Declaration of Judge Greenwood

Document Number
150-20110308-ORD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
150-20110308-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

46

DECLARATION OF JUDGE GREENWOOD

Provisional measures of protection —Criteri — Requirement that there be a risk
of irreparable prejudice to rights which might be adjudged to belong to one of the
Parties— Requirement that rights for which protection sought must be plausible —
Meaning of plausibility in this context —Application to the present case —
Appropriate measure to guard against risk of environmental harm to w▯ d.n

1. I have voted in favour of the operative paragraphs of the Order and
agree with most of the reasoning but I have certain reservations regardifng
operative paragraph 2, where I think the Court should have gone further
in calling upon the Parties to co-operate to address the risk of irreparable

environmental harm in the period before the Court can give judgment on
the merits.

The Criteria for the Indfication of Provisionalf

Measures of Protectionf

2. Before turning to those reservations, it is necessary to say a little
about the criteria for the indication of provisional measures of protec -
tion. Since the proceedings on a request for provisional measures are neces-

sarily conducted as a matter of urgency, as required by Article 74 (1) of
the Rules of Court, without written pleadings and on a short time-scale,f
these criteria cannot be as exacting as those which fall to be applied in the
later phases of a case. The nature of proceedings on a request for provif -
sional measures of protection is such that it is not possible for the pafrties

to deploy, or the Court to consider, the detailed evidence or arguments f
on legal issues which are required at the stage of ruling on jurisdictiofn or
the merits. Moreover, the Court’s decision on a request for provisionfal
measures is not an interim ruling on the merits ; as Article 41 of the Stat-
ute of the Court makes clear, the purpose of the decision on provisionalf

measures is solely to preserve the respective rights of the parties pendfing
any judgment which might be given on the merits. The Court has now
given 41 Orders in which it has considered requests for provisional mea -
sures and, whatever uncertainty there may once have been, the criteria
which have to be satisfied before provisional measures are granted are

now well established. As set out in the Court’s most recent treatment of
the subject (Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite
(Belgiumv.Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 M8ay2009,I.C.J. Rep‑
orts 2009, p. 139), there are three requirements which have to be satis-
fied :

4447 certain activities (dfecl. greenwood)

(i) it must appear, prima facie, that the provisions relied upon by the
applicant afford a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court could f
be founded ;
(ii) the provisional measures must be designed to protect rights which
might subsequently be adjudged to belong to one of the parties ; and

(iii) the measures ordered must be necessary to protect those rights.

3. I agree with the Court that, in the present case, the first requirement
is plainly satisfied. Where an applicant invokes provisions which are bifnd -
ing upon both parties and the respondent does not contest jurisdiction
during the provisional measures proceedings, the conclusion that the
prima facie test is satisfied is inescapable.

4. The second requirement calls for more comment. Since provisional
measures are ordered for the purpose of protecting rights which might
subsequently be adjudged to belong to one of the parties, it follows that
it cannot be sufficient for a party simply to assert that it has a righft ; it

must have some prospect of success. The question is how strong a pros -
pect is required. Clearly it is not necessary for the party concerned tof
show that it will succeed on the merits. To require it to go that far would
convert proceedings on provisional measures into a form of summary
trial of the merits — exceedingly summary, given the constraints to which
I have referred in paragraph 2, above. On the other hand, mere assertion

that such a right exists cannot be sufficient, since if that assertion fis mani-
festly unfounded, it cannot be said that the right is one which might sub-
sequently be adjudged to belong to the party making the assertion. What f
is required is something more than assertion but less than proof ; in other
words, the party must show that there is at least a reasonable possibilifty

that the right which it claims exists as a matter of law and will be adjfudged
to apply to that party’s case. I therefore agree with the views expressed on
this subject by Judge Abraham in his separate opinion in Pulp Mills on
the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) (Provisional Measures, Order
of 13 July 2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 141).

5. There are different words which can be used to describe a test of thisf
kind. The Court has opted for “plausible” (Questions relating to the Obli ‑
gation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Mea ‑
sures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151, para. 57),

although it might equally well have chosen “arguable” (the term mfore
widely used in common law jurisdictions). In my opinion, it makes littlfe
difference precisely what word is chosen to describe the test. What maft -
ters is the test itself and in its Orders in Questions relating to the Obliga ‑
tion to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures
and in the present case, the Court has, in my view, made clear that the f

test is one of reasonable possibility. In doing that it was not adding af new

4548 certain activities (dfecl. greenwood)

requirement but simply spelling out the implications of the general prinf -
ciple that provisional measures exist to protect rights which might be
adjudged to belong to one of the parties. To say that something might
happen is to say that there is a reasonable prospect that it will happen.
Accordingly, unless there is a reasonable prospect that a party will sucf -

ceed in establishing that it has the right which it claims and that thatf right
is applicable to the case, then it cannot be said that that right might be
adjudged to belong to it.

6. There is another aspect of the second requirement, namely that there
must be a link between the provisional measures ordered and the right
plausibly claimed. Again, this follows from the general principle that tfhe
measures must be for the purpose of protection of the right which might f
subsequently be adjudged to belong to one of the parties.

7. The third requirement also has two aspects. Provisional measures
are necessary only if, first, there is a risk of irreparable prejudice tfo a right
which might subsequently be adjudged to belong to one of the parties
and, secondly, the case is urgent in the sense that the prejudice may ocfcur
before the Court is able to give judgment on the merits. Again, in keeping

with the nature of provisional measures proceedings, it is not necessaryf to
prove that irreparable prejudice will occur, only that it might do so.

8. A party which requests provisional measures must show that all
three requirements are satisfied if it is to succeed in its request. It fis, how

ever, open to the Court to indicate measures different from those
requested, or even to act proprio motu without a request having been
made (see Article 75 of the Rules of Court) but, if it does so, it is still
bound to satisfy itself that the measures which it proposes to order meeft
the requirements set out above, since those requirements follow from the

provisions of Article 41 of the Statute. The only exception — and that
only a partial one — is the indication of measures requiring the parties to
refrain from action which might aggravate or extend the dispute. Such
measures are not limited to the protection of rights which might be
adjudged to belong to either party but serve a wider purpose.

