Dissenting Opinion by Judge Krylov (translation)

Document Number
008-19500330-ADV-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
008-19500330-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION BY JUDGE KRYLOV

[Translation]
1. Annlysis of tlze Request for Opinion.of October2212d,1949.

1 appreciate the fact that in its Advisory Opinion the Court has
shown its intention of making it clear that it was not called upon to
Say whether Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania had performed the
Treaty clauses on human rights and fundamental freedoms.
But 1have to consider that the second Question of the Request
for Opinion asks the Court to reply on the following point :are the
Governments of Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania "obligated to
carry out the provisions of the articles referred to in Question1 ?"

Question 1 not only refers to Article 36 of the Peace Treaty with
Bulgaria and the corresponding articles of the two other Treaties,
but also to Article 2 of the Treaties with Bulgaria and Hungary,
and Article 3 of the Peace Treaty with Romania.

The wording of both questions shows, therefore, that the Assembly

has asked the Court to consider the dispute which has arisen not
only in connexion with the so-called "performance" clauses, but
also in connexion with Articles 2 and 3 of the said Treaties for the
safeguard of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

This view is supported further by the "recitals" of the Resolution
of the General Assembly of October zznd, 1949 ; the very first
recitalquotes Article 55of the Charter in favour of universal respect
and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The
following recitals of the Resolution. make it evident that the General
Assembly had "increased concern" at the "accusations" based on
alleged violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms
in the three States meqtioned above.

In the course of argument before the Court, stress was laid on
the will of the United Kingdom and the United States Governments

to examine the rules concerning human rights in the three States
of the People's Ilemocracy (vide principally item 3 of the "formal
submissions" of the United Kingdom representative).
The Court itself considers in this Opinion that it has before it
"the disputes relating to the question of the performance or non-
performance of the obligations provided in the articles dealing
with human rights and fundamental freedoms".
This being so, 1 cannot share the opinion of the Court that the
legal position of Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania "cannot be in any
way compromised" by the answers that the Court has decided to
give and that the Opinion "in no way prejudges" the decisions that
may be taken on the present disputes.

A .t DISSENTING OPINION RY JUDGE KRYLOV 106

II. Legal nature of advisory opinions and the two types of opinion.
If one remains on the surface and limits oneself to dogmatic
analysis of the Statute and the Rules of Court, one is inclined to
find a considerable differencebetween the competence of the Court

in contentious cases and in the exercise of its advisory function.
1 do not deny the difference in the least. But, as will appear
further on, it should not be overestimated. One must take into
account the tendency of the two functions of the Court to get closer
-the jurisdictional and the advisory. This progressive assimilation
may be seen, and has been noted, by several eminent authors (e.g.
Mr. Charles De Vischer, Recueil des Cours de l'Académiede Droit
international, 1929, Vol. 26), in a study of the activity of the Perma-
nent Court of International Justice.

1shall deal later on with Advisory Opinion No. 5 of the Permanent
Court of International Justice on the status of Eastern Carelia. But
1shall now quote one of the assertions made by the Court in that
Opinion :

"The Court, being a Court of Justice, cannot, even in giving
advisory -opinions,depart from the essential rules guiding their
activity as a Court."

This statement of principle was later reproduced and incor-
porated in the Statute of the Court and in the Rules of 1936,
as well as in the Statute and the Rules of the present Court.
Article 68 of the present Statute says that :"In the exercise of
its advisory functions, the Court shall ....be guided by the
provisions of the present Statute which apply in contentious
cases." The same article adds :','tothe extent to which it recognizes
them to be applicable". The latter sentence is perfectly under-
standabre, but in no way changes the meaning of the principle
set forth in the article.
Article 82 of the Rules paraphrases the above provision of
Article 68 of the Statute and adds the following provision :

"....for this purpose it [the Court] shall above al1 consider
whether the request for the advisory opinion relates to a leqal
question actually pending between two or more States".
1 observe that there are two kinds of advisory opinions :

(1)advisory opinions which do not deal with a legal question
actually pending between two or more States ;
(2)advisory opinions dealing with such a question.

These last opinions are referred to in Article 83 of the Rules
of Court.
Under that article, if the advisory opinion is requested in
connexion with a legal question "actually pending between two
or more States", the Court shall apply Article 31 of the Statute
45 DISSENTING OPINION BY JUDGE KRYLOV IO7

on ad hoc judges and the appropriate provisions of the Rules.

The States referred to in Article 83 of the Rules may be defined
as States divided by the existence of a legal question "actually
pending between them", namely as States concerned in the
decision which the Court shall take in the matter. They are not,
so to speak, party-States, as they exist in contentious cases.

They may simply be called the States concerned. This is why
Article 83 gives them the right to designate the judge This last
provision presupposes that the State concerned consents to take
part in the preparation of the opinion, as a consequence of the
designation by it of an ad hoc judge.
As to the opinions which do not deal with a legal question
actually pending between States, the Court is free to give them

without the consent of any State whatever. As a rule, such
questions are of a general nature and cannot affect the rights
of a State. If any State should appear before the Court in such
a case, this action is taken for the purpose of assisting the Court,
of giving to the Court the necessary information, etc. In that
case, the State appears not as a "party" but as an "informateur"
of the Court.
The existence of these two kinds of opinions must be noted
and evens tressed. In one case, the State is a mefeinformateur, in
the other the position of the State is more akin to that of a party-
State in a contentious case.
By disregarding this distinction, by overlooking thetrue nature
of the position of a State, the consent of which is necessary to
permit the Court to examine the case and give an opinion, one
mav frustrate the administration of international iusti'ce. "intro-
duce, without explicitly saying so, more or less surreptitiously",

a reply to the request which would be tantamount to a decision
in a case of compulsory jurisdiction (cf. Opinion of seven judges
in the Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders of
the Court 1947-1948, p. 32). In other words, the request for an
opinion would correspond to the application in a contentious case.

Such action by the Court may be compared to an abuse of
power. This has been judiciously stated by Judge Azevedo in
his Individual Opinion of May z8th, 1948, in which he qualifies
such action as diversion, travesty, etc. (ibid., p.73).

III. Nature of the Request for Opinion of Octoberzand, 1949.
There is no doubt as to the nature of the present Request for
Opinion.

Two States-the United States and the United Kingdom-
have appeared before the Court to support "grave accusations"
which they have made against Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania
46 DISSENTING OPINION BY JUDGE KRYLOV 108

and which have been discussed during-two sessions of the General
Assembly .
The three "accused" States-Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania
-did not take part in the discussion in the General Assembly
and refused to take the slightest part in the discussion of the
Request by the Court.
Therefore, there is "a legal question actually pending" between
those five States. It is worthy of note that the representative
of the United Kingdom wound up his oral statement in Court
by "formal submissions", as he would have done in a contentious
case.
In my opinion, the present request must be dealt with-in so
far as possible-as a contentious case would be.

1 think that the Court coula not exercise its consultative
function in this case unless the interested States, including Bul-
garia,. Hungary and Romania, had expressly consented.

This is demonstrated by the general meaning of the texts
quoted and especially by the precedent established by the P.C.I.J.
on July 23rd, 1923.
IV. The principle laid down in the Eastern Carelia case and the
inadeqzcacyof objectionsraised against that pinciple.
1 wish now to analyze the reasons of the Permanent Court
for refusing to give an opinion (Advisory Opinion No. 5).

The Council of the League of Nations requested the Permanent
Court to give an advisory opinion on the following question :
"Were there engagements of an international character placing
Russia under an obligation to Finland as to the carrying out
of the provisions of the Peace Treaty signed at Younef on
October 14th, 1920 ?"
In its Opinion, the Permanent Court came to the conclusion
that there existed "an actual dispute between Finland and
Russia' .
In the course of its argument, the Permanent Court laid stress
on the fact that the independence of States is at the basis of
international law .
"It is weUestablished in international law that no State can,
without its consent, be compelledto submit its disputes with other
States either to mediation or to arbitration, or to any other kind
of pacific settlement." (Publications of the P.C.I.J., Series B,
Advisory Opinion No. 5, p. 27.)

