Separate opinion of Judge Koroma

Document Number
150-20110308-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
150-20110308-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

29

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

Misgivings regarding plausibility as a criterion for indication of provi▯sional
measures — Assertion introduced in Questions relating to the Obligation to
Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) — Not part of settled jurisprudence
— Meaning different in English and French — Introduction problematic —
Vagueness regarding law or facts or both — Basis on which parties’ claims
evaluated — If new standard introduced must be transparent.

1. Although I have voted in favour of the Order, I am constrained to
make the following observations in the light of the reference in para -

graphs 53 and 54 of the Order to “plausibility” as a criterion for indicaft -
ing provisional measures. In my view, the introduction of the criterion fof
plausibility creates ambiguity and uncertainty ; moreover, it remains
unclear whether this standard refers to legal rights or facts or both.

2. The Court did apply such a standard in the case concerning Ques ‑
tions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Sen‑
egal), requiring the parties to demonstrate that their rights were “at leafst
plausible” . However, the criterion cannot be said to have become part of

the settled jurisprudence of the Court on provisional measures. Indeed ift
should not, because the word “plausibility” is ambiguous in Englisfh and can
refer to an assertion that has the outward appearance of truth, but is ifn fact
specious or false. Moreover, it is unclear whether such a “standard”f

would require the Applicant to show that its legal claims are plausible,f
that it enjoys certain legal rights, or that its factual claims are plausible.
Hitherto to justify the indication of provisional measures, Applicants hfave
needed only to show that their existing rights were threatened.

3. The Court’s ability to indicate provisional measures in cases broughtf
before it pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute is vital to ensure that parties’
2
legal rights are preserved pending the Court’s decision on the meritsf . In
the absence of such power, the Court’s efficacy could be diminished fin
many cases, since it would run the risk of facing a fait accompli or seefing
an issue become moot by the time it issues a judgment. Historically, thef

Court has established four criteria to be met before it will indicate provi -
sional measures in favour of one or both parties. First, the provisions

1
2 Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151, para. 57.
Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France), Provisional
Measure, Order of 17 June 2003, I.C.J. Reports 2003, p. 107, para. 22.

2730 certain activities (sfep. op. koroma)

invoked by the applicant must appear, prima facie, to afford a basis ofn
which the jurisdiction of the Court might be established. Second, and asf
stated in the Order, there must be a link between the alleged rights thef

Applicant seeks to protect and the subject of the proceedings before thef
Court on the merits of the case . Third, the Court must be convinced that
one or both parties will suffer irreparable prejudice or harm to the rfights
4
which are the subject of the dispute on the merits . Fourth, there must be
urgency in the sense that there is a real risk that action prejudicial ofr
harmful to the right of either party might be taken before the Court hasf
5
given its final decision .

4. The Court has judiciously decided to indicate provisional measures

in the present case. I agree with both the outcome and the bulk of the
reasoning in the present Order. Specifically, I agree that there is a lifnk
between the measures sought and the rights of sovereignty that the Applif -

cant claims over the disputed territory (Order, para. 60). It is also possible
that certain activity by the Respondent in the disputed area could lead fto
conflicts resulting in irremediable physical harm to individuals. Finaflly,

the criterion of urgency could be seen in conjunction with that of irremfe -
diable harm given the nature of the disputed area and the level of tensifon
between the Parties.

5. The Order does however include the element of “plausibility”, abouft
which I have some misgivings. In its analysis of the Applicant’s claifms,
the Court appears unwittingly to introduce this additional criterion to fbe

met before the Court will indicate provisional measures. According to thfe
Order, “the Court may exercise this power only if it is satisfied thaft the
rights asserted by a party are at least plausible” (ibid., para. 53).

