Dissenting Opinion of Mr. Alvarez (translation)

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010-19500711-ADV-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
010-19500711-ADV-01-00-EN
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DISSENTING OPINION OF lilr. ALVAREZ
[Translation.]
1

The questions which are now referred to the Court in the r. quest
for advisory opinion from the General Assembly of the Cnited
Nations are of great importance not only from the point of view of
international law, but also from the social, economic and inter-
natimal political points of view.
From the social point of view, for the first time in the history
of mankind, States, through a great change in their international
outlook, have proclaimed (Article 22 of the Covenant of the League
of Nations) that the well-being and the development of peoples
not yet able to govern themselves form, for the civilized countries,
a sacred trust of civilization. To this end, they established a new
institution, the Mandates System. This idea has been taken up and
developed in the United Nations Charter in the establishment of
the Trusteeship System.
From the economic point of view, one of the concerns of Our

time is the improvement of iinder-developed territories in order to
obtain the best possible results for the benefit of the gener;al com-
munity. An economic conference has just opened where the delegates
of almost every nation of the world have established a programme
of technical aid to those peoples and a financial pool has been
created to that effect.
From the international political point of view, the institutions
of Mandate and Trusteeship have considerably modified the inter-
national position of certain continents by preparing many backnard
peoples for independent statehood.
But it is from the angle of international law that the creation
of those institutions presents the greatest interest. The spirit and
certain characteristics of what may be called the new international
law have thereby been introduced in international law. In the
same spirit, and by resorting to the same characteristics, it will
be possible in future to create similar institutions for the general

or continental interests.

The qiiestions concerning the Territory of South-IYest ;lfrica
submitted to the Court for opinion have becn complicatcd and
even made obscure in the discussions which have taken placc for
several years' between variolis Govcrnmcnts and in thc Councils
and Assemblies of the Leagile of Nations and the Vnited Sations. DISSENTING OPINION OF MT. ALVAREZ I75

They have been dealt with from varioais angles : from the angle of
private law, when the nature of the niandate, its termination, the
nature of the obligations, the lapsing of contfacts, etc., were
considered, and from the angle of international law, when sover-
eignty, treaties and their purposes, certain provisions of the League
of Nations Covenant and the United Nations Charter were being
discussed. This was done on the basis of traditional views in these
matters, and by applying the classical method of interpretation
of conventions and treaties.
In fact, the question is an entirely new one and comes under
the new international law. It is the duty of the Court therefore to
consider it, not only in the light of principles laid down in the
Covenant or the Charter, but also, as we shall see Iater, in accordance

with the nature, aims and purposes of this law.

III

For this reason, we must first consider briefly the nature of this
new international law and the new criterion which must be applied
to the questions beiore the Court.
This law is the result and outcome of the great transformations
in the Iife of nations which have taken place since the firkt world
war, and mostly after the 1939 cataclysm.
The conzmunityof States, which had hitherto remained anarchical,
has become in fact an organized international society. This trans-

formation is a fact which does not require the consecration of an
international agreement. This society consists not only of States,
groups and even associations of States, but also of other inter-
national entities. It has an existence and a personality distinct
from those of its rnembers. It has its own purposes. On the other
hand, international relations present various aspects : political,
economic, psychological, etc., and to-day possess a dynarnic charac-
ter, complexity and vanety which they did not show formerly.

Al1 these transformations have had a great influence on inter-
national law : a new international law has ernerged. It is new for
three reasons : it includes new questions in addition to traditional
questions in a new form ; it rests on the basic reconstruction of

fundamental principles of classical international law, and brings
them into harmony with the new conditions of the life of peoples ;
finally, it is based on the new social régime which has appeared,
the régime of interdependence, which is taking the place of the
individualistic régime which has, up to now, provided the basis
of both national and international life. This new régime has
given rise to what maÿ be called social znferdePe11dencw e hich iç
taking the place of traditional indi7iidzialism.1 prefer the expres-

51sion "social interdependence" to "social solidarity" which has a
variety of connotations.

The purposes of the new international law, based on social
inter,dependence differ from those of classical international law :
they are to harmonize the rights of States, to promote CO-opera-
tion between them and to give ample room to common interests ;
its piprpose is also to favour cultural and social yrogress. In short,
its durpose is to bring about what may be called international
socihl jzrstice.
To achieve these purposes this law must lay stress on the
notion of obligation of States, not only between themselves, but
also toward the international community. It must limit absolute
international sovereignty of States according to the new require-
ments of the life of peoples, and must yield to the changing
necessities of that life.

Because of these characteristics the new iilternational law is
not of an exclusively juridical character. It has also political,
economic, social, and psychological characteristics.
It is not a mere abstraction, a doctrinal speculation without
any foundation in fact, as some would have it. In reality it takes
root in the new conditions and the ne\y requirements of the life
of ~eo~lesin numerous recent social institutions of several countries.
in 'the international judicial conscience which has beeri awakenei
mainly since the upheaval of 1914 ;in the Covenant of the League
of Nations and in particular in the Lnited Kations Charter
(preamble, Art. 1, 2, Chapters IV, V, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, ?te.)
and in several resolutions and drafts of the Assemblies of tho5e
organizations ;and in the declarations of the heads of former allied
countries which have subsequently received the support of
the people. It also springs from various resolutions of the last
Pan-american Conferences, some of which tend to incorporate
new great moral, political and social ideas, either in continental
international law, or in world international law.

Therefore, the new international la~vhas a more positive basis
than classical international law, which rests on principles and
rules often derived from speculation and from doctrines and
customs, many of which have become obsolete.
This new law is in formation. It is for the International Court
of Justice to develop it by its judgments or its advisory opinions,
and in laying down valuable precedents,. The theories of jurists
rnust also share in the development of this law.

At ihis point, 1 want to stress the idea which 1 have already
espressed in previous individual opinions : the Court must not
apply international law such as it existed before the upheavals of
1914and 1939 but must apply the law which actually exists to-dav.

32 DISSENTING OPINION OF MT. ALVAREZ I77

Indeed, since that time the international life of peoples and,
consequently, the law of nations have consistently undergone
profound changes and have assumed new directions and tendencies
which must be taken into consideration.
The Court must, therefore, declare what is the new international
law which is based upon the present requirements and conditions
of the life of peoples : othenvise, it would be applying a law which is
obsolete in many respects, and would disregard these requirements
and conditions as well as the spirit of the Charter which is theprin-

cipai source of the new international law.
In so doing, it may be said that the Court creates the law ; it
creates it by modifying classical law; in fact it merely declareswhat
is the law to-day. Herein lies the new andimportant purpose of the
Court.
The Court, moreover, already exercised this facuity of creating
the law in its Advisory Opinion conceming Reparation for injuries
suffered in the service of the United Nations ;it declared on that
occasion that the United Nations was e~titled to present an inter-
national claim ; until that time only Stateshad been recognized as
possessing this right.
The action of the International Court of Justice combined with

the action of the Assembly of the United Nations which has very
broad international powers (Article IO of the Charter) will greatly
contribute to the rapid development of the new international law.

To find the solution of the questions put to the Court in the
present case, let us now consider, according to the elements of the
new international law, what are the characteristics of intemational

obligations and how conventions and rdes of international Iaw
are to be interpreted.
Because the new international law is based on social inter-
dependence, many cases may be found in which States are under
obligations without the beneficiary of the rights relating to these
obligations being known. The beneficiary is the international
community. For the same reason it is not necessary that al1obliga-
tions be expressly laid down by a text. Because of the diversity
and the compiexity of international relations it is not possible
to provide for every contingency. Many obligations result from
the very nature of institutions or the requirements of social life.

On the other hand, besides legal obligations there are also moral
~bligations and obligations of a political international character or
duties. The latter derive from the interdependence of States and
the international organization. The duty to CO-operate indicated
in the United Nations Charter is a typical example of this last
53category of obligations. The non-performance of such obligztions
may result in political sanctions applied by the United Nations.

In each case, the Court must decide whether a State has certain
obligations or not, and what is their nature.
The conventions and rules of international law are to be inter-
preted by applying a criterion different from that which hitherto
prevailed.
At present, the strict literal sense of the text is sought and to
clarify it, recourse is had to travaux préparatoires.Use is also
made of-postulates, axioms and traditional precepts of general law,
in particular of Roman law, and even natural law (except in
Anglo-saxon countries where attention is mostly paid to diplomatic

precedents), and of postulates, axioms and precepts of classical
international law. Not only are the immediate consequences not
drawn from these elements, but deductions are made, by pushing
logic too far. To this end a whole juridical technique is brought
into play, and as a result, solutions are often found which are
unreasonable and unacceptable to public opinion.

Important studies have recently been published by publicists
of authority on the interpretation of treaties, but they follow the
traditional line and, therefore, are opqn to criticism.
In future, postulates, axioms and general principles of law or
of international law, which have hithekto been accepted may be
relied upon only after they have been ;subject to the test of close
scrutiny because many of them have become obsolete and rnay be
replaced by others which will provide the basis of the new inter-
national law. This work of reconstruction is mainly a matter of
doctrine, but it must also be effected by the International Court

of Justice whenever the opportunity arises.
Extreme logic, dialectics and exclusively juridical technique
must also be banished. Reality, the requiremmts of the life
of nations, the common interest, social justice, must never be
forgotten.
An isolated text may seem clear, but it may cease to be so
when it is considered in relation to other texts on the same question
and with the general spirit of the institution concerned. In the
latter case the spirit must take precedence.