Taking note of the fact that Russia had never consented, the
Court declared that "it finds it impossible to give its Opinion
on a dispute of thiç kind" (p. 28).
"The Court is aware of the fact that it is not requested to decide
a dispute, but to give an advisory opinion. This circumstance,
47 DISSENTISG OPINION BY JUDGE KRYLOV IO9

however, does not essentially modify the above considerations. The
question put to the Court is not one of abstract law, but concerns
directly the main point of the controversy between Finland and
Russja ...."(Pp. 28-29.)
,4nd the Court cohcludes :
"Answering the question uould be substantially equivalent to
deciding the dispute between the parties. The Court, being a Court
ofJustice, cannot, even in giving advisory opinions, depart from
the essential rules guiding their activity as a Court." (P. 29.)

In my opinion, the reasons given by the Permanent Court
must be adopted in the present case. The result must be a refusa1
to give the requested opinion. The principle of the independence
of States is one of the fundamental principles in international
relations. It is confirmed in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the LTnited
Nations Charter setting forth the principle of the sovereign
equality of States.
The arguments put fonvard against this assertion do not
convince me. 1 shall now review them.

(1) It has been attempted first to Say that the refusa1 of the
Permanent Court to answer the question in the Eastern Carelia case
was due to practical difficulties, lack of documentation, etc. That
is not the case. The text of the Opinion itself shows that the Per-
manent Court's refusa1 is a matter of principle and not of mere
opportunity. In that Opinion, the Permanent Court marked a
departure in the development of advisory opinions see above

Sitle II). The Court has shown that the consent of the State
concerned is necessary for the Court to give its Opinion in cases
where it has to decide 011 a legal question "actually pending"
between States. The Court has stated a principle of capital signi-
ficance and one cannot turn a decision of principle into a decision
of circumstance.

(2) It has been said that the Court was bound to give an answer
tothe request in its capacitÿ of principal judicial organ of the United
Nations, because the request came from the General Assembly. It
was even hinted that the present Court had a lesser degree of
autonomy than the Permanent Court.
1 take exception to this last idea. At a meeting of the Juri-
dical Committee, at Dumbarton Oaks, presided over by Mr.
Hackworth, the latter put to the Russian delegation the following
question : Will participation in the Charter result in participa-
tion in the Statute of the Court ? The answer was given in the
affirmative and mutual agreement on the question matenalized in
the provisions of Article 93 of the Charter : "Al1 Members of the

United Kations are ipso factoparties to the Statute of the Inter-
national Court of Justice." This does not imply, in any way, that
48 DISSEXTING OPIXION Bi' JUDGE KRYLOV IL0

this Court is less independent than the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice and that it is bound to answer the General Assem-
bly's request.
This idea is refuted, as it is noted by this Opinion of the Court,
by the very wording of Article 65 of the Statute.

The theory that the Court is obliged to answer the Request for
an Opinion is not a novelty. It was put forward thirty years ago by
the critics of the Opinion of the Permanent Court on the question of
Eastern Carelia. Such was the case, for example, of Mr. Strupp (La
questioncarélienneet le droit desgens,1924). This theory is contrary
to the very substance of the judicial organ, the independence of
which must be guaranteed.

Moreover, there are, and there may be, States parties to the
Statute of the Court which are not members of the United Nations.
This accentuates the independence of the Court, its special position
as an organ of the United Nations.
Of course, the Court has the duty to discuss, analyze, etc., the
Request. But it is not obliged to answer (cf.the remarks ofMr.Hack-
worth : Hearings beforethe Cornmitteeon Foreign Relations of the
Senate of the United States, p. 336).

(3) It has been said that the Eastern Carelia case raised before
the Permanent Court a question of substance, whereas in the present
case only a procedural question was before the Court, or rather a
preparatory, a preliminary question.
1 cannot share this view.
In both cases, the Eastern Carelia case and the present one, the

Court is asked to interpret an international treaty.

In the present case, the Court must examine the clauses of the
Treaties signed with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania on human
rights and fundamental freedoms, and the so-called performance
clauses (see above, Title 1).
The Court's answer will have great influence on the future
development of the case. This answer may be utilized for polit-
ical purposes-to compromise the States of the People's Democracy.

(4) It has been said that the fact that Bulgaria, Hungary and
Romania are not members of the United Nations was irrelevant.
This is not my opinion. In the case of Eastern Carelia, Russia,

in 1923, was not a member of the League of Nations. In the
present case, the three States-Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania
-are not members of the United Nations. They have not been
admitted to the Organization. Therefore, the arguments put
fonvard by the Permanent Court, based on the fact that Russia
was not a member of the League of Nations, preserved their
full value in the present case.

49 DISSESTINC; OPIXIOh; BY JUDGE I<RYLOS' III

(5) It was stressed before the Court that the Charter does
not explicitly require the consent of the State concerned in the
case of a request for opinion addressed to the Court by an
organ of the United Nations. This is quite true, but this is
due to the fact that, in Article 96, the Charter contemplates the
case of a request for opinion on a legal question which does
not affect any one State. Article 96 does not contemplate the
case of a question "actually pending" between several States,
whereas this is the case in the present instance.
For the reasons already stated, 1 believe that the consent of
the States concerned is necessary in the present case and the

Court must follow the precedent of Eastern Carelia.

V. Additional comments in justification of the refusal to answer
the Request for Opinion of Octoberz2nd, 1949.

It was demonstrated in Title I that the purpose of the Request
for Opinion of October znd, 1949, is to define the decisions to
be taken by Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, not only regarding
the designation of their representatives on the Arbitration Com-
missions, but also in matters concerning human rights and funda-
mental freedoms.
The obligations which the three States must perform in the
field of human rights and fundamental freedoms derived from
the provisions mentioned above of the Peace Treaties, and not
from the Charter of the United Nations. Bulgaria, Hungary and

Romania are neither members of the United Nations, nor parties
to the Statute of the Court. They cannot be bound by articles
of the Charter and of the Statute.
The signatory States have an exclusive right, therefore, to
interpret the respective clauses of the Treaties. The Court may
not have the right to interpret them, unless the parties concerned
give their consent, which is not the case.

Taking into consideration this absence of consent, it is necessary
to consider the problem of the essentially domestic jurisdiction of
these States, mainly because the question of human rights and
fundamental freedoms is so closely knit with that of sovereignty.
One must not forget that the refusa1 of the Permanent Court
to give an opinion in the Eastern Carelia case was probably

inspired by the fact that the question submitted to the Court
concerned the interna1 affairs of Soviet Russia.
The question of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
which, it is alleged, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania have failed
to observe, is afteral1 no more than the problem of the functioning
of the judicial and administrative authorities of these States.
There is no doubt that the question so defined belongs to the
essentially domestic jurisdiction of the State and, as such, is
out of the jurisdiction of this Court.

50 DISSENTISG OPISIOS EY JCDGE KI(YLC)\' II2

It has often been said that if the question is regulated by an
international treaty, it ceases to be a matter of domestic jurisdic-
tion. The Advisory Opinion of the Permanent Court in the case of
the Nationality Decrees in Tunis and Morocco has been the chief
means of implanting this opinion and transforming it into a sort of
legal assumption.
It is not my intention to examine this question in every detail.
1 merely want to stress :(a) that this doctrine arose from reference
to Article 15,paragraph 8, of the Covenant of the League of Nations,
which dealt with matters within the exclusive domestic jurisdiction
~f the State ; (b) that in the specific case (Nationality in Morocco
and Tunis) the Court considered the consent of two countries :
France and Great Britain.

The doctrine of national competence of the State has nowadays
received its new expression. This is the wording of Article 2, para-
graph 7, of the Charter of the United Nations. It will be recalled
that this article refers to matters which are essentially-and not
exclusively-within the domestic jurisdiction of a State. The word-
ing of this text contemplates that the case might come within the
domestic jurisdiction of the State, despite the fact that it has been
dealt with in a treaty. Even in that case, the matter may still
remain essentially within the domestic jurisdiction.