6. Though not a complete novelty, this criterion, the “plausibility stanf-
dard” was first enunciated in the Belgium v. Senegal case . The criterion

seems to have appeared out of nowhere. The Court in that case cited no
precedent supporting the existence of a “plausibility” standard, nfor did it
explain why it was establishing such a standard. Indeed, it did not evenf
7
acknowledge that the “plausibility” standard was a new one . The Court

3
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of
15 October 2008, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 389, para. 118.
4 See, e.g., ibid., p. 392, para. 128.
5 Ibid., p. 392, para. 129.
6 Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgiv. Senegal),
Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151, para. 57.
7 The paragraph establishing the new standard in the Belgium v. Senegal Order lies
within a section entitled “Link between the right protected and the measures requested”

and immediately follows a paragraph discussing the well-established “flink” requirement,
even though the standard is apparently quite distinct from this existingf requirement. The
present Order appears to tacitly acknowledge this criterion by creating fa new subject
heading: “Plausible character of the rights whose protection is being soughtf and link
between these rights and the measures requested” (para. 53).

2831 certain activities (sfep. op. koroma)

simply introduced the plausibility standard into the Order, presenting ift

as if it were a criterion so well-established that it needed no introduction,
explanation or justification. This is inconsistent with the settled jurifspru-
dence of the Court, according to which the applicant has to demonstrate
that an existing right is threatened and needs to be protected.

7. In my view, the most problematic aspect of the plausibility standard
is its vagueness, giving the impression that the threshold for the indicfa -
tion of provisional measures has been lowered. The word “plausible”f in
English has multiple meanings. According to the Oxford English Diction ‑

ary, “plausible” is defined as “[h]aving an appearance or show of truth,
reasonableness, or worth ; apparently acceptable or trustworthy (some -
times with implication of mere appearance) . . . [c]hiefly of arguments or
8
statements” “having a false appearance of reason or veracity ; specious” .
The term “specious” is further defined in the context of argumentsf as
“[p]lausible, apparently sound or convincing, but in reality sophistifcal
or fallacious” .9

Another definition of “plausibility” is “an argument, statementf, etc.. . .
seeming reasonable or probable . . . persuasive but deceptive” 10. “Plau-
sible” often contains a negative connotation : an implication that,

although a plausible claim basically sounds truthful, it is in reality
deceitful, only partially true, or completely false. Hence, “plausiblfe” is
also defined as “superficially fair, reasonable or valuable but oftenf
11
specious” .

8. Thus, the ambiguity or vagueness inherent in the English-language
meaning of “plausible” makes it unreliable as a legal standard thaft parties
must meet to obtain relief from this Court in the form of provisional
measures, especially since the binding force of Orders indicating provi -

sional measures has been confirmed by the Court. The standard may even
inadvertently offer parties an opportunity to submit specious claims
which, at a superficial glance, may appear credible but could mislead thfe

Court to indicate provisional measures.
9. I am advised that the word “plausible” in French has a somewhat
different meaning. As mentioned above, the word was first introduced afs

8 Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, Vol. XI, p. 101; and Oxford English Dictionary
Online; emphasis added.
9
10Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, Vol. XVI, p. 161.
11The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 1995, p. 1047.
Merriam Webster’s Online Dictionary.

2932 certain activities (sfep. op. koroma)

a standard in the Belgium v. Senegal case, in which the French text is
authoritative. In French, I am also advised, the word appears to only
have a positive connotation and may therefore better reflect the Courtf’s

intention when the term was used.

10. In my considered view, another concern raised by the Court’s plau-
sibility standard is that it is so far unclear whether the standard applies to
legal rights or facts or both. In the Belgium v. Senegal case, it appears

that the Court referred to the former. In that case, Belgium alleged,
among other things, that the Convention against Torture gave it the righft
to bring criminal proceedings against Mr. Habré 12. The Court, after
articulating the plausibility standard, stated that “the rights asserfted by

Belgium, being grounded in a possible interpretation of13he Convention
against Torture, therefore appear to be plausible” . This implies that the
Court engaged solely in a legal analysis, whether it was plausible that the
Convention against Torture, as a matter of law, gave Belgium the right tfo
bring criminal proceedings against an alleged torturer.