It may also happen that a text contains expressions of a clearly
defined legal scope, but that, by reason of the nature of the
institution, these expressions appear to have been taken in a
different sense. This is exactly the case of the questions now before
the Court: the words "Mandate" and "Trusteeship" have a
different meaning in the Coveriant and the Charter than they have

in domestic law. Let us now consider the nature of the Mandate conferred upon
the Union of South Africa and its consequences on the questions
before the Court in the light of the provisions of the Covenant
of the League of Nations and of the United Nations Charter, and
the spirit of the new international law. In this connexion 1 shall
not dwell upon the declarations of the Union Government or its
representatives, these declarations having been examined in the
Court's Opinion.

Under Article 22 of the League of Nations Covenant the well-
being and development of the inhabitants of colonies and territ-
ories which, as a consequence of the war, had ceased to be under
the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them,
and were not capable of standing by themselves under the strenuous
conditions of the modern world, form a sacred trust of civiliza-
tion. The article goes on:"the best method of givingpractical effect
to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be
entrusted to advanced nations who, by reason of their resources,
their experience or their geographical position, can best undertake
this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it". Article 22
also lays down the conditions and guarantees for the performance
of that great trust.

The United Nations Charter has not only taken up these ideas,
but it has developed them (Chapters XI !and XII).
Our starting point must be the existence of the sacred triist of
civilization. The ideas and aims contained in this expression and
the general principles of the new international law must be Our
compass in Our quest for the answers to the questions put to the
Court. We must not resort to a textual interpretation of certain
articles of the Covenant or of the Charter, or to minor consi-
derations.
Article 119 of the Versailles Treaty provides that "Germany
rencunces in favour of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers
al1 her rights and titles over her oversea possessions".
The Mandate over South-West Africa established by the Council

of the League on December qth, 1920, says: "The Principal
Allied and Associated Powers agreed that, in accordance with
Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, a Mandate
should be conferred upon His Bntannic Majesty to be exercised
on his behalf by the Government of the Union of South Africa
to administer the temtory afore mentioned."
The Union thus received not an ordinary mandate, but a sacred
trust of civdkfion, which is quite another thing. The act which
has been created is not a fîdei-commissum, a trust or a contract
denving from any other similar national or international institu-
tion. The ordinary Mandate is .a contract mainly in the interets

55 DISSENTING OPINION OF Mr. ALVAREZ 180

of the principal, regulated by the rules of civil law, whereas the
mission under consideration is an honorific and disinterested
charge for the benefit of certain popufations. It is an international
function regulated by principles which conform to its nature. It is
impossible. therefore to apply, even by analogy, the national rules
applicable to the Mandate or the other institutions which I have
mentioned. Nor is it a treaty between the League of Nations and
the Union of South Africa. The League of Nations has undertaken
no obligation and has acquired very important rights indicated

in the Mandate. It has also other political rights which have not
been expressly provided for, such as the right to terminat? the
Mandate.

Very important consequences follow from the sacred trust of
civilization which is a characteristic of the international Mandate
and from the new international law, and these consequences will
help us permit to find the answer to the questions before the
Court.
Here are the most important :

IO Since the creation of the Mandates System there are in inter-
national law four categories of peoples : those which are still
colonies or protectorates ; those backward civilizations which
have not been placed under a Mandate or Trusteeship; those
which have been placed under one of those regimes ; and finally,
those whicf: have reached a sufficient degree of civilization and are
fully developed States. In the past the peoples of the second and
third categories fell, like those in the first category, under the
domination of other peoples, for instance, the great Powers. Now
they are protected and must be prepared for independent life.

It is only to the peoples in the fourth category that international

law grants certain attributes which it does not grant to other
groups, however important they may be : independence, perso-
nality, sovereignty, legal equality. These attributes are inherent
in the State and are inalienable.
Because the peoples of the second andthird categories which maji
be called "States in the making" do not yet enjoy the status and
the attributes of fully-developed States, we need not attempt to
determine, as has been done at length, where sovereignty resides,
whether with South-West Africa or with the Union of South
Africa. In fact, no question of sovereignty is raised :the question
does not arise with regard to South-West Africa. As to the Union
of South-Africa, she cannot exercise a sovereignty which the Man-
dated Territory does not possess. She has not acquired any sover-

eignty over the Territory. She has only certain faculties, particularly
56in n~atters of administration, under the mission which has been
entrusted to her.
z0 The Court, in considering the questions before it, must
examine critically the applicable postulates, the fundamental
elements, and the great principles of traditional international
law. In particular :
a) it must stress the pre-eminence of international law over
dome'stic law ;
b) it must adapt the concept of sovereignty to social inter-
dependence ;
c) it must recognize and declare that States rnay have certain
obligations although these rnay not be formally expressed in a
text.
3' The question of the international status of mandated terri-

tories is entirely within the scope of international law. It can in
no way be said that it is part of the domestic jurisdiction of the
mandatory State. The matter must therefore be regulated by prin-
ciples of international law. Any act of the mandatory State
contrary to international law or the nature of the Mandate insti-
tution, such as a plebiscite, a more or less disguised annexation,
etc., is nul1and void and may even involve the liability of the Statt..

4' Whilst the traditional international law concerns itself r,ith
the problem of the succession of States, it does not consider succes-
sion between international organs nor floes it consider successiori
between internationalinstitutions because these are new problems
and must be dealt with according to the spirit of thc new intcr-
national law.

Three cases rnay arise :
A) An organization, for instance the Leaguc- of Sations, is
liquidated and is not replaced by any other one. In that casc
there is no doubt that al1subordinate organs cease to function :the
Council, the Assembly, etc. But the effects of resolutions adopted
by them do not come to an end. Likewise, certain institutions
created by these organs continue. Therefore, Mandates conferred
continue in existence, and it is impossible to apply here the rules
of private law to the effect that the Mandate terminates with the
disappearance of the mandator.
As ure have seen, the Mandate created by the League of Kations
is a sacred trust of civilization, a social function which cannot
terminate with the League of Nations, even if no other organ
takes its place. The countries which have created this institution

must safeguard those territories In the present and the future.
Should they lose interest, these territories rnay faIl back into the
position they occupied before they were placed under Mandate :
they rnay be colonized, even annexed by other States, including
the former mandatory Power without this constituting a violation
of the rules of traditional international law. DISSENTIXG OPISION OF )Ir.-4Li'AREZ 183

B) AII international organization like the League of Nations
disappears and another one is created, mithout any indication
as to whether thelatter replaced the former. If the first organization
has created an institiition,such as the Mandate, having for its
purpose the same sacred trust of civilization as the Trusteeship
created by the second institution, then the latter must be consi-
dered as succeeding the former ipso facto.There can be no rnter-
ruption in the continuous performance of this trust.
C) The new organization shows in what conditions an institution
which it has created will succeed a similar institution created

by the previous organization. In the present case the Charter has
declared that mandated territories will corne under Trusteeship
by virtue of agreements between the United Nations and the
former mandatory Power (Articles 75 and 77). As long as this
agreement has not been concluded the territorial status of South-
\tvest Africa is that of a mandated territory with the obligations
resulting therefrom for the Union of South Africa. The Mandate,
as 1 have already said, continues. 1 shall refer to this point again
under No. VII.
5" The mandatory State, in this case the Lnion of South Africa,
cannot modify unilaterally the international status of the territor-
under Mandate, South-West Africa, nor can it modify any one of
its obligations under the Mandate.

6" The question u-hether the Cnion of South Xfrica \vas untler
obligation to report on its administration to the l'nited Nations
has been discussed. Some hold that this obligatioii c~istcti onlj-
with regard to the Léague of Nations, and tliat the latter's disap-
peararice has put an end to the res~iltingobligations. This rerisoning,
which is based on the application ofprinciples regiilating the niaiidaf e
in private law, cannot be acceptecl. The t'nited Xations has takeri
the place of the League of Katioris and consequently the Cnited
Nations Assembly has the right to request the preseritatiori of tlie
report and to exercise control and supervision over the adminis-
tration of the South-\l'est African Territory. IVith regard to tliis
report and control we need not confine ourselves tothe obligations
linder the Mandate. We may also consider those resulting from

the provisions of Articles S7 and 88 of the Charter.
7' The obligation for the t-nion of South Africa to transmit
petitions from the inhabitants of South-\L'est Xfrica to the Cnited
Nations has been discussed at length. This obligation derives from
the nature of the Mandate conferred by the League of Satio~is.
It need not have been expressly provided for.

8" It may happen that a maridatory State does not perforn~
the obligations resulting from its Mandat?. In that case the
United Nations Assembly may make admonitions, a~id if ncccs-
sary, revoke the Mandate. It has this rifiht under ijrticlc IO of
the Charter.

.S DISSENTING OPINION OF MT. ALVAREZ 183
go The Assembly rnay terminate a mandate if it is established
that the local population is capable of governing itself, and it

rnay do so in spite of the contrary opinion of the mandatory
State.
IO" The United Nations, Assembly rnay also terminate a
mandate for political considerations. International Mandates are
not, as we have already said, ordinary contracts or treaties. They
are a trust, a social function. The Assembly having the faculty to
confer that trust has also the faculty to revoke it. In so doing,
however, it must not abuse its right.

II" The mandatory State, in this case the Union of South
Africa, cannot unilaterally annex the mandated territory (South-
West Africa) nor can it proclaim its independence.

12" It rnay happen that the mandatory Power reports that
the local population over which it exercises a mandate will
never be able, for anthropological or other reasons, to reach a
sufficient degree of civilization to become capable of self-govem-
ment. In that case, the United Nations Assembly should cal1 for
an enquiry and if these statements are proved to be true,
it rnay authonze the mandatory Power to annex this territory,
for it cannot remain without a protectar or a guide.