As an example, 1 shall quote the adhesion of some States to the
optional clause of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court. Even in subscribing to this clause, the States retain thenght
to give the final definition of what comes within their domestic

jurisdiction.
The Belgian author, Mr. Joseph Nisot, has judiciously observed
in his recent article in the American Journal of International Law
(Art. 2, para. 7, of the United Nations Charter, as compared with
Art. 15, para. 8, of the Covenant of the League of Nations) that the
scope of the domestic jurisdiction of the State has extended con-
siderably under the Charter. Having in mind the circumstances in
which the new world organization was born, and the difficulties to
be overcome to obtain ratification of the Charter by several States,
it is easy to explain the causes of this extension of the domestic
jurisdiction of the State.
At San Francisco, stress was laid, in particular, on the fact that
a broader concept of the domestic jurisdiction of the State was
prirnarily necessary for the protection of smaller and medium
nations. One also had the impression that it wasnecessary to broaden
the domestic jurisdiction oi the State to set aside the difficulties

which might arise from the competence of the Economic and Social
Council. One had principally in mind the clause of Article 55 of the
Charter on human rights and fundamental freedoms. The drafting
of this article, aiming at firomoting respect for these rights and
liberties, was intended to avoid the possibility of interference by
51 DISSENTING OI'ISION RY JUDGE KRYLOV II3
the Organization in the national domain of the State. This wording

was prepared mainly at the suggestion of the delegation of the
United States of America. The appropriate note can be found in
the Records of a special committee-Committee 1113-of the San
Francisco Conference (Documents, t. X, pp. 271-272).

This character of the Charter clause on human rights and funda-
mental freedoms is made even clearer by the fact that the General
Assembly has, until now, approved only the Declaration on this
question. The Covenant, securing these rights and freedoms, has
not yet been set up and will be framed and adopted by the General
Assembly only if matters essentially within the domestic jurisdic-
tion of the State are removed from its contents.

In those conditions, it would be much more desirable to have the
consent of the States concerned so that the Court may give an opin-

ion on the questions raised by the Request of October zznd, 1949.
VI. Conclusion.

The reasons here above lead me to the conclusion that, in the
present circumstances, it is inadvisable to give the answersrequested
in the Resolution of October aznd, 1949.
As 1 have stated already, the Court does not have the consent of
any one of the three States of the People's Democracy. This consent
is all the more necessary, since there is considerable tension in the
relations between the Governments that have appeared before
the Court on the one hand, and.the "accused" Governments on the
other. This tension has already been manifested in one case by the
breaking of diplomatic relations.
In those conditions, the Court cannot fail to see that its affirmative
answers to the questions raised by the General Assemblywould drag

the Court into the political struggle.
1 have already had occasion to express the view that it is proper
to refuse to give an advisory opinion on questions, the meaning and
the purpose of which aie primarily political, even though the Gen-
eral Assembly submits them to the Court (Reports oj Judgments,
etc., 1947-1948, p. 108).
1 can only remain faithful to this view.
That is why it is not necessary for me to analyze the relevant
articles of the Peace Treaties and the comments which the Court
has made on them. In my previous arguments 1 have already
expressed my disagreement with the views of the Court.

(Signed) S. KRYLOV.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE RI. KRYLOV

1. Analyse de la demande d'avis dz~ 22 octobre I949.

J'apprécie l'intention de la Cour de souligner dans l'avis qu'elle
n'est pas appelée à trancher le problèn~esi la Bulgarie, la Hongrie
et la Roumanie ont exécutéles clauses des traités de paix relatives
aux droits de l'homme et libertés fo~idameritales.
Mais je dois constater que la seconde question de la demande

d'avis .a pour but d'obtenir la réponse de la Cour sur le point
suivant : les Gouvernements de la Bulgarie, de la Hongrie et
de la Roumanie sont-ils tenus ((d'exécuter les clauses des articles
mentionnés à la question 1 ?))
Quant à la question 1, elle énumère, non seulement l'article 36
du traité de paix avec la Bulgarie et les articles respectifs des
deux autres traités, mais aussi l'article 2 des traités avec la
Bulgarie et la Hongrie, et l'article 3 du traité de paix avec la

Roumanie.
Il ressort donc du texte de ces deux questions que l'Assemblée
générale a donné pour tâche à la Cour d'examiner les contes-
tations surgies non seulement à propos des articles dits d'ccexécu-
tionc, mais aussi des articles 2 et 3 des traités susmentionnés,
articles qui garantissent les droits de l'homme et les libertés
fondamentales.

Cette pensée prend plus de force eiicore si l'on se reporte aux
(considérants )J de la résolution de l'i\ssemblée générale du
22 octobre 1949 .e premier considérant cite cléjàl'article 55 de la
Charte: qui favorise le respect universel et effectif des droits de
l'homme et des libertés fondamentales. ],es clauses suivantes de la
résolution niontrent de manière évidente que l'Assembléegénérale
a (le profond souci » des ((acciisations »qui ont leur origine dans
la violation prétendue des droits de l'homme et des libertés fonda-

mentales dans les .trois Etats susmentionnés.
Les débats devant la Cour ont mis en relief la volonté des
Gouvernements du Royaume-Eni, et des Étals-unis, d'examiner
la réglementation des droits de l'honime par les trois Eta.ts de
la dkmocratie populaire (voir en particulier le point 3 des « conclu-
sions formelles )Idu représentant du Royaume-Uni).
La Cour elle-même constate dans l'avis présent qu'elle a devant

elle cles différends ....relatifsà l'exécution ou à la non-exécution
des obligations prévues dans les articles qui traitent des droits
de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales ».
Dans ces conditions, je ne puis partager l'opinion de la Cour
suivant laquelle la position juridique de la Bulgarie, de la Hongrie
et de la Roumanie «ne saurait à aucun degré être compromise )>
par les réponses que la Cour a décidéde donner, et l'avis «ne préjuge
aucunement »la solution des contestations actuelles.

44 DISSENTING OPINION BY JUDGE KRYLOV

[Translation]
1. Annlysis of tlze Request for Opinion.of October2212d,1949.

1 appreciate the fact that in its Advisory Opinion the Court has
shown its intention of making it clear that it was not called upon to
Say whether Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania had performed the
Treaty clauses on human rights and fundamental freedoms.
But 1have to consider that the second Question of the Request
for Opinion asks the Court to reply on the following point :are the
Governments of Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania "obligated to
carry out the provisions of the articles referred to in Question1 ?"

Question 1 not only refers to Article 36 of the Peace Treaty with
Bulgaria and the corresponding articles of the two other Treaties,
but also to Article 2 of the Treaties with Bulgaria and Hungary,
and Article 3 of the Peace Treaty with Romania.

The wording of both questions shows, therefore, that the Assembly

has asked the Court to consider the dispute which has arisen not
only in connexion with the so-called "performance" clauses, but
also in connexion with Articles 2 and 3 of the said Treaties for the
safeguard of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

This view is supported further by the "recitals" of the Resolution
of the General Assembly of October zznd, 1949 ; the very first
recitalquotes Article 55of the Charter in favour of universal respect
and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The
following recitals of the Resolution. make it evident that the General
Assembly had "increased concern" at the "accusations" based on
alleged violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms
in the three States meqtioned above.

In the course of argument before the Court, stress was laid on
the will of the United Kingdom and the United States Governments

to examine the rules concerning human rights in the three States
of the People's Ilemocracy (vide principally item 3 of the "formal
submissions" of the United Kingdom representative).
The Court itself considers in this Opinion that it has before it
"the disputes relating to the question of the performance or non-
performance of the obligations provided in the articles dealing
with human rights and fundamental freedoms".
This being so, 1 cannot share the opinion of the Court that the
legal position of Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania "cannot be in any
way compromised" by the answers that the Court has decided to
give and that the Opinion "in no way prejudges" the decisions that
may be taken on the present disputes.