Application of the Critferia in the Present Casfe

9. In the present case, the tests set out above have to be applied to two
distinct (though related) issues, one concerning the caño between the main
channel of the San Juan River and Harbor Head Lagoon and the other
concerning the effects of the dredging works which Nicaragua is under -

taking further upstream.

4649 certain activities (dfecl. greenwood)

10. The second issue is comparatively straightforward. Costa Rica
asserts that it has a right, derived from Article 3, paragraph 6, of the
Cleveland Award (United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral
Awards (RIAA), Vol. XXVIII, p. 210), not to have its territory damaged,

flooded or occupied, or its rights of navigation on the San Juan Riverf
(which is in Nicaragua) or the Colorado River (which is in Costa Ricaf)
destroyed or seriously impaired by the dredging. Article 3, paragraph 6,
of the Cleveland Award provided that

“[t]he Republic of Costa Rica can not prevent the Republic of Nica -
ragua from executing at her own expense and within her own territory
such works of improvement 1, provided such works of improvement

do not result in the occupation or flooding or damage of Costa Rica
territory, or in the destruction or serious impairment of the navigationf
of the said river or any of its branches at any point where Costa Rica
is entitled to navigate the same”.

Nicaragua argues that this test fails both the second and third require -
ments for the indication of provisional measures of protection. So far afs
the second requirement is concerned, Nicaragua argues that, under Arti -

cle 3, paragraph 6, Costa Rica is entitled only to financial indemnification
if the dredging harms its territory or its navigation rights. Whether thfat
interpretation of the Award is correct is a matter for the merits ; at the
present stage of proceedings, I agree with the view expressed in para -

graph 59 of the Order that Costa Rica’s contrary interpretation of the
Award cannot be dismissed as implausible. Since the Court might, there -
fore, adjudge that Costa Rica has the rights which it claims and since
there is an obvious connection between those rights and the measures
sought, I agree that the second requirement is satisfied.

11. I also agree with the finding (at paragraph 82 of the Order) that the
evidence before the Court does not show that the third requirement is

satisfied. I think, however, that the Court should have given more of anf
explanation as to why it reached that conclusion. What is of central
importance on this point is Nicaragua’s statement to the Court that tfhe
scale of the dredging operation is, and will continue to be, strictly lifmited
as regards the size and type of dredger used and the amount of sediment f

displaced, that it will not involve any operations (including the dumpifng
of sediment) on the territory of Costa Rica, and that it will reduce the
flow of water into the Colorado River by no more than 5 per cent. The f
Court must take seriously a statement of this kind made by a State
appearing before it, especially when, as here, the evidence before the

1The reference to “such works” is a reference back to Article 3, paragraph 4, of
the Cleveland Award, which dealt with works necessary “to keep the nafvigation of the
River . . . free and unembarrassed, or to improve it for the common benefit”.

4750 certain activities (dfecl. greenwood)

Court is not sufficient to contradict it. It is for this reason that I fconsider
it has not been established that there is a risk of irreparable prejudicfe to
rights which may be adjudged to belong to Costa Rica. Nevertheless, thatf
conclusion holds good only if the dredging operations do not exceed the f
limits referred to above. Should Nicaragua expand the scope of the oper -
ation, it would of course be open to Costa Rica to renew its request for

provisional measures.

12. The first issue is more complicated. The essence of Costa Rica’s
claim is that the first Alexander Award dated 30 September 1897 (RIAA,
Vol. XXVIII, pp. 215-222) placed the boundary on the right bank of what
is shown on the maps as the principal channel of the San Juan River,

leaving the whole of the Isla Portillos in Costa Rica, though placing Hafr-
bor Head Lagoon in Nicaragua. Nicaragua, on the other hand, maintains
that, whatever may have been the position at the date of the award, the f
caño must today be regarded as the first channel of the San Juan River
which is encountered when proceeding along the shore of the lagoon from f

Punta Castilla (the starting point of the boundary). Accordingly, for f
Nicaragua it is the right bank of the caño which is the border and the
disputed part of Isla Portillos falls within Nicaragua, not Costa Rica. fIt is
plain, however, from Nicaragua’s replies to questions put by Members fof
the Court, and from Costa Rica’s observations on those replies, that f
Nicaragua had not notified Costa Rica that it considered the area as parft

of Nicaraguan territory prior to the events in October and Novem -
ber 2010, which led to the institution of the present proceedings.

13. In these circumstances, it is obvious that, as the Court has held,
Costa Rica’s claim to the disputed area satisfies the plausibility tefst. I was

initially less sure that it satisfied the requirement that provisional mfea -
sures were necessary to prevent a risk of irreparable prejudice. The repfort
of the advisory mission established by the Ramsar Secretariat has, how -
ever, convinced me that there is a risk of irreparable environmental damf-
age to the disputed area, which constitutes part of the wetland registerfed
by Costa Rica under the Ramsar Convention. While Nicaragua disputed

the conclusions in that report and put forward a report, which it had
commissioned from other experts, suggesting quite different conclusionfs,
the question at this stage is not whether environmental damage to the
disputed area of wetland will occur but only whether it might do so. I
consider that Costa Rica has shown that such damage might indeed

occur. I agree, therefore, that provisional measures designed to preventf
such damage are appropriate.

14. The question is what form those measures should take. The second
operative paragraph of the Order effectively gives Costa Rica exclusivfe

responsibility for taking action in the disputed area to prevent environ -

4851 certain activities (dfecl. greenwood)

mental damage to that area. Unlike those of my colleagues who have
voted against this paragraph, I do not believe that it offends againstf the
principle that the Court must not prejudge questions which fall to be
decided on the merits. I consider that the Court is entitled to take accfount
of the fact that the disputed area falls within the wetland notified by
Costa Rica under the Ramsar Convention and that the status quo ante

was that it was Costa Rica, and not Nicaragua, which had assumed
responsibilities under the terms of the Convention for the protection of
the environment in the disputed area.

