Dissenting Opinion of M. Azevedo (translation)

Document Number
009-19500303-ADV-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
009-19500303-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO

[Translation]

1 regret that 1am unable to concur in the opinion of the majority
ofthe Court for the following reasons:
1.-First of all,1 cannot agree tothe omission of what 1 consider
to be the most important part of the question submitted to the
Court.
The Request does not ask the Court to Say in a general way

whether a State could be admitted when the Council had made no
recommendation. It refers precisely to the case when absence of
recommendation is due to specified reasons, consideration ofwhich
would give rise to two entirely different questions, one dealing with
the dual meaning, positive or negative, of the word "recommenda-
tion", and the other dealing with the problem of the veto.

Even though the Request for an Opinion has approached the
question from an indirect angle, none the less it clearly contem-
plates the case in which an applicant State, which has obtained
seven positive votes, has been opposed by a permanent Member of
the Council.
Even viewed from a practical angle, it must be admitted that
the questions are interdependent by application of a familiar logical
method. If the principal hypothesis is considered, and if, for exam-
ple, it is decided that the candidate can be admitted in spite of an
unfavourable answer from the Security Council, tollitzcrquczslio,
if not, the secondary hypothesis is not prejudged.

For that reason, it cannot be said that words or even entire
sentences have been omitted because they were redundant and did
not change the scope of the question, where they appeared only for
purposes of clarification.
2.-In disregarding the reasons for the absence of recommend-

ation, one is confronted by facts, the importance of which cannot
be minimized.
Indeed, it is easy to see that the original proposal of the Argentine
Republic made no reference to a case in which a permanent Member
had cast a negative vote ;the point was raised only after an inter-
vention by the Belgian delegate. Finally, the Dutch delegate pro-
posed the insertion of the following phrase as a preamble, the scope
of which cannot be neglected : DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 23
"The General Assembly,
Keeping in mind the distussion concerning the admission of
new Members in the Ad Hoc Political Committee at its fourth
regular session,
Requests the International Court of Justice to give an advisory
opinion on the follouing question :"

A study of the discussions shows that many States in the Com-
mission and in the General Assembly referred to the veto, approving
or criticizing it. Moreover, direct or indirect allusions to the same
question were made in the statements submitted to the Court.

3.-On the first question 1 agree entirely with the majority of
the Court ; because it is not possible to draw from the successive
intervention of two organs in any matter the conclusion that the
first step, which is merely introductory or preliminary, can be over-
looked.
1 consider also that it is not sufficient to rely upon an historical
element to reverse a clear conclusion deriving from the circum-
stances. It is true that one of the delegates called the attention of
his colleagues to the contents of a letter from the Secretary of the
Advisory Committee of Jurists, and that a decision was taken,
without opposition from the President, to insert the new inter-
pretation in the Report of Committee 1111.

But al1 this would not justify the conclusion that al1 delegations
gave this modification al1the attention it deserved, when it is well
known that (according to those who are in favour of using them)

the value of travaux préparatoiresis based, for purposes of inter-
pretation, on the voluntas legislatoris,to which no great importance
is attached to-day.
4.-It is now possible to pass to the second question, which
is much more complex.
First of all, the commentator is struck by the very unusual stress
put by the Charter on the aims and principles of the Organization ;

by a unanimous vote, the signatories also stressed that the obliga-
tions assumed by the Rlembers must be carried out in good faith.

That is mhy the interpretation of the San Francisco instruments
will always have to present a teleological character if they are to
meet the requirements of world peace, CO-operationbetween men,
individual freedom and social progress. The Charter is a means and
not an end. To comply with its aims one ~nust seek the methods of
interpretation most likely to serve the natural evolution of the
needs of rnankind.
Even more than in the applications of municipal law, the meaning
and the scope of international texts rnust continually be perfected,
even if the terms remain unchanged. This proposition is acceptable

23 DISSENTING OPIXION OF M. AZEVEDO 24
to any dogmatic system of law, and even to those who hold that

law should be autonomous and free from the interference of forces,
tendencies or influences alien to its proper sphere.

Literal interpretation will not prevail, even through the sinister
adage fiat justitia pereat mundws. The aims of the United Nations
must be served so that mankind may flourish.

5.-Even long practice, usually a good guide in interpretation,
cannot frustrate a pressing teleological requirement. In the present
case, this practice could not be more than four years old and would

not have a peaceful and undisputed character because of the oppo-
sition raised from the startby such States as Argentina and Cuba,
and even Australia, in a very special sense.

Precedents, whether isolated or repeated, prior or subsequent
to the Request for Opinion, cannot prevent an organ, even the one
which created them, from deter~nining the extent to which they can
be legally relied upon. In view of the failure of such means of con-
ciliation, as referring applications back for reconsideration, it

is understandable that an attempt should be made to find more
energetic methods, but it is necessary to consider first if these
methods are leçitimate.
It is aiways possible to retrace one's steps. For instance, the
efforts of the Argentine Republic failed one after the other, until
the time when, under the pressure of the ileeds which the 1J.S. are
called upon to satisfy, it was possible to gather forty-two votes,
even though this majority was formed only to clarify the doubts
espressed by a Member of the Organization, and even though it does
not imply acceptance of the arguments presented by this Mcmber.
However, this is no reason for not answering the question.

It is ~lsosuptriluous to quoLe the texts of the Rules of Proced~~re,
as these çannot be contra~y ta the law, of which they are on!y a
coniplenierit. Thcse tex-cs lricr~ly coiîfirm a practice, the strerigth
of which has jus^bct.11sho\vn.

6.--111 the cour,(> of interpretatiori. oiic: often tends to rernain
within the limits of 3 prt'li~iii~lür~.(~~lt.~~i(il.his is oi)vious i~i
the prcseiit caw, iii coiiiii.:<i!)ii n.ithe, ciipacit!; of rlicl orgnri

taking the decisioii to cs:lrnine :hi. validity oi tne iiiterl-ention oi
another 01-gaïi,in the first ~ihasi. ofthe procc,clure.Ir: this co:iiiesioii,
one ma3 scxt.kto cstablish as ;L ~i:itiirriil(, co~ipletc .scyir:itioli
of activities, so a5 to liinit tlictask of tlic svci)iitiorgaiiio tlic cvii-
sideratiori of the l)urcll\- fori~ial nsprct of thc "rr~comrnciidation". DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 25

For instance, in the present case, the question would depend upon
whether the word "recommendation" is used or not.

1 cannot accept such a strict view, even if it is out of place to
refer by analogy to the practice of countries which, in their muni-
cipal law, apply the judicial control of the constitutionality of
laws, even to such defects in the procedure of law-making, as an
error in the right of initiative of a particularhamber, the absence
of constitutional quorum, etc.

Only excessive respect for form will give it priority over sub-
stance.

7.-It is necessary to begin by rejecting the complete separation
of the vote and the recommendation ; this is more a quarrel of
words than a difference in substance.
There are not two deliberations, or even different aims. If there
were, this would lead to an absurdity, namely, the recognition
that, in spite of a unanimous vote or of a qualified majority under

Article 27, paragraph 3, the Security Council could refuse to make
an explicit recommendation, on the pretext of a mere interpreta-
tion of its votes.
The recommendation is based on the vote and cannot deviate
from it. Therefore, it is necessary to follow closely the true ele-
ments of the problem and not the phraseology of the document
of transmission, or even the name or title it has received, provided
it contains al1 the elements essential to the decision which the
competent organ is about to take.

8.-As a preliminary, it must be observed that the General
Assembly, notwithstanding express (Art. 12) or implied exceptions
(Arts. 5. 32 and 53, and 35, para. 2, of the Statute of the Court),
has retained a right to watch over al1 matters conceming the
United Nations, a right which was laid down in Article IO of the
Charter, the general scope of which is confirmed in Article II,
paragraph 4.
The right to discuss questions concerning the powers and func-.
tions of any one of the other organs justifies, in principle, the

Assembly in considering the validity of an act of the Security
Council from which it receives ordinary and special reports (Art. 24,
para. 3). This intervention is even more natural in connexion
with a preliminary act, following which the Assembly plays the
principal and final part and therefore is in a position to examine
the entire previous procedure.
The fact that in such cases the recommendations of the Security
Council are a necessary requirement is not incompatible with their
procedural character. It often happens that neglect of certain
acts of procedure having a specific purpose make the final decision
of any Court null ar,d void.

25 DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 26

9.-It is evident that the Charter has granted a sort of dual
personality to the Security Council. On one side, it is entrusted
with a series of functions which it performs in complete autonomy
and without interference, and it may even take the place of the
Assembly, as in the case of strategic areas. On the other hand, it
is placed on the same level as the other deliberative organs of the
United Nations.
In addition to the serious measures which the Council may take
independently of the control of any other organ, it acts, outside
its own sphere, as the preparatory agent in cases where decision

rests with the Assembly. For example, the Security Council makes
"recommendations" to the Assembly, in cases where the latter
has to decide (Art. 4),suspend (Art. 5), expel (Art. 6), determine
(Art. 93), appoint (Art. 97) or adopt (Art. 69 of the Statute of
the Court).
In this Second field, at least, it would not be possible to consider
as applicable without qualifications the rule whereby each organ
is competent to interpret the use of its own powers as it prefers.
Moreover, this rule, which could never justify arbitrary action,
flows a contrario sensu from the same feeble source already men-
tioned, namely, the rejection of an amendment during the drafting
of the Charter. The same travaux ~ré~aratoires would show that in

this case also possible conflicts between the interpretation of the
same text by two organs had been contemplated. Should these
conflicts remain unsolved, chaos would result in this Organization,
which is so complex that it has no water-tight compartments,
Save in exceptional and "transitory" cases.

Thus, even in the absence of an express text, and without even
needing to refer to the implied powers of the Assembly, it is possible
to argue that the latter has a certain autonomy in making a preli-
minary examination of the scope of the deliberations of the Council
concerning admission to membership.

IO.-Before considering the substance of the voting problem, it

is necessary to make another preliminary remark.
The Charter is based on the principle of sovereign equality
(Arts. 2,para. 1, and 78), the strength of which was beyond dispute
when the fifty States signed the San Francisco document. Most of
them were free from commitments and in particular from those
assumed by the Powers which had carried the heaviest load in the
figkt against fascism. In any case, other nations which had also
taken effective part in the war, and even those which had preferred
to abstain de jure or de facto, could conclude agree=ects freely,
having due regard, moreover, to the enormous contribution made
by the sponsoring Powers in favour of the restoration of peace. DISSESTING OPIPr'IOX OF II. AZEVEDO 27

-1rticle24, which is the keystone of the Charter, embodies the
alienation of their natural freedom accepted bythe nations convened
at San Francisco-alienation which would have a final or perpetual
character if no provision had been made reserring the right to
withclraw. The signatories of the Pact have granted exceptional
faculties to the Security Council, mhich, on the other hand, has
assumed duties, for the performance of which it has required that
proper, specific and clearly defined powers be granted to it. This

is the basis of a system which attempted to balance two forces
which enter into play :sovereign equality and concern for security
by means of world peace. The normal operation of the Organization
rests upon the even balance of these forces.
The concession accepted by the majority of States has led to a
series of consequences which are laid down, for example, in Articles
2j, paragraphs 2 and 5, 43, paragraph 1, 48 and 49. But it also
resulted in a series of duties for the Members of the Security Council,
especially those enjoj-ing the privilege of a permanent seat.