We must give special attention to the question of whether the
Union of South-Africa is obliged to transform the Mandate con-
ferred upon it by the League of Nations into Trusteeship by
concluding an agreement with the United Nations. We must
determine the exact scope and the spirit of Articles 75 and 77,
and even of Article 80, No. 2, of the Charter.
It has been said that under these Articles the Union of South
Africa has no legal obligation to conclude an agreement with the
United Nations to transform its Mandate into Trusteeship, and
that it only has the obligation to negotiate this agreement.
In my opinion the Union of South-Africa is under the legal
obligation not only to negotiate this agreement, bat also to
conclude it. This obligation derives from the spirit of the Charter,

which leaves no place for the future CO-existenceof the Mandates
System and the Trusteeship Systm. The latter alone must exist
as being the more appropriate.
On the other hand, the word "rnay" in Article 75 and the
sentence "as rnay be placed thereunder [the Trustc>cship Systc'mj
by means of subsequent trusteeship agreements" in Article 77,
referred to in support of the ~itw that there is no legal obligation
59to conclude such an agreement, may also apply to the case when
this obligation exists.
What is to be done if no agreemait can be reached ? It then
becomes necessary to refer to arbitrat2ori. It would not be possible
to admit that, in an organized society under the régime of inter-
dependence, an agreement which is intended to fix an important
international status cannot be established solely because of the
opposition, the negligence or the bad faith of one of the parties.
One would then have to seek an amicable solution, or to submit
the case to the International Court of Justice.

Even admitting that there is no legal obligation to concliide
an agreement, there is, at least, a political obligation, a diity
which derives from social interdependelice and which can be
sanctioned by the Assenibly of the U.N.
This is the place to refer to the League of Nations Assembly
Resolution of 1946, which said : "The Assembly ....takes note
of the expressed intentions of the Members of the League now
administering territories under Mandate to continue to admi11istt.r
them for the well-being and development of the peoples concerned
in accordance with the obligations contained in the respective
Mandates until other arrangements have been agreed between
the United Nations and the respective mandatory Powers."

The foregoing considerations make it possible to formulate the
answers to the questions put to the Court by the United Nations
Assembly :
I. The international status of the South-\Vest African territory
is the same as that which existed under the League of Nations
until an arrangement is agreed upon between the C'nionof South
Africa and the United Nations.
(a) The Union of South Africa has therefore the same international
obligations as under the Mandate conferred upon her by the League
of Nations and those resulting from Article 22 of the Covenaiit.
In particular it is under obligation to report on its administration

to the United Nations Assembly. The latter is qualified to exercise
control in this respect. It has this faculty under Article IO of the
Charter.
(b) The provisions of Chapter XII of the Charter apply to the
Territory of South-West Africa. This is in harmony with the
spirit of the Charter.
The Union of South Africa under Articles 75, 77 and 80, No. 2,
of the Charter, and especially in accordance with the spirit of the
Charter, has the Legal obligation to negotiate and coizclztdean
agreement with the United Nations to place South-West Africa
under Trusteeship. If this agreement cannot be made, the case
must be referred to arbitration.

60 Even if it be admitted that South Africa is under no legal obli-
gation to conclude this agreement, it has at anyrate the political
international obligation or a duty to conclude such an agreement.

If it is impossible to reach such an agreement, the United Nations
must then take the appropriate measures which it is empowered
to tdke under Article IO of the Charter.
(c) The Union of South Africa is not competent unilaterally to
modifjr the international status of South-West Africa. This com-
petence belongs to the Union of South Africa acting in concert
with the United Nationsiunder Article79 of the Charter.

(Signed) A. ALVAREZ.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ALVAREZ

La matière qui fait l'objet des questions soumises à la Cour dans
la demande d'avis consultatif que lui a adressée l'Assemblée des
Nations Unies est d'une extrême importance non seulement au
point de vue du droit des gens, mais aussi aux points de vue social,
~conomique et politique internationale.
Au point de yue social, pour la première fois dans l'histoire de
l'humanité, les Etats, par suite d'un grand changement dans leur
psychologie internationale, ont déclaré (art. 22 du Pacte de la
S. d. N.) que le bien-être et le développement des peuples non

encore capables de se diriger eux-mêmes forment une mission
sacrée de civilisation pour les pays civilisés et ils ont établi dans
ce but une institution nouvelle, le mandat. Cette idéea étéreprise
et développéedans la Charte des Nations Unies avec l'établissement
de la tutelle.
Au point de vue économiqzte,une des préoccupations actuelles
est la mise en valeur des territoires habités par les peuples arriérés
afin d'en obtenir le meilleur rendement possible au bénéficede
l'intérêtgénéral. Cne conférence économique vient de s'ouvrir où
les déléguésde presque tous les pays du monde ont établi un pro-
gramme d'aide technique à ces peuples ; et un pool financier sera
créé à cet effet.

Au point de vue Politique internationale, les institutions du man-
dat et de la tutelle ont modifiéprofondément la situation interna-
tionale de certains continents en préparant bien des peuples
arriérés à la. vie d'Etats indépendants.
Mais c'est au point de vue du droit des gens que l'établissement
desdites institutions présente le plus d'intérêt: avec elles on a
introduit dans ce droit l'esprit et certaines caractéristiquesde ce
qii'on peut appeler le droit international nouveazl. Plus encore :
en s'inspirant de cet esprit et de ces caractéristiques, on pourra
dans l'avenir créer des institutions similaires en vue de l'intérêt
généralou de l'intérêt continental.

Les questions relatives au Territoire du Sud-Ouest africain
soumises à l'avis de la Cour ont été compliquées, voire même
obscurcies dans les discussions qui ont eu lieu depuis plusieurs
années entre certains, gouvernements, ainsi qu'aux Conseils et
Assemblées de la S. d. N. et de l'O. N. U. On les a traitées SOUS

50 DISSENTING OPINION OF lilr. ALVAREZ
[Translation.]
1

The questions which are now referred to the Court in the r. quest
for advisory opinion from the General Assembly of the Cnited
Nations are of great importance not only from the point of view of
international law, but also from the social, economic and inter-
natimal political points of view.
From the social point of view, for the first time in the history
of mankind, States, through a great change in their international
outlook, have proclaimed (Article 22 of the Covenant of the League
of Nations) that the well-being and the development of peoples
not yet able to govern themselves form, for the civilized countries,
a sacred trust of civilization. To this end, they established a new
institution, the Mandates System. This idea has been taken up and
developed in the United Nations Charter in the establishment of
the Trusteeship System.
From the economic point of view, one of the concerns of Our

time is the improvement of iinder-developed territories in order to
obtain the best possible results for the benefit of the gener;al com-
munity. An economic conference has just opened where the delegates
of almost every nation of the world have established a programme
of technical aid to those peoples and a financial pool has been
created to that effect.
From the international political point of view, the institutions
of Mandate and Trusteeship have considerably modified the inter-
national position of certain continents by preparing many backnard
peoples for independent statehood.
But it is from the angle of international law that the creation
of those institutions presents the greatest interest. The spirit and
certain characteristics of what may be called the new international
law have thereby been introduced in international law. In the
same spirit, and by resorting to the same characteristics, it will
be possible in future to create similar institutions for the general

or continental interests.

The qiiestions concerning the Territory of South-IYest ;lfrica
submitted to the Court for opinion have becn complicatcd and
even made obscure in the discussions which have taken placc for
several years' between variolis Govcrnmcnts and in thc Councils
and Assemblies of the Leagile of Nations and the Vnited Sations.I7.5 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ALVAREZ
des angles très divers :au point de vue du droit privé,en examinant
la nature du mandat, sa terminaison, la nature des obligations,
la caducité des contrats, etc. ; et au point de vue du droit inter-
national, en considérant la souveraineté, les traités, notamment

la fin de ceux-ci, certaines dispositions du Pacte de la S. d. N. et
de la Charte des Nations Unies, etc. ; et cela selon la conception
traditionnelle de ces notions et d'aprèsla méthodeclassique d'inter-
prétation des conventions ou des traités.

En réalité,il s'agit d'une matière entièrement nouvelle, d'un
sujet qui relève du droit international nouveau. La Cour doit donc
l'examiner en s'inspirant non seulement des préceptes contenus
dans le Pacte ou dans la Charte, mais aussi de la nature, des objec-
tifs et des principes de ce droit, comme nous le verrons par la suite.

