Dissenting opinion of Judge Greenwood

Document Number
156-20140303-ORD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
156-20140303-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

194

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE GREENWOOD

Legal criteria for indication of provisional measures — Necessity for caution on
the part of the Court — Undertaking given by the Attorney‑General of Australia
dated 21 January 2014 — Formal undertaking given by a State is legally binding

— Presumption that State will act in good faith in honouring its commitme▯nt to
the Court — Undertaking sufficient to protect plausible rights of Timor‑Leste
from harm pending judgment on the merits — Effect of undertaking is that there
is no real and imminent risk of irreparable harm to Timor‑Leste’s rights —
Conditions for indication of provisional measures accordingly not satisf▯ied in
respect of seized material — Plausible rights of Australia not taken into account
by Order — Real and imminent risk of Australia’s interference with Timor‑Leste’s
future communications with its lawyers.

1. Although I agree with much of the reasoning in the Order, I have
voted against the first two paragraphs of the dispositif, because I consider
that the undertaking given to the Court by the Attorney‑General of Aus ‑

tralia makes them unnecessary. I am also concerned that the Court, whilef
rightly determined to protect the rights claimed by Timor‑Leste, has
ignored the rights asserted by Australia.

The Legal Criteria for thfe Indication
of Provisional Measurefs of Protection

2. The Court’s power to indicate provisional measures, pending a judg ‑

ment on the merits, is conferred by Article 41 of the Statute, paragraph 1
of which provides — “The Court shall have the power to indicate, if it
considers that circumstances so require, any provisional measures which f
ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights of either party.”f While

the language of Article 41 does not make this point clear, the Court has
decided that “orders on provisional measures under Article 41 have bind‑
ing effect” (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109) and thus create international legal

obligations for the parties (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2005, p. 258, para. 263) the breach of which may itself give rise to action
by the Court at the merits phase, even if the Court does not otherwise

grant relief on the merits.
3. Most legal systems have developed a power of this kind to enable a
court or tribunal to issue an interim orderto ensure that the rights claimed
by one or both parties are not negated by anything done by a party

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between the commencement of a case and the final judgment on themerits
(see, e.g., L. Collins, “Provisional and Protective Measures in Inter‑

national Litigation”, Recueil des cours de l’Académie de droit international
de La Haye, Vol. 234 (1992‑III), p. 9). It is in the nature of such measures
that they almost always have to be ordered at short notice and without
the kind of detailed examination of the legal issues or the evidence whifch
takes place when a court makes a decision on the merits. These are necesf ‑

sary features of a system of interim protection. Since provisional mea ‑
sures are a response to an urgent risk of irreparable harm, it would be f
impossible to make the indication of such measures contingent upon a
court first establishing that it had jurisdiction, that the rights assferted
actually existed and that they were applicable on the facts of the case.f
Nevertheless, the result is that the International Court of Justice, a cfourt

whose jurisdiction is derived from the consent of the parties (see, e.gf.,
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application : 2002)
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admis ‑
sibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 88), imposes a legal
obligation upon a party before it decides whether that consent has been f

given and in order to protect rights the existence and application of whfich
has not yet been established. A degree of caution in the exercise of thef
Court’s powers under Article 41 is thus called for.

4. That caution manifests itself, first, in the conditions which the Courft
has developed, over the years, as prerequisites for the exercise of its fpower
under Article 41 of the Statute. Thus, the Court must satisfy itself (a)
that the jurisdictional provisions relied upon appear, prima facie, to
afford a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court; (b) that the rights asserted
are at least plausible, that is to say that there is a realistic prospecft that

when the Court rules upon the merits of the case they will be adjudged tfo
exist and to be applicable; (c) that there exists a link between those rights
and the measures to be ordered; and (d) that there is a real and imminent
risk that, unless measures are ordered, irreparable harm will be caused fto
the rights in dispute before the Court gives its final decision on thef merits

(see, e.g., Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 March 2011,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 17, para. 49, p. 18, para. 53, p. 20, para. 60
and pp. 21‑22, paras. 63‑64).
5. It is the way in which the Court has dealt with the fourth require ‑

ment in the present case which has forced me to dissent (see para ‑
graphs 22‑29, below). That requirement actually embraces several different
but related elements all of which must be present if the Court is to indi ‑
cate provisional measures. The first element is that the Court must bef
satisfied that there is a real and imminent risk that the rights whichf might
be adjudged to belong to a party will suffer irreparable harm before judg ‑

ment is given on the merits, so that, in that sense at least, the judgmefnt on
the merits would be rendered nugatory. The second element is that the

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measures which the Court is proposing to indicate must be considered
necessary to prevent the occurrence of such harm. Implicit in that seconfd

element is a third one, namely that the measures should not go beyond
what is considered necessary to achieve that end. That is particularly
important where those measures may restrict — possibly for some
years — the exercise by the party to whom they are directed of rights

which that party may subsequently be found to possess.

6. The need for caution is also reflected in the Court’s approach to tfhe
relationship between its role at the provisional measures and merits
phases of a case. Proceedings for provisional measures are dealt with inf
the Rules of Court under the heading “incidental proceedings”. Thefy are

incidental, or ancillary, to the proceedings on the merits in that the Cfourt
may order such measures only if to do so is necessary for the preservatifon
of rights which it may, at the merits phase, decide belong to one of thef
parties and are applicable to the facts proven at that phase . In this

respect, I believe that it is misleading to speak of provisional measurefs as
autonomous. They are autonomous only in the sense that a State may be
held responsible for violation of a provisional measure notwithstanding
that it prevails on the merits. In addressing a request for provisional fmea ‑

sures, however, the Court has to be careful not to stray into matters
which can properly be decided only at the merits phase. Thus, while the f
Court insists that measures will be ordered to protect claimed rights onfly
if those rights are plausible, it should not go beyond that preliminary

appraisal and do or say anything which prejudges questions which can
only be decided on the merits after the Court has determined that it hasf
jurisdiction and after it has had the benefit of full argument on the flaw

and heard the evidence which the parties wish to put before it. Nor shoufld
the Court allow itself to be influenced, at the provisional measures sftage,
by consideration of the likely outcome on the merits.

7. Finally, while the Court may not indicate provisional measures
unless the requirements set out in paragraph 4, above, are met, the fact

that they are met does not oblige it to indicate such measures. Once thofse
requirements are satisfied, the Court has a discretion, as the languagfe of

1 It might seem that the measure, frequently included in an order for provfisional
measures, by which the Court enjoins both parties to refrain from any acftion which might
aggravate or extend the dispute (see, e.gCertain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua

in the Border Area (Costa Rica v.Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 March
2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 27, para. 86 (3)) is an exception to this principle. In fact,
the exception is more apparent than real. A measure of this kind is not fnormally free‑
standing but is indicated where the Court also indicates measures for thfe protection of
rights. Moreover, the link to the merits is still present, since the dispute which the parties
are required not to aggravate or extend is the dispute on which the Court is being asked to
rule at the merits phase.

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Article 41 of the Statute makes clear. In the exercise of that discretion, the
Court has to consider carefully the rights asserted by both parties. In f

seeking to protect the plausible rights asserted by one party from irrepa ‑
rable harm, it should always be mindful of the effect which compliancef
with its Order may have on the ability of the other party to exercise plau ‑
sible rights of its own. In some national jurisdictions this consideratifon
has led courts to make the grant of interlocutory relief to a party subjfect
to a requirement that that party undertake to indemnify the other party f

for the costs of compliance with the interlocutory order in the event thfat
the first party is unsuccessful at the merits stage. This kind of condition
affords some protection to the rights which may subsequently be adjudgfed
to belong to the second party and makes interlocutory relief less one‑sifded.
The International Court of Justice has never sought to impose such a

condition and the nature of most of the cases which come before it
(including the present case) is such that a financial indemnity of tfhis kind
would usually be neither sufficient nor appropriate. Nevertheless, thatf
does not excuse the Court from the duty to ensure that any provisional
measures which it might indicate do not achieve protection for the rightfs
of one party at the expense of undue harm to the rights of the other. Inf

this respect also a degree of caution is required.

Application of the Critferia to the Present Casfe

8. When one comes to apply these criteria to the facts of the present
case, it becomes apparent that this case calls for particular sensitivitfy on
the part of the Court. The background to the request by Timor‑Leste for
provisional measures is most unusual. First, in an arbitration which it fhas
commenced, Timor‑Leste alleges that Australian officials engaged in
conduct on the territory of Timor‑Leste, as a result of which Australia f

obtained an unfair advantage in treaty negotiations with Timor‑Leste. Inf
advancing this allegation, Timor‑Leste proposes to rely upon the testi ‑
mony of a former officer of the Australian Secret Intelligence Service f
(“ASIS”). Secondly, Timor‑Leste maintains that officers of the fAustralian
Security Intelligence Organisation (“ASIO”), in violation of Timfor‑Leste’s

rights under international law, seized documents relating to the firstf alle ‑
gation and other papers concerning Timor‑Leste’s legal position vis‑à‑vis
Australia from the Canberra office of an Australian lawyer who is advi ‑
sing Timor‑Leste. Thirdly, Australia maintains that the public statementfs
made by Timor‑Leste and its Australian lawyer suggest that a former

ASIS officer committed a crime under Australian law in disclosing inforf ‑
mation about ASIS activities and may thereby have endangered the
national security of Australia, including putting at risk the lives of ofther
ASIS officers.

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9. Even this brief summary of this background suggests that the Court
needs to be especially cautious in the present case. In the first placfe,

important elements of this background are the subject of proceedings
before another tribunal and are not, therefore, matters on which this
Court can pronounce, or by which it should be influenced. It is for thfe
arbitration tribunal, not the Court, to decide whether Timor‑Leste’s falle ‑
gations that Australia bugged its government offices in Dili and thus

obtained important information regarding Timor‑Leste’s stance in the f
negotiation of a treaty on the resources of the Timor Sea are well‑foundfed
and, if so, what are the consequences for the validity of the treaty andf the
responsibility of Australia. Whether a former ASIS officer has violatedf
the criminal law of Australia is a matter for the Australian courts. Thef
issue before this Court is confined to the allegations regarding the sfeizure

of documents from the office of Timor‑Leste’s Australian lawyer and fthe
justification which might be put forward by Australia for that seizuref.
Moreover, that issue is one for the merits phase of the present proceed ‑
ings. The need which arises in all provisional measures cases to ensure f
that the Court does not stray into matters which can only be considered f

on the merits is here complicated by the fact that the merits of the case
before the Court are bound up with, but have to be kept separate from,
the merits of the proceedings before the arbitration tribunal and any prfo ‑
ceedings which might be brought before the Australian courts.

10. The task of the Court is also complicated by the nature of the alle ‑
gations. The adjudication of issues involving national security is seldofm
an easy matter. In the present case the national security of both
Timor‑Leste and Australia is potentially at stake. The handling of intelf ‑

ligence material and allegations regarding the activities of intelligencfe ser‑
vices is notoriously difficult in any legal system. This consideration
compounds the difficulty which always faces the Court at the provisionafl
measures stage of a case, namely that there is very little evidence or infor ‑
mation regarding the facts before the Court. In the present case,

Timor‑Leste is understandably concerned that the raid on its lawyer’sf
office has placed in the hands of the Australian Government legal and
technical advice and correspondence which could give Australia a marked,f
and most unfair, advantage in the arbitration proceedings and in any
future negotiations with Timor‑Leste over the Timor Sea but it is unsuref

precisely what documents Australia has in its possession. Australia, havf ‑
ing sealed the documents in response to the request of the President
(Order, paras. 9 and 37) has told the Court that it does not know what is
in those documents (see the statements by the Solicitor‑General of Aus ‑
tralia (CR 2014/4, pp. 9 and 17 (Gleeson))) but expresses concern that
they may contain information relevant to safeguarding the lives of mem ‑

bers of its intelligence services and its methods of gathering intelligefnce.
The Court is thus obliged to proceed in a difficult matter with even less

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information than it would usually have on a request for provisional mea ‑
sures.

11. None of this means that the Court should be deterred from exercis‑
ing its powers under Article 41 of the Statute. The Court has a responsi ‑
bility to do what it can to ensure that plausible rights asserted by a State
in proceedings before it are not irreparably damaged before the Court

rules on jurisdiction or merits. Nevertheless, it does suggest that the fCourt
must tread carefully, ensuring that the criteria for the indication of pfrovi ‑
sional measures are indeed met, that it is sensitive to the plausible rifghts
of both Parties and that it does not go beyond what is necessary for thef

protection of the rights of either.

12. I agree with the Court that the first three requirements for the indi ‑
cation of provisional measures are met. That the provisions relied upon f
by Timor‑Leste to found the jurisdiction of the Court appear, at least

prima facie, to afford a basis of jurisdiction is clear beyond doubt and is f
not challenged by Australia 2. The Order quite rightly finds that
Timor‑Leste has demonstrated that it has plausible rights. I agree both f
with the Court’s definition of those plausible rights — “namely, the right

to conduct arbitration proceedings or negotiations without interference f
by Australia, including the right of confidentiality of and non‑interference
in its communications with its legal advisers” (Order, para. 28) — and
with its implicit decision that it is unnecessary at the present stage off the
proceedings to enquire into the broader rights asserted by Timor‑Leste. I

am not sure that those rights may be derived from Articles 2 (1) and 2 (3)
of the United Nations Charter, as opposed to a general principle of law f
concerning the confidentiality of communications with legal advisers, fbut
that is a matter for the merits. Finally, I agree that there is a link bfetween
the rights asserted by Timor‑Leste and the measures which the Court has f

indicated.