15. My concern is, rather, a practical one. The report of the Ramsar
mission highlights the very close environmental connection between the

disputed area and the waters of Harbor Head Lagoon. Indeed, the report
suggests that the greatest risk arising from the increased volume of watfer
which will flow through the caño into Harbor Head Lagoon is to the
eco-system of the lagoon itself. In practice, the waters of the lagoon and
the wetland in the disputed area, though they may subsequently be

adjudged to be situated in two different countries, are inseparable frfom
the environmental point of view. In these circumstances, I would have
preferred the Court to have gone further than it has done in requiring tfhe
Parties to co-operate with each other, and with the Ramsar Secretariat, to
guard against the risk of irreparable environmental damage, recognizing
that the disputed area cannot be entirely separated from the lagoon for f

these purposes. In my opinion, an appropriate measure would have been
one which required both Parties to attempt, in co-operation with the
Ramsar Secretariat and taking account both of the Convention and the
guidelines on co-operation to which the Ramsar advisory mission refers
in its report, to devise and implement a set of protective measures. I felt
able to vote for the second operative paragraph because of the referencef

to co-operation which appears there and in paragraph 80 of the Order.
Nevertheless, I would have preferred that that duty had been more clearlfy
and explicitly set out in the operative paragraph. Both Parties have
assured the Court of their concern for the protection of the wetlands inf
this area. In practice it seems likely that that goal can only effectifvely be
achieved by a co-operative approach and, pending the judgment on the

merits in the present proceedings, the Parties need to look beyond theirf
differences to co-operate in devising measures to guard against the risk of
environmental damage ; the implementation of those measures being a
matter for Costa Rica in the disputed area (including the caño) and for
Nicaragua on the San Juan River and in the lagoon. Such an approach

would be in keeping with the spirit of the measures ordered by the Courtf.

(Signed) Christopher Greenwood.

49

Bilingual Content

46

DECLARATION OF JUDGE GREENWOOD

Provisional measures of protection —Criteri — Requirement that there be a risk
of irreparable prejudice to rights which might be adjudged to belong to one of the
Parties— Requirement that rights for which protection sought must be plausible —
Meaning of plausibility in this context —Application to the present case —
Appropriate measure to guard against risk of environmental harm to w▯ d.n

1. I have voted in favour of the operative paragraphs of the Order and
agree with most of the reasoning but I have certain reservations regardifng
operative paragraph 2, where I think the Court should have gone further
in calling upon the Parties to co-operate to address the risk of irreparable

environmental harm in the period before the Court can give judgment on
the merits.

The Criteria for the Indfication of Provisionalf

Measures of Protectionf

2. Before turning to those reservations, it is necessary to say a little
about the criteria for the indication of provisional measures of protec -
tion. Since the proceedings on a request for provisional measures are neces-

sarily conducted as a matter of urgency, as required by Article 74 (1) of
the Rules of Court, without written pleadings and on a short time-scale,f
these criteria cannot be as exacting as those which fall to be applied in the
later phases of a case. The nature of proceedings on a request for provif -
sional measures of protection is such that it is not possible for the pafrties

to deploy, or the Court to consider, the detailed evidence or arguments f
on legal issues which are required at the stage of ruling on jurisdictiofn or
the merits. Moreover, the Court’s decision on a request for provisionfal
measures is not an interim ruling on the merits ; as Article 41 of the Stat-
ute of the Court makes clear, the purpose of the decision on provisionalf

measures is solely to preserve the respective rights of the parties pendfing
any judgment which might be given on the merits. The Court has now
given 41 Orders in which it has considered requests for provisional mea -
sures and, whatever uncertainty there may once have been, the criteria
which have to be satisfied before provisional measures are granted are

now well established. As set out in the Court’s most recent treatment of
the subject (Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite
(Belgiumv.Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 M8ay2009,I.C.J. Rep‑
orts 2009, p. 139), there are three requirements which have to be satis-
fied :

44 46

DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE GREENWOOD

[Traduction]

Mesures conservatoires — Critères — Exigence d’un risque de préjudice

irréparable à des droits qu’une des parties pourrait se v▯ onnaître — Les droits
dont la protection est demandée doivent être plausibles — Signification de la
plausibilité dans ce contexte — Application à la présente espèce — Mesure
appropriée pour écarter tout risque de dommage environnemental à▯ une zone humide.

1. Quoique j’aie voté en faveur des différents points du disposiftif et
souscrive à l’essentiel du raisonnement développé dans l’ordonnance,

j’émets certaines réserves au sujet du point 2 du dispositif, dans lequel la
Cour aurait selon moi dû aller plus loin et engager les Parties à fcoopérer
pour faire face au risque qu’un dommage irréparable ne soit causéf à l’en-
vironnement avant qu’elle puisse se prononcer au fond.