II.-In any case, this exceptional situation, nhich is the parti-
cular attribute of the Security Council, is linlied to the primary
responsibility for the maintenance of peace, embodied in Chapters
VI to VI11 of the Charter. To include an exceptional case, which
feu outside this field (Art. S3), it \\-asnecessary to extend to Chapter
XII the reference in .Article 2.4, paragraph 2.
The idea of security cannot assert itself with the same strength

wherever reference is made to the action of the Council ; a grada-
tion at least would be justified in view of a text \ilhich is soimport-
ant and under which such specific powers are granted (Art. 24,
para. 2 ;see also .Art. Ij,para. 1, in fine).
It is necessary to refer to the odiosarestringendaas a tribute to
this equality. Privileges cannot be interpreted in an extensive way.
It \\il1 thereforebe necessary to consider each case \t-ith the greatest
care, in order to determine mhether the limits indicated above are
esceeded, which limits characterize the autonomous aspect of the
Council's activity. rlrticle 2j is nothing more than a corollary to
the mandate conferred, and it cailnot therefore have a broader
scope than the test ~vhich precedcs it. It \\-ould also be useless to

recall the discussions and hesitations to n-hich the application of
this text has gi\-en rise, n-ithout forgetting el-en the uilfailing appeal
to frnvazf.~prépanztozres.
But, e\-en though such an article cailnot so1.i-ethe problem
finally, it n-il1 ah-aj-s be usefiil to consider the estension of the
concept of "decision" n-hich appears in it. Does it estend to
"recommendations" ?

12.-One cailnot expect the Charter to be a niodel of precision
and technique, made as it \vas by the hast'- adjustment of separate
parts prepared in different workshops. DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 28

Of course, any "recommendation" resulting from an act of
will may range from a mere opinion of no consequence to a
determination, based on the inherent moral strength of the organ
which has given it, and on indirect sanctions.

It is therefore impossible to confuse the two species, but if,
setting aside aii logical rigour, "decisions" were raised to the

rank of a genus, the specific characteristic of "recommendations"
would be that they do not carry the same degree of compulsion
as laid down in various provisions of the Charter. The two words
have even been used one beside the other, in order to indicate
a difference in the strength of the action of the Security Council
(Arts. 37, para. 2, 39 and 94).
It is useless to run the whole gamut of "recommendations"
of the Security Council to discover whether or not there are
exceptions falling under Article 25. In any case, it must almost
be recognized a fortiorithat this article cannot apply to "recom-
mendations" made by one organ to another, since the Members
of the Organization are not directly called upon therein to take
a certain action.

This refers merely to recommendations taken in
"the normal meaning of'the word recommendation, a meaning
which this word has retained in diplomatic language, as is borne
out by the practice of the Pan-American Conference,of theeague
of Nations, of the International Labour Organization".

This is what seven judges of this Court said on the occasion
of the decision on the preliminary objection in the Corfu Channel
case (I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948, p. 32).

13.-The really important thing is to verify whether the
expression "decision" has the same meaning in Articles 25 and 27,

for it could well be argued that, while denying that "recom-
mendations" have compulsory character, it was necessary to apply
the rule of the unanimous vote for the adoption of these" recom-
mendations". In that case, "decisions" under the meaning of
Article 2j would not be "decisions" under Article 27, where
the same word would have a broader meaning. But to reach
this conclusion it would be necessary to depart from the literal
interpretation of texts.
Moreover,. the Security Council has given a first example of
departure from the letter of the texts by considenng al1 along
that abstention during the vote was compatible with the fact
that Article 27, paragraph 3, required the vote of all permanent

Members-even when the latter were carrying out duties and
acting on behalf of third parties (Art. 24, para..It was considered
that this faculty was established for the sole benefit of the voter,
28 DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 29

and, therefore, that the latter could decide not to use it, in
application of the ancient adage invito benefitium non datur.
After al1 these difficulties, it would never have been possible
to include "recommendations" in the concept of "decisions",
except in cases dealt with in the chapters mentioned in Article 24,
paragraph 2, especially when the recommendation was addressed
precisely to the organ which had to take the only "decision"
in the matter.

14.-But if one considers that "recommendations" outside the
specific sphere of the Council do not come under Article 27,
what voting system should he applied to them ?

The classic rule of international law requiring a unanimous
vote has already been impaired, in the regional 4merican agree-
ments (see Treaties of Rio de Janeiro and Bogota, 1947/1948) ;
and the Charter, too, has rejected it even in the most important

cases (Articles 108 and 109, para. 1).
The majority of seven votes could be considered by the com-
mentator as the one which best corresponds to the system of
the Charter, for the simple majority constitutes an exception in
the sole case of the election of judges (Statute, Article IO). This
solution can be reconciled with the provisions of Article 18
requiring a qualified majority for the vote in the Assembly.
This majority, moreover, has no analogy with the case of the
veto,which is characterized as an individual privilege. In addition,
Article 18 reveals a certain hesitancy in the choice of matters
requiring a 213 majority-budgetary matters have been included,
whereas the appointment of the Secretary-General has been left out.
In order to reach such a conclusion, it is of course necessary
to extend the sphere of analogy. But in my opinion it would be

much bolder to generalize an exceptional rule, which, as we shall
see later, was. adopted with great difficulty.
15.-If one should refuse, however, to accept any other general
voting rule outside Article 27, and if one were compelled to bring
the case of admissiori within the rigid framework of this text, the

solution ~vould not be different unless, this time, one confined
oneself to the literal meaning of the words.
Volume II of the works of the San Francisco Conference gives
clear indications coslcerising the Yalta formula, the adoption of
nlhich assumed almost dramatic character. Frequent and energetic
appeals by the sponsoring Poxvers were necessary and more than
once reference \vas rrladc to rhe memory of President Roosevelt.
Professioi~s of moderatioil, wisdom, discretion in the use of the
veto (without abtis~) xverc i~iadc in Conirnittet' 11111.

-4 substantial majority which opposed this privilege finally
consented to cast a favourable vote or to abstain, not without

29 DISSENTIKG OPISIOS OF 31. AZEVEDO 30

stating the extreme reasons ww-hicb hrought about this capitulation,
namely, that a high price had to be paid for the creation of the
Gnited Sations. Some of the States even explained that they
consented in the hope that the voting procedure would be made
more flexible wvhenconsideration of the texts dealing with the
procedure of revision of the Charter \Tas taken up. Subsequentky,
this hope \vas also frustrated.
In accepting this abdication, the signatories of the Charter did
not fail to Say that they trusted that the Great Powers would make
reasonable use of the exceptional powers wvhichthey consented
to grant them.

16.-The commentator cannot overlook such elements in stu-
dying the consequences to be dra1s.nfrom the aims and principles

which are constantly referred to.
Nor is that all. At a certain time the delegations opposed to the
formula stated their objections and requested the sponsoring Powers
to answer a questionnaire. It must be noted in passing that the
questions put, as well as the amendments proposed by several
countries (includingFrance, before she accepted the Yalta formula),
confined themselves to giving the same meaning to the word "deci-
sion" in the present texts of Article25 and 27 or, more clearly, to
exclude from the privileged vote the "recommendations" made
under Chapter VI. In respect of powers confe.rredupon the Council
outside its own sphere of activity, there is no indication of any
intention of applying the Yalta formula to them.

The answer to the questionnaire assumed a solemn character ;
besides constituting a fresh declaration of impartial intentions, this
document is the basis of any study of the problem.
It matters little that it kvasnot formally voted on or that it did
not have the value of a pact. It cannot be denied that this reply

was the instrument which permitted the formation of the reluctant
majority necessary for the adoption of the Yalta formula. Several
delegations made resewations as to the terms of the document
which did not give them full satisfaction, particularly the answer
to the only question retained. But it is indisputable thatthe sign-
atones of the document bound themselves by determining the true
sense of the said formula. Moreover, they are constantly invoking
it and stressing its binding force.
It must be noted that this is not an ordinary element of the
travaux firéfiaratoires,hich can often lend themselves to contra-
dictory use, like a double-edgedweapon.
Four Members of this Court have already said

"Without wishing to embark upon a general examinationand
assessment of the value of resorting to travaux préparatoires in
therenis a case in whichthis practice is justified, it is when those

3" DISSENTING OPINION DE M. AZEVEDO 3I

who negotiated the treaty have embodied in an interpretative
regarding the meaning attached by them to a particular article
of the treaty." (I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948,p. 87.)

There is much more in the present case : a preliminary agreement
was made to break the deadlock involving a matter which is at the
very heart of the Charter. This was pointed out in Committee 11111.
This exchange of view did not result in the expression of an indivi-
dual thought, but in the determination of the value of words, thus
making possible a common denominator or a single language.

17.-The parties were thus prepared to determine the concept of
"procedurc" to which it was probably possible to give by agreement
a particular sense, which departed more or less from the usual and
traditionai nieaning in order to characterize an entirely new bal-
loting process.

With this determination in mind, the so-cded method of "resi-
dues" was applied, and those caseswere descnbed in which complete
agreement of the Five Powers was required; by a process of elirnin-
ation there remained cases of "procedure" chosen by an opposite
process to the one which the reading of the texts which were pro-
posed and finally adopted would lead one to suppose (Art. 27,
paras. 2 and 3).
Such is the ~nethod adopted in the letter of June 7th, 1945
(U.N.C.I.O., Vol Ir, p. 754, English text Vol II, p.711). the signa-
tories of which stated that the Security Council,
''.
in discharging its responsibilities for the maintenance of
international peace and security, will have two broad groups
of functions".
They then proceeded to explain the nature of the measures to
be taken in settling disputes, removing threats to the peace,
etc., by adding :

"it will also have to make decisions which do not involve the
taking of such measures. The Yalta formula provides that the
second of these two g~oups of decisions will be governed by a
procedural vote, that is, the vote of any seven Members. The
first group of decision would be governed by a qualified vote ...."
They were saying, not that questions of procedure would be
submitted to a certain qzrorzm, but that a procedzoravlote would
be applied to questions other than those which entailed specific
measures-which is an entirely different thing, although the
letter of the texts is deliberately departed from.

18.-In this famous Declaration of San Francisco, the Great
Powers then showed the necessity of submitting to the same
qualified vote the meàsures laid down in Chapter VI : DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 32
"This chain of events begins when the Counciidecides to make
an investigation or determines that the time has come to caii
upon States to settle their differencesor makes recommendations
to the parties."

The truth of this argument cannot be denied in spite of the
strong opposition which it met. Indeed, the action of the Security
Council makes itself felt only in stages, although it requires an
uninterrupted and uniform direction. It -.vould not be desirable
to start in a certain direction and change this direction half-way.
This. would create conflicts instead of solving them. Therefore,
the same voting system must be applied from the first measures
taken by the Council, even if these are merely preventive.

That is why it was necessary to adopt in Article 27, paragraph 3,
the formula "decisions ....on all other matters", decisions which
always fa11 within the limits indicated above. The document
doubtless mentions in detail hypothetical cases of procedure by
refemng to the present text of Articles 28 to 32 and even to

Article 35. But this is only by way of an example.