A .t106 OP~NION DISSIDENTE DE M. KRYLOV
II. La naturejuridique desavis consultatifsetlesdeux types d'avis.

Ne voyant que la surface des choses et se bornant à l'analyse
dogmatique des textes statutaires et réglementaires de la Cour,
on est enclin à trouver une différenceprofonde entre la compétence
de la Cour en matière contentieuse et sa fonction consultative.
Je ne conteste nullement l'existence de cette différence. Mais,
comme on le verra tout à l'heure, il ne faut pas la surestimer.

Il convient de prendre en considération la tendance au rapproche-
ment entre les deux fonctions de la Cour - la fonction juridiction-
nelle etla fonction consultative. On peut constater ce rapprochement
progressif, relevé par plusieurs écrivains éminents (par exemple,
M. Charles De Visscher, Recueil des Cours de L'Académie de Droit
international, 1929, t. 26), en étudiant l'activité de la Cour perma-
nente de Justice internationale.
Je parlerai un peu plus loin de l'Avis no j de la Cour permanente
de Justice internationale sur 2a question du statut de la Carélie

orientale. Il me faut cependant citer dès maintenant une des
affirmations de la Cour que l'on trouve dans le texte de cet avis.
« La Cour, étant une Cour de Justice, ne peut pas se départir
des règlesessentielles qui dirigent son activité de tribunal, même
lorsqu'elle donne des avis consultatifs. ))

Cette affirmation de principe fut ensuite reproduite et consacrée
dans le Statut et le Règlement de la Cour permanente de 1936,
ainsi que dans le Statut et le Règlement de la présente Cour.
L'article 68 du Statut actuel déclare que : «Dans l'exercice de

ses attributions consultatives, la Cour s'inspirera ....des dispo-
sitions du présent Statut qui s'appliquent en matière contentieuse. ))
Le même article ajoute : (dans la mesure où elle les reconnaît
applicables ». Ce membre de phrase se comprend parfaitement,
mais il n'altère pas la signification du principe énoncé dans cet
article.
L'article 82 du Règlement paraphrase la disposition susmen-
tionnée de l'article 68 du Statut et y ajoute la disposition suivante :

K ...Ctcet effet, elle [la Cour] recherche lavant tout si la demande
d'avis consultatif a trait ou non à une question juridique actuelle-
ment pendante entre deux ou plusieurs Etats ».

Je constate donc qu'il y a deux types d'avis consultatifs :
1) les avis qui n'ont pas trait à une queçtion juridique actuel-
lement pendante entre deux ou plusieurs Etats ;
2) les avis qui ont trait à une telle question.

Ce sont ces derniers avis dont parle l'article 83 du Règlement
de la Cour.
Aux termes de cet article, si l'avis consultatif est demandé au
sujet d'une question juridique «actuellement pendante entre deux

ou plusieurs États »,la Cour doit appliquer l'article 31 du Statut DISSENTING OPINION RY JUDGE KRYLOV 106

II. Legal nature of advisory opinions and the two types of opinion.
If one remains on the surface and limits oneself to dogmatic
analysis of the Statute and the Rules of Court, one is inclined to
find a considerable differencebetween the competence of the Court

in contentious cases and in the exercise of its advisory function.
1 do not deny the difference in the least. But, as will appear
further on, it should not be overestimated. One must take into
account the tendency of the two functions of the Court to get closer
-the jurisdictional and the advisory. This progressive assimilation
may be seen, and has been noted, by several eminent authors (e.g.
Mr. Charles De Vischer, Recueil des Cours de l'Académiede Droit
international, 1929, Vol. 26), in a study of the activity of the Perma-
nent Court of International Justice.

1shall deal later on with Advisory Opinion No. 5 of the Permanent
Court of International Justice on the status of Eastern Carelia. But
1shall now quote one of the assertions made by the Court in that
Opinion :

"The Court, being a Court of Justice, cannot, even in giving
advisory -opinions,depart from the essential rules guiding their
activity as a Court."

This statement of principle was later reproduced and incor-
porated in the Statute of the Court and in the Rules of 1936,
as well as in the Statute and the Rules of the present Court.
Article 68 of the present Statute says that :"In the exercise of
its advisory functions, the Court shall ....be guided by the
provisions of the present Statute which apply in contentious
cases." The same article adds :','tothe extent to which it recognizes
them to be applicable". The latter sentence is perfectly under-
standabre, but in no way changes the meaning of the principle
set forth in the article.
Article 82 of the Rules paraphrases the above provision of
Article 68 of the Statute and adds the following provision :

"....for this purpose it [the Court] shall above al1 consider
whether the request for the advisory opinion relates to a leqal
question actually pending between two or more States".
1 observe that there are two kinds of advisory opinions :

(1)advisory opinions which do not deal with a legal question
actually pending between two or more States ;
(2)advisory opinions dealing with such a question.

These last opinions are referred to in Article 83 of the Rules
of Court.
Under that article, if the advisory opinion is requested in
connexion with a legal question "actually pending between two
or more States", the Court shall apply Article 31 of the Statute
45 IO7 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. KRYLOV

de la Cour instituant les juges ad hoc, ainsi que les dispositions
respectives du Règlement, de la Cour.
On cloit caractériser les Etats viséspar l'article 83 du Règlement
comme des Etats divisés par l'existence d'une question juridique
((actuellement pendante entre eux »,c'est-à-dire comme des Etats
intéressés à la décision que*la Cour va prendre à ce sujet. Ce ne
sont pas précisément des Etats-parties comme on en rencontre
dans une affaire contentieuse.
On peut simplement nommer ces États, les États intéressés.
C'est pourquoi l'article 83 donne à ces Etats le droit de désigner

le juge. Cette dernière dis osition présuppose comme conséquence
de la désignation par cet 8tat du juge ad hoc, que l'Etat intéressé
consente à participer à l'élaboration de l'avis.
Quant aux avis qui n'ont pas trait à une question juridique
actuellement pendante entre les Etats, la Cour peut les donner
sans avoir à obtenir le consentement d'un État quelconque. En
règle générale, ces demandes d'avis portent sur des questions
généralesqui ne peuvent léscr les droits d'un Etat. Si un État
quelconque se présent? devant la Cour dans une affaire de cette
nature, c'est afin d'aider la Cour, de lui fournir les renseignements
nécessaires, etc.Ilans ce cas, l'État ne se présente pas en qualité
de (partie »,mais comme « informateur » de la Cour.
Il faut constater et même souligner l'existence de ces deux

types d'avis :l'un dans lequel l'État est, un simple informateur,
et l'autre dans lequel la position de 1'Etat se rapproche de la
position de l'État-partie dans une affaire contentieuse.
En ignorant cette distinction, en oubliant la nature vraie de
la position de l'État dont le consentement est nécessaire pour
permettre à la Cour d'examiner l'affaire et de donna un avis
consultatif, on peut fausser l'administration de la justice inter-
nationale, «introduire sans le dire, d'une manière en quelque
sorte subreptice »,une réponse à la demande d'avis qui équivaudrait
à la décision dans le cas de la juridiction obligatoire (comparer
l'opinion de sept juges dans le Recueil des Arrêts,Avis consultatifs
et Ordonnancesde la Cour 1947-1948, p. 32). Autrement dit, on

pourrait qualifier la demande d'avis de substitut de la requête
dans l'affaire judiciaire.
Pareille manière de procéder de la part de la Cour pourrait être
comparée à un détournement de pouvoir, ainsi que l'a judicieuse-
ment fait remarquer le juge Azevedo dans son opinion individuelle
du 28 mai 1938, où il qualifie une telle conduite de détournement,
de travestissement, etc. (le même Recueil, p. 73).

III. Caractèrede la demande d'avis dzn. 22 octob~eI949.
Le caractère de la présente demande d'avis ne soulève pas le
moindre doute.