11. In the present Order, however, the Court evaluates the plausibility
of Costa Rica’s factual claims. The actual legal rights at issue in this case
are, inter alia, Costa Rica’s rights to sovereignty and territorial integrity

(Order, paras. 1-3). The argument that Costa Rica enjoys these legal
rights is certainly “plausible” as a matter of law, as these rightfs are
enshrined in Article 2 of the United Nations Charter. The fact that Costa
Rica is entitled to such rights is so self-evident that the Order need not
evaluate their legitimacy or plausibility. What the Order examines instefad

is whether “the title to sovereignty claimed by Costa Rica over the entirety
of Isla Portillos is plausible” (ibid., para. 58).

12. The plausibility standard, therefore, suffers from vagueness and
ambiguity. It is unclear from the Court’s Order whether the Court
requires an applicant seeking provisional measures to demonstrate the
plausibility of its legal rights, the plausibility of its factual claimsf, or both.

13. In my view it would have been worth articulating a clear standard
of some sort to evaluate, prima facie, the legitimacy of an applicant’fs
claims at the provisional measures stage. Such a standard, which exists f
already in domestic courts in many common law jurisdictions, would help

ensure that parties do not abuse the provisional measures process. Speciff -
ically, it would dissuade parties from bringing patently meritless claimfs
with the goal of obtaining provisional measures that would prevent the

12Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium▯ v. Senegal),
Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 142, para. 14.

13Ibid., p. 152, para. 60.

3033 certain activities (sfep. op. koroma)

other party from taking further action until the Court decides the meritfs
of the case. In a sense, such a standard would be similar to the Court’fs

existing prima facie jurisdiction requirement. Both the new standard andf
the prima facie jurisdiction standard would require a party to demon -
strate that it has a reasonable chance of eventually obtaining a judgmenft
on the merits in its favour before it could obtain provisional measures.f

14. The Court has on occasion informally evaluated the legitimacy of a
party’s claim when deciding to indicate provisional measures. In the fArmed
Activities case, for example, the Court noted that the rights at issue were,
inter alia, the Congo’s “rights to sovereignty and territorial integrity andf
14
to the integrity of its assets and natural resources” . The Court added
that it was “not disputed that . . . Ugandan forces are present on the terri -
tory of the Congo, [and] that fighting has taken place on that territoryf
between those forces and the forces of a neighbouring State” 15. In other

words, it was clear that the Congo’s rights were involved.

15. In many orders on provisional measures, the Court’s analysis of

jurisdictional questions or irreparable prejudice also confirms the credibil ‑
ity of a party’s claims. The language quoted above from the Armed Activ ‑
ities case, for example, was used by the Court to support its finding of
irreparable prejudice.

16. The more difficult question is what the precise standard should be.
One option would be for the Court to revert to an approach similar to itfs
standard for evaluating jurisdiction at the provisional measures stage off

proceedings, according to which it requires that a party establish a prifma
facie case. In other words, the party would have to present evidence thaft,
standing alone, would establish its entitlement to certain rights. Yet
another possibility would be to require that the rights asserted by a pafrty

be grounded in a reasonable interpretation of the law or of the facts.

17. On the other hand, if the Court does decide to adopt a new stan -
dard, it should do so in a transparent manner that explains the rationalfe

behind it. It could, for example, state that the existence of such a stafndard
is important to ensure that the Court does not grant provisional measurefs
in cases that are frivolous or highly unlikely to succeed on the merits.f

18. Adopting an order indicating provisional measures on the grounds
of plausibility may prove a mistake. To paraphrase the 18th century

14Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of ▯the Congo
v. Uganda), Provisional Measures, Order of 1 July 2000, I.C.J. Reports 200▯0, p. 127,
para. 40.
15Ibid., p. 128, para. 42.

3134 certain activities (sfep. op. koroma)

philosopher Edmund Burke, very plausible schemes, with very pleasing
commencements, have often shameful and mistaken consequences. It is
worth bearing this in mind.

(Signed) Abdul G. Koroma.

