Separate opinion of Judge Koroma

Document Number
131-20040709-ADV-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
131-20040709-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

Construction of icull anci unne.\-ution ----Vulidity if'Court's juri.scliction-
Funcrions of Court in advisory proceedings Findings on ha.si.s~f'applicahle

luit,- Erga omnes churtictrr of'jindings R~.sp~>fcorr hu~nanitrrrianluw -
Role of Genc~rulAssetnhly.

1. While concurring with the Court's findings that the construction of
the wall being built by Israel, the occupying Power, in the Occupied
Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, and its
associated régimeare contrary to international law, 1 nevertheless con-

sider it necessary to stress the following points.
2. First and foremost. the construction of the wall has involved the
annexation of parts of the occupied territory by Israel, the occupying
Power, contrary to the fundamental international law principle of the

non-acquisition of territory by force. The Court has confirmed the
Palestinian territories as occupied territory and Israel is therefore not
entitled to embark there on activities of a sovcreign nature which will
change their status as occupied territory. The essence of occupation is

that it is only of a temporary nature and should serve the interests of the
population and the military needs of the occupying Power. Accordingly,
anything which changes its character, such as the construction of the
wall, will be illegal.

3. Understandable though it is that there may be a diversity of legal
views and perspectives on the question submitted to the Court, namely,
the rights and obligations of an occupying Power in an occupied territory
and the remedies available under international law for breaches of those

obligations - a question which, in my view, is eminently legal and falls
within the advisory jurisdiction of the Court - the objection is not sus-
tainable that the Court lacks competence to rule on such a question, as
determined under the United Nations Charter (Art. 96 - functional

CO-operation on legal questions between the Court and the General
Assembly), the Statute of the Court (Art. 65 discretionary power; and
Art. 68 - assimilation with contentious procedures), the Rules of Court
(Art. 102, para. 2 - assimilation with contentious proceedings), and the

settled jurisprudence of the Court. Also not sustainable is the objection
based on judicial propriety, which the Court duly considered in terms of
its competence and of fairness in the administration of justice. In this
regard, the question put to the Court is not about the Israeli-Palestinian

conflict as such, nor its resolution, but rather the legal consequences of
the construction of the wall in the occupied territory. In other words, is it
permissible under existing law for an occupying Power, unilaterally, tobring about changes in the character of an occupied territory? An emi-
nently legal question, which, in my view, is susceptible of a legal response
and which does not by necessity have to assume the nature of an adjudi-

cation of a bilateral dispute; it is a request for elucidation of the appli-
cable law. It is to that question that the Court has responded. It was
therefore appropriate for the Court to exerciseits advisory jurisdiction in
this matter. The jurisdictional basis of the Court's Advisory Opinion is
thus firmly anchored in its jurisprudence.

4. The function of the Court in such proceedings is to ascertain and
apply the law to the issue at hand. To reach its findings, the Court has
applied the relevant rules of the international law of occupation as it per-
tains to the Palestinian territories. Applying these rules, the Court has
found that the territories were occupied territory and thus not open to
annexation; that any such annexation would be tantamount to a viola-
tion of international law and contrary to international peace. Under the
régime ofoccupation, the division or partition of an occupied territory by
the occupying Power is illegal. Moreover, in terms of contemporary inter-
national law, every State is under an obligation to refrain from any
action aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity and

territorial integrity of any other State or country.
5. The Court has also held that the right of self-determination as an
established and recognized right under international law applies to the
territory and to the Palestinian people. Accordingly, the exercise of such
right entitles the Palestinian people to a State of their own as originally
envisaged in resolution 181 (II) and subsequently confirmed. The Court
has found that the construction of the wall in the Palestinian territory
will prevent the realization of such a right and is therefore a violation
of it.
6. With respect to humanitarian and human rights law, the Court has
rightly adjudged that both these régimesare applicable to the occupied
territories; that Israel as the occupying Power is under an obligation to
respect the rights of the Palestinian population of the occupied territo-
ries. Accordingly, the Court has held that the construction of the wall in
the occupied territories violates the régimeof humanitarian and human
rights law. To put an end to such violations, the Court has rightly called
for the immediate cessation of the construction of the wall and the pay-

ment of reparation for damages caused by the construction.

7. Equally important is the finding that the international community
as a whole bears an obligation towards the Palestinian people as a former
mandated territory, on whose behalf the international community holds
a "sacred trust", not to recognize any unilateral change in the status of
the territory brought about by the construction of the wall.