Except for this continuity, there would be no sufficient reason
for strengthening the value of the word "decision" wherever it
is used. A conflict would thus be created with the system of the
Charter by extending the formula beyond the limits of former
Chapter VI11 of the Dumbarton Oaks proposals.
In the admission of new Members, the influence of security is
remote and, on the other hand, the other aims and principles of
the United Nations would undoubtedly play a role of the greatest
importance. It may be recalled, incidentally, that various States
on several occasions suggested the acceptance of al1 applications
without discrimination in exchange for the withdrawal of objec-
tions which had previously been raised.
In this connexion, the assimilation of the case of admission to
those of suspension and expulsion is not conclusive, particularly

with regard to the faculty which the Security Council admittedly
has to restore to its rights and privileges a State which has been
suspended by the General Assembly, because this case deals
only with specific action previously taken by the Council. On
the other hand, Article 5, while reserving this action to the field
of world security, seeks to protect Members against an abuse
of authority ; this protection is obviously granted in the case
of restoration of rights and privileges-sublata causa toliitur
egectus. In a very similar case, outside the field of peace, such
as delay in payments, suspension of the right to vote does not
depend upon the action of the Çecurity Council.

19.-Finally, it must not be forgotten that after the laborious
.vote in the Committee the latter, on the initiative of the Steering

32 DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 33

Committee, concerned itself with the nomination of the Secretary-
General. It was pointed out at the time that the question should be
considered prejudged in view of the distinction which had been
previously made between substance and procedure, but it was
doubtless too late to change what had already been established
and to go beyond the limits indicated hereabove.
To accept and generalize such a solution, it would be necessary
to attribiite exceptional importance to one element of the travazcx
préparatoireswhich emerged in conditions which were similar, or
perhaps even worse, than those surrounding the passage which
was originally relied upon by the Argentine delegation.
Indeed, in both cases, what was involved was a modification
introduced at the last moment and referred to only in a report by
a Committee, although this report is regarded as an integral part
of the Commission's report and was adopted at the last moment
and immediately by the plenary meeting without special comment,

as happened for example in the matter concerning the withdrawal
of Members of the United Nations. It might be said that in the
case referred to by the Argentine Republic the Co-ordination
Committee and Advisory Committee of Jurists could introduce
only changes in the form ; but actually Committee 1111,in view
of a suggestion which might have come from any source whatever,
actually deliberated within the framework of its own competence
before its work was finished. About the same thing happened in
Committee 11111,which, moreover, simply declared nul1 and void
a decision which had already been taken by a substantial majority
in an organ of the same rank, Committee 1111(U.N.C.I.O., Vol. II,
P. 575).

20.-This is not the place to appreciate the value of declarations
and resolutions which have not received sufficient publicity, of
which the General Assembly has not been specially informed and

to which the ratification by the signatory States did not extend.
It might be sufficient to point out that the case under Article 97
was especially provided for in the decision of June 13th, 1945
(U.N.C.I.O., loc. cit.). It would be risky however to generalize
this decision.
The criterium which was solemnly adopted to characterize the
word "procedural" was to continue to be applied to other cases,
especially when it was better adapted to them. This applies pre-
cisely to cases of admission where the complex character of the
procedure was stressed by the amendments to the Rules ofProcedure
of the Council andthe Assembly dealing with the possibility ofsend-
ing applications back for reconsideration and with the obligation
for the Council to report in case of the absence of recommendation.
These modifications stressed a subordination which does not
appear at al1in cases where the activity of the Council is exercised
in an exclusive and principal capacity. DISSENTING OPINION OF M. -4ZEVEDO 34
21.-From all the foregoing and in particular from the special
agreement which preceded the acceptance by States of a partial
restriction of their sovereignty in accordance with Article 24 and
related texts, it would seem to emerge that the word "decision",
as it has been used in Arti27,cannot be extended to a "recom-

mendation" of the Security Council addressed to another organ
to which has been left the "decision" in a certain case, even if
the recommendation is necesary. Even if we preferred that
Article 27 should exceed the specific powers of the Security
Council, and go so far as to include the case of the admission
of new Members, we should be justified in considering such a
question as depending upon "procedure" after the technique
contained in the solemn explanation which the sponsoring Powers
had supplied beforehand had been laid down.
Therefore, if, in the report from the Secunty Council, the
General Assembly observes that the applicant State has obtained
the votes of any seven Members of the Council, it may freely
decide to accept or reject the applicant. On the other hand, if
the application has not obtained seven favourable votes, the
Assembly would be under obligation to take note of the absence
of a recommendation preventing any final discussion.

(Signed) PHILADELPH AO EVEDO.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. AZEVEDO

Je regrette de ne pouvoir me rallier à l'opinion de la majorité
de la Cour pour les motifs qui suivent :

I. - Tout d'abord, je ne puis accepter la suppression de la
partie la plus importante, à mon avis, de la demande adressée
à la Cour.
On n'a pas demandé à celle-ci, d'une manière générale ou
absolue, si un nouveau Membre peilt êtreaùmis iorsque le Conseil
de Sécuritén'a pas recommandé son admission, rriais, exactement,
lorsque cette absence de recommandation est due à des motifs
nettement indiqués et dont l'exarneri conduirait à deux questions
tout à fait différentes, l'une touchant au double sens, positii ou
négatif, du mot (crecommandation 11,et l'aurre se rapportant au
problème du veto.

Bien que revêtant une forme indirecte, ia demande d'avis
n'en prévoit pas moins clairement le cas où un candidat, ayant
obtenu sept voix affirmatives, a fait l'objet d'tine manifestation
négative de la part d'un Membre permanent du Conseil.

blême si l'on envisage de préférence l'objet pratique de la
demande, on est obligé de constater que, sous cet aspect, les
questions dont il s'agit s'enchaînent conditionnellement selon un
procédé courarnment adopté. Si l'on considère d'abord l'hypothése
majeure et si l'on arrive par exemple à accepter que le candidat
soit admis, nonobstant une réponse défa\-orable du Conseil de

Sécurité,tollitz~rqz~czs,.lm,ais, dans le cas contraire, l'hypothèse
mineure ne serait pas préjugée.
Donc, l'omission de mots et méme de phrases entières rie se
justifie pas par la considération qu'ils seraient superflus et ne
modifieraient pas la portée de la demande puisqu'ils n'y figuraient
qu'à titre purement explicatif.

2.- En retranchanr les motifs qui auraient conduit à l'ab-
sence de recommandation, on doit se heurter à des circonstances
de fait, dont l'importance ne saurait être dirr1ir:uéè.
En effet, il est facile de voir que la proposition prt-mi&rc de la
République argentine ne faisait aucune allusion ûus cas d'op-
position d'un Membre permanent ; c'est seulement à la suite d'iirie
intervention du délégué belgequ'un tel point a. éréintroduit ;
finalement, le déléguénéerlandais a 1,roposC d'ins6rer coinrne
préambule la formule suivante, doiit la 1)ortCt !ic pciit 1x1sgtrc
négligée :

22 DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO

[Translation]

1 regret that 1am unable to concur in the opinion of the majority
ofthe Court for the following reasons:
1.-First of all,1 cannot agree tothe omission of what 1 consider
to be the most important part of the question submitted to the
Court.
The Request does not ask the Court to Say in a general way

whether a State could be admitted when the Council had made no
recommendation. It refers precisely to the case when absence of
recommendation is due to specified reasons, consideration ofwhich
would give rise to two entirely different questions, one dealing with
the dual meaning, positive or negative, of the word "recommenda-
tion", and the other dealing with the problem of the veto.

Even though the Request for an Opinion has approached the
question from an indirect angle, none the less it clearly contem-
plates the case in which an applicant State, which has obtained
seven positive votes, has been opposed by a permanent Member of
the Council.
Even viewed from a practical angle, it must be admitted that
the questions are interdependent by application of a familiar logical
method. If the principal hypothesis is considered, and if, for exam-
ple, it is decided that the candidate can be admitted in spite of an
unfavourable answer from the Security Council, tollitzcrquczslio,
if not, the secondary hypothesis is not prejudged.

For that reason, it cannot be said that words or even entire
sentences have been omitted because they were redundant and did
not change the scope of the question, where they appeared only for
purposes of clarification.
2.-In disregarding the reasons for the absence of recommend-

ation, one is confronted by facts, the importance of which cannot
be minimized.
Indeed, it is easy to see that the original proposal of the Argentine
Republic made no reference to a case in which a permanent Member
had cast a negative vote ;the point was raised only after an inter-
vention by the Belgian delegate. Finally, the Dutch delegate pro-
posed the insertion of the following phrase as a preamble, the scope
of which cannot be neglected : OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. AZEVEDO
23
(L'Assembléegénérale,
Ayant présents à l'esprit les débats auxquels la question de
l'admission de nouveaux Membres a donné lieu B la Commission
politique spécialeau cours de la quatrième session ordinaire,
Prie la Cour internationale de Justice de donner un avis consul-
tatif sur la question suivante :))

Si on parcourt ces débats, on constate que beaucoup d'États
se sont référés au veto, d'une manière contraire ou favorable, soit
dans ladite Commission, soit à l'Assemblée générale.On trouve
aussi des allusions directes ou indirectes à la même uestion dans
les observations présentées à la Cour par plusieurs Ztats.

3. - Pour la première des questions, je suis pleinement d'ac-
cord avec la maiorité de la Cour. car de l'intervention successive
de deux organes dans une affaire quelconque, on ne peut tirer la
conclusion que la première phase soit négligeable - elle est sim-
plement initiale ou préliminaire.
J'estime également qu'il n'est pas suffisant d'invoquer un
élément d'ordre historique pour infirmer une conclusion précise
à laquelle les circonstances permettent d'aboutir. Certes, il y a
eu l'intervention d'un déléguépour attirer l'attention de ses col-
lègues sur le contenu de la lettre du secrétaire du Comité consul-
tatif de juristes, et il a eu une décision, prise sans aucune opposi-

tion par le président, d'insérer la nouvelle interprétation dans le
rapport du Comité 1111.
Mais tout cela ne suffirait pas pour permettre de cOnclure que
toutes les délégationsont accordél'attention due à une telle modifi-
cation, lorsqu'on sait bien que la valeur des travaux préparatoires
est basée, d'après les partisans de leur emploi, sur la volunfns
legislatoris,à laquelle pourtant on n'accorde pas aujourd'hui une
grande valeur.