Deux Etats - les fltats-~nis et le Royaume-Uni - se sont
présentés devant la Cour pour soutenir «les graves accusations ))
contre la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie qui ont étésoulevées
46 DISSENTING OPINION BY JUDGE KRYLOV IO7

on ad hoc judges and the appropriate provisions of the Rules.

The States referred to in Article 83 of the Rules may be defined
as States divided by the existence of a legal question "actually
pending between them", namely as States concerned in the
decision which the Court shall take in the matter. They are not,
so to speak, party-States, as they exist in contentious cases.

They may simply be called the States concerned. This is why
Article 83 gives them the right to designate the judge This last
provision presupposes that the State concerned consents to take
part in the preparation of the opinion, as a consequence of the
designation by it of an ad hoc judge.
As to the opinions which do not deal with a legal question
actually pending between States, the Court is free to give them

without the consent of any State whatever. As a rule, such
questions are of a general nature and cannot affect the rights
of a State. If any State should appear before the Court in such
a case, this action is taken for the purpose of assisting the Court,
of giving to the Court the necessary information, etc. In that
case, the State appears not as a "party" but as an "informateur"
of the Court.
The existence of these two kinds of opinions must be noted
and evens tressed. In one case, the State is a mefeinformateur, in
the other the position of the State is more akin to that of a party-
State in a contentious case.
By disregarding this distinction, by overlooking thetrue nature
of the position of a State, the consent of which is necessary to
permit the Court to examine the case and give an opinion, one
mav frustrate the administration of international iusti'ce. "intro-
duce, without explicitly saying so, more or less surreptitiously",

a reply to the request which would be tantamount to a decision
in a case of compulsory jurisdiction (cf. Opinion of seven judges
in the Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders of
the Court 1947-1948, p. 32). In other words, the request for an
opinion would correspond to the application in a contentious case.

Such action by the Court may be compared to an abuse of
power. This has been judiciously stated by Judge Azevedo in
his Individual Opinion of May z8th, 1948, in which he qualifies
such action as diversion, travesty, etc. (ibid., p.73).

III. Nature of the Request for Opinion of Octoberzand, 1949.
There is no doubt as to the nature of the present Request for
Opinion.

Two States-the United States and the United Kingdom-
have appeared before the Court to support "grave accusations"
which they have made against Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania
46108 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. KRYLOV

et discutées au cours de deux sessions de l'Assemblée générale.

Les trois États (accusés » - la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Rou-
manie - n'ont pas participé à la discussion devant l'Assemblée
générale et refusent de prendre la moindre part à l'examen de
la demande d'avis de la Cour.
II s'ensuit qu'il y a cune question juridique actuellement
pendante » entre les cinq États. Il n'est pas sans intérêt de noter

que le représentant du Royaume-Uni a terminé son discours
devant la Cour par cles (conclusions formelles » comme dans une
affaire contentieuse.
A mon point de vue, la demande d'avis présente doit être
traitée - dans la mesure appropriée - comme une affaire se
rapprochant d'une affaire contentieuse.
Je pense que la Cour ne pourrait exercer sa fonction consultative
dans cette affaire qu'à condition d'obtenir le consentement exprès

de tous les États intéressés, y compris la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et
la Roumanie.
Cela ressort du sens général des textes susmentionnés et en
particulier du principe établi par la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale, le 23 juillet 1923.

IV. Le principe établidans l'affaire de la Carélie orientaleet
l'insufisance des arguments évoqués contrc ee principe.
Je voudrais maintenant analyser les arguments pour lesquels
la Cour permanente a refusé de donner son avis dans l'affaire
de la Carélie orientale (Avis no 5).

Le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations avait demandé à la Cour
permanente de donner un avis surla question suivante :(Existe-t-il
des engagements d'ordre international obligeant la Russie vis-à-vis
de la Finlande à l'exécution des dispositions du traité de paix
signé à Yourief le 14 octobre 1920 ? ))

La Cour permanente, dans son avis, est arrivée à la constatation
qu'il existait «un différend actuellement né entre la Finlande et

la Russie ».
En développant son argumentation, la Cour permanente souligne
que le principe de l'indépendance des États est à la base même
du droit international.
Il est bien établi en droit international qu'aucun État ne
s-aurait êtreobligé de soumettre ses différends avec les autres
Etats soità la médiation, soit à l'arbitrage, soit enfànn'importe
quel procédéde solution pacifique, sans son consentement. »
(Publications de la C.P. J. I., SérieB, Avis no 5, p. 27.)

Constatant que le consentement de la Russie n'a jamais été
donné, la Cour a déclaré qu'elle cse voit dans l'impossibilité
d'exprimer un avis sur un différend de cet ordre » (p. 28).

«La Cour se rend compte qu'elle n'est pas invitée à trancher un
différend,mais à donner un avis consultatif. Cependant, cette
47 DISSENTING OPINION BY JUDGE KRYLOV 108

and which have been discussed during-two sessions of the General
Assembly .
The three "accused" States-Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania
-did not take part in the discussion in the General Assembly
and refused to take the slightest part in the discussion of the
Request by the Court.
Therefore, there is "a legal question actually pending" between
those five States. It is worthy of note that the representative
of the United Kingdom wound up his oral statement in Court
by "formal submissions", as he would have done in a contentious
case.
In my opinion, the present request must be dealt with-in so
far as possible-as a contentious case would be.

1 think that the Court coula not exercise its consultative
function in this case unless the interested States, including Bul-
garia,. Hungary and Romania, had expressly consented.

This is demonstrated by the general meaning of the texts
quoted and especially by the precedent established by the P.C.I.J.
on July 23rd, 1923.
IV. The principle laid down in the Eastern Carelia case and the
inadeqzcacyof objectionsraised against that pinciple.
1 wish now to analyze the reasons of the Permanent Court
for refusing to give an opinion (Advisory Opinion No. 5).

The Council of the League of Nations requested the Permanent
Court to give an advisory opinion on the following question :
"Were there engagements of an international character placing
Russia under an obligation to Finland as to the carrying out
of the provisions of the Peace Treaty signed at Younef on
October 14th, 1920 ?"
In its Opinion, the Permanent Court came to the conclusion
that there existed "an actual dispute between Finland and
Russia' .
In the course of its argument, the Permanent Court laid stress
on the fact that the independence of States is at the basis of
international law .
"It is weUestablished in international law that no State can,
without its consent, be compelledto submit its disputes with other
States either to mediation or to arbitration, or to any other kind
of pacific settlement." (Publications of the P.C.I.J., Series B,
Advisory Opinion No. 5, p. 27.)

Taking note of the fact that Russia had never consented, the
Court declared that "it finds it impossible to give its Opinion
on a dispute of thiç kind" (p. 28).
"The Court is aware of the fact that it is not requested to decide
a dispute, but to give an advisory opinion. This circumstance,
47IO9 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. KRYLOV
circonstance ne modifie pas essentiellement les considérations
ci-dessus. La question poséeà la Cour n'est pas de droit abstrait,
mais concerne directement le point essentiel du conflit entre la
Finlande et la Russie...n (Pp. 28-29.)
Et la Cour conclut :

(Répondre à la question équivaudrait en substance à trancher
un différendentre les parties. La Cour, étant une Courde Justice,
ne peut pas se départir des règles essentielles qui dirigent son
activité de tribunal, mêmelorsqu'elle donne desavis consultatifs»
(P.29.)
A mon avis, les raisons développées par la Cour permanente
doivent être suivies dans l'affaire présente. Le résultat doit être

le refus de donner l'avis demandé. Le principe de l'indépendance
des États est un des principes qui gouvernent les relations inter-
nationales. Il est confirmé par l'article 2, paragraphe 1, de la
Charte des Kations Unies, qui énonce le principe de l'égalité
souveraine des États.
Les arguments en sens contraire ne me convainqiient pas ;
nous allons les passer en revue.