13. Where I must part company with the Court is in the application of
the fourth requirement, namely that the measures must be necessary to

prevent a real and imminent risk of irreparable harm to those rights. Thfe
majority has found that such a risk exists notwithstanding the undertak ‑
ing given by the Attorney‑General of Australia to the Court. I do not
agree. Save in one respect, I believe that the undertaking is sufficienft to
prevent the harm feared by Timor‑Leste. To see why that is so, it is necfes ‑

sary to examine the undertaking in some detail.

2Australia has, however, reserved the right to challenge the jurisdictionf of the Court or

the admissibility of the Application at a later stage.

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14. Australia has given more than one undertaking to this Court and to
the arbitration tribunal but it is only the undertaking dated 21 Janu ‑

ary 2014 that is relevant to whether or not there exists a risk of irreparabfle
harm. The other undertakings were either subsumed by this one or are
concerned only to preserve the status quo pending the Court’s ruling fon
the request for provisional measures. Thus, following the letter of

18 December 2013 from the President of the Court, in the exercise of his
powers under Article 74 (4) of the Rules of Court (Order, para.9), Austra‑
lia placed the documents under seal and undertook that no official of Aus‑
tralia would have access to them until the Court rendered its decision ofn

the request for provisional measures (ibid., para. 37). While this undertak‑
ing was a very proper response to the President’s letter, it will expire on the
delivery of the present Order and is therefore of no relevance to the qufes‑
tion whether provisional measures are necessary in respect of the period
which will elapse between the Order and the final judgment of the Courft.

15. The undertaking of 21 January 2014 is of an entirely different

character. In a letter of that date, the Attorney‑General stated that :

“Whereas

A. I am the Attorney‑General of the Commonwealth of Australia,
having responsibility, inter alia, for the administration of the Aus‑

tralian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 and for the
conduct of these proceedings ; and
B. I am aware that the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation
(‘ASIO’) executed a warrant at premises occupied by the law fifrm
of Mr. Bernard Collaery and that in execution of that warrant,

certain material (‘the Material’) was taken into possession by
ASIO ; and
C. On 19 December 2013, I made a written undertaking to an Arbi ‑
tral Tribunal constituted under the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty relat ‑

ing to restrictions on the use of the Material ; and

D. On 20 January 2014, the Government of Timor‑Leste raised
before the International Court of Justice (‘the Court’) concernsf

relating to the use of the Material in contexts unrelated to the
arbitration.

I declare to the Court that :
1. I have not become aware or sought to inform myself of the con ‑
tent of the Material or any information derived from the Mat‑

erial ; and
2. I am not aware of any circumstance which would make it neces ‑

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sary for me to inform myself of the content of the Material or any
information derived from the Material ; and

3. I have given a Direction to ASIO that the content of the Material
and any information derived from the Material, is not under any
circumstances to be communicated to any person for any purpose
other than national security purposes (which include potential law
enforcement referrals and prosecutions) until final judgment in

this proceeding or until further or earlier order from the Court.

I undertake to the Court that until final judgment in this proceed ‑

ing or until further or earlier order of the Court :

1. I will not make myself aware or otherwise seek to inform myself

of the content of the Material or any information derived from
the Material; and
2. Should I become aware of any circumstance which would make
it necessary for me to inform myself of the Material, I will first
bring that fact to the attention of the Court, at which time further

undertakings will be offered ; and
3. The Material will not be used by any part of the Australian Gov‑
ernment for any purpose other than national security purposes
(which include potential law enforcement referrals and prosecu ‑
tions) ; and

4. Without limiting the above, the Material, or any information
derived from the Material, will not be made available to any part
of the Australian Government for any purpose relating to the
exploitation of resources in the Timor Sea or related negotiations,
or relating to the conduct of :

(a) these proceedings; and
(b) the proceedings in the Arbitral Tribunal referred to in
Recital C.”

As the present Order records, the Agent of Australia stated before the
Court that the Attorney‑General had the authority to bind Australia as af
matter of both Australian and international law (CR 2014/2, p. 9 (Reid)

and CR 2014/4, p. 27 (Reid), quoted in paragraph 44 of the Order).

16. The Attorney‑General’s undertaking was clarified by the answers
given by Australia to questions asked by Members of the Court. In
response to the question “[u]nder what circumstances would the under ‑
taking of the Attorney‑General expire prior to this Court’s Judgment”

(CR 2014/2, p. 49), the Solicitor‑General of Australia replied :
“it will not expire. All the words in question were intended to do wafs

to allow for a possible variation after the Court so ordered. There are f
no circumstances, other than those referred to in subparagraph 2,

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which would require a variation. The purpose of subparagraph 2 was
that if circumstances arose where it became necessary — for reasons

currently unanticipated — for the Attorney‑General to inform him ‑
self of the material, Australia will first bring the matter to [the Cofurt],
on notice to Timor‑Leste, and will not act before [the Court has] been
able to consider the matter.” (CR 2014/4, p. 20 (Gleeson).)

The undertaking was thus of indefinite duration and would be varied onfly
with the consent of the Court.

17. Australia was also asked about the relationship between subpara ‑
graph (3) and subparagraph (4) of the undertaking “in light of the fact
that subparagraph (4) begins with the phrase ‘without limiting the
above’”. The question was :

“If Australia wishes, for ‘national security purposes’, to provfide the
material or information derived from the material to a part of the
Australian Government that has responsibility for the matters
described in subparagraph (4), could it do so consistent with the

Undertaking?” (CR 2014/2, p. 49.)
The Solicitor‑General’s answer was categorical —

“The answer to your second question is ‘no’.
The purpose of subparagraph (4) was only to clarify that matters

concerning the Timor Sea and related negotiations, as well as the
conduct of these Court proceedings and of the Tribunal, fall outside
the ‘national security’ purpose referred to in subparagraph (3).”
(CR 2014/4, p. 20 (Gleeson).)

In other words, Australia was undertaking that, except with the consent f
of the Court, none of the material seized, or information derived there ‑
from, would be communicated to anyone involved in the proceedings
before this Court or the proceedings before the arbitration tribunal or

anyone who might become involved in any future negotiations regarding
the Timor Sea which might take place between Australia and Timor‑Leste.
18. The undertaking related to future disclosure of the material seized
or information derived therefrom but, in answer to another question
from a Member of the Court (CR 2014/2, p. 49), the Solicitor‑General of

Australia gave an undertaking that no information derived from that
material or notes taken during the execution of the search warrant had
already been disclosed to persons involved in the arbitration proceedingfs
or who might be involved in any future negotiations regarding the Timor f
Sea (CR 2014/4, pp. 20‑21 (Gleeson)).

19. Lastly, a Member of the Court asked Australia :

“In the event of a prosecution in Australia, will any of the docu ‑
ments seized or information derived from those documents be dis ‑

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closed in court in such a way that those documents or that information
will be likely to come to the notice of persons involved in the arbitra‑

tion, in the proceedings in this Court or in any negotiations [regardingf
the Timor Sea] ?” (CR 2014/2, pp. 49‑50.)

The Solicitor‑General replied :
“[I]f the documents remain in the hands of ASIO or the prosecu ‑

tors, Australia’s approach would be to make the appropriate appli ‑
cation to the Court [i.e., the Australian court] under the National
Security Information (Criminal and Civil Proceedings) Act 2004
which can be applied to ensure that the information does not come
to the notice of persons referred to in the question.

The Attorney‑General undertakes to you that in the event of such
a prosecution, he will direct the Commonwealth Director of Public
Prosecutions to invoke the relevant provisions of that Act. And, in
the unlikely event that a prosecution took place before the resolution

of this matter, the Attorney‑General, through me, undertakes that he
will inform the Court [i.e., the Australian court before which the pros ‑
ecution takes place] of the undertaking I have just given you, he will
seek the appropriate orders to limit the dissemination of the informa ‑
tion. And in the unlikely event the orders were not made, the

Attorney‑General will bring the matter back to this Court before any
further action is taken in Australia.” (CR 2014/4, p. 21 (Gleeson).)

20. The Court has in the past taken into account a formal undertaking
regarding future conduct of the kind given by Australia and concluded
that, in the light of that undertaking, no risk of irreparable harm existed
(see Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Bel ‑

gium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009,
I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 155, paras. 71‑72). It has also taken note of a for ‑
mal undertaking in proceedings before the Court as to an existing state fof
affairs (see Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2014, p. 65, para. 178). As the Court says in the present Order,

“[t]he Court has no reason to believe that the written undertaking

dated 21 January 2014 will not be implemented by Australia. Once a
State has made such a commitment concerning its conduct, its good
faith in complying with that commitment is to be presumed.” (Order,
para. 44.)

21. It is implicit in paragraph 44 of the Order and in the approach
taken by the Court in Belgium v. Senegal that a formal undertaking of the
kind given by Australia in proceedings before the Court is legally bindifng

as a matter of international law and creates legal obligations for the Sftate
that makes it.

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22. Should the Court, therefore, have followed the same course that it
adopted in Belgium v. Senegal and treated the Australian undertaking (as

clarified in the hearings before the Court) as sufficient to demonstfrate that
there was no real and imminent risk of irreparable harm ? To answer that
question, it is necessary to look both at the right, as defined by the Court,
and the risks identified by Timor‑Leste and the Court.
23. The principal claim of Timor‑Leste, which the Court considered

had been established as plausible and thus deserving, if the other requifre ‑
ments were satisfied, of protection by means of provisional measures wfas
“[the] right to communicate with its counsel and lawyers in a confifdential
manner with regard to issues forming the subject‑matter of pending arbi ‑
tral proceedings and future negotiations between the Parties” (Orderf,

para. 27 ; see also para. 28). The risk of irreparable harm to this right
identified by Timor‑Leste was the risk that the material seized from its
lawyer’s office, or information derived therefrom, would find its fway into
the hands of those responsible on the part of Australia for the conduct fof
the arbitration or any future negotiations. Thus, counsel for Timor‑Leste

told the Court

“The essence of what we seek is to ensure that the illegally seized
materials should not be made available to any person having any role
in connection with Australian diplomatic or commercial relations
with Timor‑Leste over the Timor Sea and its resources. This includes,
but is not limited to, any person having any role in relation to the

Arbitration.” (CR 2014/1, pp. 33‑34 (Sir Michael Wood).)

24. It was that risk of a detrimental effect on Timor‑Leste’s position in
the arbitration and in any future negotiations which would arise if the
seized material was divulged to any person involved in the arbitration ofr
likely to be involved in any future negotiations on the Australian side f
which was the decisive consideration for the Court (see Order, para. 42).

25. Yet that is precisely the risk which the Attorney‑General’s under ‑
taking, if complied with, would prevent. As clarified before the Courtf,
that undertaking is that :

(1) none of the seized material or any information derived therefrom has
so far been divulged to any person involved in the arbitration or the
Court proceedings or who may be likely to be involved in any future

Timor Sea negotiations ;

(2) none of the seized material or any information derived therefrom will
be divulged to any person involved in the arbitration or the Court
proceedings or who may be likely to be involved in any future Timor

Sea negotiations until after the Court has given its final judgment inf
the case ;

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(3) in the event that criminal proceedings are brought in Australia before
the Court has given its final judgment in this case, the Australian

court will be asked to take special measures to ensure that none of
the seized material or information derived therefrom is disclosed in a
manner which might lead to it coming to the attention of any of the
persons involved in the arbitration or the Court proceedings or who
may be likely to be involved in any future Timor Sea negotiations

and, if the Australian court declines to take such measures, Australia
will not proceed further in the Australian courts until it has given thifs
Court the opportunity to rule on the question.

26. This undertaking is far more precise and detailed than that given in
Belgium v. Senegal. Since the Court has held that there is no reason to

believe that Australia will not comply with the commitment that it has
made to the Court, I cannot conclude that there is a real and imminent
risk that any of the information concerned will find its way into the hands
of anyone involved in the arbitration or the conduct of the current pro ‑
ceedings or who is likely to be involved in any future negotiations betwfeen

the Parties over the Timor Sea. The Court reaches a different conclusifon
on the basis that,

“once disclosed to any designated officials in the circumstances prof ‑
vided for in the written undertaking dated 21 January 2014, the infor‑
mation contained in the seized material could reach third parties, and
the confidentiality of the materials could be breached” (Order,
para. 46).

27. I entirely understand and sympathize with the Court’s concern to
maintain the confidentiality of what seems certain to be sensitive matferial

capable of giving Australia a most unfair advantage in the ongoing arbi ‑
tration proceedings and possibly in any future negotiations but it has tfo
be asked quite what the Court has in mind in the passage just quoted. Thfe
possibility of disclosure coming about as a result of a prosecution in Afus ‑
tralia has been covered by the supplementary undertaking given orally

through the Solicitor‑General and quoted at paragraph 19, above. The
Court may have had in mind the possibility of a disclosure by an officefr
of ASIO empowered to examine the material for national security rea ‑
sons. Yet that concern is difficult to reconcile with what the Court safys in
paragraph 44 of the Order about having no reason to doubt that Austra ‑

lia will comply with the undertaking. A State can act only through its
officials and an officer of ASIO is, in accordance with the principle fcodi ‑
fied in Article 4 of the ILC Articles on State Responsibility, an organ of
the Australian State. It is, therefore, a contradiction in terms to say fthat
the Court has confidence that Australia will comply in good faith withf the

commitment it has made but that it doubts whether certain organs of the f
Australian State will do so. Even if such an ASIO officer were acting ifn an

62

8 CIJ1061.indb 252 25/03/15 08:46 206 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

unauthorized manner, his or her conduct would still be the conduct of
Australia so long as he or she acted in their official capacity (ILC Articles

on State Responsibility, Article 7) and it is difficult to see how disclosure
by one official to another could be seen as anything else. I accept thaft that
leaves the possibility of an accidental disclosure but, given the naturef of
the security concerns involved, such accidental disclosure seems unlikelfy
and no suggestion of such an eventuality was made by Timor‑Leste.