4. - On peut ainsi passer à la seconde question, qui est d'ail-
leurs beaucoup plus complexe.
Tout d'abord, I'interpréte est prévenu par la manière tout à fait
inusitée dont la CI-iartea insisté sur les buts et principes de l'Or-
,ganisation ; par l'unanimité des voix de ses signataires, elle a
encore souligné que les obligations auxquelles les Membres se sont
soumis doivent être remplies de bonne foi.
C'est pourquoi l'interprétation des textes de San-Francisco

devra toujours présenter un caractère téléologique pour donner
satisfaction aux exigences de la paix mondiale, de la coopération
entre les hommes, de la liberté individuelle et du progrès social.
La Charte est un moyen et non une fin, et, pour arriver aux objec-
tifs visés, on devra chercher les procédésd'interprétation les plus
capables de servir àl'évolution naturelle des besoins de l'humanité.
Encore plus que dans les applications du droit interne, le sens
et la portée de ces textes internationaux doivent se perfectionner
incessamment, même si leurs terrnes restent inchangés. Une telle DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 23
"The General Assembly,
Keeping in mind the distussion concerning the admission of
new Members in the Ad Hoc Political Committee at its fourth
regular session,
Requests the International Court of Justice to give an advisory
opinion on the follouing question :"

A study of the discussions shows that many States in the Com-
mission and in the General Assembly referred to the veto, approving
or criticizing it. Moreover, direct or indirect allusions to the same
question were made in the statements submitted to the Court.

3.-On the first question 1 agree entirely with the majority of
the Court ; because it is not possible to draw from the successive
intervention of two organs in any matter the conclusion that the
first step, which is merely introductory or preliminary, can be over-
looked.
1 consider also that it is not sufficient to rely upon an historical
element to reverse a clear conclusion deriving from the circum-
stances. It is true that one of the delegates called the attention of
his colleagues to the contents of a letter from the Secretary of the
Advisory Committee of Jurists, and that a decision was taken,
without opposition from the President, to insert the new inter-
pretation in the Report of Committee 1111.

But al1 this would not justify the conclusion that al1 delegations
gave this modification al1the attention it deserved, when it is well
known that (according to those who are in favour of using them)

the value of travaux préparatoiresis based, for purposes of inter-
pretation, on the voluntas legislatoris,to which no great importance
is attached to-day.
4.-It is now possible to pass to the second question, which
is much more complex.
First of all, the commentator is struck by the very unusual stress
put by the Charter on the aims and principles of the Organization ;

by a unanimous vote, the signatories also stressed that the obliga-
tions assumed by the Rlembers must be carried out in good faith.

That is mhy the interpretation of the San Francisco instruments
will always have to present a teleological character if they are to
meet the requirements of world peace, CO-operationbetween men,
individual freedom and social progress. The Charter is a means and
not an end. To comply with its aims one ~nust seek the methods of
interpretation most likely to serve the natural evolution of the
needs of rnankind.
Even more than in the applications of municipal law, the meaning
and the scope of international texts rnust continually be perfected,
even if the terms remain unchanged. This proposition is acceptable

2324 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. AZEVEDO
solution est admise par n'importe quel dogmatisme juridique même
par ceux qui soutiennent la pleine autonomie du droit, affranchi

de toute intervention des forces, tendances ou influences étrangères
à son domaine propre.
Ainsi, l'interprétation littérale ne réussira pas à s'imposer
mêmesi elle se cache derrière le sombre fiat justitia pereamundus ;
au contraire, pour que l'humanité fleurisse, il faut servir les fins
que vise l'O. N. U.

5. - Même une longue pratique, qui, en général, fournit à
l'interprète d'excellentes indications, ne peut faire obstacle à
une exigence pressante d'ordre téléologique ;daris le cas présent,
elle n'aurait d'ailleurs que quatre ans, et ne pourrait mêmepas
présenter un caractère paisible ou incontesté, à raison de trou-
bles causés dès le premier moment par des protestations de cer-

tains Etats, comme l'Argentine et Cuba, et même de l'Australie,
dans un sens tout particulier.
Des précédents, qu'ils soient isolés ou répétés,antérieurs ou
postérieurs à la demande d'avis, ne peuvent ainsi empêcher un
organe, même celuiqui est l'auteur de ces précédents,de rechercher
dans quelle mesure ils peuvent être juridiquement invoqués.
Devant l'insuffisance d'un procédé conciliatoire, par exemple,
le renvoi des candidatures, il està concevoir qu'on se préoccupe
de trouver d'autres moyens plus énergiques, mais dont il faudrait
au préalable s'assurer qu'ils sont légitimes.
Il est toujours temps de rebrousser chemin. On voit par exemple
que les efforts de la République argentine ont échouél'un après
l'autre jusqu'au moment où, sous la pression des besoins que

l'O.N. U. est appelée à satisfaire, on est arrivéà réunir quarante-
deux voix, bien que cette majorité se soit formée seulement pour
élucider des doutes manifestés par un Membre de l'organisation,
et qu'elle ne comporte pas adhésion aux arguments déployés
par lui. Mais ce n'est pas non plus un motif pour qu'on s'abstienne
de répondre.
Il est également superflu d'invoquer des textes d'un règlement
interne, qui ne peut pas foncièrement entrer en conflit avec la
loi, à laquelle il sert de simple complément ; en effet, ces textes
se bornent à confirmer une pratique, dont on vient de voir quelle
est la force.

6. - Dans le doniaifie de l'exégèse, on se heurte souvent à

la tendance de demeurer dans le cadre d'urie question préliminaire ;
on le constate dans le cas présent à propos de la capacitk de
l'organe auquel incombe la décision pour examiner la régularité
de l'intervention d'un autre organe qui conduit la première phase
de la procédure. Dans cet ordre d'idées, on peut s'efforcer d'ériger
en règle naturelle la séparation complkte des activités, de manière
à limiter la tâche du second organe à l'examen de l'aspect pure-

24 DISSENTING OPIXION OF M. AZEVEDO 24
to any dogmatic system of law, and even to those who hold that

law should be autonomous and free from the interference of forces,
tendencies or influences alien to its proper sphere.

Literal interpretation will not prevail, even through the sinister
adage fiat justitia pereat mundws. The aims of the United Nations
must be served so that mankind may flourish.

5.-Even long practice, usually a good guide in interpretation,
cannot frustrate a pressing teleological requirement. In the present
case, this practice could not be more than four years old and would

not have a peaceful and undisputed character because of the oppo-
sition raised from the startby such States as Argentina and Cuba,
and even Australia, in a very special sense.

Precedents, whether isolated or repeated, prior or subsequent
to the Request for Opinion, cannot prevent an organ, even the one
which created them, from deter~nining the extent to which they can
be legally relied upon. In view of the failure of such means of con-
ciliation, as referring applications back for reconsideration, it

is understandable that an attempt should be made to find more
energetic methods, but it is necessary to consider first if these
methods are leçitimate.
It is aiways possible to retrace one's steps. For instance, the
efforts of the Argentine Republic failed one after the other, until
the time when, under the pressure of the ileeds which the 1J.S. are
called upon to satisfy, it was possible to gather forty-two votes,
even though this majority was formed only to clarify the doubts
espressed by a Member of the Organization, and even though it does
not imply acceptance of the arguments presented by this Mcmber.
However, this is no reason for not answering the question.

It is ~lsosuptriluous to quoLe the texts of the Rules of Proced~~re,
as these çannot be contra~y ta the law, of which they are on!y a
coniplenierit. Thcse tex-cs lricr~ly coiîfirm a practice, the strerigth
of which has jus^bct.11sho\vn.

6.--111 the cour,(> of interpretatiori. oiic: often tends to rernain
within the limits of 3 prt'li~iii~lür~.(~~lt.~~i(il.his is oi)vious i~i
the prcseiit caw, iii coiiiii.:<i!)ii n.ithe, ciipacit!; of rlicl orgnri

taking the decisioii to cs:lrnine :hi. validity oi tne iiiterl-ention oi
another 01-gaïi,in the first ~ihasi. ofthe procc,clure.Ir: this co:iiiesioii,
one ma3 scxt.kto cstablish as ;L ~i:itiirriil(, co~ipletc .scyir:itioli
of activities, so a5 to liinit tlictask of tlic svci)iitiorgaiiio tlic cvii-
sideratiori of the l)urcll\- fori~ial nsprct of thc "rr~comrnciidation".25 OPISION DISSIDENTE DE JI. .UEVEDO
ment formel de la « recommandation ».Dans le cas présent, par
exemple, tout dépendrait du fait que le mot «recommandation ))
est ou non employé.

Je ne peux me rallier à une manière de voir aussi rigoureuse,
mème s'il est déplacéd'invoquer par analogie la pratique interne
des pays qui adoptent le contrhle judiciaire de l'inconstitutionna-
lité des lois, y compris les défauts constatés dans la procédure
d'élaboration de celles-ci, par exemple une erreur dans le pouvoir
d'initiative attribué à une Chambre déterminée, l'absence de
qztorztmconstitutionnel, etc.
Seul un respect exagérépour la forme pourra attribuer à celle-ci
la primauté sur le fond.

7. - On doit, au contraire, commencer par écarter laséparation
absolue entre le vote et la recommandation, qui correspond plutôt
à une querelle de mots qu'à une différence essentielle.
Il n'y a pas deux délibérations ni mêmedes buts différents à
atteindre, car on aboutirait, dans la voie contraire, jusqu'à l'absurde
en admettant que, nonobstant l'unanimité ou la majorité qualifiée

de l'article27, par. 3, le Conseil deSécuritépourrait, quand même,
se refuser à une recommandation explicite, sous prétexte d'une
simple interprétation de son vote.
Le vote est la source unique de la recommandation, qui ne peut
s'en écarter ;partant, il faut se tenir aux données réelles du pro-
blème et non à la teneur du document de transmission ou mêmeau
nom ou titre donnéà celui-ci, à la condition qu'il contienne tous les
élémentsessentiels à la décisionque va prendre l'organe compétent
à cet effet.

8.- Il faut constater préalablement que l'Assembléegénérale,
sous réserve des exceptions expresses (art. 12) OU implicites (art. 5,
32 et 83, et35, par.2, du Statut de la Cour), a conservé un droit de
regard sur toutes les choses de l'O. N. U., lequel a étéétabli par
l'articleIO de la Charte, dont la portée généralea étéconfirméepar
l'articleII, par. 4.

La faculté de discuter les questions relatives aux pouvoirs et
fonctions de l'un quelconque des autres organes justifie en principe
que l'Assemblée examine la légitimité d'un acte du Conseil de
Sécurité,dont elle reçoit des rapports ordinaires et spéciaux (art. 24,
par. 3). Cette intervention s'explique encore davantage lorsqu'il
s'agit d'un acte préliminaire à la suite duquel l'Assemblée joue le
rôle principal et final, ce qui lui permet d'apprécier toute la procé-
dure antérieure.
L'attribut de nécessitéaccordé dans ces cas aux recommanda-
tions du Conseil n'est nullement incompatible avec un caractère

procédural ;souvent, l'oubli de certains actes de procédure qui ont
un but spécifiqueentraîne la nullitéde la décision finalede n'importe
quelle Cour.
2 5 DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 25

For instance, in the present case, the question would depend upon
whether the word "recommendation" is used or not.

1 cannot accept such a strict view, even if it is out of place to
refer by analogy to the practice of countries which, in their muni-
cipal law, apply the judicial control of the constitutionality of
laws, even to such defects in the procedure of law-making, as an
error in the right of initiative of a particularhamber, the absence
of constitutional quorum, etc.

Only excessive respect for form will give it priority over sub-
stance.