III

11convient donc de considérer,d'abord et brièvement, ce qu'est
ce droit international nouveau, ainsi que le nouveau critère qu'il
faut employer dans l'examen des questions posées à la Cour.
Ce droit est le résultat, l'aboutissement des grandes transfor-
mations survenues dans la vie des peuples, notamment depuis la
première guerre mondiaje et surtout après le cataclysme de 1939.
La communautédes Etats qui était demeurée jusqu'alors anw-
chique, est devenue une véritable sociétéinternationale organisée.
Cette transformation est un fait ; il n'est pas nécessaire qu'un
accord international le consacre. Cette sociétéest composée non

seulement d'États, parfois groupés, voire même associés, mais
aussi d'autres entités internationales ; elle a une existence, une
personnalité distinctes de celles des membres qui la composent ;
elle a des fins qui lui sont propres. D'autre part, les rapports
internationaux présentent divers aspects : politique, économique,
psychologique, etc., ainsi qu'un grand dynamisme, une complexité
et une variabilité qu'ils n'avaient pas autrefois.
Toutes ces transformations ont eu une profonde influence sur
le droit des gens : un nouveau droit international est né. Il est
nouveau à un triple point de vue : il comprend des matières nou-
velles ainsi que des matières anciennes qui revêtent des aspects
nouveaux ; il repose sur la reconstruction de la base, des données
fondamentales et des grands principes du droit international clas-

sique pour les mettre en harmonie avec les nouvelles conditions de
la vie des peuples ; enfin, il est fondésur le nouveau régime social
qui s'est fait jour, leégimed'interaépendanceq ,ui tend à remplacer
le régimeindividualiste qui a étéjusqu'à présent à la base de la vie
tant nationale qu'internationale. Ce nouveau régimea donnénais-
sance à la notion du droit qu'on peut appeler dJinterdé$endance DISSENTING OPINION OF MT. ALVAREZ I75

They have been dealt with from varioais angles : from the angle of
private law, when the nature of the niandate, its termination, the
nature of the obligations, the lapsing of contfacts, etc., were
considered, and from the angle of international law, when sover-
eignty, treaties and their purposes, certain provisions of the League
of Nations Covenant and the United Nations Charter were being
discussed. This was done on the basis of traditional views in these
matters, and by applying the classical method of interpretation
of conventions and treaties.
In fact, the question is an entirely new one and comes under
the new international law. It is the duty of the Court therefore to
consider it, not only in the light of principles laid down in the
Covenant or the Charter, but also, as we shall see Iater, in accordance

with the nature, aims and purposes of this law.

III

For this reason, we must first consider briefly the nature of this
new international law and the new criterion which must be applied
to the questions beiore the Court.
This law is the result and outcome of the great transformations
in the Iife of nations which have taken place since the firkt world
war, and mostly after the 1939 cataclysm.
The conzmunityof States, which had hitherto remained anarchical,
has become in fact an organized international society. This trans-

formation is a fact which does not require the consecration of an
international agreement. This society consists not only of States,
groups and even associations of States, but also of other inter-
national entities. It has an existence and a personality distinct
from those of its rnembers. It has its own purposes. On the other
hand, international relations present various aspects : political,
economic, psychological, etc., and to-day possess a dynarnic charac-
ter, complexity and vanety which they did not show formerly.

Al1 these transformations have had a great influence on inter-
national law : a new international law has ernerged. It is new for
three reasons : it includes new questions in addition to traditional
questions in a new form ; it rests on the basic reconstruction of

fundamental principles of classical international law, and brings
them into harmony with the new conditions of the life of peoples ;
finally, it is based on the new social régime which has appeared,
the régime of interdependence, which is taking the place of the
individualistic régime which has, up to now, provided the basis
of both national and international life. This new régime has
given rise to what maÿ be called social znferdePe11dencw e hich iç
taking the place of traditional indi7iidzialism.1 prefer the expres-

51 176 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ALVAREZ

sociale, qui vient remplacer celle du droit traditionnel individuuliste.
Je préfère l'expression (interdépendance sociale ))à celle de ((soli-
darité sociale ))qui est employéedans les sens les plus divers.
Le nouveau droit des gens fondé sur l'interdépendance sociale
a des fins différentes de c~lles du droit international classique :

harmoniser les droits des Etats, favoriser leur coopération, faire
une large place à l'intérêtgénéral ; il vise, également, à favoriser
le progrès social et culturel. En somme, il tend à la réalisation de
ce qu'on peut appeler la justice sociale intevnationale.

Pour atteindre ces objectifs, ce droit doit mettre en relief la
notion d'obligations des Etats non seulement entre eux, mais
aussi envers la sociétéinternationale ; il doit limiter la souveraineté

absolue de ceux-ci conformément aux nouvelles exigences de la
vie des peuples et il doit se plier aux nécessitéschangeantes de
cette vie.
Par suite de ses particularités, le nouveau droit des gens n'a
pas un caractère exclusivement juridique ; il a aussi un caractère
politique, économique, social, psychologique, etc.
Ce droit n'est pas une simple abstraction, une spéculation
doctrinaire, sans fondement positif, comme certains le prétendent.

11 est une réalité; il a ses racines dans les nouvelles conditions
et les nouvelles exigences de la vie des peuples ; dans de nom-
breuses institutions sociales récentes de divers pays ; dans la
conscience juridique internationale qui s'est réveilléesurtout depuis
le cataclysme de 1914 ; dans le Pacte de la S. d. N. et notamment
dans la Charte des Nations Unies (préambule, art. 1, 2, chap. IV,
V, IX, X, XI,XII, XIII, etc.) ainsi que dans diverses résolutions
et projets des Assemblées de ces institutions ; dans certaines

déclarations de chefs des anciens pays alliés,qui ont reçu ensuite
l'adhésion des peuples. Il a ses racines aussi dans diverses réso-
lutions des dernières Conférences pan.tméricaines dont quelques-
unes tendent à incorporer dans le droit des gens, soit continental,
soit mondial, de nouvelles grandes idées morales, politiques et
sociales.
Le droit international nouveau a donc un fondement ~lus Dositif
que le droit classique qui repose sur des principes et postulats I

souvent dérivésde la sp6culation et sur des doctrines et coutumes
dont beaucoup sont devenues désuètes.
Ce nouveau droit est en formation ;c'est à la Cour internationale
de Justice, notamment, qu'il appartient de le développer par ses
arrêts ou ses avis consultatifs qui établissent des précédents de
grande valeur. Les juristes, par leurs doctrines, doivent contribuer
aussi au développement de ce droit.
Je voudrais insister ici sur l'idée que j'ai exprimée dans des

opinions individuelles précédentes : la Cour doit appliquer non
pas le droit international tel qu'il existait avant les cataclysmes
de 1914 et de 1939, mais le droit qui existe en réalité actuellement.sion "social interdependence" to "social solidarity" which has a
variety of connotations.

The purposes of the new international law, based on social
inter,dependence differ from those of classical international law :
they are to harmonize the rights of States, to promote CO-opera-
tion between them and to give ample room to common interests ;
its piprpose is also to favour cultural and social yrogress. In short,
its durpose is to bring about what may be called international
socihl jzrstice.
To achieve these purposes this law must lay stress on the
notion of obligation of States, not only between themselves, but
also toward the international community. It must limit absolute
international sovereignty of States according to the new require-
ments of the life of peoples, and must yield to the changing
necessities of that life.

Because of these characteristics the new iilternational law is
not of an exclusively juridical character. It has also political,
economic, social, and psychological characteristics.
It is not a mere abstraction, a doctrinal speculation without
any foundation in fact, as some would have it. In reality it takes
root in the new conditions and the ne\y requirements of the life
of ~eo~lesin numerous recent social institutions of several countries.
in 'the international judicial conscience which has beeri awakenei
mainly since the upheaval of 1914 ;in the Covenant of the League
of Nations and in particular in the Lnited Kations Charter
(preamble, Art. 1, 2, Chapters IV, V, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, ?te.)
and in several resolutions and drafts of the Assemblies of tho5e
organizations ;and in the declarations of the heads of former allied
countries which have subsequently received the support of
the people. It also springs from various resolutions of the last
Pan-american Conferences, some of which tend to incorporate
new great moral, political and social ideas, either in continental
international law, or in world international law.

Therefore, the new international la~vhas a more positive basis
than classical international law, which rests on principles and
rules often derived from speculation and from doctrines and
customs, many of which have become obsolete.
This new law is in formation. It is for the International Court
of Justice to develop it by its judgments or its advisory opinions,
and in laying down valuable precedents,. The theories of jurists
rnust also share in the development of this law.

At ihis point, 1 want to stress the idea which 1 have already
espressed in previous individual opinions : the Court must not
apply international law such as it existed before the upheavals of
1914and 1939 but must apply the law which actually exists to-dav.

32 I77 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ALVAREZ
Depuis cette époque, en effet, la vie internationale et, par suite,
le droit des gens, ont subi de façon presque soudaine de profonds
changements et pris de nouvelles directions et orientations dont
il est indispensable de tenir compte.

La Cour doit donc dégagerle droit des gens existant des exigences
et conditions actuelles de la vie des peuples : autrement, elle
appliquerait un droit souvent périmé, netenant pas compte de
ces exigences et conditions ni de l'esprit de la Charte où le droit
international nouveau a ses principales racines.

En agissant ainsi, on peut dire que la Cour créele droit ; elle
le crée en modifiant le droit classique ; en réalité, elle ne fait
que déclarerquel droit existe actuellement. C'est la nouvelle e't
grande mission de la Cour.
Elle a, d'ailleurs, déjà usé de cette faculté de créer le droit
à l'occasion de l'avis consultatif qu'elle a émis concernant la
réparation de dommages causés aux Nations Unies ou à szs agents

dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions ;elle a déclaréque cette organi-
sation internationale avait le droit de présenter des réclamations
diplomatiques, droit qui jusqu'alors n'était reconnu qu'aux États.
L'action de la Cour internationale de Justice, unie à celle de
l'Assembléedes Nations Unies qui a des attributions très étendues
en matière internationale (art.IO de la Charte) contribuera &an-
dement au développement rapide du nouveau droit des. gens.