28. For these reasons, I believe that the 21 January 2014 undertaking
from the Attorney‑General of Australia removes the risk that the mat‑
erial (or information derived therefrom) will be disclosed in circumstfances
which would disadvantage Timor‑Leste in relation to the arbitration pro ‑

ceedings or potential negotiations regarding the Timor Sea. The Court,
however, has determined that, while the undertaking makes “a signififcant
contribution towards mitigating the imminent risk . . . [it] does not remove
this risk entirely” (Order, para. 47). On that basis, the Court has ordered
Australia to seal the seized material (ibid., para. 55 (2)) and ensure that its

content is not in any way used to the disadvantage of Timor‑Leste (ibid.,
para. 55 (1)). This approach may reflect an understandable wish to err onf
the side of caution. Unfortunately, I think it goes far beyond that. Whifle
paragraph (1) of the dispositif can reasonably be regarded in that light,
paragraph (2) goes much further. By requiring that the seized materialf be

sealed until the final judgment of the Court, this measure deprives Aufs ‑
tralia of any opportunity (until the date of that judgment) to have itfs
intelligence officers inspect the material for the purpose of findingf out
what, if anything, the former ASIS officer actually disclosed to
Timor‑Leste’s Australian lawyer and, in particular, whether that discflo ‑
sure may put in danger other ASIS or ASIO officers. It also precludes

Australia from making any use of the material (even in a preliminary
way) in the investigation of what it claims may be a serious offence fby an
Australian national. To my mind, it is clear that the right of Australiaf to
exercise its criminal jurisdiction and its right to protect the safety of its
officials must also be regarded as plausible. In deciding what provisiofnal

measures to order, the Court should have regard to the plausible rights fof
both parties in a case. In particular, it should be slow to adopt a measfure
which precludes one party (here, Australia) from any exercise of its plau ‑
sible rights in order to protect the rights of the other party (here, Tfimor‑
Leste) against a risk which the Court itself has identified as small.f Had

the Court simply accepted the undertaking given by Australia or had
stopped short at paragraph (1) of the dispositif, it would have respected
the plausible rights of both Parties. Instead, it has adopted a measure fthat
takes no account at all of the plausible rights of Australia.

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8 CIJ1061.indb 254 25/03/15 08:46 207 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

29. Since one of the prerequisites for the indication of provisional mea‑

sures regarding the seized material is absent, I have therefore felt oblfiged
to vote against the measures ordered in paragraphs (1) and (2) of the
dispositif which relate to that material. Even had I considered that the
prerequisite of the existence of a real and imminent risk was satisfiefd, I
would still have voted against paragraph (2) of the dispositif for the rea ‑

sons given in paragraph 28 of this opinion.
30. Paragraph (3) of the dispositif is a different matter. This paragraph
deals not with the use which might be made of the seized material or
information derived from that material but with the possibility of futurfe
interference by Australia with Timor‑Leste’s communications with its

legal advisers. In view of the seizure of papers which clearly related tfo
legal advice and preparation for the forthcoming arbitration from Timor‑
Leste’s lawyer, it is entirely understandable that Timor‑Leste is confcerned
that there might be future interference and it sought an assurance from f
Australia that there would be no such interference. To my surprise, the f

undertaking from the Attorney‑General makes no mention of this matter.
In the absence of any undertaking not to interfere with Timor‑Leste’s
communications with its lawyers in the future, I accept that there is a freal
and imminent risk of such interference which requires action on the partf
of the Court. I have therefore voted in favour of paragraph (3).

31. In the course of the hearings, leading counsel for Timor‑Leste
spoke eloquently of the need for “clear, firm and severe condemnatifon of
what Australia has done” (CR 2014/1, p. 30 (Sir Elihu Lauterpacht QC))
but I did not understand him to expect such a statement at the present
stage of the proceedings. Whether or not such condemnation is appropri ‑

ate can be decided only if and when the Court rules on the merits of thef
present case. The purpose of provisional measures is solely to protect
rights which may subsequently be adjudged to exist and to be applicable.
It is not to anticipate a judgment on the merits by the expression of cofn ‑
demnation or approval of what either party has done. My votes in the

present phase should not, therefore, be taken as suggesting that I con ‑
done what has happened.

(Signed) Christopher Greenwood.

64

8 CIJ1061.indb 256 25/03/15 08:46

Bilingual Content

194

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE GREENWOOD

Legal criteria for indication of provisional measures — Necessity for caution on
the part of the Court — Undertaking given by the Attorney‑General of Australia
dated 21 January 2014 — Formal undertaking given by a State is legally binding

— Presumption that State will act in good faith in honouring its commitme▯nt to
the Court — Undertaking sufficient to protect plausible rights of Timor‑Leste
from harm pending judgment on the merits — Effect of undertaking is that there
is no real and imminent risk of irreparable harm to Timor‑Leste’s rights —
Conditions for indication of provisional measures accordingly not satisf▯ied in
respect of seized material — Plausible rights of Australia not taken into account
by Order — Real and imminent risk of Australia’s interference with Timor‑Leste’s
future communications with its lawyers.

1. Although I agree with much of the reasoning in the Order, I have
voted against the first two paragraphs of the dispositif, because I consider
that the undertaking given to the Court by the Attorney‑General of Aus ‑

tralia makes them unnecessary. I am also concerned that the Court, whilef
rightly determined to protect the rights claimed by Timor‑Leste, has
ignored the rights asserted by Australia.

The Legal Criteria for thfe Indication
of Provisional Measurefs of Protection

2. The Court’s power to indicate provisional measures, pending a judg ‑

ment on the merits, is conferred by Article 41 of the Statute, paragraph 1
of which provides — “The Court shall have the power to indicate, if it
considers that circumstances so require, any provisional measures which f
ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights of either party.”f While

the language of Article 41 does not make this point clear, the Court has
decided that “orders on provisional measures under Article 41 have bind‑
ing effect” (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109) and thus create international legal

obligations for the parties (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2005, p. 258, para. 263) the breach of which may itself give rise to action
by the Court at the merits phase, even if the Court does not otherwise

grant relief on the merits.
3. Most legal systems have developed a power of this kind to enable a
court or tribunal to issue an interim orderto ensure that the rights claimed
by one or both parties are not negated by anything done by a party

51

8 CIJ1061.indb 230 25/03/15 08:46 194

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. LE JUGE GREENWOOD

[Traduction]

Critères juridiques régissant l’indication de mesures conser▯ ires — Nécessité

pour la Cour de faire preuve de prudence —Engagement pris par l’Attorney‑General
de l’Australie le 21 janvier 2014 — Caractère juridiquement contraignant de
l’engagement formel pris par un Etat — Présomption que l’Etat agira de bonne foi
pour honorer son engagement envers la Cour — Engagement suffisant pour éviter
qu’un préjudice soit causé aux droits plausibles du Timor‑Leste▯ dans l’attente de
l’arrêt au fond —Engagement ayant pour effet d’écarter tout risque réel et imm▯ ent
qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits du Timor‑Leste — Conditions
relatives à l’indication de mesures conservatoires n’ayant donc▯ pas été remplies en

ce qui concerne les éléments saisis —Absence de prise en compte, dans l’ordonnance,
des droits plausibles de l’Australie — Risque réel et imminent d’ingérence de
l’Australie dans les futures communications entre le Timor‑Leste et▯ s avocats.

1. Bien que je souscrive en grande partie au raisonnement suivi

dans l’ordonnance, j’ai voté contre les deux premiers points du dispfositif,
que j’estime superflus en raison de l’engagement pris envers la fCour par
l’Attorney‑General de l’Australie. Je suis également préoccupé de ce que,
alors qu’elle était à juste titre résolue à protéger lfes droits revendiqués

par le Timor‑Leste, la Cour a ignoré ceux qu’invoquait l’Australie.f

Les critères juridiquefs régissant l’indicaftion

de mesures conservatfoires

2. La Cour tient son pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires en
attendant de rendre un arrêt au fond du paragraphe 1 de l’article 41 du Sta ‑

tut, qui dispose qu’elle «a le pouvoir d’indiquer, si elle estime que les circon‑s
tances l’exigent, quelles mesures conservatoires du droit de chacun dfoivent
être prises à titre provisoire ». Bien que cela ne ressorte pas clairement du
libellé de cet article, la Cour a précisé que les « ordonnances indiquant des

mesures conservatoires au titre de l’article 41 [avaient] un caractère obliga ‑
toire » (LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
2001, p. 506, par. 109) et qu’elles créaient dès lors des obligations juridiques
internationales à la charge des parties (Activités armées sur le territoire du

Congo (République démocratique du Congo c. Ouganda), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
2005,p. 258, par. 263), obligations dont l’inobservation peut elle‑même don ‑
ner lieu à une décision de la Cour au stade du fond, même si ceftte dernière
ne fait pas autrement droit aux demandes présentées.

3. Dans la plupart des systèmes juridiques, les cours et tribunaux se sofnt
vus conférer pareil pouvoir leur permettant de rendre, à titre profvisoire, une
ordonnance visant à s’assurer qu’il ne soit pas porté atteinfte aux droits invo ‑

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8 CIJ1061.indb 231 25/03/15 08:46 195 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

between the commencement of a case and the final judgment on themerits
(see, e.g., L. Collins, “Provisional and Protective Measures in Inter‑

national Litigation”, Recueil des cours de l’Académie de droit international
de La Haye, Vol. 234 (1992‑III), p. 9). It is in the nature of such measures
that they almost always have to be ordered at short notice and without
the kind of detailed examination of the legal issues or the evidence whifch
takes place when a court makes a decision on the merits. These are necesf ‑

sary features of a system of interim protection. Since provisional mea ‑
sures are a response to an urgent risk of irreparable harm, it would be f
impossible to make the indication of such measures contingent upon a
court first establishing that it had jurisdiction, that the rights assferted
actually existed and that they were applicable on the facts of the case.f
Nevertheless, the result is that the International Court of Justice, a cfourt

whose jurisdiction is derived from the consent of the parties (see, e.gf.,
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application : 2002)
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admis ‑
sibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 88), imposes a legal
obligation upon a party before it decides whether that consent has been f

given and in order to protect rights the existence and application of whfich
has not yet been established. A degree of caution in the exercise of thef
Court’s powers under Article 41 is thus called for.

4. That caution manifests itself, first, in the conditions which the Courft
has developed, over the years, as prerequisites for the exercise of its fpower
under Article 41 of the Statute. Thus, the Court must satisfy itself (a)
that the jurisdictional provisions relied upon appear, prima facie, to
afford a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court; (b) that the rights asserted
are at least plausible, that is to say that there is a realistic prospecft that

when the Court rules upon the merits of the case they will be adjudged tfo
exist and to be applicable; (c) that there exists a link between those rights
and the measures to be ordered; and (d) that there is a real and imminent
risk that, unless measures are ordered, irreparable harm will be caused fto
the rights in dispute before the Court gives its final decision on thef merits

(see, e.g., Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 March 2011,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 17, para. 49, p. 18, para. 53, p. 20, para. 60
and pp. 21‑22, paras. 63‑64).
5. It is the way in which the Court has dealt with the fourth require ‑

ment in the present case which has forced me to dissent (see para ‑
graphs 22‑29, below). That requirement actually embraces several different
but related elements all of which must be present if the Court is to indi ‑
cate provisional measures. The first element is that the Court must bef
satisfied that there is a real and imminent risk that the rights whichf might
be adjudged to belong to a party will suffer irreparable harm before judg ‑

ment is given on the merits, so that, in that sense at least, the judgmefnt on
the merits would be rendered nugatory. The second element is that the

52

8 CIJ1061.indb 232 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 195

qués par l’une des parties ou les deux du fait d’une quelconquef action de la
partie adverse entre le début d’une affaire et le prononcé def la décision défi ‑

nitive au fond (voir, par exemple, L. Collins, « Provisional and Protective
Measures in International Litigation», Recueil des cours de l’Académie de
droit international de La Haye (1992‑III), vol. 234, p. 9). De par leur nature
même, les mesures ainsi indiquées doivent presque toujours l’êftre à brève
échéance et sans qu’il soit procédé à l’examen apprfofondi des problèmes

juridiques et moyens de preuve auquel la juridiction en question se livrfe
lorsqu’elle rend une décision au fond. Telles sont nécessairemefnt les caracté ‑
ristiques d’un système de protection provisoire. Les mesures consefrvatoires
constituant une réponse à un risque imminent de préjudice irréparable, il
serait impossible de subordonner leur indication à l’obligation, pfour la juri ‑
diction saisie, d’établir au préalable qu’elle a compétenfce et que les droits

allégués existent réellement et sont bien applicables aux faitsf de l’espèce. Il
n’en résulte pas moins que la Cour internationale de Justice, dont la compé ‑
tence découle du consentement des parties (voir, par exemple, Activités
armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requêt:e2002) (République démo ‑
cratique du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 2006,p. 39, par. 88), a la faculté d’imposer à l’une d’elles une
obligation juridique avant d’avoir déterminé si ce consentementf lui a été
donné et aux fins de protéger des droits dont l’existence et fl’applicabilité
n’ont pas encore été établies. Aussi lui appartient‑il de faire preuve d’une
certaine prudence dans l’exercice des pouvoirs qu’elle tient de l’farticle 41.