7.-It is necessary to begin by rejecting the complete separation
of the vote and the recommendation ; this is more a quarrel of
words than a difference in substance.
There are not two deliberations, or even different aims. If there
were, this would lead to an absurdity, namely, the recognition
that, in spite of a unanimous vote or of a qualified majority under

Article 27, paragraph 3, the Security Council could refuse to make
an explicit recommendation, on the pretext of a mere interpreta-
tion of its votes.
The recommendation is based on the vote and cannot deviate
from it. Therefore, it is necessary to follow closely the true ele-
ments of the problem and not the phraseology of the document
of transmission, or even the name or title it has received, provided
it contains al1 the elements essential to the decision which the
competent organ is about to take.

8.-As a preliminary, it must be observed that the General
Assembly, notwithstanding express (Art. 12) or implied exceptions
(Arts. 5. 32 and 53, and 35, para. 2, of the Statute of the Court),
has retained a right to watch over al1 matters conceming the
United Nations, a right which was laid down in Article IO of the
Charter, the general scope of which is confirmed in Article II,
paragraph 4.
The right to discuss questions concerning the powers and func-.
tions of any one of the other organs justifies, in principle, the

Assembly in considering the validity of an act of the Security
Council from which it receives ordinary and special reports (Art. 24,
para. 3). This intervention is even more natural in connexion
with a preliminary act, following which the Assembly plays the
principal and final part and therefore is in a position to examine
the entire previous procedure.
The fact that in such cases the recommendations of the Security
Council are a necessary requirement is not incompatible with their
procedural character. It often happens that neglect of certain
acts of procedure having a specific purpose make the final decision
of any Court null ar,d void.

25 26 OPIXION DISSIDENTE DE M. AZEVEDO

9. - On peut encore facilement constater que la Charte a
attribué au Conseil de Sécuritéune sorte de double personnalité
- d'un côtéon lui a conféréune sériede fonctions qu'il accomplit
en toute autonomie et sans supporter aucune immixtion, pouvant
même sesubstituer à l'Assemblée, comme dans le cas des zones
stratégiques ; de l'autre côté il est mis sur le mêmerang que les
autres organes délibératifsde l'O. N. U.

Ainsi, auprès des graves mesures qu'il peut prendre sans être
soumis au contrôle de n'importe quel autre organe, il travaiUe, en
dehors de son activité spécifique, comme agent préparatoire dans
des cas où la décisionappartient toutefois à l'Assemblée.11 y a par
exemple des ;recommandations » du Conseil de Sécuritéadressées
à l'Assembléedans des cas où celle-ci doit décider (art. q),suspendre
(art.5), exclure (art. 6), déterminer (art. 93, nommer (art. 97) ou
adopter (Statut de la Cour, art. 69).
Donc, au moins dans ce second domaine on ne pourrait considé-
rer comme applicable sans conditions la règle selon laquelle il
incombe à chaque organe d'adopter l'interprétation qu'il préfèreen
ce qui est del'usage de sesproprespouvoirs ;d'ailleurs, une telle règle
qui ne saurait jamais autoriser l'arbitraire, est issue contrario sensu
deJa mêmefaible origine déjà signalée, savoir, le refus d'un amen-

dement pendant l'élaboration de la Charte. Or, les mêmestravaux
préparatoires révéleraient que làaussi on avait prévu des confits
surgissant de l'interprétation d'un mêmetexte par deux organes ;
si de tels conflits restaient sans solution, l'on aboutirait à l'anarchie
dans cette organisation, si complexe qu'elle ne comporterait pas de
compartiments étanches sinon à titre exceptionnel et en quelque
sorte transitoire.
Ainsi, malgré l'absence d'un texte exprès et sans avoir même
besoin d'invoquer les pouvoirs implicites de l'Assemblée, on peut
soutenir que celle-ci possède une certaine autonomie pour procéder
à un examen préalable sur la portée des délibérations du Conseil
au sujet de l'admission des Membres.

IO. - Avant d'arriver au fond de la question du vote, une
autre observation préalable s'impose.
La Charte s'est fondée sur le principe de l'égalité souveraine
(art. 2,par. I, et 78),dont la force restait hors de doute au moment
où les cinquante Etats étaient en train de signer le document
de San-Francisco ; en grande majorité, ils n'étaient liéspar aucun
engagement, spécialement par ceux qu'auraient assumés les Puis-
sances sur lesquelles la tâche d'abattre le fascisme avait pesé
le plus lourdement. De toute façon, les autres nations qui avaient
aussi participé effectivement à la guerre, et même celles qui
avaient préféré l'abstention de jure ou de facto,pouvaient pactiser
librement, tout en prenant en considération, d'ailleurs, l'énorme

contribution apportée par les Puissances invitantes en faveur
de la restauration de la paix. DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 26

9.-It is evident that the Charter has granted a sort of dual
personality to the Security Council. On one side, it is entrusted
with a series of functions which it performs in complete autonomy
and without interference, and it may even take the place of the
Assembly, as in the case of strategic areas. On the other hand, it
is placed on the same level as the other deliberative organs of the
United Nations.
In addition to the serious measures which the Council may take
independently of the control of any other organ, it acts, outside
its own sphere, as the preparatory agent in cases where decision

rests with the Assembly. For example, the Security Council makes
"recommendations" to the Assembly, in cases where the latter
has to decide (Art. 4),suspend (Art. 5), expel (Art. 6), determine
(Art. 93), appoint (Art. 97) or adopt (Art. 69 of the Statute of
the Court).
In this Second field, at least, it would not be possible to consider
as applicable without qualifications the rule whereby each organ
is competent to interpret the use of its own powers as it prefers.
Moreover, this rule, which could never justify arbitrary action,
flows a contrario sensu from the same feeble source already men-
tioned, namely, the rejection of an amendment during the drafting
of the Charter. The same travaux ~ré~aratoires would show that in

this case also possible conflicts between the interpretation of the
same text by two organs had been contemplated. Should these
conflicts remain unsolved, chaos would result in this Organization,
which is so complex that it has no water-tight compartments,
Save in exceptional and "transitory" cases.

Thus, even in the absence of an express text, and without even
needing to refer to the implied powers of the Assembly, it is possible
to argue that the latter has a certain autonomy in making a preli-
minary examination of the scope of the deliberations of the Council
concerning admission to membership.

IO.-Before considering the substance of the voting problem, it

is necessary to make another preliminary remark.
The Charter is based on the principle of sovereign equality
(Arts. 2,para. 1, and 78), the strength of which was beyond dispute
when the fifty States signed the San Francisco document. Most of
them were free from commitments and in particular from those
assumed by the Powers which had carried the heaviest load in the
figkt against fascism. In any case, other nations which had also
taken effective part in the war, and even those which had preferred
to abstain de jure or de facto, could conclude agree=ects freely,
having due regard, moreover, to the enormous contribution made
by the sponsoring Powers in favour of the restoration of peace.27 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. AZEVEDO

L'article 24, clef de voûte de la Charte, a marqué l'aliénation
de leur liberté naturelle consentie par ces nations réunies à San-
Francisco - aliénation qui aurait un caractère définitif ou per-
pétuel, si l'on n'avait pas réservéla faculté de se retirer. En
effet, les signataires du Pacte ont octroyé des facultés exception-
nelles au Conseil de Sécurité, qui, en revanche, a assumé des
devoirs dont l'accomplissement a exigé de son côté la concession

de pouvoirs propres ou spécifiques, nettement déterminés.Ce jeu
est à la base d'un système qui s'est efforcéd'équilibrer lesdeux
forces dont l'incidence a étéménagée : l'égalité souveraineet le
souci de sécuritépar le moyen de la paix mondiale. De l'exacte
pesée de ces forces dépendra l'action normale de l'organisation.
La concession acceptée par la majorité des États a produit
envers eux une série de conséquences, indiquées par exemple
dans les articles 2j, par. 2, 5,43, par. 1,48 et 49. Mais il en résulte
aussi une série de devoirs pour les Rilembresdu Conseil de Sécurité,

spécialement pour ceux qui ont le privilège d'occuper un siège
permanent.
II. - En tout cas, .cette situation exceptionnelle qui est
l'apanage du Conseil de Sécurité est restéeliéeaux moyens spéci-

fiques de surveillance de la paix encadrés dans les chapitres VI
à VI11 de la Charte ; pour inclure un cas sporadique envisagé
en dehors (art. S3), il a fallu étendre au chapitre XII la référence
contenue dans l'article 24, par. 2.
Donc, la notion de sécuriténe pourrait pas s'imposer avec la
même intensité partout où il j7a une référence à l'action du
Conseil ; une gradation au moins se justifierait en face du texte
capital où se trouvent indiqués tels pouvoirs spécifiques (art. 24,
par. 2; voir aussi art. 15, par. 1, in fine).

L'odiosa resiringenda doit être invoquée en hommage à cette
égalité; les privilèges ne pouvant pas être interprétés d'une
manière extensive, il faudra donc examiner chaque cas avec
toutes les précautions, si on passe outre aux limites ci-dessus
signalées et qui caractérisent la face d'autonomie que présente
ledit Conseil. L'article 2j n'est plus qu'un corollaire du mandat
conféréet il ne peut par conséquent avoir une portée plus large
que celle du texte qui le précède. Il serait aussi inutile de rappeler
les discussions et hésitations auxquelles l'application de ce texte

a donné lieu sans oublier mêmel'indéfectible appel aux travaux
préparatoires.
Mais, bien qu'un tel article ne puisse trancher définitivement
la question, il sera toujours utile d'examiner l'extension du concept
de « décision » qui y est contenu : comprend-il également les
(recommandations 1)?

12. - On ne peut espérer que la Charte soit un modèle de
précision et de technique, issue comme elle l'est d'un ajustement
hâtif des pièces fabriquées dans plusieurs chantiers. DISSESTING OPIPr'IOX OF II. AZEVEDO 27

-1rticle24, which is the keystone of the Charter, embodies the
alienation of their natural freedom accepted bythe nations convened
at San Francisco-alienation which would have a final or perpetual
character if no provision had been made reserring the right to
withclraw. The signatories of the Pact have granted exceptional
faculties to the Security Council, mhich, on the other hand, has
assumed duties, for the performance of which it has required that
proper, specific and clearly defined powers be granted to it. This

is the basis of a system which attempted to balance two forces
which enter into play :sovereign equality and concern for security
by means of world peace. The normal operation of the Organization
rests upon the even balance of these forces.
The concession accepted by the majority of States has led to a
series of consequences which are laid down, for example, in Articles
2j, paragraphs 2 and 5, 43, paragraph 1, 48 and 49. But it also
resulted in a series of duties for the Members of the Security Council,
especially those enjoj-ing the privilege of a permanent seat.