1) On a d'abord essayé de soutenir que le refus de la Cour
permanente de donner la réponse dans l'affaire de la Carélie
orientale était motivé par des difficultés pratiques, le manque
de documentation, etc. Il n'en est rien. Comme on le voit par
l'examen du texte mêmede l'avis, le refus de la Cour permanente
est un refus de principe et con de simple opportunité. 1.a Cour
permanente a inauguré dans cet avis une tendance dans le
développement des avis consultatifs, tendance démontrée plus

haut sous le titre II. La Cour a montré que le consentement
de 1'Etat intéressé est nécessaire pour qu'on puisse donner
un avis consultatif dans les cas où la Cour a à résoudre une
qiiestion juridique « actuellement pendante 1)entre des États.
La Cour a donc énonci: ici un principe dont la signification est
capitale, et c'est en vain que l'on essaye de faire de cette
décision de principe ilne décision d'opportunité.

2) On a prétendu que la Coiir, attendu que la demande d'avis
émane de 1'-Assembléegénérale,est tenue, en sa qualité d'organe
principal judiciaire des Nations Unies, de donner une réponse à
cette demande. On a mêmelaissé entendre que cette Cour jouit
d'une autonomie plus réduite que la Cour permanente.
Je tiens à réfuter cette dernière idée. C'est à la séance de la
Commission juridique. à numbarton Oaks, sous la prbsidence de
M. Hackworth, que ce dernier a posé à la déléqation soviétique
la question suivante : La participation à la Charte aura-t-elle
aussi pour résultat la participation au Statut de la Cour ? La

réponse affirmative à cette question et l'entente mutuelle sur
cette question ont eu pour conséquence la disposition de l'article 93
de la Charte - ((tous les Membres des Nations Unies sont ipso
facto parties au Statut de la Cour 1)Mais ceci n'implique aucune- DISSENTISG OPINION BY JUDGE KRYLOV IO9

however, does not essentially modify the above considerations. The
question put to the Court is not one of abstract law, but concerns
directly the main point of the controversy between Finland and
Russja ...."(Pp. 28-29.)
,4nd the Court cohcludes :
"Answering the question uould be substantially equivalent to
deciding the dispute between the parties. The Court, being a Court
ofJustice, cannot, even in giving advisory opinions, depart from
the essential rules guiding their activity as a Court." (P. 29.)

In my opinion, the reasons given by the Permanent Court
must be adopted in the present case. The result must be a refusa1
to give the requested opinion. The principle of the independence
of States is one of the fundamental principles in international
relations. It is confirmed in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the LTnited
Nations Charter setting forth the principle of the sovereign
equality of States.
The arguments put fonvard against this assertion do not
convince me. 1 shall now review them.

(1) It has been attempted first to Say that the refusa1 of the
Permanent Court to answer the question in the Eastern Carelia case
was due to practical difficulties, lack of documentation, etc. That
is not the case. The text of the Opinion itself shows that the Per-
manent Court's refusa1 is a matter of principle and not of mere
opportunity. In that Opinion, the Permanent Court marked a
departure in the development of advisory opinions see above

Sitle II). The Court has shown that the consent of the State
concerned is necessary for the Court to give its Opinion in cases
where it has to decide 011 a legal question "actually pending"
between States. The Court has stated a principle of capital signi-
ficance and one cannot turn a decision of principle into a decision
of circumstance.

(2) It has been said that the Court was bound to give an answer
tothe request in its capacitÿ of principal judicial organ of the United
Nations, because the request came from the General Assembly. It
was even hinted that the present Court had a lesser degree of
autonomy than the Permanent Court.
1 take exception to this last idea. At a meeting of the Juri-
dical Committee, at Dumbarton Oaks, presided over by Mr.
Hackworth, the latter put to the Russian delegation the following
question : Will participation in the Charter result in participa-
tion in the Statute of the Court ? The answer was given in the
affirmative and mutual agreement on the question matenalized in
the provisions of Article 93 of the Charter : "Al1 Members of the

United Kations are ipso factoparties to the Statute of the Inter-
national Court of Justice." This does not imply, in any way, that
48 II0 OPINIOK DISSIDENTE DE M. KRYLOV

ment que la Cour soit moins indépendante que ne l'était 13 Cour
permanente. et qu'elle soit obligée de répondre à la demande
de 1'.4ssemblé~générale.
Cette idée est en outre réfutée, comme il est dit dans l'avis
présent de la Cour, par le texte même del'article 65 du Statut
de la Cour.

La thèse suivant laquelle la Cour a l'obligation de répondre à
la demande d'avis n'est pas nouvelle. Elle a étéprésentéeil y a
trente ans par les critiques de l'avis de la Cour permanente sur
la question de la Carélieorientale. Tel était le cas, par exemple,
de M. Strupp (La qz~estioncaréiienlzeet Le droit des gens, 1924).
Mais cette thèse va à l'encontre de la substance mêmede l'organe
judiciaire dont l'indépendance doit être garantie.
11est bon d'ajouter que la Cour a et peut avoir, parties à son
Statut, des États qui ne sont pas membres des Nations Unies.
Ce fait souligne encore l'indépendance de la Cour, et sa situation

particulière comme organe des Nations Unies.
La Cour a sansdoute le devoir de discuter, d'analyser la demande
d'avis, etc., mais elle n'est pas tenue de donner une réponse
(cf. les remarques de M. Hackworth :Hearings beforethe Committee
on Fo~eign Relations of the Senate of the United States, p. 336).

3) On a déclaréque la question de la Carélie orientale posait
devant la Cour permanente la question du fond, tandis que dans
l'affaire présente la Cour n'est saisie que de la question en quelque
sorte procédurale ou, pour mieux dire, préalable, préliminaire.
Je ne puis partager ce point de vue.

Dans les deux cas, dans l'affaire de la Carélieorientale et dans
le cas présent, la Cour a à trancher la question de l'interprétation
d'un traité international.
Dans le cas présent, la Cour est appelée à examiner les disposi-
tions des traités avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie sur
les droits de l'homme et les libertés fondamentales, ainsi que les
articles dits d'exécution deces traités (voir ci-dessus sous le titre
La réponsede la Cour aura une influence profonde sur le dévelop-
pement ultérieur de cette affaire. Cette réponse peut êtreutilisée
dans un but politique - qui est de compromettre les États de

la démocratie populaire.

4) On a affirmé que le fait que la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la
Roumanie ne soient pas membres des Nations Unies n'est pas
pertinent. Telle n'est pas mon opinion. Dans le cas de la Carélie
orientale, c'était la Russie qui n'était pas, en1923, membre de la
Société des Nations. Dans le cas présent, les trois États - la
Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie - ne sont pas membres des
Nations Unies, ils n'ont pas étéadmis dans cette Organisation.
Donc, les arguments de la Cour permanente fondéssur le fait que

la Russie n'était pas membre de la Société desNations conservent
toute leur valeur dans le cas présent.
49 DISSEXTING OPIXION Bi' JUDGE KRYLOV IL0

this Court is less independent than the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice and that it is bound to answer the General Assem-
bly's request.
This idea is refuted, as it is noted by this Opinion of the Court,
by the very wording of Article 65 of the Statute.

The theory that the Court is obliged to answer the Request for
an Opinion is not a novelty. It was put forward thirty years ago by
the critics of the Opinion of the Permanent Court on the question of
Eastern Carelia. Such was the case, for example, of Mr. Strupp (La
questioncarélienneet le droit desgens,1924). This theory is contrary
to the very substance of the judicial organ, the independence of
which must be guaranteed.

Moreover, there are, and there may be, States parties to the
Statute of the Court which are not members of the United Nations.
This accentuates the independence of the Court, its special position
as an organ of the United Nations.
Of course, the Court has the duty to discuss, analyze, etc., the
Request. But it is not obliged to answer (cf.the remarks ofMr.Hack-
worth : Hearings beforethe Cornmitteeon Foreign Relations of the
Senate of the United States, p. 336).

(3) It has been said that the Eastern Carelia case raised before
the Permanent Court a question of substance, whereas in the present
case only a procedural question was before the Court, or rather a
preparatory, a preliminary question.
1 cannot share this view.
In both cases, the Eastern Carelia case and the present one, the

Court is asked to interpret an international treaty.