32

Bilingual Content

29

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

Misgivings regarding plausibility as a criterion for indication of provi▯sional
measures — Assertion introduced in Questions relating to the Obligation to
Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) — Not part of settled jurisprudence
— Meaning different in English and French — Introduction problematic —
Vagueness regarding law or facts or both — Basis on which parties’ claims
evaluated — If new standard introduced must be transparent.

1. Although I have voted in favour of the Order, I am constrained to
make the following observations in the light of the reference in para -

graphs 53 and 54 of the Order to “plausibility” as a criterion for indicaft -
ing provisional measures. In my view, the introduction of the criterion fof
plausibility creates ambiguity and uncertainty ; moreover, it remains
unclear whether this standard refers to legal rights or facts or both.

2. The Court did apply such a standard in the case concerning Ques ‑
tions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Sen‑
egal), requiring the parties to demonstrate that their rights were “at leafst
plausible” . However, the criterion cannot be said to have become part of

the settled jurisprudence of the Court on provisional measures. Indeed ift
should not, because the word “plausibility” is ambiguous in Englisfh and can
refer to an assertion that has the outward appearance of truth, but is ifn fact
specious or false. Moreover, it is unclear whether such a “standard”f

would require the Applicant to show that its legal claims are plausible,f
that it enjoys certain legal rights, or that its factual claims are plausible.
Hitherto to justify the indication of provisional measures, Applicants hfave
needed only to show that their existing rights were threatened.

3. The Court’s ability to indicate provisional measures in cases broughtf
before it pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute is vital to ensure that parties’
2
legal rights are preserved pending the Court’s decision on the meritsf . In
the absence of such power, the Court’s efficacy could be diminished fin
many cases, since it would run the risk of facing a fait accompli or seefing
an issue become moot by the time it issues a judgment. Historically, thef

Court has established four criteria to be met before it will indicate provi -
sional measures in favour of one or both parties. First, the provisions

1
2 Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151, para. 57.
Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France), Provisional
Measure, Order of 17 June 2003, I.C.J. Reports 2003, p. 107, para. 22.

27 29

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LE JUGE KOROMA

[Traduction]

Doutes sur la plausibilité en tant que critère permettant d’ind▯iquer des mesures
conservatoires — Assertion formulée pour la première fois dans l’affaire rela▯tive à
des Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Beflgique c.
Sénégal) — Absence de précédent dans la jurisprudence constante de la Cour —
Sens différent en anglais et en français — Problème soulevé par l’introduction d’un
tel critère — Difficulté de savoir s’il porte sur les droits, les faits ou les▯ deux —
Fondement sur lequel sont évaluées les prétentions des parties — Nécessaire

transparence de toute nouvelle règle adoptée par la Cour.

1. Bien qu’ayant voté en faveur de l’ordonnance, je me sens obligéf de
faire les observations suivantes concernant la notion de « plausibilité» en

tant que critère aux fins de l’indication de mesures conservatoirefs, qui
figure aux paragraphes 53 et 54 de l’ordonnance. Outre qu’un tel critère
introduit à mon sens une ambiguïté et une incertitude, on voit fmal s’il
porte sur les droits, les faits, ou les deux.

2. Si ce critère a déjà été appliqué par la Cour en l’faffaire relative à des
Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Bel▯ gique c.
Sénégal), lorsqu’il a été demandé aux Parties de démontrer que lefurs
droits étaient « au moins plausibles » 1, il n’en est pas pour autant devenu

partie intégrante de la jurisprudence constante de la Cour en matièfre de
mesures conservatoires. A dire vrai, cela ne serait guère souhaitablef car, en
anglais, le mot « plausibility» est ambigu : il peut qualifier une assertion
qui a toutes les apparences de la vérité, mais qui est en fait spécieuse ou

fausse. Qui plus est, il est difficile de savoir si un tel « critère» fait obliga
tion au demandeur de démontrer que ses prétentions juridiques sontf plau -
sibles, qu’il jouit de certains droits de nature juridique, ou encore que ce
sont ses prétentions d’ordre factuel qui sont plausibles. Jusqu’à présent, il