Les critères régissanft l’indication
de mesures conservatofires

2. Avant d’en venir à ces réserves, il convient de formuler quelqufes obser-
vations au sujet des critères qui régissent l’indication de mesfures conserv- a
toires. Etant donné que, en application du paragraphe 1 de l’article 74 de
son Règlement, la Cour doit statuer d’urgence sur toute demande en indica -
tion de mesures conservatoires, sans procédure écrite et dans un dfélai limité,

ces critères ne sauraient être aussi rigoureux que ceux qui doivenft être appl-
qués dans les phases ultérieures de l’examen d’une affairef. La nature de la
procédure d’examen des demandes en indication de mesures conservatfoires
ne permet pas aux parties de présenter, ni à la Cour d’examinerf, les éléments
de preuve ou arguments détaillés relatifs aux questions juridiquesf qui seront

requis au stade de la compétence ou du fond. De plus, une décision sur une
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires ne constitue pas une défci -
sion provisoire au fond; ainsi qu’il ressort clairement de l’article41 du Sta-
tut, elle a pour seul objet de protéger les droits respectifs des parfties dans

l’attente de l’arrêt que la Cour pourra rendre sur le fond. A cfe jour, celle-ci
a rendu quarante et une ordonnances sur des demandes en indication de
mesures conservatoires, et, quelle qu’ait pu être par le passé fl’incertitude sur
ce point, les critères auxquels il doit être satisfait pour que defs mesures
conservatoires puissent être indiquées sont désormais bien éftablis. Ainsi que

la Cour l’a précisé la dernière fois qu’elle a examinéf cette question (Ques‑
tions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgiqu ▯ e c. Séné‑
gal), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil 2009,
p. 139), trois conditions doivent en effet être satisfait:s

4447 certain activities (dfecl. greenwood)

(i) it must appear, prima facie, that the provisions relied upon by the
applicant afford a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court could f
be founded ;
(ii) the provisional measures must be designed to protect rights which
might subsequently be adjudged to belong to one of the parties ; and

(iii) the measures ordered must be necessary to protect those rights.

3. I agree with the Court that, in the present case, the first requirement
is plainly satisfied. Where an applicant invokes provisions which are bifnd -
ing upon both parties and the respondent does not contest jurisdiction
during the provisional measures proceedings, the conclusion that the
prima facie test is satisfied is inescapable.

4. The second requirement calls for more comment. Since provisional
measures are ordered for the purpose of protecting rights which might
subsequently be adjudged to belong to one of the parties, it follows that
it cannot be sufficient for a party simply to assert that it has a righft ; it

must have some prospect of success. The question is how strong a pros -
pect is required. Clearly it is not necessary for the party concerned tof
show that it will succeed on the merits. To require it to go that far would
convert proceedings on provisional measures into a form of summary
trial of the merits — exceedingly summary, given the constraints to which
I have referred in paragraph 2, above. On the other hand, mere assertion

that such a right exists cannot be sufficient, since if that assertion fis mani-
festly unfounded, it cannot be said that the right is one which might sub-
sequently be adjudged to belong to the party making the assertion. What f
is required is something more than assertion but less than proof ; in other
words, the party must show that there is at least a reasonable possibilifty

that the right which it claims exists as a matter of law and will be adjfudged
to apply to that party’s case. I therefore agree with the views expressed on
this subject by Judge Abraham in his separate opinion in Pulp Mills on
the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) (Provisional Measures, Order
of 13 July 2006, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 141).

5. There are different words which can be used to describe a test of thisf
kind. The Court has opted for “plausible” (Questions relating to the Obli ‑
gation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Mea ‑
sures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151, para. 57),

although it might equally well have chosen “arguable” (the term mfore
widely used in common law jurisdictions). In my opinion, it makes littlfe
difference precisely what word is chosen to describe the test. What maft -
ters is the test itself and in its Orders in Questions relating to the Obliga ‑
tion to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures
and in the present case, the Court has, in my view, made clear that the f

test is one of reasonable possibility. In doing that it was not adding af new

45 certaines activités f(décl. greenwood) 47

i) il doit apparaître prima facie que les dispositions invoquées par le
demandeur constituent une base sur laquelle la compétence de la Cour f
pourrait être fondée ;
ii) les mesures conservatoires indiquées par la Cour doivent viser à pro -
téger des droits que l’une des parties pourrait ultérieurement fse voir
reconnaître; et

iii) les mesures indiquées doivent être nécessaires pour protégerf ces droits.

3. Je souscris à la conclusion de la Cour selon laquelle, en la présefnte
espèce, la première condition est manifestement satisfaite. En efffet, lors -
qu’un demandeur invoque des dispositions contraignantes pour les deux
parties et que le défendeur ne conteste pas la compétence au coursf de la
procédure relative aux mesures conservatoires, la conclusion selon lafquelle

il y a prima facie compétence s’impose.
4. La deuxième condition appelle des observations plus approfondies.
Etant donné que l’indication de mesures conservatoires vise à pfrotéger des
droits que l’une des parties pourrait ultérieurement se voir reconfnaître,
celle-ci ne saurait se contenter d’affirmer qu’elle dispose d’un dro—it encore

faut-il que cette prétention ait quelque chance d’aboutir. La question fest de
savoir quel seuil exiger. De toute évidence, il n’est pas nécesfsaire que la
partie en question démontre qu’il sera fait droit à sa prétention lors de
l’examen au fond. L’obliger à aller aussi loin reviendrait àf transformer la
procédure relative aux mesures conservatoires en une sorte de procédure
sommaire sur le fond — par trop sommaire, étant donné les contraintes que

j’ai mentionnées au paragraphe 2 ci-dessus. A l’inverse, la simple affirma -
tion de l’existence d’un tel droit ne saurait suffire, puisque, dfans l’hypothèse
où elle serait manifestement infondée, l’on ne saurait considéfrer qu’il s’agit
d’un droit que la partie dont émane cette affirmation pourrait ulftérieure -
ment se voir reconnaître. Ce qui est requis, c’est davantage qu’fune affirm-a

tion mais moins qu’une preuve ; autrement dit, la partie en question doit
montrer qu’il existe au moins une possibilité raisonnable que le dfroit qu’elle
revendique existe d’un point de vue juridique et que la Cour le lui rfeconnaî-
tra. Je souscris par conséquent aux vues exprimées sur ce point par
M. le juge Abraham dans son opinion individuelle en l’affaire des Usines de
pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay) (exceptions pré ‑

liminaires, ordonnance du 13juillet2006, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 141).
5. Différents termes peuvent être employés pour qualifier le criftère
applicable en la matière. La Cour a retenu le terme « plausible» (Ques ‑
tions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgiq▯ue c. Séné‑
gal), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil

