opinion minimizes
their import to the point of considering them merely as expres-187 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE 1\1DE VISSCHER

taires suivent la voie normale tracée par la Charte, c'est-à-dire:
conclure des accords de tutelle 1).

C'est une règle d'interprétation reconnue que les clauses d'un
traité doivent non seulement êtreenvisagées dans leur ensemble,
mais encore s'interpréter de façon à éviter, autant que possible,

de priver aucune d'elles de son effet utile au bénéficedes autres.
Cette règle trouve particulièrement son application dans l'inter-
prétation d'un traité de caractère constitutionnel, tel que la Charte
des Nations Unies, surtout lorsque, comme c'est ici le cas, ses
dispositions sont constitutives d'un régime international bien
définiet peuvent, à ce titre, êtreprésumées commeétant complé-
mentaires les unes des autres.
Il m'est difficile de concevoir que, par une disposition expresse
et singulièrement pressante, les auteurs de la Charte aient pris

le soin d'avertir les Puissances mandataires que la négociation et
la conclusion des accords de tutelle ne pourraient, en raison du
statu quo provisoire garanti par l'article 80, paragraphe premier,
((motiver un retard ou un ajournement ))si la portée de cette
disposition se réduisait à l'expression d'une expectative ou tout
au plus d'un vŒu ou d'un conseil. Les termes de l'article 80, para-
graphe 2, ne se prêtent pas à cette interprétation.
La tournure négative de la phrase n'est pas un argument en
faveur de l'absence d'obligation :avertir les Puissances manda-

taires que le statu quo prévu au paragraphe précédent ne leur
fournit aucun motif valable pour retarder ou ajourner des accords
qui, comme il sera indiqué plus loin, sont la condition mêmede
la mise à effet du régime de tutelle, c'est très clairement, selon
moi, leur enjoindre de se prêter, au plus tôt, à des négociations
en vue de la conclusion de tels accords. Ce que l'article 80, para-
graphe 2, a entendu exclure, c'est qu'une Puissance mandataire,
invoquant d'une part la disparition de la Sociétédes Nations,
refuse d'autre part de reconnaître les Nations Unies et d'envisager

de se soumettre à l'unique régimeprévu par la Charte, le régime
de tutelle. Ce que cette même disposition a voulu imposer, c'est
que la Puissance mandataire prenne les mesures voulues pour
négocier un accord de tutelle.

Si, comme il a étédit plus haut, il faut s'appliquer à concilier
les textes au lieu de les opposer l'un à l'autre, et s'efforcer de
faire à chacun sa juste part en lui conservant son effet utile dans

l'ensemble du système, on se trouve conduit aux conclusions
suivantes.
Les rédactions des articles 75, 77 et 79 sont permissives, en
ce sens que la mise sous tutelle est subordonnée à la conclusion
d'accords ultérieurs, et que la Puissance mandataire est libre
d'accepter ou de refuser les termes du projet d'accord. Telle est

63 DISSENTING OPINION OF MT. DE VISSCHER 187

sing the expectation that "the mandatory States would follow
the normal course indicated by the Charter, namely, conclude
Trusteeship Agreements".
It is an acknowledged rule of interpretation that treaty clauses
must not only be considered as a whole, but must also be inter-
preted so as to avoid as much as possible depriving one of them
of practical effect for the benefit of others. This rule is particularly
applicable to the interpretation of a text of a treaty of a con-
stitutional character like the United Nations Charter, above al1
when, as in this case, its provisions create a well-defined inter-
national régime, and for that reason may be considered as com-

plementary to one another.

1 cannot readily believe that the authors of the Charter would
have warned the mandatory Powers, by means of an express
and particularly emphatic provision, that the negotiation and
conclusion of Trusteeship Agreements could not, by reason of
the status quo temporarily guaranteed under Article 80, para-
graph 1, "give grounds for delay or postponement" if the scope
of this provision amounted simply to the expression of an
expectation or, at the most, of a wish or an advice. The terms
of article 80, paragraph 2, do not favour this interpretation.
The negative character of the phrase is not an argument in
favour of the absence of an obligation. The warning given to