4. Cette prudence se reflète tout d’abord dans les conditions que lfa Cour
a au fil des ans définies comme devant constituer un préalablef à l’exercice du
pouvoir que lui confère l’article 41 du Statut, conditions qui lui imposent de
s’assurer a) que les dispositions invoquées en matière de compétence
semblentprimafacie constituer une base susceptible de fonder sa juridictio;n
b) que les droits allégués sont à tout le moins plausibles, c’efst‑à‑dire qu’il est

réalistement permis de penser que, lorsqu’elle se prononcera sur le fond de
l’affaire, la Cour reconnaîtra leur existence et leur applicabilfité ; c) qu’il
existe un lien entre ces droits et les mesures devant être indiquéf;ee st d) qu’il
existe un risque réel et imminent que, en l’absence de telles mesufres, un pré ‑
judice irréparable soit causé aux droits en litige avant que la Cofur ne rende

sa décision définitive au fond (voir, par exemple, Certaines activités menées
par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 mars 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I),
p. 17, par. 49, p. 18, par. 53, p. 20, par. 60, et p. 21‑22, par. 63‑64).
5. Si je me vois contraint d’exprimer une opinion dissidente (voir les f

paragraphes 22‑29 ci‑après), c’est en raison de la manière dont la Cour a,
en la présente espèce, abordé la quatrième condition susmentfionnée. En
réalité, cette condition comprend plusieurs éléments différents mais néan ‑
moins liés qui doivent être réunis pour que la Cour puisse indiquer des
mesures conservatoires. Le premier d’entre eux est le fait que celle‑fci doit
s’assurer qu’il existe un risque réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irrépa ‑

rable soit causé, avant le prononcé de l’arrêt au fond, aux fdroits qu’une
partie pourrait se voir reconnaître, préjudice qui, de ce point def vue au

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8 CIJ1061.indb 233 25/03/15 08:46 196 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

measures which the Court is proposing to indicate must be considered
necessary to prevent the occurrence of such harm. Implicit in that seconfd

element is a third one, namely that the measures should not go beyond
what is considered necessary to achieve that end. That is particularly
important where those measures may restrict — possibly for some
years — the exercise by the party to whom they are directed of rights

which that party may subsequently be found to possess.

6. The need for caution is also reflected in the Court’s approach to tfhe
relationship between its role at the provisional measures and merits
phases of a case. Proceedings for provisional measures are dealt with inf
the Rules of Court under the heading “incidental proceedings”. Thefy are

incidental, or ancillary, to the proceedings on the merits in that the Cfourt
may order such measures only if to do so is necessary for the preservatifon
of rights which it may, at the merits phase, decide belong to one of thef
parties and are applicable to the facts proven at that phase . In this

respect, I believe that it is misleading to speak of provisional measurefs as
autonomous. They are autonomous only in the sense that a State may be
held responsible for violation of a provisional measure notwithstanding
that it prevails on the merits. In addressing a request for provisional fmea ‑

sures, however, the Court has to be careful not to stray into matters
which can properly be decided only at the merits phase. Thus, while the f
Court insists that measures will be ordered to protect claimed rights onfly
if those rights are plausible, it should not go beyond that preliminary

appraisal and do or say anything which prejudges questions which can
only be decided on the merits after the Court has determined that it hasf
jurisdiction and after it has had the benefit of full argument on the flaw

and heard the evidence which the parties wish to put before it. Nor shoufld
the Court allow itself to be influenced, at the provisional measures sftage,
by consideration of the likely outcome on the merits.

7. Finally, while the Court may not indicate provisional measures
unless the requirements set out in paragraph 4, above, are met, the fact

that they are met does not oblige it to indicate such measures. Once thofse
requirements are satisfied, the Court has a discretion, as the languagfe of

1 It might seem that the measure, frequently included in an order for provfisional
measures, by which the Court enjoins both parties to refrain from any acftion which might
aggravate or extend the dispute (see, e.gCertain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua

in the Border Area (Costa Rica v.Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 March
2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 27, para. 86 (3)) is an exception to this principle. In fact,
the exception is more apparent than real. A measure of this kind is not fnormally free‑
standing but is indicated where the Court also indicates measures for thfe protection of
rights. Moreover, the link to the merits is still present, since the dispute which the parties
are required not to aggravate or extend is the dispute on which the Court is being asked to
rule at the merits phase.

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8 CIJ1061.indb 234 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 196

moins, rendrait l’arrêt inopérant. Le deuxième élémentf est le fait que les
mesures que la Cour envisage d’indiquer doivent être jugées néfcessaires
pour empêcher qu’un tel préjudice se produise. Ce deuxième éflément en

contient implicitement un troisième, à savoir que les mesures ne dfoivent
pas aller au‑delà de ce qui apparaît indispensable pour atteindre fl’objectif
recherché. Cet aspect revêt une importance toute particulière lforsque les
mesures en question pourraient limiter — peut‑être même pendant plu ‑

sieurs années — l’exercice, par la partie contre laquelle elles sont dirigéesf,
de certains droits susceptibles de lui être reconnus ultérieuremenft.
6. La nécessité de faire preuve de prudence transparaît ensuite dafns l’ap ‑
proche que la Cour a adoptée quant au rapport entre le rôle qu’felle doit

jouer au stade des mesures conservatoires et celui qui est le sien lors fde la
phase de l’examen au fond. Dans le Règlement de la Cour, la procéfdure qui
régit l’indication de mesures conservatoires est exposée sous lf’intitulép «ro‑
cédures incidentes». Il s’agit d’une procédure incidente, ou accessoire, à fla

procédure au fond en ce que la Cour n’a la faculté d’indiquefr pareilles
mesures que si celles‑ci sont nécessaires pour préserver les droitfs qu’elle
pourrait décider, au stade de l’examen au fond, de reconnaître fà l’une des
parties et de juger applicables aux faits qui auront alors été éftablis . A cet

égard, j’estime qu’il est abusif de qualifier les mesures confservatoires d’au ‑
tonomes, puisqu’elles ne le sont qu’au sens où un Etat peut êftre tenu pour
responsable de leur violation même s’il obtient gain de cause au ffond. Il
n’en demeure pas moins que, lorsqu’elle a à connaître d’ufne demande en

indication de mesures conservatoires, la Cour doit veiller à ne pas afborder
des questions qui ne pourront être tranchées comme il convient qu’fau stade
du fond. Aussi ne devrait‑elle pas, bien que soulignant qu’elle n’findique des
mesures visant à protéger les droits revendiqués que si ceux‑cif sont plau ‑

sibles, aller au‑delà de cette appréciation préliminaire en prefnant des déc‑i
sions ou en faisant des déclarations susceptibles de préjuger les fquestions
qu’elle ne pourra trancher sur le fond qu’après avoir établif qu’elle a compé ‑
tence et eu l’occasion d’examiner dans leur intégralité l’fargumentation ju‑ri

dique et les éléments de preuve que les parties souhaitent lui préfsenter. La
Cour ne doit pas non plus se laisser influencer, au stade des mesures fconser ‑
vatoires, par ce que pourrait être la solution au fond.
7. Enfin, quoique la Cour ne puisse indiquer des mesures conserva ‑

toires que si les conditions énoncées au paragraphe 4 ci‑dessus sont rem ‑
plies, le fait qu’elles le soient ne l’y oblige pas pour autant. Dfès lors qu’il
est satisfait à ces conditions, la Cour jouit en effet, ainsi que cela ressort

1
Fréquemment incluse dans une ordonnance en indication de mesures consfervatoires,
la mesure par laquelle la Cour enjoint aux deux parties de s’abstenirf de tout acte ‑ui risque
rait d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend (voir, par exemple, Certaines activités menées par
le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 8 mars 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 27, par. 86 3)) pourrait sembler
déroger à ce principe. Tel n’est toutefois pas le cas : en effet, une telle mesure n’est norma ‑
lement pas indiquée seule, mais aux côtés de mesures de protectfion de certains droits.
En outre, il existe bel et bien un lien avec l’affaire au fond, puifsque le différend que les
parties sont invitées à ne pas aggraver ou étendre n’est autfre que celui sur lequel la Cour
est appelée à se prononcer au stade de l’examen au fond.

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8 CIJ1061.indb 235 25/03/15 08:46 197 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

Article 41 of the Statute makes clear. In the exercise of that discretion, the
Court has to consider carefully the rights asserted by both parties. In f

seeking to protect the plausible rights asserted by one party from irrepa ‑
rable harm, it should always be mindful of the effect which compliancef
with its Order may have on the ability of the other party to exercise plau ‑
sible rights of its own. In some national jurisdictions this consideratifon
has led courts to make the grant of interlocutory relief to a party subjfect
to a requirement that that party undertake to indemnify the other party f

for the costs of compliance with the interlocutory order in the event thfat
the first party is unsuccessful at the merits stage. This kind of condition
affords some protection to the rights which may subsequently be adjudgfed
to belong to the second party and makes interlocutory relief less one‑sifded.
The International Court of Justice has never sought to impose such a

condition and the nature of most of the cases which come before it
(including the present case) is such that a financial indemnity of tfhis kind
would usually be neither sufficient nor appropriate. Nevertheless, thatf
does not excuse the Court from the duty to ensure that any provisional
measures which it might indicate do not achieve protection for the rightfs
of one party at the expense of undue harm to the rights of the other. Inf

this respect also a degree of caution is required.

Application of the Critferia to the Present Casfe

8. When one comes to apply these criteria to the facts of the present
case, it becomes apparent that this case calls for particular sensitivitfy on
the part of the Court. The background to the request by Timor‑Leste for
provisional measures is most unusual. First, in an arbitration which it fhas
commenced, Timor‑Leste alleges that Australian officials engaged in
conduct on the territory of Timor‑Leste, as a result of which Australia f

obtained an unfair advantage in treaty negotiations with Timor‑Leste. Inf
advancing this allegation, Timor‑Leste proposes to rely upon the testi ‑
mony of a former officer of the Australian Secret Intelligence Service f
(“ASIS”). Secondly, Timor‑Leste maintains that officers of the fAustralian
Security Intelligence Organisation (“ASIO”), in violation of Timfor‑Leste’s

rights under international law, seized documents relating to the firstf alle ‑
gation and other papers concerning Timor‑Leste’s legal position vis‑à‑vis
Australia from the Canberra office of an Australian lawyer who is advi ‑
sing Timor‑Leste. Thirdly, Australia maintains that the public statementfs
made by Timor‑Leste and its Australian lawyer suggest that a former

ASIS officer committed a crime under Australian law in disclosing inforf ‑
mation about ASIS activities and may thereby have endangered the
national security of Australia, including putting at risk the lives of ofther
ASIS officers.

54

8 CIJ1061.indb 236 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 197

clairement du libellé de l’article 41 du Statut, d’un pouvoir discrétion ‑
naire. Elle doit alors examiner soigneusement les droits allégués fpar cha‑

cune des deux parties et, aux fins de protéger d’un préjudicef irréparable
les droits plausibles invoqués par l’une d’elles, garder toujoufrs à l’esprit
l’effet que le respect de son ordonnance est susceptible d’avoir sur la
faculté de l’autre partie d’exercer les droits plausibles qui sfont les siens.
Cela a amené les juridictions de certains pays à subordonner l’findication
de mesures provisoires en faveur d’une partie à la condition qu’felle s’en ‑

gage, si elle devait être déboutée au fond, à indemniser la fpartie adverse à
raison des frais supportés par celle‑ci pour se conformer à l’ofrdonnance
provisoire. Pareille condition confère une certaine protection aux drfoits
qui pourraient être reconnus ultérieurement à la seconde partief et atténue
le caractère unilatéral des mesures provisoires. La Cour internatifonale de

Justice n’a toutefois jamais souhaité l’imposer, la nature de lfa plupart des
affaires dont elle est saisie (dont la présente) étant par ailfleurs telle qu’une
indemnisation financière de ce type ne serait ni suffisante ni appfropriée.
Cela ne dispense cependant pas la Cour de son devoir de faire en sorte
que toute mesure conservatoire qu’elle pourrait indiquer, tout en profté ‑
geant les droits d’une partie, ne cause pas un préjudice indu àf ceux de la

partie adverse. Là encore, une certaine prudence est de mise.

L’application des criftères en la présente fespèce

8. Pour en venir à l’application des critères susmentionnés auxf faits de
l’espèce, il apparaît que celle‑ci requérait des précautions particulières de la
part de la Cour, le contexte dans lequel le Timor‑Leste a présentéf sa
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires étant pour le moins
inhabituel, et ce, à plusieurs titres. Premièrement, dans le cadre d’une pro ‑
cédure d’arbitrage qu’il a engagée, celui‑ci a alléguéf que des fonctionnaires

australiens s’étaient livrés, sur son territoire, à des actefs ayant permis à
l’Australie d’obtenir un avantage déloyal dans la négociatiofn d’un traité
conclu entre les deux Etats, allégation que le Timor‑Leste entend éftayer
par le témoignage d’un ancien agent du service de renseignement exftérieur
de l’Australie (Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS)). Dfeuxième ‑

ment, il soutient que, en violation des droits que lui confère le drofit inter‑
national, des agents du service de renseignement intérieur de l’Aufstralie
(Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO)) ont saisi, dans les
locaux professionnels de Canberra d’un avocat australien qui le consefille,
des documents ayant trait, d’une part, à sa première allégatfion et, d’autre

part, à sa position juridique vis‑à‑vis de l’Australie. Troisièfmement, l’Aus ‑
tralie affirme, quant à elle, que les déclarations publiques faitfes par le
Timor‑Leste et son avocat australien donnent à penser qu’un ancien agent
de l’ASIS s’est rendu coupable d’une infraction pénale au refgard du droit
australien en divulguant des informations sur les activités de ce serfvice et
pourrait ainsi avoir compromis sa sécurité nationale, notamment enf met ‑

tant en danger la vie d’autres agents dudit service.