2009, p. 151, par. 57), mais elle aurait tout aussi bien pu opter pour le
terme « défendable » [« arguable »(]plus communément employé dans les
systèmes de common law). Selon moi, le terme retenu pour qualifier le cri -
tère importe peu. Ce qui importe, c’est le critère lui-même, la Cour ayant
à mon sens, dans les ordonnances qu’elle a rendues en l’affaifre relative à
des Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Be▯lgique

c. Sénégal), mesures conservatoires, et en la présente espèce, clairement

4548 certain activities (dfecl. greenwood)

requirement but simply spelling out the implications of the general prinf -
ciple that provisional measures exist to protect rights which might be
adjudged to belong to one of the parties. To say that something might
happen is to say that there is a reasonable prospect that it will happen.
Accordingly, unless there is a reasonable prospect that a party will sucf -

ceed in establishing that it has the right which it claims and that thatf right
is applicable to the case, then it cannot be said that that right might be
adjudged to belong to it.

6. There is another aspect of the second requirement, namely that there
must be a link between the provisional measures ordered and the right
plausibly claimed. Again, this follows from the general principle that tfhe
measures must be for the purpose of protection of the right which might f
subsequently be adjudged to belong to one of the parties.

7. The third requirement also has two aspects. Provisional measures
are necessary only if, first, there is a risk of irreparable prejudice tfo a right
which might subsequently be adjudged to belong to one of the parties
and, secondly, the case is urgent in the sense that the prejudice may ocfcur
before the Court is able to give judgment on the merits. Again, in keeping

with the nature of provisional measures proceedings, it is not necessaryf to
prove that irreparable prejudice will occur, only that it might do so.

8. A party which requests provisional measures must show that all
three requirements are satisfied if it is to succeed in its request. It fis, how

ever, open to the Court to indicate measures different from those
requested, or even to act proprio motu without a request having been
made (see Article 75 of the Rules of Court) but, if it does so, it is still
bound to satisfy itself that the measures which it proposes to order meeft
the requirements set out above, since those requirements follow from the

provisions of Article 41 of the Statute. The only exception — and that
only a partial one — is the indication of measures requiring the parties to
refrain from action which might aggravate or extend the dispute. Such
measures are not limited to the protection of rights which might be
adjudged to belong to either party but serve a wider purpose.

Application of the Critferia in the Present Casfe

9. In the present case, the tests set out above have to be applied to two
distinct (though related) issues, one concerning the caño between the main
channel of the San Juan River and Harbor Head Lagoon and the other
concerning the effects of the dredging works which Nicaragua is under -

taking further upstream.

46 certaines activités f(décl. greenwood) 48

indiqué qu’il convenait de démontrer qu’il s’agissait d’fune possibilité rai-
sonnable. Ce faisant, elle n’a pas formulé une condition supplémentaire,
mais s’est contentée d’expliciter les conséquences du princifpe général
selon lequel les mesures conservatoires ont pour raison d’être de fprotéger
des droits que l’une des parties pourrait se voir reconnaître. Dirfe que

quelque chose pourrait se produire signifie qu’il existe une perspective rai -
sonnable que cela se produise. En conséquence, ce n’est que s’il existe une
perspective raisonnable qu’une partie réussisse à établir quf’elle possède le
droit qu’elle revendique, et que celui-ci est applicable en l’espèce, que l’on
sera fondé à considérer qu’elle pourrait se voir reconnaître ce droit.

6. Toutefois, pour que cette deuxième condition soit pleinement satis -
faite, il faut en outre qu’existe un lien entre les mesures conservatfoires
indiquées et le droit qui fait l’objet d’une prétention plaufsible. Il s’agit là
encore d’une conséquence du principe général selon lequel cefs mesures
doivent avoir pour objet de protéger le droit que l’une des partiefs pour -
rait ultérieurement se voir reconnaître.

7. La troisième condition revêt elle aussi deux aspects. Les mesures
conservatoires ne sont nécessaires que, premièrement, s’il exisfte un risque
qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit causé à un droit qu’fune des parties pour -
rait se voir ultérieurement reconnaître et, deuxièmement, s’fil y a urgence au
sens où le préjudice en question risque de se produire avant que lfa Cour ne

puisse statuer au fond. Là encore, eu égard à la nature de la pfrocédure rela -
tive aux mesures conservatoires, il n’est pas nécessaire de démfontrer qu’un
préjudice irréparable seracausé, mais seulement qu’il pourrait l’être.
8. Une partie qui sollicite des mesures conservatoires doit, pour qu’il f
soit fait droit à sa demande, démontrer que ces conditions sont tofutes

trois satisfaites. Ce nonobstant, la Cour a la faculté d’indiquer fdes
mesures différentes de celles qui ont été demandées, voire d’agir d’office
sans qu’aucune demande ait été formulée (voir l’article 75 du Règlement);
dans ces deux hypothèses, il lui faut tout de même s’assurer qufe les
mesures qu’elle envisage d’indiquer satisfont aux conditions énfoncées

ci-dessus, puisque celles-ci découlent des dispositions de l’article 41 du
Statut. La seule exception — qui n’est d’ailleurs que partielle — est l’indi -
cation de mesures prescrivant aux parties de s’abstenir de tout acte fqui
risquerait d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend. De telles mesures n’ont en
effet pas pour seul objet de protéger les droits que l’une ou l’fautre partie

pourrait se voir reconnaître, mais ont un objectif plus large.

Application de ces crfitères en l’espèce

9. En l’espèce, les critères exposés ci-dessus doivent être appliqués à
deux questions distinctes (bien que connexes), concernant l’une le fcaño
qui relie le chenal principal du fleuve San Juan à la lagune de Harbor
Head, et l’autre les conséquences des travaux de dragage que le Nifcara -

gua effectue plus en amont.