the mandatory Powers that the status quo referred to in the
preceding paragraph gives no valid ground for delaying or post-
poning the agreements which, as will be shown later, are the
instrument for the application of the Trusteeship System, is
clearly, in my opinion, a direction to those Powers to be ready,
at the earliest opportunity, to negotiate with a view to concluding
such agreements. What Article 80, paragraph 2, intended to
prevent was that a mandatory Power, while invoking on the
one hand the disappearance of the League of Nations, should
refuse on the other hand to recognize the United Nations or to
consider submitting itself to the only régime contemplated in
the Charter, namely, the Trusteeship System. What this same
provision intended to enact was that the mandatory Power should

take appropriate measures for the negotiation of a Trusteeship
Agreement.
If, as has already been said, we must endeavour to reconcile
the texts rather than to set them in opposition to one another,
and attempt to give each one its due by preserving its practical
effect within the system as a whole, we are led to the following
conclusions.
The wording of Articles 75, 77 and 79 is permissive in the
sense that the placing under Trusteeship is contingent upon the
conclusion of subsequent agreements, the mandatory Power being
free to accept or to reject the terms of a proposed agreement.

63188 OPINIOX DISSIDENTE DE M. DE VISSCHER

la part à faire à l'aspect dit ((facultatif))de la mise sous tutelle.
On ne peut toutefois concilier ces dispositions permissives avec
l'article 80, paragraphe 2, et avec la volonté certaine des rédac-
teurs de la Charte de substituer le régime de tutelle au régime

des mandats que si l'on admet que, libre de se refuser à souscrire
aux termes particuliers d'un projet d'accord, la Puissance manda-
taire a contracté l'obligation juridique de se prêter à l'ouverture
de négociations et de poursuivre celles-ci de bonne foi en vue
de la conclusior, d'un accord.
Qu'une obligation ainsi comprise puisse former l'objet valable

et utile d'un engagement international, c'est ce que la Cour
permanente de Justice internationale a clairement admis dans
le passage suivant de son avis consultatif du 15 octobre 1931 :
((En réalité, il est permis de considérer que l'engagement des
deux Gouvernements, conformément à la résolution du Conseil,
n'est pas seulement d'entamer des négociations, mais encore de les

poursuivre autant que possible, en vue d'arriver à des accords. »
La Cour ajoutait toutefois : cmais l'engagement de négocier
n'implique pas celui de s'entendre ....»l. 11 est raisonnable de
penser que l'article 80, paragraphe 2. qui, outre ((la négociation D,
mentionne ((la conclusion D, n'a pas d'autre signification : l'obli-

gation de se prêter à négocier en vue de conclure.

On ne peut d'ailleurs perdre de vue la valeur psychologique
de l'ouverture de négociations. Alors surtout que la négociation
n'a, en définitive, pour objet, comme c'est le cas ici, que la mise
en application concrète de principes qui forment un régime inter-

national préétab!i, cette ouverture est souvent un pas décisif
dans la voie de la conclusion d'un accord.
Le terme (volontairement », qui ne figure à l'article 77 qu'à
propos des territoires de la seule catégorie c), a suscité des diffi-
cultés d'interprétation. Il me paraît impossible que cette spéci-
fication, qui s'oppose si nettement à l'absence de toute mcntion

semblable pour les territoires des catégories a) et b), ait été faite
sans intention préciseet qu'elle ne corresponde pas, dans l'économie
généraledu système, à un intérêtbien défini.

Le terme ((volontairement ))a ici la signification de (spontané-
ment ));il caractérisel'acte unilatéral de volontépar lequel un Etat,

libre de toute obligation, décide, de sa propre initiative, de placer
un territoire sous régime de tutelle par la voie indiquée au cha-
pitre XII, celle de la conclusion d'un accord ultérieur. Ce serait
détourner le terme ((volontairement ))de son sens naturel et le
dkpouiller de sa signification dans le contexte que d'y voir l'équi-

valent de par accord, et d'en faire ainsi un synonyme des termes

1 Publications de la Cour permanente de Justice internationaleSBrie A/B,
fasc. no42, p. IIG. DISSENTING OPINION OF Mr. DE VISSCHER 188