II.-In any case, this exceptional situation, nhich is the parti-
cular attribute of the Security Council, is linlied to the primary
responsibility for the maintenance of peace, embodied in Chapters
VI to VI11 of the Charter. To include an exceptional case, which
feu outside this field (Art. S3), it \\-asnecessary to extend to Chapter
XII the reference in .Article 2.4, paragraph 2.
The idea of security cannot assert itself with the same strength

wherever reference is made to the action of the Council ; a grada-
tion at least would be justified in view of a text \ilhich is soimport-
ant and under which such specific powers are granted (Art. 24,
para. 2 ;see also .Art. Ij,para. 1, in fine).
It is necessary to refer to the odiosarestringendaas a tribute to
this equality. Privileges cannot be interpreted in an extensive way.
It \\il1 thereforebe necessary to consider each case \t-ith the greatest
care, in order to determine mhether the limits indicated above are
esceeded, which limits characterize the autonomous aspect of the
Council's activity. rlrticle 2j is nothing more than a corollary to
the mandate conferred, and it cailnot therefore have a broader
scope than the test ~vhich precedcs it. It \\-ould also be useless to

recall the discussions and hesitations to n-hich the application of
this text has gi\-en rise, n-ithout forgetting el-en the uilfailing appeal
to frnvazf.~prépanztozres.
But, e\-en though such an article cailnot so1.i-ethe problem
finally, it n-il1 ah-aj-s be usefiil to consider the estension of the
concept of "decision" n-hich appears in it. Does it estend to
"recommendations" ?

12.-One cailnot expect the Charter to be a niodel of precision
and technique, made as it \vas by the hast'- adjustment of separate
parts prepared in different workshops. 28 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. AZEVEDO
Certes, toute« recommandation n résultant d'un acte de volonté
a une valeur qui peut aller d'un simple avis sans conséquence
jusqu'à une détermination appuyée non seulement par la force
morale inhérente à l'organe qui s'est prononcé,mais encore par
des sanctions indirectes.
On ne peut donc confondre les deux espèces,mais ci, en écartant
toute rigueur logique, on en venait A accorder aux ((décisions n
le rang d'un genre, ce qui caractériserait spécifiquement les
«recommandations »,c'est qu'elles ne comportent pas au même
degréla contrainte prévuepar plusieurs dispositions de la Charte.
On trouve même lesdeux termes employésl'un auprèsde l'autre
pour marquer une différencede force dans l'action du Conseil
de Sécurité(art. 37, par. 2, 39 et 94).
Mais il est sans intérêtde parcourir toute la gamme des«recom-
mandations » du Conseil de Sécuritéafin de découvrir s'il y a
ou non des exceptions auxquelles pourrait s'appliquer l'article 25.
En effet, de toute manière, on doit, presquea fortiorr ec,nnaître
que cet article ne peut s'appliquer à des ((recommandations u
adressées par un organe à un autre, puisque les Membres de
l'organisation n'y sont pas appelés directement à exercer une
certaine action.

Il s'agit donc de simples recommandations comprises au
«sens habituel du terme recommandation, sens que ce terme
a conservédans la langue diplomatique, ainsi que l'atteste la
pratique desConférencepsanaméricaines, dleSociétCdesNations,
de l'organisation internationaleduTravailB

- c'est ce que sept juges de cette Cour ont dit à l'occasion
du jugement sur l'exception préliminaire dans l'affaire du canal
de Corfou (C. 1. J. Recueil 1947-1948,p. 32).

13. - Cequi importe vraiment, c'est de constater si l'expression
« décision»a le mêmesens dans les articles 25 et 27, car il pourrait
bien se produire que, tout en refusant un caractère obligatoire aux
«recommandations », on considérât comme nécessairela règle de
l'unanimité pour que ces «recommandations 1)fussent adoptées.
Alors, des «décisions» au sens de l'article 25 ne constitueraient pas
des «décisions))au sens de l'article 27, dans lequel le mêmemot
aurait une portéebien plus large, mais pour amver à cette conclu-
sion on serait obligéd'abandonner l'exégèselittérale des textes.

D'ailleurs, le Conseil de Sécurité a donnéun premier exemple
d'abandon formeldes textes en considérantd'une manièreconstante
que l'abstention pendant le vote était compatible avec le fait que
l'article 27, par.exigeles ou de tous les Membrespermanents -
et cela bien que ceux-ci s'acquittent des devoirs, et agissent dans
cecas au nom de tiers (art.4,par. 1).On a considéré qu'il s'agissait
quand mêmed'une facultécrééedans le seul intérêtdu votant, et
28 DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 28

Of course, any "recommendation" resulting from an act of
will may range from a mere opinion of no consequence to a
determination, based on the inherent moral strength of the organ
which has given it, and on indirect sanctions.

It is therefore impossible to confuse the two species, but if,
setting aside aii logical rigour, "decisions" were raised to the

rank of a genus, the specific characteristic of "recommendations"
would be that they do not carry the same degree of compulsion
as laid down in various provisions of the Charter. The two words
have even been used one beside the other, in order to indicate
a difference in the strength of the action of the Security Council
(Arts. 37, para. 2, 39 and 94).
It is useless to run the whole gamut of "recommendations"
of the Security Council to discover whether or not there are
exceptions falling under Article 25. In any case, it must almost
be recognized a fortiorithat this article cannot apply to "recom-
mendations" made by one organ to another, since the Members
of the Organization are not directly called upon therein to take
a certain action.

This refers merely to recommendations taken in
"the normal meaning of'the word recommendation, a meaning
which this word has retained in diplomatic language, as is borne
out by the practice of the Pan-American Conference,of theeague
of Nations, of the International Labour Organization".

This is what seven judges of this Court said on the occasion
of the decision on the preliminary objection in the Corfu Channel
case (I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948, p. 32).

13.-The really important thing is to verify whether the
expression "decision" has the same meaning in Articles 25 and 27,

for it could well be argued that, while denying that "recom-
mendations" have compulsory character, it was necessary to apply
the rule of the unanimous vote for the adoption of these" recom-
mendations". In that case, "decisions" under the meaning of
Article 2j would not be "decisions" under Article 27, where
the same word would have a broader meaning. But to reach
this conclusion it would be necessary to depart from the literal
interpretation of texts.
Moreover,. the Security Council has given a first example of
departure from the letter of the texts by considenng al1 along
that abstention during the vote was compatible with the fact
that Article 27, paragraph 3, required the vote of all permanent

Members-even when the latter were carrying out duties and
acting on behalf of third parties (Art. 24, para..It was considered
that this faculty was established for the sole benefit of the voter,
28 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. AZEVEDO
29
partant susceptible de n'êtrepas exercée en vertu du vieil adage
inzlzto benefitium nolz datadr.

Après toutes ces difficultés, on ne serait jamais arrivé à inclure
les cfrecommandations )) dans la notion de <cdécision N, sauf pour
les cas contenus dans le; chapitres mentionnés à l'article 24, par.2,
surtout si la recommandation est adresske précisCrnent à l'organe
qui doit prononcer la seule ((décision jidans l'affaire.

14. - Mais si l'on considère que les ((recommandations )) en
dehors du domaine spécifique de l'action di1 Conseil ne sont pas
cou~~ertespar l'article 27, quel pourrait êtrele système de votation
auquel elles sont soumises ?

La règle classique dans le droit international exigeant l'unanimité
des voix est déjàbattue en brèche, et pas seulement dans les accords
régionaux américains (v.g. Traités de Rio-de-Janeiro et de Bogota,
194711948) ; la Charte mêmel'a écartéejusque dans les cas les plus
importants (articles 108 et 109, par. 1).
La majorité de sept voix peut être considéréepar l'interprète
comme celle qui correspond le mieux au système de la Charte, car
la simple majorité constitue une exception pour le seul cas de l'élec-

tion des juges (Statut, article IO). Cette solution n'est pas incon-
ciliable avec les dispositions de l'article 18, qui exige pour le vote
à l'Assemblée une majorité qualifiée laquelle ne présente d'ailleurs
aucune analogie avec le droit de veto, caractérisécomme un privi-
llige individuel. Au surpIus, l'article 18 dénonce une certaine hésita-
tion dans le choix des matières dépendant d'une majorité des deux
tiers - ainsi l'on a inclus les questions budgétaires. tandis qu'on a

4carté la nomination du Secrétaire genéral.
Sans doute, pour arriver à une telle conclusion il faut élargir les
proportions de l'analogie, mais il serait à mon avis beaiicoup plus
hardi de généraliserune règle exceptionnelle, adoptée péniblement,
comme on va le constater plus loin.

15. - Si cependant l'on refusait de reconnaître toute autre
règle généralede votation en dehors de l'article 27 et si l'on était
obligéde soumettre le cas d'admission au cadre rigide de ce texte,
on n'arriverait pas à une solution différente, à moins de se cantonner
seulement cette fois au sens littéral des termes.

Le volume II des travaux de la Conférence de San-Francisco
donne des précisions très nettes sur la formule de 'Ialta, dont
l'acceptation a pris une allure presque dramatique. Il a fallu de
fréquents et énergiques appels de la part des Puissances invitantes
et, plus d'une fois, l'invocation de la mémoire du président Roose-
velt ; l'on a manifesté devant le Comité 11111 des intentions de
modération, de sagesse, de discrétion dans l'usage du veto, sans

aucun abus.
La grande majorité qui s'opposait au privilège a, à la fin, accepté
d'émettre un vote favorable ou de s'abstenir, mais non sans révéler

29 DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 29

and, therefore, that the latter could decide not to use it, in
application of the ancient adage invito benefitium non datur.
After al1 these difficulties, it would never have been possible
to include "recommendations" in the concept of "decisions",
except in cases dealt with in the chapters mentioned in Article 24,
paragraph 2, especially when the recommendation was addressed
precisely to the organ which had to take the only "decision"
in the matter.

14.-But if one considers that "recommendations" outside the
specific sphere of the Council do not come under Article 27,
what voting system should he applied to them ?

The classic rule of international law requiring a unanimous
vote has already been impaired, in the regional 4merican agree-
ments (see Treaties of Rio de Janeiro and Bogota, 1947/1948) ;
and the Charter, too, has rejected it even in the most important

cases (Articles 108 and 109, para. 1).
The majority of seven votes could be considered by the com-
mentator as the one which best corresponds to the system of
the Charter, for the simple majority constitutes an exception in
the sole case of the election of judges (Statute, Article IO). This
solution can be reconciled with the provisions of Article 18
requiring a qualified majority for the vote in the Assembly.
This majority, moreover, has no analogy with the case of the
veto,which is characterized as an individual privilege. In addition,
Article 18 reveals a certain hesitancy in the choice of matters
requiring a 213 majority-budgetary matters have been included,
whereas the appointment of the Secretary-General has been left out.
In order to reach such a conclusion, it is of course necessary
to extend the sphere of analogy. But in my opinion it would be

much bolder to generalize an exceptional rule, which, as we shall
see later, was. adopted with great difficulty.
15.-If one should refuse, however, to accept any other general
voting rule outside Article 27, and if one were compelled to bring
the case of admissiori within the rigid framework of this text, the

solution ~vould not be different unless, this time, one confined
oneself to the literal meaning of the words.
Volume II of the works of the San Francisco Conference gives
clear indications coslcerising the Yalta formula, the adoption of
nlhich assumed almost dramatic character. Frequent and energetic
appeals by the sponsoring Poxvers were necessary and more than
once reference \vas rrladc to rhe memory of President Roosevelt.
Professioi~s of moderatioil, wisdom, discretion in the use of the
veto (without abtis~) xverc i~iadc in Conirnittet' 11111.