54

8 CIJ1061.indb 237 25/03/15 08:46 198 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

9. Even this brief summary of this background suggests that the Court
needs to be especially cautious in the present case. In the first placfe,

important elements of this background are the subject of proceedings
before another tribunal and are not, therefore, matters on which this
Court can pronounce, or by which it should be influenced. It is for thfe
arbitration tribunal, not the Court, to decide whether Timor‑Leste’s falle ‑
gations that Australia bugged its government offices in Dili and thus

obtained important information regarding Timor‑Leste’s stance in the f
negotiation of a treaty on the resources of the Timor Sea are well‑foundfed
and, if so, what are the consequences for the validity of the treaty andf the
responsibility of Australia. Whether a former ASIS officer has violatedf
the criminal law of Australia is a matter for the Australian courts. Thef
issue before this Court is confined to the allegations regarding the sfeizure

of documents from the office of Timor‑Leste’s Australian lawyer and fthe
justification which might be put forward by Australia for that seizuref.
Moreover, that issue is one for the merits phase of the present proceed ‑
ings. The need which arises in all provisional measures cases to ensure f
that the Court does not stray into matters which can only be considered f

on the merits is here complicated by the fact that the merits of the case
before the Court are bound up with, but have to be kept separate from,
the merits of the proceedings before the arbitration tribunal and any prfo ‑
ceedings which might be brought before the Australian courts.

10. The task of the Court is also complicated by the nature of the alle ‑
gations. The adjudication of issues involving national security is seldofm
an easy matter. In the present case the national security of both
Timor‑Leste and Australia is potentially at stake. The handling of intelf ‑

ligence material and allegations regarding the activities of intelligencfe ser‑
vices is notoriously difficult in any legal system. This consideration
compounds the difficulty which always faces the Court at the provisionafl
measures stage of a case, namely that there is very little evidence or infor ‑
mation regarding the facts before the Court. In the present case,

Timor‑Leste is understandably concerned that the raid on its lawyer’sf
office has placed in the hands of the Australian Government legal and
technical advice and correspondence which could give Australia a marked,f
and most unfair, advantage in the arbitration proceedings and in any
future negotiations with Timor‑Leste over the Timor Sea but it is unsuref

precisely what documents Australia has in its possession. Australia, havf ‑
ing sealed the documents in response to the request of the President
(Order, paras. 9 and 37) has told the Court that it does not know what is
in those documents (see the statements by the Solicitor‑General of Aus ‑
tralia (CR 2014/4, pp. 9 and 17 (Gleeson))) but expresses concern that
they may contain information relevant to safeguarding the lives of mem ‑

bers of its intelligence services and its methods of gathering intelligefnce.
The Court is thus obliged to proceed in a difficult matter with even less

55

8 CIJ1061.indb 238 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 198

9. Ce bref exposé du contexte souligne à lui seul la nécessité, pour la Cour,
de se montrer particulièrement prudente en la présente espèce. fEn premier

lieu, étant donné que certains éléments importants de ce conftexte font l’objet
d’une procédure devant une autre juridiction, ils ne constituent pfas des ques ‑
tions sur lesquelles la Cour peut se prononcer ou par lesquelles elle defvrait se
laisser influencer. C’est au tribunal arbitral, et non à la Courf, qu’il revient de
statuer sur le bien‑fondé de l’affirmation du Timor‑Leste selon laquelle l’Aus ‑

tralie aurait installé des micros dans les bureaux de son gouvernemenft à Dili
et obtenu ainsi des informations importantes sur sa position dans le cadfre des
négociations concernant un traité relatif aux ressources de la merf de Tim;or
c’est aussi au tribunal qu’il revient de statuer, le cas échéant, sur les consé ‑
quences de ces agissements du point de vue de la validité dudit traité et de la
responsabilité de l’Australie. Quant à la question de savoir sif un ancien agent

de l’ASIS a violé le droit pénal australien, elle doit être ftranchée par les juri
dictions australiennes compétentes. La Cour ne peut donc se prononcerf que
sur les allégations relatives à la saisie de documents dans les lofcaux de l’avocat
australien du Timor‑Leste et sur les justifications que l’Australief pourrait
avancer à cet égard. Encore ce point doit‑il être réservé à la phase de l’examen

au fond de la présente instance. S’il convient que la Cour, dans tfoute affaire
dans laquelle lui a été présentée une demande en indication fde mesures
conservatoires, veille à ne pas aborder des questions qui ne pourrontf être
examinées qu’au stade du fond, cet aspect était, en l’espèfce, compliqué par le
fait que le fond du différend dont elle est saisie, quoique lié fà celui de la pro

cédure soumise au tribunal arbitral et de toute action susceptible d’fêtre en ‑ ga
gée devant les juridictions australiennes, doit en rester distinct.
10. La Cour voit également sa tâche compliquée par la nature des alflé ‑
gations formulées par les Parties. Il est rarement aisé de statuer sur des
questions ayant trait à la sécurité nationale. Or, en la préfsente affaire, tant
celle du Timor‑Leste que celle de l’Australie peut se révéler êftre en jeu.

Comme chacun sait, le traitement d’éléments provenant de servicfes de ren ‑
seignement ainsi que d’assertions portant sur les activités de cesf services est
ardu quel que soit le système juridique dans lequel on se trouve. Celfa a
encore accru la difficulté qui se pose toujours à la Cour au stadfe des mesures
conservatoires, à savoir qu’elle ne dispose que de fort peu de moyfens de

preuve ou d’informations concernant les faits qui lui sont soumis. Enf l’es ‑
pèce, il est parfaitement compréhensible que le Timor‑Leste redoutfe que la
perquisition effectuée dans les locaux professionnels de son avocatf ait per ‑
mis au Gouvernement australien d’avoir connaissance de conseils juri ‑
diques et techniques ainsi que d’échanges de correspondance suscepftibles

de donner à l’Australie, de manière pour le moins inéquitablfe, un net avan ‑
tage dans le cadre de la procédure d’arbitrage et d’une évenftuelle négocia ‑
tion à venir avec le Timor‑Leste au sujet de la mer de Timor. Celui‑ci ne
sait cependant pas exactement quels documents sont en la possession de
l’Australie. Cette dernière, pour sa part, a indiqué à la Cofur que, les ayant
placés sous scellés pour faire suite à la demande du présidefnt (ordonnance,

par. 9 et 37), elle n’en connaissait pas la teneur (voir les déclarations fdu
Solicitor‑General de l’Australie (CR 2014/4, p. 9 et 17 (Gleeson))), mais

55

8 CIJ1061.indb 239 25/03/15 08:46 199 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

information than it would usually have on a request for provisional mea ‑
sures.

11. None of this means that the Court should be deterred from exercis‑
ing its powers under Article 41 of the Statute. The Court has a responsi ‑
bility to do what it can to ensure that plausible rights asserted by a State
in proceedings before it are not irreparably damaged before the Court

rules on jurisdiction or merits. Nevertheless, it does suggest that the fCourt
must tread carefully, ensuring that the criteria for the indication of pfrovi ‑
sional measures are indeed met, that it is sensitive to the plausible rifghts
of both Parties and that it does not go beyond what is necessary for thef

protection of the rights of either.

12. I agree with the Court that the first three requirements for the indi ‑
cation of provisional measures are met. That the provisions relied upon f
by Timor‑Leste to found the jurisdiction of the Court appear, at least

prima facie, to afford a basis of jurisdiction is clear beyond doubt and is f
not challenged by Australia 2. The Order quite rightly finds that
Timor‑Leste has demonstrated that it has plausible rights. I agree both f
with the Court’s definition of those plausible rights — “namely, the right

to conduct arbitration proceedings or negotiations without interference f
by Australia, including the right of confidentiality of and non‑interference
in its communications with its legal advisers” (Order, para. 28) — and
with its implicit decision that it is unnecessary at the present stage off the
proceedings to enquire into the broader rights asserted by Timor‑Leste. I

am not sure that those rights may be derived from Articles 2 (1) and 2 (3)
of the United Nations Charter, as opposed to a general principle of law f
concerning the confidentiality of communications with legal advisers, fbut
that is a matter for the merits. Finally, I agree that there is a link bfetween
the rights asserted by Timor‑Leste and the measures which the Court has f

indicated.

13. Where I must part company with the Court is in the application of
the fourth requirement, namely that the measures must be necessary to

prevent a real and imminent risk of irreparable harm to those rights. Thfe
majority has found that such a risk exists notwithstanding the undertak ‑
ing given by the Attorney‑General of Australia to the Court. I do not
agree. Save in one respect, I believe that the undertaking is sufficienft to
prevent the harm feared by Timor‑Leste. To see why that is so, it is necfes ‑

sary to examine the undertaking in some detail.

2Australia has, however, reserved the right to challenge the jurisdictionf of the Court or

the admissibility of the Application at a later stage.

56

8 CIJ1061.indb 240 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 199

s’est dite préoccupée de ce que ces documents puissent contenirf des infor‑
mations importantes pour la vie de membres de ses services de renseigne ‑
ment et l’intégrité de ses méthodes de collecte de renseignefments. La Cour
s’est donc vue contrainte de traiter une question délicate en dispfosant de
moins d’informations encore que cela n’est habituellement le cas dfans le

cadre d’une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires.
11. Cela ne signifie toutefois nullement que la Cour aurait dû s’absftenir
d’exercer les pouvoirs que lui confère l’article 41 du Statut. En effet, elle a
la responsabilité de tout mettre en œuvre pour éviter qu’un préjudice irré ‑
parable ne soit causé aux droits plausibles allégués par un Etaft partie à

une procédure devant elle avant de statuer sur sa compétence ou auf fond.
Ce nonobstant, les considérations qui précèdent donnent à pefnser qu’elle
devait faire preuve de prudence, en s’assurant qu’il avait bien éfté satisfait
aux critères régissant l’indication de mesures conservatoires, fen tenant

compte des droits plausibles des deux Parties et en n’allant pas au‑dfelà de
ce qui était nécessaire pour protéger les droits de chacune d’felles.
12. Je suis d’accord avec la Cour pour estimer qu’il a été satisffait aux trois
premiers critères régissant l’indication de mesures conservatoifres. Il ne fait
aucun doute que les dispositions que le Timor‑Leste a invoquées à fcet effet

constituent, au moins prima facie, une base sur laquelle la compétence de la
Cour pourrait être fondée, ce que l’Australie n’a d’ailleurs pas contesté 2.
Dans son ordonnance, la Cour a en outre considéré à juste titref que le
Timor‑Leste avait démontré qu’il possédait des droits plausifbles. A cet égard,

je souscris aussi bien à la définition qu’elle a donnée def ces droits plausibles,
«à savoir le droit de conduire une procédure d’arbitrage ou des fnégociations
sans ingérence de la part de l’Australie, y compris le droit à fla confidentialité
de ses communications avec ses conseillers juridiques et à la non‑ingérence
dans lesdites communications» (ordonnance, par.28), qu’au fait qu’elle n’ait

pas jugé utile, à ce stade de l’instance, de se pencher sur les droits plus génfé
raux allégués par le Timor‑Leste. Je ne suis pas certain que ces dfroits puissent
être déduits des paragraphes 1 et 3 de l’article 2 de la Charte des Nations
Unies plutôt que d’un principe général de droit concernant lfa confidentialité
des communications avec des conseillers juridiques, mais il s’agit là d’une

question de fond. Enfin, je conviens qu’il existe bien un lien entrfe les droits
allégués par le Timor‑Leste et les mesures que la Cour a indiquéfes.
13. En revanche, je ne partage pas les vues de la Cour en ce qui
concerne l’application du quatrième critère, qui exige que les fmesures

indiquées soient nécessaires pour prévenir un risque réel etf imminent
qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits en question. Je ne suis
pas d’accord avec la majorité, qui a jugé que ce risque existaift en dépit de
l’engagement pris envers la Cour par l’Attorney‑General de l’Australie.
Hormis sur un point, je pense au contraire que cet engagement était sfuffi ‑

sant pour prévenir le préjudice redouté par le Timor‑Leste. Poufr le com ‑
prendre, il convient d’examiner ledit engagement plus avant.

2L’Australie s’est toutefois réservé le droit de contester àf un stade ultérieur la compé‑

tence de la Cour ou la recevabilité de la requête.

56

8 CIJ1061.indb 241 25/03/15 08:46 200 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

14. Australia has given more than one undertaking to this Court and to
the arbitration tribunal but it is only the undertaking dated 21 Janu ‑

ary 2014 that is relevant to whether or not there exists a risk of irreparabfle
harm. The other undertakings were either subsumed by this one or are
concerned only to preserve the status quo pending the Court’s ruling fon
the request for provisional measures. Thus, following the letter of

18 December 2013 from the President of the Court, in the exercise of his
powers under Article 74 (4) of the Rules of Court (Order, para.9), Austra‑
lia placed the documents under seal and undertook that no official of Aus‑
tralia would have access to them until the Court rendered its decision ofn

the request for provisional measures (ibid., para. 37). While this undertak‑
ing was a very proper response to the President’s letter, it will expire on the
delivery of the present Order and is therefore of no relevance to the qufes‑
tion whether provisional measures are necessary in respect of the period
which will elapse between the Order and the final judgment of the Courft.

15. The undertaking of 21 January 2014 is of an entirely different

character. In a letter of that date, the Attorney‑General stated that :

“Whereas

A. I am the Attorney‑General of the Commonwealth of Australia,
having responsibility, inter alia, for the administration of the Aus‑

tralian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 and for the
conduct of these proceedings ; and
B. I am aware that the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation
(‘ASIO’) executed a warrant at premises occupied by the law fifrm
of Mr. Bernard Collaery and that in execution of that warrant,

certain material (‘the Material’) was taken into possession by
ASIO ; and
C. On 19 December 2013, I made a written undertaking to an Arbi ‑
tral Tribunal constituted under the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty relat ‑

ing to restrictions on the use of the Material ; and

D. On 20 January 2014, the Government of Timor‑Leste raised
before the International Court of Justice (‘the Court’) concernsf

relating to the use of the Material in contexts unrelated to the
arbitration.