Il convientd'examiner, d'après les élémentsdu droit international
nouveau, et en vue de la solution des questions posées dans la

demande d'avis actuelle, quelles sont les caractéristiques des
obligations internationales et comment doit se faire l'interprétation
des,conrrentions et des préceptes du droit des gens.
Etant donné que le droit international nouveau se fonde sur
l'interdépendance sociale, on trouve dans celui-ci bien des obli-
gations des Etats sans trouver le titulaire des droits relatifs à
ces obligations : ce titulaire est la sociétéinternationale. Pour le
même motif, il n'est pas nécessaire que toutes les obligations
soient établies expressément dans un texte; par suite de la varia-
bilité et de la complexité des rapports internationaux, on ne peut
pas tout prévoir ; nombre d'obligations ressortent de la nature
même des institutions ou des exigences de la vie sociale.
D'autre part, il y a non seulement des obligations juridiques,

mais aussi des obligations morales et des obhgations politico-
irzfernatiorsa[esou devoirs. Ces dernières dérivent de l'interdépen-
dance des Etats et de l'organisation internationale. Le devoir de
coopération indiqué dans la Charte des Nations Unies est un DISSENTING OPINION OF MT. ALVAREZ I77

Indeed, since that time the international life of peoples and,
consequently, the law of nations have consistently undergone
profound changes and have assumed new directions and tendencies
which must be taken into consideration.
The Court must, therefore, declare what is the new international
law which is based upon the present requirements and conditions
of the life of peoples : othenvise, it would be applying a law which is
obsolete in many respects, and would disregard these requirements
and conditions as well as the spirit of the Charter which is theprin-

cipai source of the new international law.
In so doing, it may be said that the Court creates the law ; it
creates it by modifying classical law; in fact it merely declareswhat
is the law to-day. Herein lies the new andimportant purpose of the
Court.
The Court, moreover, already exercised this facuity of creating
the law in its Advisory Opinion conceming Reparation for injuries
suffered in the service of the United Nations ;it declared on that
occasion that the United Nations was e~titled to present an inter-
national claim ; until that time only Stateshad been recognized as
possessing this right.
The action of the International Court of Justice combined with

the action of the Assembly of the United Nations which has very
broad international powers (Article IO of the Charter) will greatly
contribute to the rapid development of the new international law.

To find the solution of the questions put to the Court in the
present case, let us now consider, according to the elements of the
new international law, what are the characteristics of intemational

obligations and how conventions and rdes of international Iaw
are to be interpreted.
Because the new international law is based on social inter-
dependence, many cases may be found in which States are under
obligations without the beneficiary of the rights relating to these
obligations being known. The beneficiary is the international
community. For the same reason it is not necessary that al1obliga-
tions be expressly laid down by a text. Because of the diversity
and the compiexity of international relations it is not possible
to provide for every contingency. Many obligations result from
the very nature of institutions or the requirements of social life.

On the other hand, besides legal obligations there are also moral
~bligations and obligations of a political international character or
duties. The latter derive from the interdependence of States and
the international organization. The duty to CO-operate indicated
in the United Nations Charter is a typical example of this last
5317~ OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ALVAREZ

exemple typique de cette dernière catégorie d'obligations. Le
non-accomplissement desdites obligations peut entraîner des
sanctions politiques imposéesnotamment par l'O.N. U.
La Cour doit déciderdans chaque cas qui se présente si un État
a ou non certaines obligations et quelle est leur nature.
Pour ce qui concerne l'interprétation des conventions et des
préceptes du droit des gens, elle doit se faire d'après un critère
différent de celui employé jusqu'ici.
Actuellement, on s'attache strictement au sens littéral du texte

et, pour l'éclaircir, on a recours aux travaux préparatoires. On
r'iïispire, aussi, des postulats, axiomes et préceptes traditionnels
du droit en général,notamment du droit romain, voire mêmedu
droit naturel (sauf dans les pays anglo-saxons, où l'on prend en
considération surtout les précédentsdiplomatiques), ainsi que des
postulats, axiomes et préceptes du droit international classique.
De tous ces élémentsnon seulement on ne tire pas les conséquences
immkdiates et naturelles qui en découlent, mais on fait des déduc-
tions d'une logique poussée jusqu'à l'extrême ;on emploie dans ce
but toute une technique juridique; de la sorte, on arrive souvent à
des solutions déraisonnables ou inacceptables par l'opinion publique.

Des travaux importants ont. étépubliés récemment par des
publicistes autorisés sur les traités et leur interprétation, mais ils
suivent la voie traditionnelle et, par suite, prêtent à la critique.
A l'avenir, il ne faut se fonder sur les postulats, axiomes et prin-
cipes du droit en généralou du droit des gens, admis jusqu'ici,
qu'après les avoir soumis A une critique rigoureuse, car bien d'entre
eux sont devenus caducs et doivent êtreremplacés par d'autres
qui seront à la base du droit international nouveau. 11s'agit donc
d'un travail de reconstruction, lequel doit être surtout une Œuvre
doctrinaire, mais il doit aussi être effectué par la Cour interna-
tionale de Justice dans chaque cas qui se présente.
D'autre part, il faut bannir la logiqueà oiitrance, la dialectique,

la technique exclusivement juridique, et ne jamais perdre de vue
la réalité,les exigences de la vie des peuples, l'intérêtgénéral, la
justice sociale.
11peut arriver qu'un texte, considéréisolément,soit clair, mais
ne le soit plus quand il est examinéen relation avec d'autres textes
relatifsà la m$me matière ou avec l'esprit généralde l'institution
dont il s'agit. Dans un tel cas, c'est cet esprit qu'il faut surtout
prendre en considération.
Il peut arriver, aussi, qu'un texte contienne des expressions
ayant une portée juridique bien définie,mais que, en raison de la
nature de l'institution dont il s'agit, lesdites expressions appa-

raissent comme ayant étéemployéesdans un sens différent. C'est
précisémentce que nous voyons au sujet des questions posées
à la Cour : les termes ((mandat », (tutelle1)ont dans le Pacte et
dans la Charte un sens autre que celui qui leur est donné dans le
droit national.
54category of obligations. The non-performance of such obligztions
may result in political sanctions applied by the United Nations.

In each case, the Court must decide whether a State has certain
obligations or not, and what is their nature.
The conventions and rules of international law are to be inter-
preted by applying a criterion different from that which hitherto
prevailed.
At present, the strict literal sense of the text is sought and to
clarify it, recourse is had to travaux préparatoires.Use is also
made of-postulates, axioms and traditional precepts of general law,
in particular of Roman law, and even natural law (except in
Anglo-saxon countries where attention is mostly paid to diplomatic

precedents), and of postulates, axioms and precepts of classical
international law. Not only are the immediate consequences not
drawn from these elements, but deductions are made, by pushing
logic too far. To this end a whole juridical technique is brought
into play, and as a result, solutions are often found which are
unreasonable and unacceptable to public opinion.

Important studies have recently been published by publicists
of authority on the interpretation of treaties, but they follow the
traditional line and, therefore, are opqn to criticism.
In future, postulates, axioms and general principles of law or
of international law, which have hithekto been accepted may be
relied upon only after they have been ;subject to the test of close
scrutiny because many of them have become obsolete and rnay be
replaced by others which will provide the basis of the new inter-
national law. This work of reconstruction is mainly a matter of
doctrine, but it must also be effected by the International Court

of Justice whenever the opportunity arises.
Extreme logic, dialectics and exclusively juridical technique
must also be banished. Reality, the requiremmts of the life
of nations, the common interest, social justice, must never be
forgotten.
An isolated text may seem clear, but it may cease to be so
when it is considered in relation to other texts on the same question
and with the general spirit of the institution concerned. In the
latter case the spirit must take precedence.

It may also happen that a text contains expressions of a clearly
defined legal scope, but that, by reason of the nature of the
institution, these expressions appear to have been taken in a
different sense. This is exactly the case of the questions now before
the Court: the words "Mandate" and "Trusteeship" have a
different meaning in the Coveriant and the Charter than they have

in domestic law.I79 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ALVAREZ

Examinons maintenant, d'après les dispositions du Pacte de
la S. d. N. et de la Charte des Nations Unies, ainsi que d'après
l'esprit du droit international nouveau, la nature du mandat
conféré à l'Union sud-africaine et ses conséquences en ce qui
concerne les questions soumises à la Cour. Je ne m'attarderai
donc pas à prendre en considération à cet égard les déclarations
du Gouvernement de l'Afrique du Sud ou de son représentant,

lesquelles sont examinées dans l'avis émis par la Cour.
L'article22 du Pacte de la S. d. N. établit que le bien-êtreet le
développement des peuples habitant les colonies et temtoires qui,
par suite de la guerre, ont cessé d'êtresous la souveraineté des
Etats qui les gouvernaient précédemment et qui ne sont pas encore
capables de se diriger eux-mêmesdans les conditions particulière-
ment difficiles du monde moderne, forment une mission sacrée de
civilisation. Il ajoute qu(la meilleure méthode de réaliserpratique-
ment ce principe est de confier la tutelle de ces peuples aux nations
développéesqui, en raison de leurs ressources, de leur expérience

ou de leur position géographique, sont le mieux à mêmed'assumer
cette responsabilité et qui consentent à l'accepter ». L'article 22
fixe aussi les conditions et garanties pour l'accomplissement de
cette grande mission.
La Charte des Nations Unies non seulement a repris ces idées,
niais elle les a développées (chap.XI et XII).
II faut donc partir de la base que l'on est en présence d'une
mission sacréede civilisation. Ce sont les idéeset objectifs contenus
dans cette expression, ainsi que les grandes directives du droit
international nouveau, qui doivent nous servir de boussole, en

quelque sorte, pour trouver la solution des questions soumises à
la Cour, et non pas l'exégèsestricte de certains articles du Pacte
ou de la Charte ou des considérations secondaires.
L'article 119 du Traité de Versailles dispose que ((l'Allemagne
renonce en faveur des Principales Puissances alliées et associées
àtous ses droits et titres sur ses possessions d'outre-me».
Et le mandat concernant le Sud-Ouest africain établi par le
Conseil de la S. d.N. le 17 décembre 1920 dit que ((les Principales
Puissances alliées et associées ont convenu qu'un mandat soit

conféré à Sa Majesté britannique pour être exercé en son nom
par le Gouvernement de l'Afrique du Sud, conformément à l'arti-
cle22 du Pacte de la Société desNations, sur le Territoire du Sud-
Ouest africain allemand ».
A l'Union sud-africaine a donc étéconférénon pas un mandat
ordinaire, mais une mission sacréede civilisation, ce qui est tout
autre chose. L'acte qui a été établine constitue pas, non plus,
un fidéicommis, un trust ou un contrat dérivant de toute autre
institution similaire tant nationale qu'internationale. Le mandat Let us now consider the nature of the Mandate conferred upon
the Union of South Africa and its consequences on the questions
before the Court in the light of the provisions of the Covenant
of the League of Nations and of the United Nations Charter, and
the spirit of the new international law. In this connexion 1 shall
not dwell upon the declarations of the Union Government or its
representatives, these declarations having been examined in the
Court's Opinion.