4649 certain activities (dfecl. greenwood)

10. The second issue is comparatively straightforward. Costa Rica
asserts that it has a right, derived from Article 3, paragraph 6, of the
Cleveland Award (United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral
Awards (RIAA), Vol. XXVIII, p. 210), not to have its territory damaged,

flooded or occupied, or its rights of navigation on the San Juan Riverf
(which is in Nicaragua) or the Colorado River (which is in Costa Ricaf)
destroyed or seriously impaired by the dredging. Article 3, paragraph 6,
of the Cleveland Award provided that

“[t]he Republic of Costa Rica can not prevent the Republic of Nica -
ragua from executing at her own expense and within her own territory
such works of improvement 1, provided such works of improvement

do not result in the occupation or flooding or damage of Costa Rica
territory, or in the destruction or serious impairment of the navigationf
of the said river or any of its branches at any point where Costa Rica
is entitled to navigate the same”.

Nicaragua argues that this test fails both the second and third require -
ments for the indication of provisional measures of protection. So far afs
the second requirement is concerned, Nicaragua argues that, under Arti -

cle 3, paragraph 6, Costa Rica is entitled only to financial indemnification
if the dredging harms its territory or its navigation rights. Whether thfat
interpretation of the Award is correct is a matter for the merits ; at the
present stage of proceedings, I agree with the view expressed in para -

graph 59 of the Order that Costa Rica’s contrary interpretation of the
Award cannot be dismissed as implausible. Since the Court might, there -
fore, adjudge that Costa Rica has the rights which it claims and since
there is an obvious connection between those rights and the measures
sought, I agree that the second requirement is satisfied.

11. I also agree with the finding (at paragraph 82 of the Order) that the
evidence before the Court does not show that the third requirement is

satisfied. I think, however, that the Court should have given more of anf
explanation as to why it reached that conclusion. What is of central
importance on this point is Nicaragua’s statement to the Court that tfhe
scale of the dredging operation is, and will continue to be, strictly lifmited
as regards the size and type of dredger used and the amount of sediment f

displaced, that it will not involve any operations (including the dumpifng
of sediment) on the territory of Costa Rica, and that it will reduce the
flow of water into the Colorado River by no more than 5 per cent. The f
Court must take seriously a statement of this kind made by a State
appearing before it, especially when, as here, the evidence before the

1The reference to “such works” is a reference back to Article 3, paragraph 4, of
the Cleveland Award, which dealt with works necessary “to keep the nafvigation of the
River . . . free and unembarrassed, or to improve it for the common benefit”.

47 certaines activités f(décl. greenwood) 49

10. Comparativement, la seconde question est simple. Le Costa Rica
affirme qu’il tient du point6 de la troisième partie de la sentence Cleveland
(Nations Unies, Recueil des sentences arbitrales (RSA), vol. XXVIII,
p. 210) le droit que son territoire ne soit pas endommagé, inondé ou occupé,

et que ses droits de navigation sur le fleuve SanJuan (qui est situé au Nica-
ragua) ou sur le fleuve Colorado (qui est situé au CostaRica) ne soient pas
réduits à néant ou gravement perturbés par les opérationsf de dragage. Le
point 6 de la troisième partie de la sentence Cleveland prévoit que

«[l]a République du Costa Rica ne peut empêcher la République du
Nicaragua d’exécuter à ses propres frais et sur son propre terrfitoire
de tels travaux d’amélioration 1, à condition que le territoire du

Costa Rica ne soit pas occupé, inondé ou endommagé en conséquence f
de ces travaux et que ceux-ci n’arrêtent pas ou ne perturbent pas f
gravement la navigation sur ledit fleuve ou sur l’un quelconque de fses
affluents en aucun endroit où le Costa Rica a le droit de naviguer ».

Le Nicaragua affirme qu’il n’est satisfait ni à la deuxièmef ni à la troi -
sième des conditions requises pour l’indication de mesures conservfatoires.
En ce qui concerne la deuxième, il soutient que, aux termes du point 6 de

la troisième partie de la sentence, le Costa Rica n’a le droit qu’à une
indemnisation financière si les travaux de dragage portent préjudifce à son
territoire ou à ses droits de navigation. La question de savoir si ceftte
interprétation de la sentence est correcte relève de l’examen afu fond ; au

stade actuel de la procédure, je souscris à l’opinion expriméfe au para -
graphe 59 de l’ordonnance, selon laquelle l’interprétation contraire qfue
fait le Costa Rica de cette partie de la sentence ne saurait être écartée au f
motif qu’elle ne serait pas plausible. Aussi, dès lors que, d’ufne part, la
Cour pourrait juger que le Costa Rica possède bien les droits qu’il reven -

dique, et que, d’autre part, il existe un lien manifeste entre ces drfoits et
les mesures demandées, je suis moi aussi d’avis qu’il a étéf satisfait à la
deuxième condition.
11. Je souscris également à la conclusion (formulée au paragraphe 82
de l’ordonnance) selon laquelle il ne ressort pas des élémentsf de preuve

qui ont été présentés à la Cour qu’il a été satifsfait à la troisième condition.
Je pense toutefois que la Cour aurait dû mieux expliquer les raisons qui
l’ont conduite à cette conclusion. A cet égard, le point essentfiel est le fait
que le Nicaragua a affirmé devant la Cour que l’opération de dfragage
était, et continuerait d’être, d’une ampleur fort limitéef tant du point de

vue du type de matériel utilisé que de celui de la quantité de fsédiments
déplacés, qu’elle ne donnerait lieu à aucune opération (y compris de
déversement de sédiments) sur le territoire du Costa Rica, et qu’felle rédui -
rait le débit des eaux alimentant le fleuve Colorado de 5 % tout auf plus.
La Cour doit prendre au sérieux de telles déclarations formuléefs par un

1L’expression «de tels travaux» renvoie au point 4 de la troisième partie de la sentence
Cleveland, qui porte sur les travaux nécessaires « pour assurer une navigation libre et sans
encombre sur le fleuve … ou pour améliorer celle-ci dans l’intérêt commun ».