-4 substantial majority which opposed this privilege finally
consented to cast a favourable vote or to abstain, not without

2930 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. AZEVEDO

les raisons extrêmes qui l'ont conduite à cette capitulation, savoir
entre autres qu'un prix élevédevait être ayépour éviter l'impos-
sibilité de fonder l'O.N. U. ; quelques I tas ont mêmeexpliqué
qu'ils se soumettaient dans l'espoir que la formule de vote serait
assouplie, lors de l'examen des textes relatifs à la procédure de
revision de la Charte, espoir lui aussi resté vain par la suite.

En acceptant une telle abdication, les signataires dela Charte
n'ont pas oublié de dire qu'ils faisaient confiance aux grandes
Puissances pour user raisonnablement des pouvoirs exceptionnels
qu'ils se résignaient à leur conférer.

16.- L'interprète ne peut se passer de tels élémentsen étudiant
les conséquencesà tirer en vue des buts et principes à tout moment
rappelés.
Mais ce n'est pas tout : à un certain moment, les délégations
opposéesà la formule ont préciséleurs objections et demandé aux
Puissances invitantes de répondre à un questionnaire. Il faut
remarquer, en passant, que les questions posées, ainsi que les
amendements présentés par plusieurs pays, mêmepar la France,
avant de se rallier à la formule de Yalta, se bornaient à don-
ner le mêmesens au mot « décision» dans les textes des actuels
articles 25 et27 ou, plus clairement, à exclure du vote privilégié

les «recommandations »faites dans le champ di1 chapitre VI ; en
ce qui est des attributions conféréesau Conseil en dehors de son
cadre d'activité propre, il n'y a pas de trace qu'on ait pensé à
appliquer la formule de Yalta.
La réponse au questionnaire a revêtuun caractère solennel ; à
côté d'une nouvelle affirmation d'intentions impartiales,ce docu-
ment constitue la base de tout examen du problème.
Peu importe qu'on ne l'ait pas voté formellement ou qu'il n'ait
pas présentéla valeur d'un pacte ; on ne peut contester que cette
réponse ait étél'instrument permettant la formation, bien qu'à
contre-cŒur, de la majorité nécessaireà l'adoption de la formule
de Yalta. Plusieurs délégations ont fait des réserves quant aux
termes de ce document qui ne leur a pas donné eqtière satisfaction,
spécialement pour la réponse à la seule question retenue. Mais il
est incontestable que les signataires du document se sont engagés,
en fixant le vrai sens de ladite formu;ed'ailleurs, ils ne se lassent
pas de I'invoquer et d'en souligner la force.
Il faut remarquer qu'il ne s'agit pas d'un élémentcourant des
travaux préparatoires, qui souvent se prêtent à des usages contra-
dictoires, comme une arme à deux tranchants.
Quatre juges de cette Cour ont déjà remarqué ce qui suit :
aSans vouloir examiner ni apprécierd'une manière générale
s'ielst justifiéde recourir aux travaux préparatoirespour inter-
préterun traité,il faut admettre que, s'ilest un cas dans lequel ce
procédéest justifié, c'est lorsqueceuxqui ont négociéle traité DISSENTIKG OPISIOS OF 31. AZEVEDO 30

stating the extreme reasons ww-hicb hrought about this capitulation,
namely, that a high price had to be paid for the creation of the
Gnited Sations. Some of the States even explained that they
consented in the hope that the voting procedure would be made
more flexible wvhenconsideration of the texts dealing with the
procedure of revision of the Charter \Tas taken up. Subsequentky,
this hope \vas also frustrated.
In accepting this abdication, the signatories of the Charter did
not fail to Say that they trusted that the Great Powers would make
reasonable use of the exceptional powers wvhichthey consented
to grant them.

16.-The commentator cannot overlook such elements in stu-
dying the consequences to be dra1s.nfrom the aims and principles

which are constantly referred to.
Nor is that all. At a certain time the delegations opposed to the
formula stated their objections and requested the sponsoring Powers
to answer a questionnaire. It must be noted in passing that the
questions put, as well as the amendments proposed by several
countries (includingFrance, before she accepted the Yalta formula),
confined themselves to giving the same meaning to the word "deci-
sion" in the present texts of Article25 and 27 or, more clearly, to
exclude from the privileged vote the "recommendations" made
under Chapter VI. In respect of powers confe.rredupon the Council
outside its own sphere of activity, there is no indication of any
intention of applying the Yalta formula to them.

The answer to the questionnaire assumed a solemn character ;
besides constituting a fresh declaration of impartial intentions, this
document is the basis of any study of the problem.
It matters little that it kvasnot formally voted on or that it did
not have the value of a pact. It cannot be denied that this reply

was the instrument which permitted the formation of the reluctant
majority necessary for the adoption of the Yalta formula. Several
delegations made resewations as to the terms of the document
which did not give them full satisfaction, particularly the answer
to the only question retained. But it is indisputable thatthe sign-
atones of the document bound themselves by determining the true
sense of the said formula. Moreover, they are constantly invoking
it and stressing its binding force.
It must be noted that this is not an ordinary element of the
travaux firéfiaratoires,hich can often lend themselves to contra-
dictory use, like a double-edgedweapon.
Four Members of this Court have already said

"Without wishing to embark upon a general examinationand
assessment of the value of resorting to travaux préparatoires in
therenis a case in whichthis practice is justified, it is when those

3"3I OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. AZEVEDO
ont exprimé,dans une résolutioninterprétative ou une disposition
analogue,leur intention précisetouchant le sens qu'ils ont attribué
à un article du traité.))(C. 1. J. Recueil 1947-194p 8.,87.)

Dans le cas présent, on trouve beaucoup plus : il s'est formé
une entente préalable pour sortir de l'impasse constatée dans le
cŒur mêmede la Charte, comme on l'a remarqué au Comité 11111;
de cet entretien est résultée, non l'expression d'une pensée indi-
viduelle, mais une fixation de la valeur des mots, afin de rendre

possible un diviseur commun ou un seul langage.
17. - On était donc disposé à fixer la notion de (procédure »,

à laquelle il était sans doute possible d'attribuer par accord un
sens particulier, plus ou moins écartédu sens courant et tradi-
tionnel,pour caractériser un système descrutin tout à fait nouveau.

En vue de cette fixation, on a appliqué la méthode dite des
résidus, en définissant les cas où l'accord complet des cinq Puis-
sances serait exigé ;par élimination, il reste les cas de procédure,
choisis par un procédéopposé à celui que ferait supposer la lecture
des textes proposésetquiont finalement prévalu (art. 27, par. 2et 3).

Voilà la méthode adoptée dans la lettre du 7 juin 1945
(TJ S .C. 1. O., v. II, p. 7j4), dont les signataires ont déclaré
que le Conseil de Sécurité,

((en s'acquittant de ses responsabilités relatives au maintien de
la paix et de la sécurité internationales, devra faire faceà deux
grandes catégoriesde fonctions ».
Ensuite, ils ont expliqué la nature des mesures à prendre pour

régler les différends, éliminer les menaces contre la paix, etc.,
tout en ajoutant :
(i! devra également prendre des décisionsqui n'entraîneront pas
la nécessité detelles mesures. La formille de Yalta prévoit que
la seconde de ces deux catégoriesde ditcisions sera régie par un
vote de procédure,c'est-à-direle vote de sept Membresquelconques.
Quant à la premièrecatégorie,eiiesera régiepar un vote qualif...n

On a dit, non que les questions de procédureseraient soumises
à un certain quorunt, mais qu'un vote de procédarre serait appliqué
aux questions autres que celles qui entraînent des mesures spéci-
fiques, ce qui est une chose tout à fait différente, quoique s'écartant
délibérémentde la lettre des textes.

18. - Dans cette fameuse Déclaration de San-Francisco, les
grandes Puissances démontrent ensuite la nécessitéde soumettre
au mêmevote qualifié les mesures consignées au chapitre .VI en
ces termes : DISSENTING OPINION DE M. AZEVEDO 3I

who negotiated the treaty have embodied in an interpretative
regarding the meaning attached by them to a particular article
of the treaty." (I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948,p. 87.)

There is much more in the present case : a preliminary agreement
was made to break the deadlock involving a matter which is at the
very heart of the Charter. This was pointed out in Committee 11111.
This exchange of view did not result in the expression of an indivi-
dual thought, but in the determination of the value of words, thus
making possible a common denominator or a single language.

17.-The parties were thus prepared to determine the concept of
"procedurc" to which it was probably possible to give by agreement
a particular sense, which departed more or less from the usual and
traditionai nieaning in order to characterize an entirely new bal-
loting process.

With this determination in mind, the so-cded method of "resi-
dues" was applied, and those caseswere descnbed in which complete
agreement of the Five Powers was required; by a process of elirnin-
ation there remained cases of "procedure" chosen by an opposite
process to the one which the reading of the texts which were pro-
posed and finally adopted would lead one to suppose (Art. 27,
paras. 2 and 3).
Such is the ~nethod adopted in the letter of June 7th, 1945
(U.N.C.I.O., Vol Ir, p. 754, English text Vol II, p.711). the signa-
tories of which stated that the Security Council,
''.
in discharging its responsibilities for the maintenance of
international peace and security, will have two broad groups
of functions".
They then proceeded to explain the nature of the measures to
be taken in settling disputes, removing threats to the peace,
etc., by adding :

"it will also have to make decisions which do not involve the
taking of such measures. The Yalta formula provides that the
second of these two g~oups of decisions will be governed by a
procedural vote, that is, the vote of any seven Members. The
first group of decision would be governed by a qualified vote ...."
They were saying, not that questions of procedure would be
submitted to a certain qzrorzm, but that a procedzoravlote would
be applied to questions other than those which entailed specific
measures-which is an entirely different thing, although the
letter of the texts is deliberately departed from.

18.-In this famous Declaration of San Francisco, the Great
Powers then showed the necessity of submitting to the same
qualified vote the meàsures laid down in Chapter VI :32 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. AZEVEDO
«Lachaîne d'événementc sommencelorsque le Conseildécide
defaireuneenquête oudéterminequele momentest venu d'inviter
lesEtats à réglerleurs différendou bien adresserdes recomman-
dations aux parties en cause. »
On ne peut nier la justesse de cette argumentation, en dépit
de la forte opposition qu'elle a provoquée. En effet, l'action du
Conseil de Sécurité se fait sentir par étapes, tout en exigeant
une uniformité de direction sans aucune solution de continuité ;
il ne serait pas souhaitable de commencer une marche dans une
certaine direction et de changer à mi-chemin, car des confiits
seraient créésau lieu d'êtrerésolus. Par conséquent, le même
système de vote doit s'appliquer à partir des premières mesures
prises par le Conseil, encore qu'à titre preventif.
Voilà la raison pour laquelle on a étéobligé d'adopter à
l'article 27, par. 3, la formule «les décisionssur toutes autres
questions », lesquelles sont toujours contenues dans les limites
ci-dessus indiquées. Sans doute le document fait une allusion
détaillée à des hypothèses de procédure,invoquant les situations
comprises dans les actuels articles 28 à 32 et mêmedans l'arti-
cle 35, mais c'est à titred'exemple seulement.
En dehors de cette continuité, il n'y aurait pas de ai sonssuffi-
santes pour forcer la valeur du mot (décision ))partout où ilest
employé ; on se mettrait mêmeen opposition avec le système de la
Charte en élargissantla formule air delà des bomes de l'ancien cha-
pitre VI11 des propositions de Dumbarton Oaks.
Dans l'admission des Membres, l'influence de la sécurité serait
trèslointaine, et en revanche lesautres butsetprincipesdel'o. N. C.
joueraient incontestablement un rôle de plus grande importance.
On pourrait rappeier, entre parenthèses, le fait qu'à plusieurs
reprises différentsÉtats ont proposél'acceptation de tous les can-
didats sans discrimination, moyennant le retrait des objections
auparavant soulevées.
Acepropos, on ne doit pas considerércommetout à fait pertinente
l'assimiiation de l'hypothèse d'admission à celies de suspension et
d'expulsion, surtout en ce qui concerne la faculth déféréaeu Conseil
de Sécurité derétablirles droits du Membre suspendu par l'Assem-
blée,car il s'agit d'un cas ayant seulement trait à une action spé-
cifique préalablement entaméepar ce Conseil. Au contraire, l'arti-
cle 5, tout en réservant cette activité dans le cadre de la sécurité
mondiale, tâche de protégerles Membrescontre un abus depouvoir,
protection qui est tout naturellement dispenséelorsqu'il s'agit de la
réintégration dedroits - szcblatacausa tollitur e8ectus. Dans une
situation tout à fait en dehors du domaine de la paix, comme celle
du retard des payements, la suspension di1droit de vote ne dépend
nullement de l'intervention du Conseilde Sécurité.