était simplement exigé de la partie demandant l’indication de mfesures
conservatoires qu’elle démontre que ses droits existants étaienft menacés.
3. Le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires que la Cour tient
de l’article 41 de son Statut est essentiel pour sauvegarder les droits des
2
parties en attendant qu’elle rende sa décision sur le fond . Sans cette
faculté, la Cour risquerait bien souvent d’être mise devant un ffait accom -
pli ou de voir une question devenir obsolète avant qu’elle n’aift pu se pro-
noncer, ce qui pourrait nuire à son efficacité. Depuis sa créaftion, la Cour

a défini quatre critères devant être remplis pour qu’elle puisse indiquer
des mesures conservatoires en faveur de l’une des parties ou des deux.

1
2Mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 151, par. 57.
Certaines procédures pénales engagées en France (République▯ du Congo c. France),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 17 juin 2003, C.I.J. Recueil 2003, p. 107, par. 22.

2730 certain activities (sfep. op. koroma)

invoked by the applicant must appear, prima facie, to afford a basis ofn
which the jurisdiction of the Court might be established. Second, and asf
stated in the Order, there must be a link between the alleged rights thef

Applicant seeks to protect and the subject of the proceedings before thef
Court on the merits of the case . Third, the Court must be convinced that
one or both parties will suffer irreparable prejudice or harm to the rfights
4
which are the subject of the dispute on the merits . Fourth, there must be
urgency in the sense that there is a real risk that action prejudicial ofr
harmful to the right of either party might be taken before the Court hasf
5
given its final decision .

4. The Court has judiciously decided to indicate provisional measures

in the present case. I agree with both the outcome and the bulk of the
reasoning in the present Order. Specifically, I agree that there is a lifnk
between the measures sought and the rights of sovereignty that the Applif -

cant claims over the disputed territory (Order, para. 60). It is also possible
that certain activity by the Respondent in the disputed area could lead fto
conflicts resulting in irremediable physical harm to individuals. Finaflly,

the criterion of urgency could be seen in conjunction with that of irremfe -
diable harm given the nature of the disputed area and the level of tensifon
between the Parties.

5. The Order does however include the element of “plausibility”, abouft
which I have some misgivings. In its analysis of the Applicant’s claifms,
the Court appears unwittingly to introduce this additional criterion to fbe

met before the Court will indicate provisional measures. According to thfe
Order, “the Court may exercise this power only if it is satisfied thaft the
rights asserted by a party are at least plausible” (ibid., para. 53).

6. Though not a complete novelty, this criterion, the “plausibility stanf-
dard” was first enunciated in the Belgium v. Senegal case . The criterion

seems to have appeared out of nowhere. The Court in that case cited no
precedent supporting the existence of a “plausibility” standard, nfor did it
explain why it was establishing such a standard. Indeed, it did not evenf
7
acknowledge that the “plausibility” standard was a new one . The Court

3
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order of
15 October 2008, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 389, para. 118.
4 See, e.g., ibid., p. 392, para. 128.
5 Ibid., p. 392, para. 129.
6 Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgiv. Senegal),
Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151, para. 57.
7 The paragraph establishing the new standard in the Belgium v. Senegal Order lies
within a section entitled “Link between the right protected and the measures requested”

and immediately follows a paragraph discussing the well-established “flink” requirement,
even though the standard is apparently quite distinct from this existingf requirement. The
present Order appears to tacitly acknowledge this criterion by creating fa new subject
heading: “Plausible character of the rights whose protection is being soughtf and link
between these rights and the measures requested” (para. 53).