This is where the so-called "optional" character of the Trusteeship
appears. It is impossible, however, to reconcile these permissive
provisions with Article 80, paragraph z, and with the clear intent
of the authors of the Charter to substitute the Trusteeship System

for the Mandates System, without admitting that the mandatory
Power, while remaining free to reject the particular terms of a
proposLeciagreement, has the legal obligation to be ready to take
part i negotiations and to conduct them in good faith with a
view O concluding an agreement.
Th !! an obligation so understood may form the valid and
practical object of an international undertaking has been clearly
recognized by the Permanent Court of International Justice in
the following passage in its Advisory Opinion of October ~jth,

1931 :"The Court is indeed justified in considering that the engage-
ment incumbent on the two Governments in conformity with the
Council's Resolution is not only to enter into negotiations, but
also to pursue them as far as possible with a view to concluding
agreements." The Court added, however : "But an obligation to
negotiate does not imply an obligation to reach an agreement l."
It is reasonable to believe that Article 80, paragraph 2, which
mentions "the conclusion" in addition to "the negotiation", had
no other meaning : the obligation to be seady to negotiate ivitti
a view to concliiding an agreement.

Nor should we overlook the psychdogical value of thc
opening of negotiations, particularly whcn the object of thc
negotiations, as is the case here, is only to apply in practicc
principles forming part of a pre-established international ré&'
The opening of siich negotiations is often a decisive step to~vard
the concliisiori of an agreement.
Difficulties of iriterpretation have arisen in connexion with the
word "voluntarily" which appears in Article 77 only in respect
of territories in category (c).It seems to me impossible that thib

provision, which is so clearly in contrast with the absence of any
similar indication regarding territories in categories (a) and (b),
should have been inserted without any definite purpose and
should not correspond in the general framework of the systen~
to a. well-defined interest.
The word "voluntarily" has here the meaning of "spontaneously".
It defines the unilateral act by which a State, while free froni
any obligation, decides of its own initiative to place a territorj-
under the Trusteeship System by concluding a subsequent agree-
ment as indicated in Chapter XII. It would be distorting the

natural meaning of the word "voluntarily" and depriving it of
its signification in the context to treat it as an equivalent of
hy agreement, thus making it a synonym to the terms "by means

l Publicationof the Permanent Court ofInternationalJusttce,Series A/B,
fasc.No. 42,p. 116.

64189 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. DE VISSCHER

((en vertu d'accords de tutelle )qui figurent au début de l'article 77,
ou des termes ((un accord ultérieur » dans le paragraphe 2 du
mêmearticle. L'accord de tutelle est une condition commune aux
trois catégories de territoires énumérées à l'article 77 pour la mise
sous tutelle. Au contraire, la décisionvolontaire, c'est-à-dire spon-
tanée, d'un Etat de placer sous tutelle un territoire de la catégorie c)
est une condition propre à cette dernière catégorie. La décision

précèdel'accord ; elle ne se confond aucunement avec lui.

Le terme ((volontairement »,qui retrouve ainsi dans le contexte
sa valeur propre et son effet utile, démontre que c'est seulement à
l'égard des territoires de la catégorie c) que la conclusion d'un
accord de tutelle a étéenvisagéepar la Charte comme étant affran-
chie de toute obligation préexistante mêmedans l'ordre de la négo-
ciation. La différence des rédactions s'explique parfaitement si

l'on prend en considération les différences qu'offraient, du point
de vue de leur intérêt international et au moment de la rédaction
de la Charte, les territoires énumérés à l'article 77 : ceux de la
catégorie a), déjà soumis à un régimeinternational et, au surplus,
parfaitement connus et définis ;ceux de la catégorie b), détachés
d'Etats ennemis par la victoire commune des Puissances alliées.
A des titres divers, les uns et les autres offraient un intérêtinter-
national qui, de prime abord, les désignait comme devant néces-

sairement faire l'objet d'un règlement international. La position
des territoires de la catégorie c) était à cet égard profondément
différente ; liberté complète fut laissée à la décision des Etats
responsables de leur administration pour les placer (volontaire-
ment >)sous un régimede tutelle et, par conséquent, pour consentir
oii se refuser à des négociations ayant cet objet.