8. The Court's findings are based on the authoritative rules of inter-national law and are of an ergu orrznescharacter. The Court's response
provides an authoritative answer to the question submitted to it. Given
the fact that al1 States are bound by those rules and have an interest in
their observance, al1States are subject to these findings.
9. Just as important is the cal1 upon the parties to the conflict to

respect humanitarian law in the ongoing hostilities. While it is under-
standable that a prolonged occupation would engender resistance, it is
nonetheless incumbent on al1 parties to the conflict to respect interna-
tional humanitarian law at al1times.
10. In making these findings, the Court has performed its role as the
supreme arbiter of international legality and safeguard against illegal

acts. It is now up to the General Assembly in discharging its responsibili-
ties under the Charter to treat this Advisory Opinion with the respect and
seriousness it deserves, not with a view to making recriminations but to
utilizing these findings in such a way as to bring about a just and peaceful
solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a conflict which has not only
lasted for far too long but has caused enormous suffering to those

directly involved and poisoned international relations in general.

(Signed) Abdul G. KOROMA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

Construction of icull anci unne.\-ution ----Vulidity if'Court's juri.scliction-
Funcrions of Court in advisory proceedings Findings on ha.si.s~f'applicahle

luit,- Erga omnes churtictrr of'jindings R~.sp~>fcorr hu~nanitrrrianluw -
Role of Genc~rulAssetnhly.

1. While concurring with the Court's findings that the construction of
the wall being built by Israel, the occupying Power, in the Occupied
Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, and its
associated régimeare contrary to international law, 1 nevertheless con-

sider it necessary to stress the following points.
2. First and foremost. the construction of the wall has involved the
annexation of parts of the occupied territory by Israel, the occupying
Power, contrary to the fundamental international law principle of the

non-acquisition of territory by force. The Court has confirmed the
Palestinian territories as occupied territory and Israel is therefore not
entitled to embark there on activities of a sovcreign nature which will
change their status as occupied territory. The essence of occupation is

that it is only of a temporary nature and should serve the interests of the
population and the military needs of the occupying Power. Accordingly,
anything which changes its character, such as the construction of the
wall, will be illegal.

3. Understandable though it is that there may be a diversity of legal
views and perspectives on the question submitted to the Court, namely,
the rights and obligations of an occupying Power in an occupied territory
and the remedies available under international law for breaches of those

obligations - a question which, in my view, is eminently legal and falls
within the advisory jurisdiction of the Court - the objection is not sus-
tainable that the Court lacks competence to rule on such a question, as
determined under the United Nations Charter (Art. 96 - functional

CO-operation on legal questions between the Court and the General
Assembly), the Statute of the Court (Art. 65 discretionary power; and
Art. 68 - assimilation with contentious procedures), the Rules of Court
(Art. 102, para. 2 - assimilation with contentious proceedings), and the

settled jurisprudence of the Court. Also not sustainable is the objection
based on judicial propriety, which the Court duly considered in terms of
its competence and of fairness in the administration of justice. In this
regard, the question put to the Court is not about the Israeli-Palestinian

conflict as such, nor its resolution, but rather the legal consequences of
the construction of the wall in the occupied territory. In other words, is it
permissible under existing law for an occupying Power, unilaterally, to OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LE JUGE KOROMA

Ed19cution rlzinzur et unn(~xiorz - Compktence de lu Cour - Rôle de lu Cour
duns luprocidure con.sultatir~e - Conc1u.sion.s sur 1cihu.sc.cludroir upplicuhle -
Curcrctkred'ohligcrtior;e 'rga omnesries conc~1u.sion -.s Respect (lu clroit hur7za-
nituire - Rôle de 1'A.rsemhlieginirale.

1. Tout en souscrivant à la décision de la Cour selon laquelle le mur

qu'Israël, puissance occupante, est en train de construire dans le territoire
palestinien occupé, !icompris a l'intérieur etsur le pourtour de Jérusa-
lem-Est, et le régime:qui lui est associésont contraires au droit interna-

tional, j'estime devoir revenir sur un certain nombre de points.
2. Tout d'abord, et c'est là un élémentcapital, I'édificationdu mur a
entraîné, en violation du principe fondamental du droit international
interdisant l'acquisition de territoire par la force, l'annexion de portions

du territoire occupé par Israël, puissance occupante. La Cour a confirmé
que le territoire palestinien était un territoire occupé; Israël n'est donc
pas habilité à y procéder à des actes de souveraineté ayant pour effet de

modifier ce statut de territoire occupé. L'occupation revêtpar définition
un caractère temporaire et doit respecter les intérêts dela population tout
en satisfaisant les besoins de la puissance occupante sur le plan militaire.