28 certaines activités f(op. ind. koroma) 30

Premièrement, les dispositions invoquées par le demandeur doivent f
constituer, prima facie, une base sur laquelle pourrait être fondée la com -
pétence. Deuxièmement, et tel qu’indiqué dans l’ordonnancfe, un lien doit
être établi entre les droits allégués que le demandeur cherche à protéger et
3
l’objet de l’instance pendante devant elle sur le fond de l’afffaire . Troisiè-
mement, elle doit être convaincue que l’une ou l’autre partie — voire les
deux — subira un préjudice irréparable ou qu’un dommage irréparablef

sera causé aux droits en litige qui constituent l’objet du difféfrend au
fond 4. Quatrièmement, il doit y avoir urgence au sens où il doit existefr un
risque réel qu’une action préjudiciable aux droits de l’une fou l’autre partie
5
ne soit commise avant qu’elle n’ait rendu sa décision définiftive .
4. En la présente instance, c’est à juste titre que la Cour a défcidé d’indi -
quer des mesures conservatoires. Aussi souscris-je tant à sa décision qu’à
l’essentiel de son raisonnement. En particulier, je pense qu’il exfiste effective -

ment un lien entre les mesures sollicitées et les droits de souverainfeté reve-n
diqués par le demandeur sur le territoire litigieux (ordonnance, par 6f0.). Il se
peut également que certaines activités du défendeur sur le terrfitoire en ques -

tion déclenchent des conflits susceptibles d’entraîner une atfteinte irrémé -
diable à l’intégrité physique de personnes. Enfin, la naturef de la zone en
litige et le degré de tension entre les Parties justifiaient que le cfritère de l’ur -

gence soit examiné en liaison avec celui du préjudice irréparabfle.
5. Néanmoins, l’ordonnance se fonde également sur le critère de «plau -
sibilité», au sujet duquel j’ai quelques réserves. Dans son analyse des pré -
tentions du demandeur, il semble que la Cour introduise involontaire -

ment ce critère supplémentaire aux fins de l’indication de mesufres
conservatoires. Aux termes de l’ordonnance, « la Cour ne peut exercer ce
pouvoir que si les droits allégués par une partie apparaissent au fmoins

plausibles » (ibid., par. 53).
6. Sans être entièrement nouveau, le « critère de plausibilité » a été
énoncé pour la première fois par la Cour en l’affaire Belgique c. Séné ‑
6
gal , où il semble être apparu ex nihilo : la Cour n’a pas cité le moindre
précédent confirmant l’existence d’un tel critère, pas davantage qu’elle
n’a expliqué pourquoi elle décidait de l’établir. D’ailleurs, elle n’a même
pas reconnu qu’il s’agissait d’un critère nouveau 7, se contentant de

3 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de t▯outes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 15 octobre 2008, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 389, par. 118.
4 Voir par exemple ibid., p. 392, par. 128.
5
6 Ibid., p. 392, par. 129.
Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Be▯lgique c. Sénégal),
mes7res conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 151, par. 57.
Dans l’ordonnance rendue en l’affaire Belgique c. Sénégal, le paragraphe dans lequel
est énoncé ce nouveau critère figure sous le chapeau «Lien entre le droit protégé et les
mesures demandées » et fait immédiatement suite à un paragraphe examinant la néfcessité
de l’existence d’un tel lien, même si cette condition est apparfemment différente du critère
de plausibilité. La présente ordonnance semble admettre implicitemfent ce critère en créant
un nouveau chapeau : « Caractère plausible des droits dont la protection est recherchée eft
lien entre ces droits et les mesures demandées » (par. 53).

2831 certain activities (sfep. op. koroma)

simply introduced the plausibility standard into the Order, presenting ift

as if it were a criterion so well-established that it needed no introduction,
explanation or justification. This is inconsistent with the settled jurifspru-
dence of the Court, according to which the applicant has to demonstrate
that an existing right is threatened and needs to be protected.

7. In my view, the most problematic aspect of the plausibility standard
is its vagueness, giving the impression that the threshold for the indicfa -
tion of provisional measures has been lowered. The word “plausible”f in
English has multiple meanings. According to the Oxford English Diction ‑

ary, “plausible” is defined as “[h]aving an appearance or show of truth,
reasonableness, or worth ; apparently acceptable or trustworthy (some -
times with implication of mere appearance) . . . [c]hiefly of arguments or
8
statements” “having a false appearance of reason or veracity ; specious” .
The term “specious” is further defined in the context of argumentsf as
“[p]lausible, apparently sound or convincing, but in reality sophistifcal
or fallacious” .9

Another definition of “plausibility” is “an argument, statementf, etc.. . .
seeming reasonable or probable . . . persuasive but deceptive” 10. “Plau-
sible” often contains a negative connotation : an implication that,

although a plausible claim basically sounds truthful, it is in reality
deceitful, only partially true, or completely false. Hence, “plausiblfe” is
also defined as “superficially fair, reasonable or valuable but oftenf
11
specious” .