4750 certain activities (dfecl. greenwood)

Court is not sufficient to contradict it. It is for this reason that I fconsider
it has not been established that there is a risk of irreparable prejudicfe to
rights which may be adjudged to belong to Costa Rica. Nevertheless, thatf
conclusion holds good only if the dredging operations do not exceed the f
limits referred to above. Should Nicaragua expand the scope of the oper -
ation, it would of course be open to Costa Rica to renew its request for

provisional measures.

12. The first issue is more complicated. The essence of Costa Rica’s
claim is that the first Alexander Award dated 30 September 1897 (RIAA,
Vol. XXVIII, pp. 215-222) placed the boundary on the right bank of what
is shown on the maps as the principal channel of the San Juan River,

leaving the whole of the Isla Portillos in Costa Rica, though placing Hafr-
bor Head Lagoon in Nicaragua. Nicaragua, on the other hand, maintains
that, whatever may have been the position at the date of the award, the f
caño must today be regarded as the first channel of the San Juan River
which is encountered when proceeding along the shore of the lagoon from f

Punta Castilla (the starting point of the boundary). Accordingly, for f
Nicaragua it is the right bank of the caño which is the border and the
disputed part of Isla Portillos falls within Nicaragua, not Costa Rica. fIt is
plain, however, from Nicaragua’s replies to questions put by Members fof
the Court, and from Costa Rica’s observations on those replies, that f
Nicaragua had not notified Costa Rica that it considered the area as parft

of Nicaraguan territory prior to the events in October and Novem -
ber 2010, which led to the institution of the present proceedings.

13. In these circumstances, it is obvious that, as the Court has held,
Costa Rica’s claim to the disputed area satisfies the plausibility tefst. I was

initially less sure that it satisfied the requirement that provisional mfea -
sures were necessary to prevent a risk of irreparable prejudice. The repfort
of the advisory mission established by the Ramsar Secretariat has, how -
ever, convinced me that there is a risk of irreparable environmental damf-
age to the disputed area, which constitutes part of the wetland registerfed
by Costa Rica under the Ramsar Convention. While Nicaragua disputed

the conclusions in that report and put forward a report, which it had
commissioned from other experts, suggesting quite different conclusionfs,
the question at this stage is not whether environmental damage to the
disputed area of wetland will occur but only whether it might do so. I
consider that Costa Rica has shown that such damage might indeed

occur. I agree, therefore, that provisional measures designed to preventf
such damage are appropriate.

14. The question is what form those measures should take. The second
operative paragraph of the Order effectively gives Costa Rica exclusivfe

responsibility for taking action in the disputed area to prevent environ -

48 certaines activités f(décl. greenwood) 50

Etat qui comparaît devant elle, surtout lorsque, comme en l’espèfce, les
éléments de preuve qui lui ont été présentés ne suffifsent pas à les démentir.
C’est pourquoi il n’a pas, selon moi, été établi qu’ilf existait un risque de
préjudice irréparable pour les droits que le Costa Rica pourrait sfe voir
reconnaître. Cette conclusion ne vaut toutefois que si les opératifons de
dragage ne dépassent pas les limites mentionnées ci-dessus. Si le Nicara -

gua élargissait ces opérations, il serait naturellement loisible afu CosRica
de réitérer sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires.
12. La première question est plus complexe. L’élément essentiel fqui
sous-tend la thèse du Costa Rica est que, aux termes de la premièrfe sen -
tence Alexander en date du 30 septembre 1897 (RSA, vol. XXVIII,
p. 215-222), la frontière suit la rive droite de ce qui, sur les cartes, refpré -

sente le chenal principal du fleuve San Juan, Isla Portillos étant fainsi
entièrement située au Costa Rica alors que la lagune de Harbor Head se
trouve au Nicaragua. Celui-ci soutient quant à lui que, quelle qu’ait pu
être la situation à la date de la sentence, c’est le caño, que l’on rencontre
en suivant le rivage de la lagune à partir de PuntaCastilla (point de départ

de la frontière), qui doit aujourd’hui être considéré cofmme étant le pre -
mier chenal du fleuve San Juan. Selon lui, c’est donc la rive droite du canõ
qui constitue la frontière, la zone contestée de Isla Portillos apfpartenant au
Nicaragua et non au Costa Rica. Il ressort cependant clairement des
réponses du Nicaragua aux questions posées par les membres de la Cfour
ainsi que des observations du Costa Rica sur ces réponses que le Nicara -

gua n’avait pas, avant les événements d’octobre et de novembfre 2010
— événements qui ont conduit à l’introduction de la présentfe instance—,
informé le Costa Rica qu’il considérait cette zone comme faisant partie de
son territoire.
13. Au vu de ce qui précède, il est évident que, ainsi que la Cour fl’a
conclu, la prétention du Costa Rica sur la zone litigieuse satisfait au cri -

tère de plausibilité. Je n’étais pas au départ convaincu fqu’elle satisfasse à
l’exigence selon laquelle les mesures conservatoires doivent être fnéces -
saires pour empêcher tout risque de préjudice irréparable, maisf le rapport
de la mission consultative établie par le Secrétariat de la convention de
Ramsar m’a convaincu qu’il existait bel et bien un risque de dommafge
environnemental irréparable pour la zone litigieuse qui fait partie dfe la

zone humide désignée par le Costa Rica au titre de cet instrument.
Quoique le Nicaragua ait contesté les conclusions figurant dans ce rafp -
port et produit lui-même un rapport, qu’il avait commandé à d’autres
experts, avançant des conclusions fort différentes, la question fn’est pas, à
ce stade, de savoir si un dommage environnemental sera causé à la fzone

humide en litige, elle est seulement de savoir si tel pourrait être le cas.
Selon moi, le Costa Rica a démontré que cela pourrait effectivement se
produire. C’est pourquoi des mesures conservatoires visant à préfvenir un
tel dommage me semblent effectivement appropriées.
14. La question est de savoir quelle forme ces mesures doivent prendre.
Le deuxième point du dispositif de l’ordonnance confère en faitf au

Costa Rica la responsabilité exclusive de prendre des mesures dans la

4851 certain activities (dfecl. greenwood)

mental damage to that area. Unlike those of my colleagues who have
voted against this paragraph, I do not believe that it offends againstf the
principle that the Court must not prejudge questions which fall to be
decided on the merits. I consider that the Court is entitled to take accfount
of the fact that the disputed area falls within the wetland notified by
Costa Rica under the Ramsar Convention and that the status quo ante

was that it was Costa Rica, and not Nicaragua, which had assumed
responsibilities under the terms of the Convention for the protection of
the environment in the disputed area.