In the present case, the Court must examine the clauses of the
Treaties signed with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania on human
rights and fundamental freedoms, and the so-called performance
clauses (see above, Title 1).
The Court's answer will have great influence on the future
development of the case. This answer may be utilized for polit-
ical purposes-to compromise the States of the People's Democracy.

(4) It has been said that the fact that Bulgaria, Hungary and
Romania are not members of the United Nations was irrelevant.
This is not my opinion. In the case of Eastern Carelia, Russia,

in 1923, was not a member of the League of Nations. In the
present case, the three States-Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania
-are not members of the United Nations. They have not been
admitted to the Organization. Therefore, the arguments put
fonvard by the Permanent Court, based on the fact that Russia
was not a member of the League of Nations, preserved their
full value in the present case.

49III OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. KRYLOV

5) On a soulignéque la Charte ne prévoit pas expressément que
le consentement de l'État intéressé soit nécessaire pour que la
demande d'avis puisse êtreadressée à la Cour par un organe quel-
conque des Nations Unies. Cela est vrai, sans doute. Mais cela
s'explique par le fait que la Charte a en vue dans l'article 96 une
demande d'avis sur une question juridique qui n'a de rapport direct
avec aucun État. L'article 96 ne prévoit pas Je cas d'une question
(cactuellement pendante » entre plusieurs Etats. Dans l'affaire

actuelle, nous nous trouvons en présence d'une telle question.
Pour les,raisons développéesplus haut, je pense que le consente-
ment des Etats intéressés est nécessaire dans le cas présent et que
la Cour n'a qu'à suivre le principe énoncédans l'affaire de la
Carélie orientale.

V. Les considérations supplémentaires tendan t motiver le refus
de donner la réponse à la demande d'avisdu 22 octobre1949.

11 a étésouligné sous le titre 1 que la demande d'avis du
22 octobre 1949 a pour but de définir les décisions à prendre par
la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie, non seulement dans la
question de la désignation de leurs représentants aux commissions
arbitrales, mais aussi dans les matières relatives aux droits de
l'homme et aux libertés fondamentales.
Les obligations qu'il appartient à ces trois' États de remplir,
en matière de droits de l'homme et de libertés fondamentales,
découlent des dispositions susmentionnées des traités de paix,
et non de la Charte des Nations Unies. La Bulgarie, la Hongrie
et la Roumanie ne sont ni membres des hjations Unies, ni parties

au Statut de la Cour. Elles ne peuvent donc pas êtreliées par
les articles de la Charte et du Statut de la Cour.
Le droit d'interprétation des articles respe,ctifs des traités de
paix n'appartient, par conséquent, qii'aux Etats parties à ces
traités. La Cour ne peut avoir le droit d'interpréter ces traités
qu'à la condition que les parties intéresséesdonnent leur consen-
tement, ce qui n'est pas le cas.
En l'absence de ce consentement, on doit traiter le,problème
de la compétence essentiellement nationale de ces Etats. En
particulier du fait que la question des droits de l'homme et des
libertés fondamentales touche de fort près la souveraineté.
Il ne faut pas oublier que le refus de la Cour permanente de

rendre son avis dans l'affaire de la Carélie orientale s'inspirait
sans doute de la considération que la question posée devant elle
touchait aux affaires intérieures de la Russie soviétique.
La question des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales
dont la prétendue absence est reprochée à la Bulgarie, la Hongrie
et la Roumanie, n'est que celle du fonctionnement des organes
administratifs et judiciaires de ces États. Ainsi formulée, cette
question appartient sans ,aucun doute à la compétence essen-
tiellement nationale de I'Etat, et comme telle, sort du domaine
de la compétence de la Cour. DISSESTINC; OPIXIOh; BY JUDGE I<RYLOS' III

(5) It was stressed before the Court that the Charter does
not explicitly require the consent of the State concerned in the
case of a request for opinion addressed to the Court by an
organ of the United Nations. This is quite true, but this is
due to the fact that, in Article 96, the Charter contemplates the
case of a request for opinion on a legal question which does
not affect any one State. Article 96 does not contemplate the
case of a question "actually pending" between several States,
whereas this is the case in the present instance.
For the reasons already stated, 1 believe that the consent of
the States concerned is necessary in the present case and the

Court must follow the precedent of Eastern Carelia.

V. Additional comments in justification of the refusal to answer
the Request for Opinion of Octoberz2nd, 1949.

It was demonstrated in Title I that the purpose of the Request
for Opinion of October znd, 1949, is to define the decisions to
be taken by Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, not only regarding
the designation of their representatives on the Arbitration Com-
missions, but also in matters concerning human rights and funda-
mental freedoms.
The obligations which the three States must perform in the
field of human rights and fundamental freedoms derived from
the provisions mentioned above of the Peace Treaties, and not
from the Charter of the United Nations. Bulgaria, Hungary and

Romania are neither members of the United Nations, nor parties
to the Statute of the Court. They cannot be bound by articles
of the Charter and of the Statute.
The signatory States have an exclusive right, therefore, to
interpret the respective clauses of the Treaties. The Court may
not have the right to interpret them, unless the parties concerned
give their consent, which is not the case.

Taking into consideration this absence of consent, it is necessary
to consider the problem of the essentially domestic jurisdiction of
these States, mainly because the question of human rights and
fundamental freedoms is so closely knit with that of sovereignty.
One must not forget that the refusa1 of the Permanent Court
to give an opinion in the Eastern Carelia case was probably

inspired by the fact that the question submitted to the Court
concerned the interna1 affairs of Soviet Russia.
The question of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
which, it is alleged, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania have failed
to observe, is afteral1 no more than the problem of the functioning
of the judicial and administrative authorities of these States.
There is no doubt that the question so defined belongs to the
essentially domestic jurisdiction of the State and, as such, is
out of the jurisdiction of this Court.

50II2 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. KRYLOV
On a souvent émis l'opinion que, si une question est régléepar
un traité international, elle cesse d'être du ressort de la com-
pétence nationale. C'est surtout l'avis de la Cour permanente
dans l'affaire des décrets français sur la nationalité au Maroc et
en Tunisie qui a contribué à enraciner cette opinion et qui a
fait d'elle une sorte de postulat juridique.
N'ayant aucun désir de soulever cette question dans toute son
ampleur, je voudrais seulement souligner que : a) cette doctrine
s'est formée à partir du texte de l'article15, paragraphe 8, du
Pacte de la Société desNations qui traitait des matières relevant
exclusivement de la compétence nationale de l'État ; b) dans le
cas d'espèce (la nationalité au Maroc et en Tunisie) la Cour a
eu en vue le consentement de deux pays :la France et la Grande-
Bretagne.
De nos jours, la doctrine de la compétence nationale de l'État
a reçu son expression dans une nouvelle formule. C'est la formule
de l'article2, paragraphe 7, de la Charte des Nations Unies. Cet
article parle, comme on le sait, des affaires qui relèvent essentielle-
ment - et non exclusivement - de la -compétence nationale
d'un État. On a eu en vue, en édictant ce texte, la possibilité
pour l'affaire de relever de la compétence nationale de l'État,
nonobstant le fait qu'elle est réglpar un traité. Mêmeen présence
d'un traité, l'affaire peut continuerà être essentiellement de la
compétence nationale.
A titre de confirmation, je peux mentionner l'adhésion de
quelques États à la clause facultative de l'article 36, paragrap2,
du Statut de la Cour. Mêmeen souscrivant à cette clause, ces
États ont conservé le droit de définir, en dernier ressort, ce qui
entre dans leur compétence nationale.
Comme l'a judicieusement fait remarquer l'auteur belge,
M. Joseph Nisot, dans son récent article dans IJAmerican Journalof
International Law (Article 2, para. 7, of the U.N,O. Charter as
compared with Article 15, para. 8, of the League of Nations
Covenant), le domaine interne de l'État s'est considérablement
élargi sous le régime de la Charte. Si l'on se souvient des circons-
tances dans lesquelles est néela nouvelle organisation mondiale
et des d3icultés qu'on devait surmonter pour la ratification de la
Charte par plusieurs États, on peut expliquer aisément les causes
de cet élargissement du domaine national de l'État.
A la Conférencede San-Francisco, on a souligne: en particulier
que la conception élargie du domaine national del'Etat était néces-
saire en premier lieu pour défendre lesdroits des petits Etats et des
Etats moyens. On a eu aussi à San-Francisco l'impression que
l'élargissement du doniaine national de l'État était nécessaire pour
&carterles difficultésqui pourraient surgir du fait de la compétence
du Conseiléconomiqueet social. On a eu surtout en vue la clause sur
les droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales qui se trouve
énoncéeà l'article 55 de la Charte. En rédigeant cet article, qui a
pour but de favoriserle respect de ces droits et libertés, on a eu en DISSENTISG OPISIOS EY JCDGE KI(YLC)\' II2