De ce fait, tout ce qui peut modifier son caractère. comme I'édificationdu
mur, est illicite.
3. Si l'on comprend qu'il y ait des opinions et points de vue juridiques
très divers sur la question dont est saisie la Cour, laquelle concerne les

droits et obligations d'une puissance occupante dans un territoire occupé
et les recours ouverts en droit international en cas de manquement à ces
obligations - question qui, à mon sens, est indubitablement juridique et

relève de la compétence consultative de la Cour -, l'objection ne vaut
pas, selon laquelle la Cour ne serait pas compétente pour trancher cette
question, ce que montrent tant la Charte des Nations Unies (art. 96 -

Coopération foncticlnnelle entre la Cour et l'Assemblée généralepour
toute question juridi~que)que le Statut de la Cour (art. 65 - Pouvoir dis-
crétionnaire; art. 68 - Assimilation aux dispositions qui s'appliquent en

matière contentieuse:), son Règlement (art. 102, par. 2 -- Assimilation
aux dispositions qui s'appliquent en matière contentieuse) ou sa jurispru-
dence constante. L'objection selon laquelle il y aurait défaut d'opportu-
nité judiciaire - ob-jection que la Cour a dûment examinée sous l'angle

de sa compétence et de l'équitéen matière d'administration de la justice
-- n'est pas davantage recevable. A cet égard,la question poséeà la Cour
ne concerne pas le conflit israélo-palestinien proprement dit, ou son règle-

ment, mais plutôt 11:sconséquences juridiques de l'édification du murbring about changes in the character of an occupied territory? An emi-
nently legal question, which, in my view, is susceptible of a legal response
and which does not by necessity have to assume the nature of an adjudi-

cation of a bilateral dispute; it is a request for elucidation of the appli-
cable law. It is to that question that the Court has responded. It was
therefore appropriate for the Court to exerciseits advisory jurisdiction in
this matter. The jurisdictional basis of the Court's Advisory Opinion is
thus firmly anchored in its jurisprudence.

4. The function of the Court in such proceedings is to ascertain and
apply the law to the issue at hand. To reach its findings, the Court has
applied the relevant rules of the international law of occupation as it per-
tains to the Palestinian territories. Applying these rules, the Court has
found that the territories were occupied territory and thus not open to
annexation; that any such annexation would be tantamount to a viola-
tion of international law and contrary to international peace. Under the
régime ofoccupation, the division or partition of an occupied territory by
the occupying Power is illegal. Moreover, in terms of contemporary inter-
national law, every State is under an obligation to refrain from any
action aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity and

territorial integrity of any other State or country.
5. The Court has also held that the right of self-determination as an
established and recognized right under international law applies to the
territory and to the Palestinian people. Accordingly, the exercise of such
right entitles the Palestinian people to a State of their own as originally
envisaged in resolution 181 (II) and subsequently confirmed. The Court
has found that the construction of the wall in the Palestinian territory
will prevent the realization of such a right and is therefore a violation
of it.
6. With respect to humanitarian and human rights law, the Court has
rightly adjudged that both these régimesare applicable to the occupied
territories; that Israel as the occupying Power is under an obligation to
respect the rights of the Palestinian population of the occupied territo-
ries. Accordingly, the Court has held that the construction of the wall in
the occupied territories violates the régimeof humanitarian and human
rights law. To put an end to such violations, the Court has rightly called
for the immediate cessation of the construction of the wall and the pay-

ment of reparation for damages caused by the construction.

7. Equally important is the finding that the international community
as a whole bears an obligation towards the Palestinian people as a former
mandated territory, on whose behalf the international community holds
a "sacred trust", not to recognize any unilateral change in the status of
the territory brought about by the construction of the wall.

8. The Court's findings are based on the authoritative rules of inter- ÉDIF:ICATION D'UN MUR (OP. IND.KOROMA) 205

dans le territoire occupé. Autrement dit, le droit international permetàil
une puissance occupante de modifier unilatéralement le caractère d'un
territoire occupé?Lii question est éminemmentjuridique et, à mon sens,
de nature à susciter une réponseégalementjuridique qui ne présente pas
nécessairementle caractère d'une décisionportant règlement d'un diffé-
rend bilatéral; il'a,gitd'une demande tendant à préciserle droit appli-
cable. C'està cette question que la Cour a répondu. Elle était donc fon-