Under Article 22 of the League of Nations Covenant the well-
being and development of the inhabitants of colonies and territ-
ories which, as a consequence of the war, had ceased to be under
the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them,
and were not capable of standing by themselves under the strenuous
conditions of the modern world, form a sacred trust of civiliza-
tion. The article goes on:"the best method of givingpractical effect
to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be
entrusted to advanced nations who, by reason of their resources,
their experience or their geographical position, can best undertake
this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it". Article 22
also lays down the conditions and guarantees for the performance
of that great trust.

The United Nations Charter has not only taken up these ideas,
but it has developed them (Chapters XI !and XII).
Our starting point must be the existence of the sacred triist of
civilization. The ideas and aims contained in this expression and
the general principles of the new international law must be Our
compass in Our quest for the answers to the questions put to the
Court. We must not resort to a textual interpretation of certain
articles of the Covenant or of the Charter, or to minor consi-
derations.
Article 119 of the Versailles Treaty provides that "Germany
rencunces in favour of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers
al1 her rights and titles over her oversea possessions".
The Mandate over South-West Africa established by the Council

of the League on December qth, 1920, says: "The Principal
Allied and Associated Powers agreed that, in accordance with
Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, a Mandate
should be conferred upon His Bntannic Majesty to be exercised
on his behalf by the Government of the Union of South Africa
to administer the temtory afore mentioned."
The Union thus received not an ordinary mandate, but a sacred
trust of civdkfion, which is quite another thing. The act which
has been created is not a fîdei-commissum, a trust or a contract
denving from any other similar national or international institu-
tion. The ordinary Mandate is .a contract mainly in the interets

55180 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ALVAREZ

ordinaire est un contrat au bénéficesurtout du mandant et régi
par les préceptes du droit civil, tandis que la mission dont il s'agit
est une charge honorifique, désintéresséeet au bénéficede cer-
taines populations ; c'est une fonction de caractère international
qui doit êtrerégiepar des principes conforfiles à sa nature. On ne
peut donc lui appliquer, même par analogie, les préceptes qui
régissent le mandat du droit national ou les autres institutions

dont je viens de parler. Il ne s'agit pas, non plus, d'un traité passé
entre la S. d. N. et l'Union sud-africaine ;la S. d. N. n'a contracté
aucune obligation, et elle a acquis des droits très importants in-
diquésdans le mandat ;elle en a aussi d'autres de caractère politique
qui n'y sont pas expressément prévus, tel celui de mettre fin au
mandat.

Du caractère de mission sacrée de civilisation que revêt le

mandat international, ainsi que du droit international nouveau
qui s'y rapporte, découlent des conséquences très importantes
qui aident à dégager la solution des questions soumises à la
Cour.
Voici les principales :
IO Depuis la création du système du mandat, il existe, au point
de vue du droit international, quatre catégories de peuples : ceux
qui sont encore des colonies ou des protectorats ; ceux qui sont
de civilisation arriérée mais ne sont pas placés sous mandat ou
sous tutelle ; ceux qui sont sous l'un ou l'autre de ces régimes;
enfin, ceux qui ont atteint un degré suffisant de civilisation et

sont des États entièrement constitués. Autrefois, les peuples des
deuxième et troisième catégories tombaient, comme ceux de la
première, sous la domination d'autres peuples, notamment de
grandes Puissances. Actvellement, ils sont protégés et doivent
êtrepréparés à la vie dJEtats indépendants.
C'est seulement aux peuples de la quatrième catégorie que le
droit international reconnaît certains attributs qu'il n'accorde
à aucun autre groupement, si important soit-il : l'indépendance,
la personnalité, la souveraineté, l'égalité juridique. Ces attributs
sont inhérents à 1'Etat et ne peuvent êtrealiénés.
Etant donné que les peuples d~s deuxième et troisième caté-

gories, qu'on peut appeler des «Etats en formation », n'ont pas
encore la qualité et les attributs des États pleinement constitués,
il est inutile d'examiner, comme on I'a fait longuement, où réside
la souveraineté, si c'est dans le Sud-Ouest africain ou dans l'union
sud-africaine. En réalité,il n'y a pas de souveraineté en jeu : il
ne peut en être question pour le Sud-Ouest africain ; quant à
l'union sud-africaine, elle ne peut exercer une souveraineté que
ne possède pas le territoire sous mandat ; elle n'a acquis aucune
souveraineté sur ledit territoire ;elle a seulement certaines facultés,

56 DISSENTING OPINION OF Mr. ALVAREZ 180

of the principal, regulated by the rules of civil law, whereas the
mission under consideration is an honorific and disinterested
charge for the benefit of certain popufations. It is an international
function regulated by principles which conform to its nature. It is
impossible. therefore to apply, even by analogy, the national rules
applicable to the Mandate or the other institutions which I have
mentioned. Nor is it a treaty between the League of Nations and
the Union of South Africa. The League of Nations has undertaken
no obligation and has acquired very important rights indicated

in the Mandate. It has also other political rights which have not
been expressly provided for, such as the right to terminat? the
Mandate.

Very important consequences follow from the sacred trust of
civilization which is a characteristic of the international Mandate
and from the new international law, and these consequences will
help us permit to find the answer to the questions before the
Court.
Here are the most important :

IO Since the creation of the Mandates System there are in inter-
national law four categories of peoples : those which are still
colonies or protectorates ; those backward civilizations which
have not been placed under a Mandate or Trusteeship; those
which have been placed under one of those regimes ; and finally,
those whicf: have reached a sufficient degree of civilization and are
fully developed States. In the past the peoples of the second and
third categories fell, like those in the first category, under the
domination of other peoples, for instance, the great Powers. Now
they are protected and must be prepared for independent life.

It is only to the peoples in the fourth category that international

law grants certain attributes which it does not grant to other
groups, however important they may be : independence, perso-
nality, sovereignty, legal equality. These attributes are inherent
in the State and are inalienable.
Because the peoples of the second andthird categories which maji
be called "States in the making" do not yet enjoy the status and
the attributes of fully-developed States, we need not attempt to
determine, as has been done at length, where sovereignty resides,
whether with South-West Africa or with the Union of South
Africa. In fact, no question of sovereignty is raised :the question
does not arise with regard to South-West Africa. As to the Union
of South-Africa, she cannot exercise a sovereignty which the Man-
dated Territory does not possess. She has not acquired any sover-

eignty over the Territory. She has only certain faculties, particularly
56181 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ALVAREZ
notamment d'administration, en vertu de la mission qui lui a
étéconfiée.
s0 La Cour, en examinant les questions qui lui sont présentées,

doit soumettre à la critique les postulats, les donnéesfondamentales
et les grands principes du droit international traditionnel qui s'y
rapportent. Il y a lieu, notamment:
a) d'affirmer la primauté du droit international sur le droit
national ;
b) d'adapter la conception de la souveraineté à l'interdépen-
dance sociale ;
c) d'admettre et déclarer que les États peuvent avoir certaines
obligations, sans que celles-ci soient formellement stipulées dans
un texte.
3' La matière concernant la situation internationale des terri-
toires sous mandat entre entièrement dans le domaine du droit

des gens ; on ne peut prétendre en aucun cas qu'elle fait partie
du domaine réservé de l'État mandataire. Cette matière doit donc
êtrerégie par les principes de ce droit. Tout acte fait par ledit
État et qui est contraire au droit international ou à la nature de
l'institution du mandat, tel plébiscite, annexion plus ou moins
déguisée,etc., est nul et peut mêmeengager la responsabilité de
cet État.
9' Le droit des gens traditionnel, s'il s'occupe de la succession
d'Etats, ne parle pas de la succession d'organismes internationaux,
ni de la succession d'institutions internationales, car ces matières
sont nouvelles ;il faut donc les examiner conformément à l'esprit
du droit international nouveau.

:
Trois cas peuvent se présenter
A) Une organisation, en l'espècela S. d. N., prend fin et n'est
remplacée par aucune autre. Dans ce cas, il n'est pas douteux
que cessent de fonctionner tous les organes qui en dépendent :
Conseil, Assemblée,etc. ; mais les effets des résolutions prises par
ces organes ne prennent pas fin. De même necessent pas certaines
institutions crééespar ces organes. Les mandats conférés subsistent
donc, sans qu'on puisse appliquer ici les règlesdu droit privéselon
lesquelles le mandat cesse avec la disparition du mandant.