15. My concern is, rather, a practical one. The report of the Ramsar
mission highlights the very close environmental connection between the

disputed area and the waters of Harbor Head Lagoon. Indeed, the report
suggests that the greatest risk arising from the increased volume of watfer
which will flow through the caño into Harbor Head Lagoon is to the
eco-system of the lagoon itself. In practice, the waters of the lagoon and
the wetland in the disputed area, though they may subsequently be

adjudged to be situated in two different countries, are inseparable frfom
the environmental point of view. In these circumstances, I would have
preferred the Court to have gone further than it has done in requiring tfhe
Parties to co-operate with each other, and with the Ramsar Secretariat, to
guard against the risk of irreparable environmental damage, recognizing
that the disputed area cannot be entirely separated from the lagoon for f

these purposes. In my opinion, an appropriate measure would have been
one which required both Parties to attempt, in co-operation with the
Ramsar Secretariat and taking account both of the Convention and the
guidelines on co-operation to which the Ramsar advisory mission refers
in its report, to devise and implement a set of protective measures. I felt
able to vote for the second operative paragraph because of the referencef

to co-operation which appears there and in paragraph 80 of the Order.
Nevertheless, I would have preferred that that duty had been more clearlfy
and explicitly set out in the operative paragraph. Both Parties have
assured the Court of their concern for the protection of the wetlands inf
this area. In practice it seems likely that that goal can only effectifvely be
achieved by a co-operative approach and, pending the judgment on the

merits in the present proceedings, the Parties need to look beyond theirf
differences to co-operate in devising measures to guard against the risk of
environmental damage ; the implementation of those measures being a
matter for Costa Rica in the disputed area (including the caño) and for
Nicaragua on the San Juan River and in the lagoon. Such an approach

would be in keeping with the spirit of the measures ordered by the Courtf.

(Signed) Christopher Greenwood.

49 certaines activités f(décl. greenwood) 51

zone en litige pour empêcher qu’un dommage environnemental ne soitf
causé à celle-ci. Contrairement à mes collègues qui ont votéf contre ce
point du dispositif, je ne pense pas qu’il contrevienne au principe selon
lequel la Cour ne saurait préjuger des questions qui doivent être ftranchées
lors de l’examen au fond. Je considère en effet que la Cour est ffondée à
tenir compte de ce que la zone en litige fait partie de la zone humide dfési -

gnée par le Costa Rica au titre de la convention de Ramsar et que le statu
quo ante était que le Costa Rica, et non le Nicaragua, avait assumé des
responsabilités en application des dispositions de cette convention afux
fins de protéger l’environnement dans la zone en question.
15. Mes réserves sont plutôt d’ordre pratique. Le rapport de la misfsion
Ramsar met en lumière le lien environnemental très étroit qui efxiste entre

la zone en litige et les eaux de la lagune de Harbor Head. En fait, il donne
à penser que c’est sur l’écosystème de la lagune lui-même que l’accroisse -
ment du volume des eaux qui s’y déversent depuis le caño fait peser le
risque le plus important. En réalité, les eaux de la lagune et la fzone
humide du secteur en litige, bien qu’il puisse être ultérieuremfent établi

qu’elles sont situées dans deux pays différents, sont indissofciables du
point de vue environnemental. Aussi aurais-je préféré que la Cofur fran -
chisse un pas supplémentaire en enjoignant aux Parties de coopérerf l’une
avec l’autre, et avec le Secrétariat de la convention de Ramsar, efn vue de
prévenir tout risque de dommage environnemental irréparable, reconfnais -
sant ainsi que la zone en litige ne saurait, à cette fin, être totfalement dis -

sociée de la lagune. Selon moi, une mesure appropriée aurait consifsté à
exiger des deux Parties qu’elles s’efforcent, en coopération favec le Secré -
tariat de la convention de Ramsar et en tenant compte aussi bien de cet f
instrument que des principes directeurs en matière de coopération fque la
mission consultative Ramsar énonce dans son rapport, de concevoir et fde
mettre en œuvre une série de mesures de protection. Si j’ai néfanmoins pu

voter en faveur du deuxième point du dispositif, c’est en raison dfes réfé -
rences à la coopération qui y figurent, ainsi qu’au paragraphe 80 de l’or-
donnance. J’aurais cependant préféré que cette obligation sofit énoncée de
façon plus claire et plus explicite dans le dispositif. Les deux Partfies ont
assuré la Cour de leur souci de protéger les zones humides dans laf région.
Il est probable qu’en pratique cet objectif ne pourra être effecftivement

réalisé que dans le cadre d’une approche coopérative. Aussi,f dans l’at -
tente de l’arrêt au fond en la présente instance, les Parties dfoivent sur -
monter leurs divergences afin de coopérer en concevant des mesures
propres à écarter tout risque de dommage environnemental, la mise fen
œuvre de ces mesures incombant au Costa Rica en ce qui concerne la zone

en litige (y compris le caño), et au Nicaragua en ce qui concerne le fleuve
San Juan et la lagune. Une telle approche serait conforme à l’esprit dfes
mesures indiquées par la Cour.

(Signé) Christopher Greenwood.

49

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Greenwood

Links