I declare to the Court that :
1. I have not become aware or sought to inform myself of the con ‑
tent of the Material or any information derived from the Mat‑

erial ; and
2. I am not aware of any circumstance which would make it neces ‑

57

8 CIJ1061.indb 242 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 200

14. L’Australie a pris plusieurs engagements devant la Cour et le tribu‑
nal arbitral, mais seul celui du 21 janvier 2014 était pertinent aux fins de

déterminer s’il existait ou non un risque de préjudice irréparable. C’est
qu’en effet les autres engagements étaient soit implicitement cofntenus dans
celui‑ci, soit uniquement destinés à maintenir le statu quo en attendant que
la Cour se prononce sur la demande en indication de mesures conserva ‑

toires. Ainsi, comme suite à la lettre datée du 18 décembre 2013 que le pré‑
sident de la Cour lui avait adressée dans l’exercice des pouvoirs fque lui
confère le paragraphe 4 de l’article 74 du Règlement (ordonnance, par. 9),
l’Australie avait placé les documents sous scellés et s’éftait engagée à ce

qu’aucun de ses fonctionnaires n’en prenne connaissance avant que fla Cour
ne rende sa décision sur la demande en indication de mesures conservaf ‑
toires (ibid., par. 37). Bien que cet engagement ait constitué une réponse
tout à fait appropriée à la lettre du président, il expiraitf à la lecture de la
présente ordonnance et était donc dépourvu de pertinence aux fifns d’établir

si des mesures conservatoires étaient nécessaires en ce qui concerfne la
période qui s’écoulerait entre la lecture de l’ordonnance etf le prononcé de
l’arrêt définitif de la Cour.
15. L’engagement du 21 janvier 2014, en revanche, était d’une

tout autre nature, puisque, dans une lettre datée de ce même jour,
l’Attorney‑General avait précisé ce qui suit:
« Attendu que,

A. En ma qualité d’Attorney‑General du Commonwealth d’Australie,
je suis notamment chargé de l’administration de l’Australian Sefcu ‑

rity Intelligence Organisation Act de 1979 et de la conduite de la
présente procédure ;
B. Je suis informé de ce que le service de renseignement intérieur def
l’Australie (Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO))
a exécuté un mandat de perquisition dans les locaux occupés parf

le cabinet de M. Bernard Collaery, et pris possession, à cette occa‑
sion, de certains éléments (ci‑après « les éléments en cause »);
C. Le 19 décembre 2013, j’ai pris, auprès du tribunal arbitral consti ‑
tué en application du traité de 2002 relatif à la mer du Timor,f un

engagement écrit prévoyant des restrictions en ce qui concerne
l’utilisation des éléments en cause ;
D. Le 20 janvier 2014, le Gouvernement du Timor‑Leste a exprimé,
devant la Cour internationale de Justice (ci‑après « la Cour»), des

préoccupations au sujet de l’utilisation des éléments en caufse en
dehors du cadre de l’arbitrage.

Je déclare à la Cour que :
1. Je n’ai moi‑même pas pris connaissance et n’ai pas cherché àf
prendre connaissance du contenu des éléments en cause ou de

toutes informations qui en découleraient ;
2. Aucune circonstance ne nécessite, pour autant que je sache, que

57

8 CIJ1061.indb 243 25/03/15 08:46 201 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

sary for me to inform myself of the content of the Material or any
information derived from the Material ; and

3. I have given a Direction to ASIO that the content of the Material
and any information derived from the Material, is not under any
circumstances to be communicated to any person for any purpose
other than national security purposes (which include potential law
enforcement referrals and prosecutions) until final judgment in

this proceeding or until further or earlier order from the Court.

I undertake to the Court that until final judgment in this proceed ‑

ing or until further or earlier order of the Court :

1. I will not make myself aware or otherwise seek to inform myself

of the content of the Material or any information derived from
the Material; and
2. Should I become aware of any circumstance which would make
it necessary for me to inform myself of the Material, I will first
bring that fact to the attention of the Court, at which time further

undertakings will be offered ; and
3. The Material will not be used by any part of the Australian Gov‑
ernment for any purpose other than national security purposes
(which include potential law enforcement referrals and prosecu ‑
tions) ; and

4. Without limiting the above, the Material, or any information
derived from the Material, will not be made available to any part
of the Australian Government for any purpose relating to the
exploitation of resources in the Timor Sea or related negotiations,
or relating to the conduct of :

(a) these proceedings; and
(b) the proceedings in the Arbitral Tribunal referred to in
Recital C.”

As the present Order records, the Agent of Australia stated before the
Court that the Attorney‑General had the authority to bind Australia as af
matter of both Australian and international law (CR 2014/2, p. 9 (Reid)

and CR 2014/4, p. 27 (Reid), quoted in paragraph 44 of the Order).

16. The Attorney‑General’s undertaking was clarified by the answers
given by Australia to questions asked by Members of the Court. In
response to the question “[u]nder what circumstances would the under ‑
taking of the Attorney‑General expire prior to this Court’s Judgment”

(CR 2014/2, p. 49), the Solicitor‑General of Australia replied :
“it will not expire. All the words in question were intended to do wafs

to allow for a possible variation after the Court so ordered. There are f
no circumstances, other than those referred to in subparagraph 2,

58

8 CIJ1061.indb 244 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 201

je prenne connaissance du contenu des éléments en cause ou de
toutes informations qui en découleraient ;

3. J’ai donné pour instruction à l’ASIO de faire en sorte que lfe
contenu des éléments en cause et toutes informations qui en décfou ‑
leraient ne soient, en aucune circonstance, divulgués à quiconque f
et à quelque fin que ce soit, hormis pour des questions de sécurfité
nationale (notamment dans le cadre de la saisine des autorités

chargées de l’application de la loi et de poursuites), jusqu’àf ce que
la Cour ait définitivement statué dans la présente procédure ou
qu’elle en ait décidé autrement à un stade ultérieur ou afntérieur.
Je prends devant la Cour, jusqu’à ce que celle‑ci ait définitivement

statué dans la présente procédure ou qu’elle en ait décidfé autrement
à un stade ultérieur ou antérieur, l’engagement
1. De ne pas prendre moi‑même connaissance ni chercher de quelque

autre manière à avoir connaissance du contenu des éléments efn
cause ou de toutes informations qui en découleraient ;
2. Dans le cas où serait portée à ma connaissance une circonstancef,
quelle qu’elle soit, qui nécessiterait que je prenne connaissance fde
ces éléments et données, d’en informer tout d’abord la Cofur, et de

prendre alors devant elle d’autres engagements ;
3. De faire en sorte qu’aucune entité du Gouvernement australien n’futi ‑
lise lesdits éléments à quelque fin que ce soit, hormis pour des que‑s
tions de sécurité nationale (notamment dans le cadre de la saisine
des autorités chargées de l’application de la loi et de poursuifte;s)

4. De faire en sorte, sans préjudice de ce qui précède, qu’aucufne
entité du Gouvernement australien ne puisse avoir accès auxdits
éléments et à toutes informations qui en découleraient à ftoute fin
ayant trait à l’exploitation des ressources de la mer du Timor ou f
aux négociations à ce sujet, ou à la conduite de :

a) la présente procédure et
b) l’arbitrage mentionné au point C ci‑dessus. »

Ainsi que cela a été consigné dans la présente ordonnance, lf’agent du
défendeur a indiqué devant la Cour que l’Attorney‑General avait le pou ‑
voir de prendre des engagements liant l’Australie au regard tant du dfroit

australien que du droit international (CR 2014/2, p. 9 (Reid) et CR 2014/4,
p. 27 (Reid), cités au paragraphe 44 de l’ordonnance).
16. L’Australie a précisé l’engagement de son Attorney‑General en
répondant aux questions qui lui ont été posées par certains fmembres de la
Cour. Ainsi, en réponse à la question de savoir «dans quelles circonstances
l’engagement de l’Attorney‑General expirerait … avant l’arrêt de la Cour»

(CR 2014/2, p. 49), le Solicitor‑General de l’Australie a indiqué ce qui suit:
«l’engagement n’expirera pas. Il s’agissait simplement de ménfager la

possibilité d’un autre cas de figure, faisant suite à la défcision de la
Cour. Aucune circonstance autre que celles qui sont mentionnées au

58

8 CIJ1061.indb 245 25/03/15 08:46 202 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

which would require a variation. The purpose of subparagraph 2 was
that if circumstances arose where it became necessary — for reasons

currently unanticipated — for the Attorney‑General to inform him ‑
self of the material, Australia will first bring the matter to [the Cofurt],
on notice to Timor‑Leste, and will not act before [the Court has] been
able to consider the matter.” (CR 2014/4, p. 20 (Gleeson).)

The undertaking was thus of indefinite duration and would be varied onfly
with the consent of the Court.

17. Australia was also asked about the relationship between subpara ‑
graph (3) and subparagraph (4) of the undertaking “in light of the fact
that subparagraph (4) begins with the phrase ‘without limiting the
above’”. The question was :

“If Australia wishes, for ‘national security purposes’, to provfide the
material or information derived from the material to a part of the
Australian Government that has responsibility for the matters
described in subparagraph (4), could it do so consistent with the

Undertaking?” (CR 2014/2, p. 49.)
The Solicitor‑General’s answer was categorical —

“The answer to your second question is ‘no’.
The purpose of subparagraph (4) was only to clarify that matters

concerning the Timor Sea and related negotiations, as well as the
conduct of these Court proceedings and of the Tribunal, fall outside
the ‘national security’ purpose referred to in subparagraph (3).”
(CR 2014/4, p. 20 (Gleeson).)

In other words, Australia was undertaking that, except with the consent f
of the Court, none of the material seized, or information derived there ‑
from, would be communicated to anyone involved in the proceedings
before this Court or the proceedings before the arbitration tribunal or

anyone who might become involved in any future negotiations regarding
the Timor Sea which might take place between Australia and Timor‑Leste.
18. The undertaking related to future disclosure of the material seized
or information derived therefrom but, in answer to another question
from a Member of the Court (CR 2014/2, p. 49), the Solicitor‑General of

Australia gave an undertaking that no information derived from that
material or notes taken during the execution of the search warrant had
already been disclosed to persons involved in the arbitration proceedingfs
or who might be involved in any future negotiations regarding the Timor f
Sea (CR 2014/4, pp. 20‑21 (Gleeson)).

19. Lastly, a Member of the Court asked Australia :

“In the event of a prosecution in Australia, will any of the docu ‑
ments seized or information derived from those documents be dis ‑

59

8 CIJ1061.indb 246 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 202

deuxième point ne l’exigerait. Ce deuxième point visait à prféciser que
si de nouvelles circonstances imposaient — pour des raisons que

nous n’envisageons pas actuellement — à l’Attorney‑General de
prendre connaissance du contenu des documents, l’Australie com ‑
mencerait par en informer la Cour, en en avisant le Timor‑Leste, et
s’abstiendrait d’agir avant que celle‑ci n’ait pu se pencher sufr la ques‑
tion.» (CR 2014/4, p. 20 (Gleeson).)

Il s’agissait donc d’un engagement sans limitation de durée, nef pouvant
être modifié qu’avec le consentement de la Cour.

17. L’Australie a également été interrogée sur le lien entre fles troisième
et quatrième points de l’engagement, « étant donné que ce dernier [le qua ‑
trième point] [contenait] l’expression «sans préjudice de ce qui précède»».
La question était la suivante :

«Si l’Australie souhaite, « à des fins de sécurité nationale », fournir
des éléments ou informations qui auraient été obtenus à une entité
du Gouvernement australien exerçant des responsabilités dans les
domaines décrits au point 4, pourrait‑elle le faire tout en respectant

l’engagement de l’Attorney‑General ?» (CR 2014/2, p. 49.)
Le Solicitor‑General s’est montré formel :

«La réponse à la seconde question … est « non».
Le quatrième point avait pour seul objectif de préciser que les

questions concernant la mer de Timor et les négociations y afférfentes,
ainsi que la conduite des procédures devant la présente Cour et lef
tribunal, ne relevaient pas des questions de « sécurité nationale »
visées au troisième point. » (CR 2014/4, p. 20 (Gleeson).)

Autrement dit, l’Australie s’était engagée à ne communiquer, hormis avec
le consentement de la Cour, aucun des éléments saisis, ou des infofrma ‑
tions qui en découleraient, à quiconque participant aux procédufres devant
la Cour ou le tribunal arbitral, ou susceptible de prendre part à d’féven ‑

tuelles futures négociations entre l’Australie et le Timor‑Leste cfoncernant
la mer de Timor.
18. L’engagement portait sur une divulgation future des éléments safisis
ou des informations qui en découleraient, mais, en réponse à unfe autre
question d’un membre de la Cour (CR 2014/2, p. 49), le Solicitor‑General

de l’Australie a assuré que, à ce stade, aucune information défcoulant des ‑
dits éléments ou de notes qui auraient été prises pendant l’exécution du
mandat de perquisition n’avait été communiquée à une quelfconque per ‑
sonne participant à la procédure d’arbitrage ou susceptible de fprendre
part à d’éventuelles futures négociations concernant la mer fde Timor

(CR 2014/4, p. 20‑21 (Gleeson)).
19. Enfin, un membre de la Cour a posé à l’Australie la question fsui ‑
vante :

«Dans l’hypothèse où une action serait engagée en Australie, fun
quelconque document saisi ou renseignement obtenu à partir des

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8 CIJ1061.indb 247 25/03/15 08:46 203 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

closed in court in such a way that those documents or that information
will be likely to come to the notice of persons involved in the arbitra‑

tion, in the proceedings in this Court or in any negotiations [regardingf
the Timor Sea] ?” (CR 2014/2, pp. 49‑50.)

The Solicitor‑General replied :
“[I]f the documents remain in the hands of ASIO or the prosecu ‑

tors, Australia’s approach would be to make the appropriate appli ‑
cation to the Court [i.e., the Australian court] under the National
Security Information (Criminal and Civil Proceedings) Act 2004
which can be applied to ensure that the information does not come
to the notice of persons referred to in the question.