Le mandat établi par la S. d. N. est, comme il a étédit, une
mission sacrée de civilisation, une fonction sociale, laquelle ne peut
prendre fin avec la S. d. N., mêmesi aucun autre organisme ne

vient la remplacer. Les pays qui ont crééladite institution doivent
alors veiller sur le présent et sur l'avenir de ces territoires. S'ils
s'en désintéressent,ceux-ci peuvent tomber dans la situation qu'ils
avaient avant d'êtreplacés sous mandat, c'est-à-dire sont suscep-
tibles d'êtrecolonisés,voire mêmeannexés par des États, notam-
ment par i'ancienne Puissance mandataire, sans que cela implique
une violation des préceptes du droit des gens traditionnel.

5:in n~atters of administration, under the mission which has been
entrusted to her.
z0 The Court, in considering the questions before it, must
examine critically the applicable postulates, the fundamental
elements, and the great principles of traditional international
law. In particular :
a) it must stress the pre-eminence of international law over
dome'stic law ;
b) it must adapt the concept of sovereignty to social inter-
dependence ;
c) it must recognize and declare that States rnay have certain
obligations although these rnay not be formally expressed in a
text.
3' The question of the international status of mandated terri-

tories is entirely within the scope of international law. It can in
no way be said that it is part of the domestic jurisdiction of the
mandatory State. The matter must therefore be regulated by prin-
ciples of international law. Any act of the mandatory State
contrary to international law or the nature of the Mandate insti-
tution, such as a plebiscite, a more or less disguised annexation,
etc., is nul1and void and may even involve the liability of the Statt..

4' Whilst the traditional international law concerns itself r,ith
the problem of the succession of States, it does not consider succes-
sion between international organs nor floes it consider successiori
between internationalinstitutions because these are new problems
and must be dealt with according to the spirit of thc new intcr-
national law.

Three cases rnay arise :
A) An organization, for instance the Leaguc- of Sations, is
liquidated and is not replaced by any other one. In that casc
there is no doubt that al1subordinate organs cease to function :the
Council, the Assembly, etc. But the effects of resolutions adopted
by them do not come to an end. Likewise, certain institutions
created by these organs continue. Therefore, Mandates conferred
continue in existence, and it is impossible to apply here the rules
of private law to the effect that the Mandate terminates with the
disappearance of the mandator.
As ure have seen, the Mandate created by the League of Kations
is a sacred trust of civilization, a social function which cannot
terminate with the League of Nations, even if no other organ
takes its place. The countries which have created this institution

must safeguard those territories In the present and the future.
Should they lose interest, these territories rnay faIl back into the
position they occupied before they were placed under Mandate :
they rnay be colonized, even annexed by other States, including
the former mandatory Power without this constituting a violation
of the rules of traditional international law.182 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ,-ALVAREZ

Bj Une organisation internationale, en l'espèce la S. d. N.,
disparaît, et une autre, l'O. N.U., est crééesans qu'on dise cepen-
dant dans quelle mesure elle la remplace. Si la première a établi
une institution, celle du mandat, ayant le même but sacré de
civilisation qu'une institution, celle de la tutelle, crééepar la
seconde, alors cette dernière institution doit être considérée
comme succédant de plein droi t la première. Il ne peut y avoir
de solution de continuité dans l'exercice de cette mission.
C) La nouvelle organisation indique dans quelles conditions
une institution qu'elle a établie continuera celle similaire créée
par la précédente organisation. Dans le cas actuel, la Charte a
déclaréque les territoires sous mandat passeront sous le régime
de la tutelle en vertu d'accords à intervenir entre l'O. N. U. et
l'ancienne Puissance mandataire (art.75 et 77). Tant que ledit
accord n'est pas conclu, le statut territorial du Sud-Ouest africain
est celui d'un territoire sous mandat avec les obligations qui en

décodent pour l'l-nion sud-africaine. Le mandat, comme il a
étédit, subsiste. Je reviendrai sur ce sujet au no VII.

jO é état mandataire, l'llnion sud-africaine en l'espèce, ne
peut pas modifier unilatéralement le statut international du
territoire sur lequel il a un mandat, le Sud-Ouest africain, ni
l'une (luelconque des obligations contenues dans ce mandat.
6" On a discuté la question de savoir si l'llnion sud-africaine
avait l'obligation de présenterun rapport de sa gestion à l'O. N. U.
Certains ont soutenu que cette obligation n'existait qu'à l'égard
de la S. (1.S. et que, celle-ci ayant disparu, le mandat qu'elle a
conféré ct les obligations qui en découlent ont pris fin. Ce raison-
nement, basé sur l'application des principes régissant le mandat
du droit privé, est inacceptable. L'O. N. U. a pris la place de
la S. d. S. et, par suite, l'Assemblée des Kations Unies a le droit
d'exiger la présentation dudit rapport, ainsi que d'exercer un
contrôle, une surveillance, sur l'administration du Territoire du

Sud-Ouest africain. Pour ce qui concerne ce rapport et ce contrôle,
il ne faut pas s'en tenir aux obligations dérivéesdu mandat, mais
considérer également celles résultant des dispositions des arti-
cles 87 et 88 de la Charte.
7' On a longuement discuté, aussi, sur l'obligation que pouvait
avoir l't'nion sud-africaine de soumettre à l'O. N. U. les vŒux
ou pétitions exprimés par les populations du Sud-Ouest africain.
Cctte obligation découle de la nature du mandat conférépar la
S. d. N. ; il n'est pas nécessaire qu'elle ait été expressément
stipulée.
8" Il peut arriver que l'État mandataire ne remplisse pas les
obligations résultant de son mandat. Dans ce cas. l'Assemblée
des Sations Unies peut lui faire des admonestations, et, si c'est
nécessaire, lui retirer ce mandat. Elle a cette faculté en vertu
dc l'articleIO de la Charte.

.5' DISSENTIXG OPISION OF )Ir.-4Li'AREZ 183

B) AII international organization like the League of Nations
disappears and another one is created, mithout any indication
as to whether thelatter replaced the former. If the first organization
has created an institiition,such as the Mandate, having for its
purpose the same sacred trust of civilization as the Trusteeship
created by the second institution, then the latter must be consi-
dered as succeeding the former ipso facto.There can be no rnter-
ruption in the continuous performance of this trust.
C) The new organization shows in what conditions an institution
which it has created will succeed a similar institution created

by the previous organization. In the present case the Charter has
declared that mandated territories will corne under Trusteeship
by virtue of agreements between the United Nations and the
former mandatory Power (Articles 75 and 77). As long as this
agreement has not been concluded the territorial status of South-
\tvest Africa is that of a mandated territory with the obligations
resulting therefrom for the Union of South Africa. The Mandate,
as 1 have already said, continues. 1 shall refer to this point again
under No. VII.
5" The mandatory State, in this case the Lnion of South Africa,
cannot modify unilaterally the international status of the territor-
under Mandate, South-West Africa, nor can it modify any one of
its obligations under the Mandate.

6" The question u-hether the Cnion of South Xfrica \vas untler
obligation to report on its administration to the l'nited Nations
has been discussed. Some hold that this obligatioii c~istcti onlj-
with regard to the Léague of Nations, and tliat the latter's disap-
peararice has put an end to the res~iltingobligations. This rerisoning,
which is based on the application ofprinciples regiilating the niaiidaf e
in private law, cannot be acceptecl. The t'nited Xations has takeri
the place of the League of Katioris and consequently the Cnited
Nations Assembly has the right to request the preseritatiori of tlie
report and to exercise control and supervision over the adminis-
tration of the South-\l'est African Territory. IVith regard to tliis
report and control we need not confine ourselves tothe obligations
linder the Mandate. We may also consider those resulting from

the provisions of Articles S7 and 88 of the Charter.
7' The obligation for the t-nion of South Africa to transmit
petitions from the inhabitants of South-\L'est Xfrica to the Cnited
Nations has been discussed at length. This obligation derives from
the nature of the Mandate conferred by the League of Satio~is.
It need not have been expressly provided for.

8" It may happen that a maridatory State does not perforn~
the obligations resulting from its Mandat?. In that case the
United Nations Assembly may make admonitions, a~id if ncccs-
sary, revoke the Mandate. It has this rifiht under ijrticlc IO of
the Charter.

.S183 OPIKION DISSIDENTE DE M. ALVAREZ
go Cette Assembléepeut mettre fin à un mandat s'il est établi
que les populations du territoire dont il s'agit sont capables de
se diriger elles-mêmes ; et elle peut le faire malgré l'opinion

contraire de 1'Etat mandataire.
IO" L'Assemblée des Nations Unies peut, aussi, mettre fin à
un mandat en se fondant seulement sur des considérations poli-
tiques. Le mandat international, en effet, n'est pas, comme il a
étédit plus haut, un contrat ordinaire, ni un traité ; il constitue
une mission, une fonction sociale. L'Assemblée ayant la faculté
de conférer cette mission, a aussi celle de la retirer. Elle ne doit
pas, cependant, commettre d'abus du droit.
II" L'Etat mandataire, l'Union sud-africaine dans l'espèce,
ne peut pas procéder de lui-mêmeà l'annexion du territoire sous
mandat (le Sud-Ouest africain) ; il ne peut pas non plus déclarer

l'indépendance de ce territoire.
12" Il peut arriver que la Puissance mandataire fasse ressortir
dans son rapport que les populations du territoire sur lequel elle
a un mandat, en raison de leurs conditions arithropologiques ou
d'autres motifs, ne pourront jamais atteindre un degré de civili-
sation suffisant et devenir capables de se diriger elles-mêmes.
Dans un tel cas, l'Assembléede 1'0. N. U. devrait prescrire une
enquête et, si celle-ci fait apparaître l'exactitude de ces affirma-
tions, autoriser 1'Etat mandataire à annexer le territoire dont il
s'agit, car il ne peut rester sans aucune aide ni guide.