La Charte a donné naissance à un régime international qui

n'aurait jamais eu qu'une existence purement théorique si les
Puissances mandataires ne s'étaient reconnu aucune obligation de
négocier les accords opérant conversion de leur mandat en tutelle.
C'est d'ailleurs un fait qu'en dehors de cas d'accession à l'indépen-
dance et de celui de la Palestine, toutes les Puissances mandataires
autres que l'Union sud-africaine ont consenti à cette conversion.
L'obligation de se prêterà une négociation en vue de la conclusion
d'un accord représentait le minimum de coopération internationale

sans lequel tout le régime prévu et réglépar la Charte se serait
écroulé.Il faut se souvenir, dans ce mêmeordre d'idées,que l'inter-
prétation d'un grand acte constitutionnel international comme
la Charte des Nations Unies ne saurait s'inspirer des conceptions
individualistes qui prévalent généralement dans l'interprétation
des traités ordinaires. Il ressort de l'article 76 de la Charte que
« les fins essentielles du régime de tutelle ))sont conformes ((aux
buts des Nations Unies, énoncésà l'article premier de la présente

Charte ».En reconnaissant son obligation de se prêterà la négocia-
65 DISSENTING OPINION OF AIr.DE VISÇCHER 189

of Trusteeship Agreements" which appear at the beginning of
Article 77, or the terms "a subsequent agreement" in paragraph 2
of the same article. The Trusteeshi2 Agreement is a condition
common to the three categories of\ territoriesenumerated by
Article 77 as territories which may be placed under Trustership,
whereas, on the contrary, the voluntary decision, that is the
spontaneous decision of a State to place under Trusteeship a terri-
tory in category (c), is a condition peculiar to the last category.
The decision precedes the agreement; it is by no means identi-
fied with it.
The term "voluntarily" which thus finds its own place in the
context and its practical effect, shows that it is only with regard
to territories in category (c) that the conclusion of a Trusteeship

Agreement has been contemplated by the Charter asbeing free
from any pre-existing obligation, even in the realm of negotiations.
The difference in the wording is easy to explain by taking into
consideration the differences between the territories enumerated
in Article 77 from the point of view of the international interest
which they respectively presented at the time of the drafting
of the Charter : those in category (a) were already subject to
an international régime, and moreover, were clearly known and
defined ; those in category (b) were detached from enemy States
by the common victory of the Allied Powers. For various reasons
they both possessed an international element, which marked
them oiit as being prima facie the necessary objects of regulation
by international agreement. The position of territories in cate-
gory (c) was quite different in this respect. Complete freedom

of decision was left to the States responsible for their administratioil
to place them "voluntarily" under the system and consequently
to consent to negotiations to that effect, or to refuse to take
part in such negotiations.
The Charter has created an international system which
would never have had more than theoretical existence if the
mandatory Powers had considered themselves under no obligation
to negotiate agreements to convert their Mandates into Trustee-
ship Agreements. In fact, apart from instances of accession to
independence and from the case of Palestine, al1 mandatory
Powers other than the LTnionof South Africa have consented to
this conversion. The obligation to be ready to negotiate with a
view to concluding an agreement represented the minimum of inter-

national CO-operationwithout which the entire régime contem-
platec! and regulated by the Charter would have been frustratcd.
111this connexion one must bear in mind that in the interpretation
of a great international constitutional instrument, like the Cnited
Nations Charter, the individualistic concepts which are generally
adequate in the interpretatiori of ordinary treaties, do not suffice.
Under Article 76 of the Charter, "the basic objectives of the
Trusteeship System" conform to "the purposes of the United
Nations laid down in Article I of the present Charter". In

65=go OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. DE VISSCHER
tion d'un projet d'accord de tutelle, sans aliéner pour autant sa

liberté d'en accepter ou d'en refuser les termes, une Puissance
mandataire se conforme, dans un domaine particulièrement impor-
tant, aux fins les plus hautes de l'organisation des NationUnies.

(Signé)CH. DE VISSCHER.recognizing its obligation to be ready to negotiate \vit11 a view
to concluding a Trusteeship Agreement, a mandatory Power,

without thcreby jeopardizing its freedom to accept or refuse
the terms of such an Agreement, CO-operates in a particularly
impwrtant field in the attainment of the highest objectives of
the I'nited Xations.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Mr. de Visscher (translation)

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