dée à exercer sa compétence consultative en la matière. La base juridic-
tionnelle de son skis consultatif est ainsi fermement ancrée dans sa
jurisprudence.
4. Le rôle de la Cour dans une telle procédureest de dire et mettre en
Œuvrele droit applicable en l'espèce.Pour parvenir à ses conclusions, la
Cour a appliquéconnme ilconvenait les règlespertinentes du droit inter-
national de l'occupation aux territoires palestiniens. Ce faisant, elle a
conclu que ces derniers constituaient un territoire occupé et n'étaient
donc pas sujets a annexion, et qu'une telle annexion équivaudrait à une
violation du droit international et serait contrairà la paix internatio-
nale. Sous le régimede l'occupation, est illégalela division ou la partition
d'un territoire occupépar la puissance occupante. En outre, selon le droit
international conteniporain, tous les Etats ont l'obligation de s'abstenir
de toute action visant a remettre en cause, mêmepartiellement, l'unité

nationale et l'intégritéterritoriale de tout autre Etat ou pays.
5. La Cour a également concluque le droit A l'autodétermination en
tant que droit établiet reconnu par le droit international s'appliquait au
territoire ainsi qu'au peuple palestiniens. En conséquence, l'exerciced'un
tel droit autorise le peuple palestinienétablir sonpropre Etat, comme
cela avait étéinitialement prévupar la résolution 181 (II) et devait être
par la suite confirmé.La Cour a conclu que l'édificationdu mur dans le
territoire palestinien ferait obstaclela réalisation d'un tel droit et en
constituait donc une violation.
6. En ce qui concerne le droit humanitaire et le droit des droits de
l'homme, la Cour a conclu à juste titre que ces deux régimes s'appli-
quaient aux territoires occupéset qu'Israël, en sa qualité de puissance
occupante, avait l'obligation de respecter les droits de la population

palestinienne des territoires occupés. En conséquence,elle a jugé que
l'édificationdu mur dans les territoires occupésconstituait une violation
du droit humanitaire et du droit des droits de l'homme. Pour mettre un
terme acette violation, la Cour a, comme il convenait, demandé la ces-
sation immédiate de l'édificationdu mur et le versement de réparations
au titre des dommages causéspar cette édification.
7. Tout aussi importante est la conclusion selon laquelle la commu-
nauté internationale dans son ensemble a, vis-à-vis du peuple palestinien
- dont le territoire, en tant qu'il avait autrefois étéplacésous mandat,
fait l'objet d'une ((mission sacrée» -, l'obligation de ne reconnaître
aucune modification unilatéraledu statut de ce territoire qui découlerait
de l'édificationdu mur.
8. Les règlesdu droit international qui ont inspirélesconclusions de lanational law and are of an ergu orrznescharacter. The Court's response
provides an authoritative answer to the question submitted to it. Given
the fact that al1 States are bound by those rules and have an interest in
their observance, al1States are subject to these findings.
9. Just as important is the cal1 upon the parties to the conflict to

respect humanitarian law in the ongoing hostilities. While it is under-
standable that a prolonged occupation would engender resistance, it is
nonetheless incumbent on al1 parties to the conflict to respect interna-
tional humanitarian law at al1times.
10. In making these findings, the Court has performed its role as the
supreme arbiter of international legality and safeguard against illegal

acts. It is now up to the General Assembly in discharging its responsibili-
ties under the Charter to treat this Advisory Opinion with the respect and
seriousness it deserves, not with a view to making recriminations but to
utilizing these findings in such a way as to bring about a just and peaceful
solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a conflict which has not only
lasted for far too long but has caused enormous suffering to those

directly involved and poisoned international relations in general.

(Signed) Abdul G. KOROMA.Cour font autorité; ces conclusions revêtentdonc le caractère d'obliga-
tions erga ornnes. Elles constituent une réponse autorisée à la question

posée et s'imposent à tous les Etats, ceux-ci étant liéspar ces règleset
ayant un intérêt à les voir observées.
9. Tout aussi important est l'appel lancéaux parties au conflit pour
qu'elles respectent le droit humanitaire durant les hostilitésen cours. S'il
est compréhensiblequ'une occupation prolongéeentraîne une résistance,
il n'en incombe pas moins à toutes les parties au conflit de respecteà
tout moment le droit international humanitaire.
10. En se pronoriçant, la Cour s'est acquittée de son rôle d'arbitre
suprême dela légalité internationale et d'ultime garde-fou contre lesactes
illicites. incombe a présent à l'Assembléegénérale,dans l'exercicedes
responsabilités quilui ont été confiéepsar la Charte, de traiter le présent
avis consultatif avec le respect et le sérieux qu'ilcommande, non pour se

livrerà des récrimiriations, mais dans l'intention de mettre ces conclu-
sions au service d'un règlement juste et pacifiquedu conflitsraélo-pales-
tinien, conflit qui non seulement dure depuis beaucoup trop longtemps,
mais qui cause égalementd'énormes souffrances aux personnes directe-
ment concernéeset envenime les relations internationales en général.

(Signé) Abdul G. KOKOMA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Koroma

Links