Il convient d'examiner spécialement le point de savoir si l'Union
sud-africaine a l'obligation de convertir le mandat qui lui a été
conférépar la S. d. N. en une tutelle en concluant un accord avec
1'0. N. U. Il s'agit de déterminer la portée exacte et l'esprit des
articles75, 77, et mêmede l'article 80, no 2,de la Charte.

On soutient que d'après ces articles l'Union sud-africaine n'a
pas l'obligation juridique de conclure un accord avec l'O. N. U. en

vue de transformer son mandat en tutelle, et qu'elle a seulement
l'obligation de négociercet accord.
J'estime que l'Union sud-africaine a l'obligation juridique non
seulement de négocier ledit accord, mais aussi de le conclure.
Cette obligation ressort de l'esprit de la Charte, d'après lequel
ilne doit pas y avoir à l'avenir coexistence du régimedu mandat
et du régime dela tutelle ; ce dernier seul doit exister comme étant
le plus approprié.
D'autre part, le mot « pourront », employé dans l'article 75,
et la phrase (qui viendrait à êtreplacésous ce régime (de tutelle)

en vertu des accords de tutelle », qui se trouve dans l'article 77,
sur lesquels on se fonde pour soutenir qu'il n'y a pas d'obligation DISSENTING OPINION OF MT. ALVAREZ 183
go The Assembly rnay terminate a mandate if it is established
that the local population is capable of governing itself, and it

rnay do so in spite of the contrary opinion of the mandatory
State.
IO" The United Nations, Assembly rnay also terminate a
mandate for political considerations. International Mandates are
not, as we have already said, ordinary contracts or treaties. They
are a trust, a social function. The Assembly having the faculty to
confer that trust has also the faculty to revoke it. In so doing,
however, it must not abuse its right.

II" The mandatory State, in this case the Union of South
Africa, cannot unilaterally annex the mandated territory (South-
West Africa) nor can it proclaim its independence.

12" It rnay happen that the mandatory Power reports that
the local population over which it exercises a mandate will
never be able, for anthropological or other reasons, to reach a
sufficient degree of civilization to become capable of self-govem-
ment. In that case, the United Nations Assembly should cal1 for
an enquiry and if these statements are proved to be true,
it rnay authonze the mandatory Power to annex this territory,
for it cannot remain without a protectar or a guide.

We must give special attention to the question of whether the
Union of South-Africa is obliged to transform the Mandate con-
ferred upon it by the League of Nations into Trusteeship by
concluding an agreement with the United Nations. We must
determine the exact scope and the spirit of Articles 75 and 77,
and even of Article 80, No. 2, of the Charter.
It has been said that under these Articles the Union of South
Africa has no legal obligation to conclude an agreement with the
United Nations to transform its Mandate into Trusteeship, and
that it only has the obligation to negotiate this agreement.
In my opinion the Union of South-Africa is under the legal
obligation not only to negotiate this agreement, bat also to
conclude it. This obligation derives from the spirit of the Charter,

which leaves no place for the future CO-existenceof the Mandates
System and the Trusteeship Systm. The latter alone must exist
as being the more appropriate.
On the other hand, the word "rnay" in Article 75 and the
sentence "as rnay be placed thereunder [the Trustc>cship Systc'mj
by means of subsequent trusteeship agreements" in Article 77,
referred to in support of the ~itw that there is no legal obligation
591$3 0FI:iION DISSIDENTE DE M. ALVAREZ

juridique de conclure ledit accord, peuvent aussi s'appliquer au
cas où cette obligation existe.
Qiie faut-il faire si ledit accord n'arrive pas à s'établir ? II
coni.ient dr. recourir alors à l'arbitrage. On ne saurait admettre
que, dans ur,e société organisée sous le régime de I'interdépen-
dance, un accord destiné à régler une situation internationale
importante ne s'établisse pas uniquement par suite de l'opr)osition,
de la négligence ou de la mauvaise volonté de l'une des parties ;
il faudrait alors rechercher une solution amiable ou soumettre

Ic cas à ia Cour internationale de Justice.
En admettant qu'il n'y ait pas une obligation juridique de
conclure ledit accord, il y a, au moins, une obligation politique,
III: devoir, dérivant de l'interdépendance sociale et qui peut
6trc sanctionné par l'Assemblée de l'O. N. U.
Ily cilieu de rappeler la résolution de l'Assemblée dela S. d. N.
1946 où il est dit : (L'Assemblée ....note que les Membres
de la Sociétéadministrant actuellement desterritoires sous mandat
ont r'xpriméleur intention de continuer à les administrer en vue

(111bic.11-ctreet du développement des peuples intéressés, confor-
mkrnc~ntaux obligations contenues dans les divers mandats, jusqu'à
ce (1~1~de nouveaux arrangements soient pris entre les Nations
L-nies et les diverses Puissances mandataires. ))

Lcs coiisidératioiis précédentes permettent de formuler les
ré~x)nsesaux questions poséesà la Cour par l'Assembléedes Bations

Vnies :
1. Le statut international du Territoire du Sud-Ouest africain
e5t le mêmeque celui qui existait sous la S. d. N., tant que n'inter-
vient pas UII accord entre l'vnion sud-africaine et l'O. N. U.

rr)L'Cnion sud-africaine a, par suite, les obligations interna-
tionaltls établies dans le mandat qui lui a étéconférépar la S. d. N.,
ainsi que celles résultant de l'article 22 du Pacte. Elle est donc
tenue, notamment, de rexdre compte de sa gestion à l'Assemblée

des Sations Lni?s ; celle-ci est qualifiée pour exercer un contrôle
à cet égard ;elle a cette faculté en vertu de l'articleIO de la Charte.

b) Les dispositions du chapitre XII de la Charte sont applicables
au Territoire du Sud-Ouest africain. Cela ressort de l'esprit de la
Charte.
L'lTnion sud-africaine a l'obligation juridique, en vertu des
articles 7j, 77 et 80, no 2, de la Charte, et surtoiit de l'esprit de
cellc-ci, de 7iégocieret de co~zclzire un accord avec l'O. N. U. en

vue de placer le Territoire du Sud-Ouest africain sous le régime
de la tutelle. Si ledit accord ne peut s'établir, ila lieu de soumettre
le cas à l'arbitrage.to conclude such an agreement, may also apply to the case when
this obligation exists.
What is to be done if no agreemait can be reached ? It then
becomes necessary to refer to arbitrat2ori. It would not be possible
to admit that, in an organized society under the régime of inter-
dependence, an agreement which is intended to fix an important
international status cannot be established solely because of the
opposition, the negligence or the bad faith of one of the parties.
One would then have to seek an amicable solution, or to submit
the case to the International Court of Justice.

Even admitting that there is no legal obligation to concliide
an agreement, there is, at least, a political obligation, a diity
which derives from social interdependelice and which can be
sanctioned by the Assenibly of the U.N.
This is the place to refer to the League of Nations Assembly
Resolution of 1946, which said : "The Assembly ....takes note
of the expressed intentions of the Members of the League now
administering territories under Mandate to continue to admi11istt.r
them for the well-being and development of the peoples concerned
in accordance with the obligations contained in the respective
Mandates until other arrangements have been agreed between
the United Nations and the respective mandatory Powers."

The foregoing considerations make it possible to formulate the
answers to the questions put to the Court by the United Nations
Assembly :
I. The international status of the South-\Vest African territory
is the same as that which existed under the League of Nations
until an arrangement is agreed upon between the C'nionof South
Africa and the United Nations.
(a) The Union of South Africa has therefore the same international
obligations as under the Mandate conferred upon her by the League
of Nations and those resulting from Article 22 of the Covenaiit.
In particular it is under obligation to report on its administration

to the United Nations Assembly. The latter is qualified to exercise
control in this respect. It has this faculty under Article IO of the
Charter.
(b) The provisions of Chapter XII of the Charter apply to the
Territory of South-West Africa. This is in harmony with the
spirit of the Charter.
The Union of South Africa under Articles 75, 77 and 80, No. 2,
of the Charter, and especially in accordance with the spirit of the
Charter, has the Legal obligation to negotiate and coizclztdean
agreement with the United Nations to place South-West Africa
under Trusteeship. If this agreement cannot be made, the case
must be referred to arbitration.

60185 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ALVAREZ
Si l'on déclare que l'Union sud-africaine n'a pas l'obligation

juridique de conclure l'accord dont il s'agit, elle a,. en tout cas,
l'obligation politico-internationaleou devoir de le faire. Si cet
accord ne parvient pas à s'établir,c'est alorsàl'O. NU. de prendre
les mesures qu'elle estime nécessaire; elle en a la faculté en vertu
de l'article IO de la Charte.
c) L'Union sud-africaine n'a pas compétence pour modifier,
de sa propre autorité, le statut international du Territoire du
Sud-Ouest africain. Cette compétence appartient à l'Union sud-
africaine agissant en accord avec les Nations Unies, conformément
à l'article79 de la Charte.

(Signé A).ALVAREZ. Even if it be admitted that South Africa is under no legal obli-
gation to conclude this agreement, it has at anyrate the political
international obligation or a duty to conclude such an agreement.

If it is impossible to reach such an agreement, the United Nations
must then take the appropriate measures which it is empowered
to tdke under Article IO of the Charter.
(c) The Union of South Africa is not competent unilaterally to
modifjr the international status of South-West Africa. This com-
petence belongs to the Union of South Africa acting in concert
with the United Nationsiunder Article79 of the Charter.

(Signed) A. ALVAREZ.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Mr. Alvarez (translation)

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