The Attorney‑General undertakes to you that in the event of such
a prosecution, he will direct the Commonwealth Director of Public
Prosecutions to invoke the relevant provisions of that Act. And, in
the unlikely event that a prosecution took place before the resolution

of this matter, the Attorney‑General, through me, undertakes that he
will inform the Court [i.e., the Australian court before which the pros ‑
ecution takes place] of the undertaking I have just given you, he will
seek the appropriate orders to limit the dissemination of the informa ‑
tion. And in the unlikely event the orders were not made, the

Attorney‑General will bring the matter back to this Court before any
further action is taken in Australia.” (CR 2014/4, p. 21 (Gleeson).)

20. The Court has in the past taken into account a formal undertaking
regarding future conduct of the kind given by Australia and concluded
that, in the light of that undertaking, no risk of irreparable harm existed
(see Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Bel ‑

gium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009,
I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 155, paras. 71‑72). It has also taken note of a for ‑
mal undertaking in proceedings before the Court as to an existing state fof
affairs (see Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2014, p. 65, para. 178). As the Court says in the present Order,

“[t]he Court has no reason to believe that the written undertaking

dated 21 January 2014 will not be implemented by Australia. Once a
State has made such a commitment concerning its conduct, its good
faith in complying with that commitment is to be presumed.” (Order,
para. 44.)

21. It is implicit in paragraph 44 of the Order and in the approach
taken by the Court in Belgium v. Senegal that a formal undertaking of the
kind given by Australia in proceedings before the Court is legally bindifng

as a matter of international law and creates legal obligations for the Sftate
that makes it.

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8 CIJ1061.indb 248 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 203

documents saisis sera‑t‑il divulgué dans le cadre de la procédure, de
sorte qu’il pourrait être porté à la connaissance de personnfes partici‑

pant à l’arbitrage, à la procédure devant la présente Coufr ou à toute
négociation [concernant la mer de Timor] ?» (CR 2014/2, p. 49‑50.)

La réponse du Solicitor‑General a été la suivante :
«[S]i les documents se trouvent toujours en la possession de l’ASIO

ou du parquet, l’Australie saisira le tribunal [c’est‑à‑dire lef tribunal
australien] conformément au National Security Information (Crimi ‑
nal and Civil Proceedings) Act de 2004 [loi de 2004 sur le renseigne ‑
ment en matière de sécurité nationale (procédures pénalef et civile)] …
afin de garantir que les personnes en question ne prennent pas

connaissance des informations.
En pareil cas, l’Attorney‑General s’engage vis‑à‑vis de la Cour à
donner pour instruction au Commonwealth Director of Public Prose ‑
cutions d’invoquer les dispositions pertinentes de cette loi. Et, danfs
l’hypothèse improbable où des poursuites seraient engagées avant le

règlement du présent différend, l’Attorney‑General s’engage, par mon
intermédiaire, à informer le tribunal concerné [c’est‑à‑dfire le tribunal
australien qui aura été saisi] de l’engagement que je viens de fprendre
auprès de vous, et demandera que soient ordonnées les mesures néces ‑
saires pour limiter la diffusion des informations. Enfin, dans l’fhypo‑

thèse non moins improbable où de telles mesures ne seraient pas
prises, l’Attorney‑General en référera à la Cour avant que ne soit prise
toute nouvelle initiative en Australie.» (CR 2014/4, p. 21 (Gleeson).)

20. Par le passé, la Cour a déjà tenu compte d’un engagementf formel
quant à un comportement futur — engagement comparable à celui qu’a
pris l’Australie en la présente espèce — et conclu que, au vu de cet engage ‑
ment, il n’existait aucun risque de préjudice irréparable (voifr Questions

concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil 2009,
p. 155, par. 71‑72). Dans une autre instance introduite devant elle, la Cour
a également pris note d’un engagement formel portant sur une situaftion
existante (voir Différend maritime (Pérou c. Chili), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil

2014, p. 65, par. 178). Ainsi qu’elle l’a indiqué dans la présente ordonnancef,
«[l]a Cour n’a aucune raison de penser que l’engagement écrit enf

date du 21 janvier 2014 ne sera pas respecté par l’Australie. Dès lors
qu’un Etat a pris un tel engagement quant à son comportement, il
doit être présumé qu’il s’y conformera de bonne foi. » (Ordonnance,
par. 44.)

21. Il ressort implicitement du paragraphe 44 de l’ordonnance et de
l’approche de la Cour en l’affaire Belgique c. Sénégal qu’un engagement
formel tel que celui de l’Australie, pris au cours d’une instance introduite

devant la Cour, est juridiquement contraignant au regard du droit inter ‑
national et qu’il crée des obligations juridiques pour l’Etat qfui le contracte.

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8 CIJ1061.indb 249 25/03/15 08:46 204 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

22. Should the Court, therefore, have followed the same course that it
adopted in Belgium v. Senegal and treated the Australian undertaking (as

clarified in the hearings before the Court) as sufficient to demonstfrate that
there was no real and imminent risk of irreparable harm ? To answer that
question, it is necessary to look both at the right, as defined by the Court,
and the risks identified by Timor‑Leste and the Court.
23. The principal claim of Timor‑Leste, which the Court considered

had been established as plausible and thus deserving, if the other requifre ‑
ments were satisfied, of protection by means of provisional measures wfas
“[the] right to communicate with its counsel and lawyers in a confifdential
manner with regard to issues forming the subject‑matter of pending arbi ‑
tral proceedings and future negotiations between the Parties” (Orderf,

para. 27 ; see also para. 28). The risk of irreparable harm to this right
identified by Timor‑Leste was the risk that the material seized from its
lawyer’s office, or information derived therefrom, would find its fway into
the hands of those responsible on the part of Australia for the conduct fof
the arbitration or any future negotiations. Thus, counsel for Timor‑Leste

told the Court

“The essence of what we seek is to ensure that the illegally seized
materials should not be made available to any person having any role
in connection with Australian diplomatic or commercial relations
with Timor‑Leste over the Timor Sea and its resources. This includes,
but is not limited to, any person having any role in relation to the

Arbitration.” (CR 2014/1, pp. 33‑34 (Sir Michael Wood).)

24. It was that risk of a detrimental effect on Timor‑Leste’s position in
the arbitration and in any future negotiations which would arise if the
seized material was divulged to any person involved in the arbitration ofr
likely to be involved in any future negotiations on the Australian side f
which was the decisive consideration for the Court (see Order, para. 42).

25. Yet that is precisely the risk which the Attorney‑General’s under ‑
taking, if complied with, would prevent. As clarified before the Courtf,
that undertaking is that :

(1) none of the seized material or any information derived therefrom has
so far been divulged to any person involved in the arbitration or the
Court proceedings or who may be likely to be involved in any future

Timor Sea negotiations ;

(2) none of the seized material or any information derived therefrom will
be divulged to any person involved in the arbitration or the Court
proceedings or who may be likely to be involved in any future Timor

Sea negotiations until after the Court has given its final judgment inf
the case ;

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8 CIJ1061.indb 250 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 204

22. Dès lors, la Cour aurait‑elle dû suivre l’approche qu’elfle avait adoptée
en l’affaire Belgique c. Sénégal et considérer que l’engagement australien (tel

que précisé à l’audience) suffisait à démontrer qu’fil n’existait pas de risque
réel et imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé ? Pour répondre à
cette question, il convient d’examiner à la fois le droit en causef, tel que défini
par la Cour, et les risques identifiés par le Timor‑Leste et par elfle‑même.
23. Le droit faisant l’objet de la demande principale du Timor‑Leste,

dont la Cour a jugé que la plausibilité avait été établief et que, partant, il
devait être protégé au moyen de mesures conservatoires (pour afutant que
les autres conditions soient remplies), était le « droit de communiquer de
manière confidentielle avec ses conseils et avocats au sujet de questions
faisant l’objet d’une procédure arbitrale en cours et de futurefs négocia ‑

tions entre les Parties » (ordonnance, par. 27 ; voir également par. 28).
Quant au risque, identifié par le Timor‑Leste, qu’un préjudicfe irréparable
soit causé à ce droit, il était que les éléments saisis dfans les locaux profes
sionnels de son avocat, ou les informations qui en découleraient, par ‑
viennent aux responsables de la conduite de l’arbitrage ou d’évfentuelles

futures négociations au nom de l’Australie. C’est pourquoi le cfonseil du
Timor‑Leste a déclaré ce qui suit :

«Notre action vise, en substance, à faire en sorte que les élémefnts
saisis de manière illicite ne soient mis à la disposition d’aucfune per ‑
sonne jouant un quelconque rôle dans les relations diplomatiques ou
commerciales qu’entretiennent l’Australie et le Timor‑Leste au sujfet de
la mer de Timor et de ses ressources. Cela vaut notamment, mais non

exclusivement, pour toutes les personnes jouant un rôle dans le cadref
de l’arbitrage en cours.» (CR 2014/1, p. 33‑34 (sir Michael Wood).)

24. C’est ce risque que soit compromise la position du Timor‑Leste
dans le cadre de l’arbitrage et d’éventuelles futures négocifations, dans
l’hypothèse où les éléments saisis seraient divulgués fà une quelconque
personne participant à cet arbitrage ou susceptible de prendre part àf ces
négociations au nom de l’Australie, qui s’est révélé dféterminant pour la

Cour (voir ordonnance, par. 42).
25. Or, c’est précisément ce risque que l’engagement de l’Attorney‑
General, à condition d’être respecté, visait à écarter. Tel qfue précisé
devant la Cour, cet engagement était le suivant :

1) aucun des éléments saisis ou des informations qui en découleraifent
n’avait, à ce stade, été divulgué à une quelconque perfsonne participant
à la procédure d’arbitrage ou à l’instance introduite devant la Cour ou

susceptible de prendre part à d’éventuelles futures négociatfions au sujet
de la mer de Timor ;
2) aucun des éléments saisis ou des informations qui en découleraifent ne
serait divulgué à une quelconque personne participant à la procfédure
d’arbitrage ou à l’instance introduite devant la Cour ou suscepftible de

prendre part à d’éventuelles futures négociations au sujet dfe la mer de
Timor avant que la Cour n’ait rendu son arrêt définitif en l’espfèce;

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8 CIJ1061.indb 251 25/03/15 08:46 205 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

(3) in the event that criminal proceedings are brought in Australia before
the Court has given its final judgment in this case, the Australian

court will be asked to take special measures to ensure that none of
the seized material or information derived therefrom is disclosed in a
manner which might lead to it coming to the attention of any of the
persons involved in the arbitration or the Court proceedings or who
may be likely to be involved in any future Timor Sea negotiations

and, if the Australian court declines to take such measures, Australia
will not proceed further in the Australian courts until it has given thifs
Court the opportunity to rule on the question.

26. This undertaking is far more precise and detailed than that given in
Belgium v. Senegal. Since the Court has held that there is no reason to

believe that Australia will not comply with the commitment that it has
made to the Court, I cannot conclude that there is a real and imminent
risk that any of the information concerned will find its way into the hands
of anyone involved in the arbitration or the conduct of the current pro ‑
ceedings or who is likely to be involved in any future negotiations betwfeen

the Parties over the Timor Sea. The Court reaches a different conclusifon
on the basis that,

“once disclosed to any designated officials in the circumstances prof ‑
vided for in the written undertaking dated 21 January 2014, the infor‑
mation contained in the seized material could reach third parties, and
the confidentiality of the materials could be breached” (Order,
para. 46).

27. I entirely understand and sympathize with the Court’s concern to
maintain the confidentiality of what seems certain to be sensitive matferial

capable of giving Australia a most unfair advantage in the ongoing arbi ‑
tration proceedings and possibly in any future negotiations but it has tfo
be asked quite what the Court has in mind in the passage just quoted. Thfe
possibility of disclosure coming about as a result of a prosecution in Afus ‑
tralia has been covered by the supplementary undertaking given orally

through the Solicitor‑General and quoted at paragraph 19, above. The
Court may have had in mind the possibility of a disclosure by an officefr
of ASIO empowered to examine the material for national security rea ‑
sons. Yet that concern is difficult to reconcile with what the Court safys in
paragraph 44 of the Order about having no reason to doubt that Austra ‑

lia will comply with the undertaking. A State can act only through its
officials and an officer of ASIO is, in accordance with the principle fcodi ‑
fied in Article 4 of the ILC Articles on State Responsibility, an organ of
the Australian State. It is, therefore, a contradiction in terms to say fthat
the Court has confidence that Australia will comply in good faith withf the

commitment it has made but that it doubts whether certain organs of the f
Australian State will do so. Even if such an ASIO officer were acting ifn an

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8 CIJ1061.indb 252 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 205

3) dans l’hypothèse où une procédure pénale serait engagéfe en Australie
avant que la Cour n’ait rendu son arrêt définitif en l’espfèce, il serait

demandé au tribunal australien de prendre des mesures spéciales pofur
faire en sorte qu’aucun des éléments saisis ou des informationsf qui en
découleraient ne soit divulgué d’une manière permettant àf une quel ‑
conque personne participant à la procédure d’arbitrage ou à fl’instance
introduite devant la Cour ou susceptible de participer aux éventuellefs

futures négociations au sujet de la mer de Timor d’en prendre connais ‑
sance, et, au cas où le tribunal australien refuserait d’ordonner fpareilles
mesures, l’Australie ne poursuivrait pas la procédure devant ses jfuridic ‑
tions avant d’avoir donné à la Cour la possibilité de se profnoncer sur la
question.