8. Thus, the ambiguity or vagueness inherent in the English-language
meaning of “plausible” makes it unreliable as a legal standard thaft parties
must meet to obtain relief from this Court in the form of provisional
measures, especially since the binding force of Orders indicating provi -

sional measures has been confirmed by the Court. The standard may even
inadvertently offer parties an opportunity to submit specious claims
which, at a superficial glance, may appear credible but could mislead thfe

Court to indicate provisional measures.
9. I am advised that the word “plausible” in French has a somewhat
different meaning. As mentioned above, the word was first introduced afs

8 Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, Vol. XI, p. 101; and Oxford English Dictionary
Online; emphasis added.
9
10Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, Vol. XVI, p. 161.
11The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 1995, p. 1047.
Merriam Webster’s Online Dictionary.

29 certaines activités f(op. ind. koroma) 31

l’énoncer en le présentant comme un critère si bien établi qu’il se pas -
sait de toute introduction, explication ou justification. Or il est en

contradiction avec la jurisprudence constante de la Cour, qui impose
au demandeur de démontrer qu’un droit existant est menacé et doit être
protégé.
7. Selon moi, l’aspect le plus problématique du critère de plausibfilité
tient à son caractère imprécis, qui donne l’impression que lfe seuil utilisé

pour indiquer des mesures conservatoires a été abaissé. En anglfais, le mot
«plausible» peut avoir plusieurs sens. La définition qu’en donne l’Oxford
English Dictionary est la suivante: «qui a une apparence ou un air de vérité,
qui semble raisonnable ou valable ; apparemment acceptable ou digne de

confiance (étant parfois sous-entendu qu’il ne s’agit que d’une appa -
rence) … se dit principalement d’arguments ou de déclarations », « qui a
faussement l’apparence de la raison ou de la vérité ; spécieux » [« [h]aving
an appearance or show of truth, reasonableness, or worth ; apparently

acceptable or trustworthy (sometimes with implication of mere appear -
ance) … [c]hiefly of arguments or statements», «having a false appearance
of reason or veracity ; specious » 8]. Lorsqu’il s’applique à un argument, le
terme «specious» est défini comme suit: «plausible, apparemment exact ou

convaincant, mais en réalité captieux ou fallacieux » [« [p]lausible, appa 9 -
rently sound or convincing, but in reality sophistical or fallacious » ].
Le mot « plausible» peut également qualifier « un argument, une décla -
ration, etc. … apparemment raisonnable ou vraisemblable … convaincant

mais trompeur [« an argument, statement, etc10… seeming reasonable or
probable … persuasive but deceptive » ]. Le terme anglais « plausible» a
souvent une connotation négative, laissant entendre, dans le cas d’fune
allégation, qu’elle donne globalement l’impression d’être fidèle à la vérité,
mais qu’elle est en réalité spécieuse, vraie en partie seulefment, voire tota -

lement fausse. Une autre définition du mot « plausible» est « superficielle-
ment exact, raisonnable ou valable mais souvent spécieux » [«superficially
fair, reasonable or valuable but often specious » 11].
8. On ne saurait dès lors, compte tenu de son caractère ambigu ou

imprécis en anglais, faire de cette notion un critère juridique aufquel les
parties doivent satisfaire pour que la Cour intervienne en indiquant desf
mesures conservatoires, et ce d’autant plus que celle-ci a confirméf le
caractère contraignant de ses ordonnances en la matière. Ce critèfre pour -

rait même être l’occasion pour les parties de présenter des fdemandes spé-
cieuses qui, paraissant à première vue crédibles, inciteraient fla Cour à
indiquer à tort des mesures conservatoires.
9. Je crois comprendre que le mot « plausible» a une signification

quelque peu différente en français. Comme indiqué plus haut, fce critère a

8 Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, vol. XI, p. 1011; et Oxford English DictionaryOnline;
les italiques sont de moi.
9 Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, vol. XVI, p. 161.
10The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 1995, p. 1047.
11Merriam Webster’s Online Dictionary.