19. - Il ne faut finalement pas oublier qu'après le vote labo-
rieux au sein du Comité,celui-ci, par l'initiative du Comité de

32 DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 32
"This chain of events begins when the Counciidecides to make
an investigation or determines that the time has come to caii
upon States to settle their differencesor makes recommendations
to the parties."

The truth of this argument cannot be denied in spite of the
strong opposition which it met. Indeed, the action of the Security
Council makes itself felt only in stages, although it requires an
uninterrupted and uniform direction. It -.vould not be desirable
to start in a certain direction and change this direction half-way.
This. would create conflicts instead of solving them. Therefore,
the same voting system must be applied from the first measures
taken by the Council, even if these are merely preventive.

That is why it was necessary to adopt in Article 27, paragraph 3,
the formula "decisions ....on all other matters", decisions which
always fa11 within the limits indicated above. The document
doubtless mentions in detail hypothetical cases of procedure by
refemng to the present text of Articles 28 to 32 and even to

Article 35. But this is only by way of an example.

Except for this continuity, there would be no sufficient reason
for strengthening the value of the word "decision" wherever it
is used. A conflict would thus be created with the system of the
Charter by extending the formula beyond the limits of former
Chapter VI11 of the Dumbarton Oaks proposals.
In the admission of new Members, the influence of security is
remote and, on the other hand, the other aims and principles of
the United Nations would undoubtedly play a role of the greatest
importance. It may be recalled, incidentally, that various States
on several occasions suggested the acceptance of al1 applications
without discrimination in exchange for the withdrawal of objec-
tions which had previously been raised.
In this connexion, the assimilation of the case of admission to
those of suspension and expulsion is not conclusive, particularly

with regard to the faculty which the Security Council admittedly
has to restore to its rights and privileges a State which has been
suspended by the General Assembly, because this case deals
only with specific action previously taken by the Council. On
the other hand, Article 5, while reserving this action to the field
of world security, seeks to protect Members against an abuse
of authority ; this protection is obviously granted in the case
of restoration of rights and privileges-sublata causa toliitur
egectus. In a very similar case, outside the field of peace, such
as delay in payments, suspension of the right to vote does not
depend upon the action of the Çecurity Council.

19.-Finally, it must not be forgotten that after the laborious
.vote in the Committee the latter, on the initiative of the Steering

32 33 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. AZEVEDO

Direction, s'est occupéde la nomination du Secrétaire général.A ce
moment, on a remarqué que la question devait êtretenue pour
préjugéeen présence de la distinction auparavant faite entre fond
et procédure. Mais, sans doute, il était trop tard pour modifier les
données déjà établies et franchir les bornes ci-dessus indiquées.

Pour accepter et généraliserune telle solution, il faudrait cepen-
dant accorder une im~ortance exce~tionnelle à un élément des
I
travaux préparatoires, nédans des conditions pareilles, ou peut-être
pires, que le passage initialement invoqué par la délégation argen-
tine sans aucun succès.
En effet,là comme ici, il s'agissait d'une modification introduite
au dernier moment et seulement signalée dans un rapport du
Comité,bien que ce rapport soit considéré commepartie intégrante
du rapport de la Commission, approuvé d'emblée par la réunion
plénière sans un commentaire spécial, comme il est arrivé par
exemple à propos du retrait des Membres de l'O. N. U. Sans doute
on pourrait dire que dans le cas invoqué par la République argen-
tine, le Comité de coordination et le Comitéconsultatif de juristes
né pouvaient introduire que des modifications de forme, mais en
véritéle Comité 1111, en présence d'une suggestion qui pourrait
provenir de n'importe quelle source, avait délibérédans le cadre de

sa propre compétenceavant que son travail fût terminé. X peu près
la mêmechose est amvée au Comité11111qui, au surplus, a déclaré
nulle et non avenue la décisiondéjàprise à une grande majorité par
un organe du mêmerang,le Comité 1111 (U. Y. C.1.O., v.II,p. 575).

20. - Ce n'est pas le lieu d'apprécier la valeur de déclarations
et résolutions dépourvues d'une publicité suffisante dont lJAssem-
blée n'a pas étéspécialement avertie et auxquelles la ratification
des Etats signataires ne s'est pas étendue.
On pourrait seulement constater que le cas de l'article 97 a été
spécialement prévudansla décisiondu 13 juin 1945 (u.N. C.1.O.,

loc. cit.)et,il serait pourtant hasardeux de la généraliser.

Le criterizlm adopté solennellement pour caractériser le mot
procédure ))devait continuer à s'appliquer à d'autres cas, surtout
lorsqu'il s'y trouve mieux placé. C'est exactement le cas d'admis-
sion, où la complexité de la procédure a étémise en grand relief
par les amendements introduits dans les règlements internes du
Conseil et de l'Assembléetouchant le renvoi des candidatures à un
nouvel examen et l'obligation pour le Coriseil de préseriter un
corilnte rendu dans les cas de non-recommandation.
ces modifications ont souligné un lien de dépe~ida~icedont on
ne trouve nulle trace lorsque l'activité attribuée au Conseil de

Sécuritése déploie à titre principal et exclusif. DISSENTING OPINION OF M. AZEVEDO 33

Committee, concerned itself with the nomination of the Secretary-
General. It was pointed out at the time that the question should be
considered prejudged in view of the distinction which had been
previously made between substance and procedure, but it was
doubtless too late to change what had already been established
and to go beyond the limits indicated hereabove.
To accept and generalize such a solution, it would be necessary
to attribiite exceptional importance to one element of the travazcx
préparatoireswhich emerged in conditions which were similar, or
perhaps even worse, than those surrounding the passage which
was originally relied upon by the Argentine delegation.
Indeed, in both cases, what was involved was a modification
introduced at the last moment and referred to only in a report by
a Committee, although this report is regarded as an integral part
of the Commission's report and was adopted at the last moment
and immediately by the plenary meeting without special comment,

as happened for example in the matter concerning the withdrawal
of Members of the United Nations. It might be said that in the
case referred to by the Argentine Republic the Co-ordination
Committee and Advisory Committee of Jurists could introduce
only changes in the form ; but actually Committee 1111,in view
of a suggestion which might have come from any source whatever,
actually deliberated within the framework of its own competence
before its work was finished. About the same thing happened in
Committee 11111,which, moreover, simply declared nul1 and void
a decision which had already been taken by a substantial majority
in an organ of the same rank, Committee 1111(U.N.C.I.O., Vol. II,
P. 575).

20.-This is not the place to appreciate the value of declarations
and resolutions which have not received sufficient publicity, of
which the General Assembly has not been specially informed and

to which the ratification by the signatory States did not extend.
It might be sufficient to point out that the case under Article 97
was especially provided for in the decision of June 13th, 1945
(U.N.C.I.O., loc. cit.). It would be risky however to generalize
this decision.
The criterium which was solemnly adopted to characterize the
word "procedural" was to continue to be applied to other cases,
especially when it was better adapted to them. This applies pre-
cisely to cases of admission where the complex character of the
procedure was stressed by the amendments to the Rules ofProcedure
of the Council andthe Assembly dealing with the possibility ofsend-
ing applications back for reconsideration and with the obligation
for the Council to report in case of the absence of recommendation.
These modifications stressed a subordination which does not
appear at al1in cases where the activity of the Council is exercised
in an exclusive and principal capacity. OPINION DISSIDENTE DE 31.AZEVEDO
34
21. - De tout ce qu'on vient d'exposer, notamment de l'accep-
tation par les États de la restriction de leur souveraineté contenue
dans l'article 24 et les textes qui s'y rattachent, il semble résulter
que le terme «décision n,comme il a étéemployédans l'article 27,

ne peut s'étendreà une «recommandation » du Conseilde Sécurité,
adressée à un autre organe, auquel on a laisséla «décision))d'un
certain cas, mêmesi la recommandation est nécessaire. Mais, si
on préféraitvoir l'article 27 dépasser les pouvoirs spécifiquesdu
Conseil de Sécurité, pouramver jusqu'à l'hypothèse de l'admission
de nouveaux Xembres, on serait fondé à considérer une telle
question comme relevant de la ((procédure »,une fois établie la
technique contenue dans l'explication ,solennelle que les Puis-
sances intitantes avaient fournie d'avance.

Donc, si, dans le compte rendu émanant du Conseil de Sécu-
rité, l'Assembléegénéraleconstate que le candidat a obtenu les
voix de sept Xembres quelconques dudit Conseil, elle pourra
décider librement l'acceptation ou le refus d'un nouveau Membre.
Dans le cas contraire, c'est-à-dire si la candidature n'a pas obtenu
sept rois favorables, 1'-Assemblée serait obligée de constater le
refus de recommandation empêchant toute délibérationde carac-
tère final. DISSENTING OPINION OF M. -4ZEVEDO 34
21.-From all the foregoing and in particular from the special
agreement which preceded the acceptance by States of a partial
restriction of their sovereignty in accordance with Article 24 and
related texts, it would seem to emerge that the word "decision",
as it has been used in Arti27,cannot be extended to a "recom-

mendation" of the Security Council addressed to another organ
to which has been left the "decision" in a certain case, even if
the recommendation is necesary. Even if we preferred that
Article 27 should exceed the specific powers of the Security
Council, and go so far as to include the case of the admission
of new Members, we should be justified in considering such a
question as depending upon "procedure" after the technique
contained in the solemn explanation which the sponsoring Powers
had supplied beforehand had been laid down.
Therefore, if, in the report from the Secunty Council, the
General Assembly observes that the applicant State has obtained
the votes of any seven Members of the Council, it may freely
decide to accept or reject the applicant. On the other hand, if
the application has not obtained seven favourable votes, the
Assembly would be under obligation to take note of the absence
of a recommendation preventing any final discussion.

(Signed) PHILADELPH AO EVEDO.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of M. Azevedo (translation)

Links