It has often been said that if the question is regulated by an
international treaty, it ceases to be a matter of domestic jurisdic-
tion. The Advisory Opinion of the Permanent Court in the case of
the Nationality Decrees in Tunis and Morocco has been the chief
means of implanting this opinion and transforming it into a sort of
legal assumption.
It is not my intention to examine this question in every detail.
1 merely want to stress :(a) that this doctrine arose from reference
to Article 15,paragraph 8, of the Covenant of the League of Nations,
which dealt with matters within the exclusive domestic jurisdiction
~f the State ; (b) that in the specific case (Nationality in Morocco
and Tunis) the Court considered the consent of two countries :
France and Great Britain.

The doctrine of national competence of the State has nowadays
received its new expression. This is the wording of Article 2, para-
graph 7, of the Charter of the United Nations. It will be recalled
that this article refers to matters which are essentially-and not
exclusively-within the domestic jurisdiction of a State. The word-
ing of this text contemplates that the case might come within the
domestic jurisdiction of the State, despite the fact that it has been
dealt with in a treaty. Even in that case, the matter may still
remain essentially within the domestic jurisdiction.

As an example, 1 shall quote the adhesion of some States to the
optional clause of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court. Even in subscribing to this clause, the States retain thenght
to give the final definition of what comes within their domestic

jurisdiction.
The Belgian author, Mr. Joseph Nisot, has judiciously observed
in his recent article in the American Journal of International Law
(Art. 2, para. 7, of the United Nations Charter, as compared with
Art. 15, para. 8, of the Covenant of the League of Nations) that the
scope of the domestic jurisdiction of the State has extended con-
siderably under the Charter. Having in mind the circumstances in
which the new world organization was born, and the difficulties to
be overcome to obtain ratification of the Charter by several States,
it is easy to explain the causes of this extension of the domestic
jurisdiction of the State.
At San Francisco, stress was laid, in particular, on the fact that
a broader concept of the domestic jurisdiction of the State was
prirnarily necessary for the protection of smaller and medium
nations. One also had the impression that it wasnecessary to broaden
the domestic jurisdiction oi the State to set aside the difficulties

which might arise from the competence of the Economic and Social
Council. One had principally in mind the clause of Article 55 of the
Charter on human rights and fundamental freedoms. The drafting
of this article, aiming at firomoting respect for these rights and
liberties, was intended to avoid the possibility of interference by
51 II3 GPINIOX DISSIDENTE DE M. KRYLOV

vue d'éviter la possibilité de l'immixtion cle l'organisation dans le
domaine national de 1'Etat. C'est surtout grâce à l'intervention de
la délégationnord-américaine quel'article a reçu cette rédaction. On
peut trouver la note appropriée dans les procès-verbaux d'un
comité spécial - le Comité III3 - de la Conférence de San-Fran-
cisco (Documents, t. X, pp. 271-272).
Le caractère susmentionné de la clause de la Charte qui traite

des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales devient encore
plus clair du fait que l'Assemblée généralen'a approuvé jusqu'à
maintenant que la Déclaration sur cette question. Le Pacte garan-
tissant ces droits et libertés n'ests encore élaboré,et il ne pourra
êtreélaboréet adopté par l'Assemblée gPnérale qu'à la condition
d'éliminer de son contenu les matières oui relèvent essentiellersent
de la compétence nationale de l'État. '
Dans ces circonst?nces, il serait bien plus souhaitable d'avoir le
consentement des Etats intkressés pour que la Cour pût donner
l'avis sur les questions soulevéesparla demande du 22 octobre 1949.

VI. Conclusion

Les raisons exprimées plus haut m'amènent àla conclusion que,
dans les circonstances actuelles, il est inopportun de donner les
réponses demandées par la résolution du 22 octobre 1949.
Ainsi que j'ai eu l'occasion,de le souligner, la Cour n'a le consen-
tement d'aucun des trois Etats de la démocratie populaire. Ce
consentement est d'autant plus nécessaire qu'il y a une tension
considérable dans les relations entre les Gouvernements qui se sont
présentés devant la Cour, d'une part, et les Gouvmnements
((accusés », d'autre part. Cette tension s'est déjà révéléedans un
cas par la rupture des relations diplomatiques.
Dans ces conditions, la Cour ne peut ne pas voir qu'une réponse
affirmative aux questions poséespar l'Assemblée généraleentraî-

nerait la Cour dans la lutte politique.
J'ai déjà eu l'occasion d'exprimer l'opinion qu'il convient de
refuser de donner un avis corisiiltatif sur les questions dont le
sens et le but sont en premier lieu politiques, bien que l'Assemblée
généraleles soumette à la Cour (Recueildes -4~rête s,tc.1947-1948,
p. 108).
Je ne peux que rester fidèle à cette opiriion.
C'est pourquoi je ne suis pas obligé de donner l'analyse rii des
articles pertinents des traités de paix ni des considérations de la
Cour qui s'y réfèrent.J'ai exprimé déjà, dans mes développements
antérieurs, mon dissentiment d'avec les considérations exprimées
par la Cour.

(Signé)S. KRYLOV. DISSENTING OI'ISION RY JUDGE KRYLOV II3
the Organization in the national domain of the State. This wording

was prepared mainly at the suggestion of the delegation of the
United States of America. The appropriate note can be found in
the Records of a special committee-Committee 1113-of the San
Francisco Conference (Documents, t. X, pp. 271-272).

This character of the Charter clause on human rights and funda-
mental freedoms is made even clearer by the fact that the General
Assembly has, until now, approved only the Declaration on this
question. The Covenant, securing these rights and freedoms, has
not yet been set up and will be framed and adopted by the General
Assembly only if matters essentially within the domestic jurisdic-
tion of the State are removed from its contents.

In those conditions, it would be much more desirable to have the
consent of the States concerned so that the Court may give an opin-

ion on the questions raised by the Request of October zznd, 1949.
VI. Conclusion.

The reasons here above lead me to the conclusion that, in the
present circumstances, it is inadvisable to give the answersrequested
in the Resolution of October aznd, 1949.
As 1 have stated already, the Court does not have the consent of
any one of the three States of the People's Democracy. This consent
is all the more necessary, since there is considerable tension in the
relations between the Governments that have appeared before
the Court on the one hand, and.the "accused" Governments on the
other. This tension has already been manifested in one case by the
breaking of diplomatic relations.
In those conditions, the Court cannot fail to see that its affirmative
answers to the questions raised by the General Assemblywould drag

the Court into the political struggle.
1 have already had occasion to express the view that it is proper
to refuse to give an advisory opinion on questions, the meaning and
the purpose of which aie primarily political, even though the Gen-
eral Assembly submits them to the Court (Reports oj Judgments,
etc., 1947-1948, p. 108).
1 can only remain faithful to this view.
That is why it is not necessary for me to analyze the relevant
articles of the Peace Treaties and the comments which the Court
has made on them. In my previous arguments 1 have already
expressed my disagreement with the views of the Court.

(Signed) S. KRYLOV.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion by Judge Krylov (translation)

Links