26. Cet engagement était bien plus précis et détaillé que celui fqui avait
été pris en l’affaire Belgique c. Sénégal. La Cour ayant par ailleurs jugé

qu’il n’y avait aucune raison de penser que l’Australie ne respfecterait pas
l’engagement qu’elle avait contracté envers elle, je ne puis cofnclure à
l’existence d’un risque réel et imminent qu’une quelconque ifnformation
en cause parvienne à une personne participant à la procédure d’farbitrage
ou à la présente instance ou susceptible de prendre part à d’féventuelles

futures négociations entre les Parties au sujet de la mer de Timor. Or, la
Cour est arrivée à une conclusion différente au motif que,

«une fois communiquées à tout fonctionnaire habilité aux fins fvisées
dans l’engagement écrit en date du 21 janvier 2014, les informations
contenues dans les éléments saisis [auraient pu] parvenir à desf tiers,
et la confidentialité de ces éléments [aurait pu] être vioflée » (ordon ‑
nance, par. 46).

27. Bien que je comprenne et partage tout à fait le souci de la Cour de
préserver la confidentialité de documents qui paraissent assurément sen ‑

sibles et susceptibles de donner à l’Australie un avantage on ne pfeut plus
inéquitable dans le cadre de la procédure d’arbitrage en cours et, peut‑être,
d’éventuelles futures négociations, il y a tout de même lieuf de s’interroger
sur le raisonnement qui sous‑tend le passage précité. La possibilité que
des informations soient divulguées par suite d’une action introduifte en

Australie était couverte par l’engagement supplémentaire pris ofralement
par le Solicitor‑General et cité au paragraphe 19 ci‑dessus. Peut‑être la
Cour avait‑elle à l’esprit la possibilité d’une divulgation par un agenft de
l’ASIO habilité à examiner les éléments en cause pour des raisons tou ‑
chant à la sécurité nationale, mais cette préoccupation n’fest guère compa‑

tible avec ce qu’elle a dit au paragraphe 44 de son ordonnance, à savoir
qu’elle n’avait aucune raison de douter que l’Australie se confformerait à
l’engagement. Un Etat ne peut agir que par l’intermédiaire de sfes fonc ‑
tionnaires et, au regard du principe codifié à l’article 4 des articles de la
CDI sur la responsabilité de l’Etat, un agent de l’ASIO est un forgane de

l’Etat australien. Le fait que la Cour dise qu’elle pense que l’fAustralie se
conformera de bonne foi à son engagement, tout en doutant que certains

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8 CIJ1061.indb 253 25/03/15 08:46 206 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

unauthorized manner, his or her conduct would still be the conduct of
Australia so long as he or she acted in their official capacity (ILC Articles

on State Responsibility, Article 7) and it is difficult to see how disclosure
by one official to another could be seen as anything else. I accept thaft that
leaves the possibility of an accidental disclosure but, given the naturef of
the security concerns involved, such accidental disclosure seems unlikelfy
and no suggestion of such an eventuality was made by Timor‑Leste.

28. For these reasons, I believe that the 21 January 2014 undertaking
from the Attorney‑General of Australia removes the risk that the mat‑
erial (or information derived therefrom) will be disclosed in circumstfances
which would disadvantage Timor‑Leste in relation to the arbitration pro ‑

ceedings or potential negotiations regarding the Timor Sea. The Court,
however, has determined that, while the undertaking makes “a signififcant
contribution towards mitigating the imminent risk . . . [it] does not remove
this risk entirely” (Order, para. 47). On that basis, the Court has ordered
Australia to seal the seized material (ibid., para. 55 (2)) and ensure that its

content is not in any way used to the disadvantage of Timor‑Leste (ibid.,
para. 55 (1)). This approach may reflect an understandable wish to err onf
the side of caution. Unfortunately, I think it goes far beyond that. Whifle
paragraph (1) of the dispositif can reasonably be regarded in that light,
paragraph (2) goes much further. By requiring that the seized materialf be

sealed until the final judgment of the Court, this measure deprives Aufs ‑
tralia of any opportunity (until the date of that judgment) to have itfs
intelligence officers inspect the material for the purpose of findingf out
what, if anything, the former ASIS officer actually disclosed to
Timor‑Leste’s Australian lawyer and, in particular, whether that discflo ‑
sure may put in danger other ASIS or ASIO officers. It also precludes

Australia from making any use of the material (even in a preliminary
way) in the investigation of what it claims may be a serious offence fby an
Australian national. To my mind, it is clear that the right of Australiaf to
exercise its criminal jurisdiction and its right to protect the safety of its
officials must also be regarded as plausible. In deciding what provisiofnal

measures to order, the Court should have regard to the plausible rights fof
both parties in a case. In particular, it should be slow to adopt a measfure
which precludes one party (here, Australia) from any exercise of its plau ‑
sible rights in order to protect the rights of the other party (here, Tfimor‑
Leste) against a risk which the Court itself has identified as small.f Had

the Court simply accepted the undertaking given by Australia or had
stopped short at paragraph (1) of the dispositif, it would have respected
the plausible rights of both Parties. Instead, it has adopted a measure fthat
takes no account at all of the plausible rights of Australia.

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8 CIJ1061.indb 254 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 206

des organes de cet Etat l’honorent également, est donc contradictofire.
Quand bien même un agent de l’ASIO agirait de manière non autorfisée,

son comportement resterait celui de l’Australie dès lors qu’il fopérerait en
sa qualité officielle (article 7 des articles de la CDI sur la responsabilité de
l’Etat), et l’on voit mal comment il pourrait en aller autrement en cas de
divulgation d’informations d’un agent à un autre. Je reconnais fque la pos ‑
sibilité d’une divulgation fortuite n’était pas écartéfe, mais, compte tenu de

la nature des considérations de sécurité en cause, cela semblait impro ‑
bable, le Timor‑Leste n’ayant d’ailleurs pas évoqué pareillef éventualité.
28. Au vu de ce qui précède, je suis d’avis que l’engagement quef
l’Attorney‑General de l’Australie avait pris le 21 janvier 2014 permettait
d’écarter le risque que les éléments en cause (ou les inforfmations susceptibles
d’en découler) fussent divulgués selon des modalités préfjudiciables au

Timor‑Leste dans le cadre de la procédure d’arbitrage ou d’éfventuelles
négociations concernant la mer de Timor. La Cour a cependant jugé fque
l’engagement « contribu[ait certes] de manière importante à atténuer le
risque imminent … mais [qu’il] ne supprim[ait] pas entièrement ce risque»
(ordonnance, par. 47). C’est sur cette base qu’elle a enjoint à l’Australie dfe

placer sous scellés les éléments saisis (ibid., point 2 du dispositif)) et de faire
en sorte que leur contenu ne soit d’aucune manière utilisé au dfétriment du
Timor‑Leste (ibid., point 1 du dispositif). Cette approche pourrait refléter
la volonté bien compréhensible de s’entourer d’un maximum de prfécau ‑
tions, mais, selon moi, elle va malheureusement bien au‑delà ; si l’on peut

raisonnablement considérer que le point 1 du dispositif est bien l’expression
de cette volonté, le point 2, quant à lui, l’excède très largement. En exigeant
que les éléments saisis soient conservés sous scellés jusqu’fà ce que la Cour
rende son arrêt définitif, cette mesure prive en effet l’Aufstralie de toute
possibilité (jusqu’à la date du prononcé de cet arrêt) fde les faire examiner
par ses agents de renseignement en vue de déterminer si l’ancien afgent de

l’ASIS a effectivement divulgué des informations à l’avocaft australien du
Timor‑Leste et surtout, le cas échéant, si cette divulgation risqufe de mettre
en danger d’autres agents de l’ASIS ou de l’ASIO. Elle empêche également
l’Australie de faire usage desdits éléments (ne serait‑ce que fde manière pré ‑
liminaire) dans le cadre de son enquête sur ce qu’elle a qualififé d’infraction

grave commise par un ressortissant australien. Or, à mon sens, il estf clair
que les droits de l’Australie d’exercer sa compétence pénalef et de protéger
la sécurité de ses agents devaient, eux aussi, être considérfés comme plau ‑
sibles. Lorsqu’elle détermine quelles sont les mesures conservatoires qu’il
convient d’indiquer, la Cour devrait tenir compte des droits plausibles des

deux parties à l’instance. En particulier, il lui faut réfléfchir soigneusement
avant d’adopter une mesure qui, afin de protéger les droits de lfa partie
adverse (en l’occurrence le Timor‑Leste) contre un risque qu’ellfe a elle‑même
jugé faible, empêchera totalement l’autre partie (en l’occurrence l’Australie)
d’exercer ses droits plausibles. Si la Cour s’était contentéfe d’accepter l’enga‑
gement pris par l’Australie ou de s’arrêter au point 1 du dispositif, elle

aurait respecté les droits plausibles des deux Parties, plutôt que d’adopter
une mesure qui ne tient aucun compte de ceux de l’Australie.

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8 CIJ1061.indb 255 25/03/15 08:46 207 seizure and detentiofn (diss. op. greenwood)

29. Since one of the prerequisites for the indication of provisional mea‑

sures regarding the seized material is absent, I have therefore felt oblfiged
to vote against the measures ordered in paragraphs (1) and (2) of the
dispositif which relate to that material. Even had I considered that the
prerequisite of the existence of a real and imminent risk was satisfiefd, I
would still have voted against paragraph (2) of the dispositif for the rea ‑

sons given in paragraph 28 of this opinion.
30. Paragraph (3) of the dispositif is a different matter. This paragraph
deals not with the use which might be made of the seized material or
information derived from that material but with the possibility of futurfe
interference by Australia with Timor‑Leste’s communications with its

legal advisers. In view of the seizure of papers which clearly related tfo
legal advice and preparation for the forthcoming arbitration from Timor‑
Leste’s lawyer, it is entirely understandable that Timor‑Leste is confcerned
that there might be future interference and it sought an assurance from f
Australia that there would be no such interference. To my surprise, the f

undertaking from the Attorney‑General makes no mention of this matter.
In the absence of any undertaking not to interfere with Timor‑Leste’s
communications with its lawyers in the future, I accept that there is a freal
and imminent risk of such interference which requires action on the partf
of the Court. I have therefore voted in favour of paragraph (3).

31. In the course of the hearings, leading counsel for Timor‑Leste
spoke eloquently of the need for “clear, firm and severe condemnatifon of
what Australia has done” (CR 2014/1, p. 30 (Sir Elihu Lauterpacht QC))
but I did not understand him to expect such a statement at the present
stage of the proceedings. Whether or not such condemnation is appropri ‑

ate can be decided only if and when the Court rules on the merits of thef
present case. The purpose of provisional measures is solely to protect
rights which may subsequently be adjudged to exist and to be applicable.
It is not to anticipate a judgment on the merits by the expression of cofn ‑
demnation or approval of what either party has done. My votes in the

present phase should not, therefore, be taken as suggesting that I con ‑
done what has happened.

(Signed) Christopher Greenwood.

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8 CIJ1061.indb 256 25/03/15 08:46 saisie et détention (fop. diss. greenwood) 207

29. L’une des conditions préalables à l’indication de mesures cofnserva‑
toires relativement aux éléments saisis n’étant pas remplie,f je me suis vu

dans l’obligation de voter contre les mesures indiquées aux pointsf 1 et 2
du dispositif, qui ont trait à ces éléments. Quand bien même j’aurais
considéré qu’il avait été satisfait à la condition préfalable de l’existence
d’un risque réel et imminent, j’aurais tout de même, pour lefs motifs expo ‑
sés au paragraphe 28 de la présente opinion, voté contre le point 2.

30. Le point 3 du dispositif, en revanche, est d’un autre ordre, puisqu’il
ne porte pas sur l’usage qui pourrait être fait des éléments saisis ou des
informations susceptibles d’en découler, mais sur la possibilitéf d’une ingé ‑
rence future de l’Australie dans les communications entre le Timor‑Lefste
et ses conseillers juridiques. Etant donné que certains des documentsf sai ‑
sis se rapportent clairement à des conseils juridiques ainsi qu’à la prépa ‑

ration de l’arbitrage à venir et qu’ils émanent de l’avocfat du Timor‑Leste,
il était parfaitement compréhensible que celui‑ci redoute une éfventuelle
ingérence future et demande à l’Australie de lui assurer qu’fil n’y en aurait
pas. Or, à ma surprise, l’engagement pris par l’Attorney‑General restait
muet sur ce point. En l’absence de tout engagement contraire, j’admets

donc qu’il existait un risque réel et imminent d’ingérence ffuture dans les
communications entre le Timor‑Leste et ses avocats, risque qui exigeait f
une intervention de la Cour. C’est pourquoi j’ai voté en faveurf du point 3.
31. A l’audience, le conseil principal du Timor‑Leste a requis avec élfo ‑
quence une « condamnation claire, ferme et sévère de ce que l’Australie

a[vait] fait » (CR 2014/1, p. 30 (sir Elihu Lauterpacht, QC)). Il ne m’a
cependant pas semblé qu’il s’attendait à ce que la Cour fassfe une déclara ‑
tion à cet effet au stade actuel de la procédure. La question def savoir si
pareille condamnation est appropriée ne pourra être tranchée qu’au
moment où, le cas échéant, la Cour se prononcera sur le fond. Lfes mesures
conservatoires ont pour seul but de protéger des droits dont l’exifstence et

l’applicabilité peuvent être reconnues ultérieurement. Ellesf ne doivent pas
préjuger d’un arrêt au fond en réprouvant ou en approuvant lfes actes de
l’une ou l’autre des parties. Mon vote sur les différents poifnts du disposi ‑
tif de la présente ordonnance ne saurait donc être interprétéf comme une
condamnation, de ma part, de ce qui s’est produit.

(Signé) Christopher Greenwood.

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8 CIJ1061.indb 257 25/03/15 08:46

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Dissenting opinion of Judge Greenwood

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