2932 certain activities (sfep. op. koroma)

a standard in the Belgium v. Senegal case, in which the French text is
authoritative. In French, I am also advised, the word appears to only
have a positive connotation and may therefore better reflect the Courtf’s

intention when the term was used.

10. In my considered view, another concern raised by the Court’s plau-
sibility standard is that it is so far unclear whether the standard applies to
legal rights or facts or both. In the Belgium v. Senegal case, it appears

that the Court referred to the former. In that case, Belgium alleged,
among other things, that the Convention against Torture gave it the righft
to bring criminal proceedings against Mr. Habré 12. The Court, after
articulating the plausibility standard, stated that “the rights asserfted by

Belgium, being grounded in a possible interpretation of13he Convention
against Torture, therefore appear to be plausible” . This implies that the
Court engaged solely in a legal analysis, whether it was plausible that the
Convention against Torture, as a matter of law, gave Belgium the right tfo
bring criminal proceedings against an alleged torturer.

11. In the present Order, however, the Court evaluates the plausibility
of Costa Rica’s factual claims. The actual legal rights at issue in this case
are, inter alia, Costa Rica’s rights to sovereignty and territorial integrity

(Order, paras. 1-3). The argument that Costa Rica enjoys these legal
rights is certainly “plausible” as a matter of law, as these rightfs are
enshrined in Article 2 of the United Nations Charter. The fact that Costa
Rica is entitled to such rights is so self-evident that the Order need not
evaluate their legitimacy or plausibility. What the Order examines instefad

is whether “the title to sovereignty claimed by Costa Rica over the entirety
of Isla Portillos is plausible” (ibid., para. 58).

12. The plausibility standard, therefore, suffers from vagueness and
ambiguity. It is unclear from the Court’s Order whether the Court
requires an applicant seeking provisional measures to demonstrate the
plausibility of its legal rights, the plausibility of its factual claimsf, or both.

13. In my view it would have been worth articulating a clear standard
of some sort to evaluate, prima facie, the legitimacy of an applicant’fs
claims at the provisional measures stage. Such a standard, which exists f
already in domestic courts in many common law jurisdictions, would help

ensure that parties do not abuse the provisional measures process. Speciff -
ically, it would dissuade parties from bringing patently meritless claimfs
with the goal of obtaining provisional measures that would prevent the

12Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium▯ v. Senegal),
Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 142, para. 14.

13Ibid., p. 152, para. 60.

30 certaines activités f(op. ind. koroma) 32

été retenu pour la première fois en l’affaire Belgique c. Sénégal, dont le
texte français est le texte faisant foi. En français, m’a-t-il été précisé, le
mot a une connotation uniquement positive et reflète donc sans doutfe

mieux l’intention qui était celle de la Cour lorsqu’elle l’af utilisé pour la
première fois.
10. Le critère de plausibilité retenu par la Cour pose à mon avis ufn
autre problème, celui de savoir s’il s’applique aux droits de nfature juri -
dique, aux faits, ou aux uns et aux autres à la fois. Dans l’afffaire Bel ‑

gique c. Sénégal, il semble que la Cour se soit référée aux premiers. La
Belgique affirmait, entre autres, que la convention contre la torture lfui
conférait le droit d’exercer des poursuites pénales contre M. Habré 12. La
Cour, après avoir énoncé le critère de plausibilité, a défclaré que « [les]

droits [revendiqués par la Belgique], en tant que fondés sur une interpré -
tation possible de la convention contre la torture, apparaiss[aient] en f
conséquence plausibles » 13. Elle s’est donc cantonnée à une analyse juri -
dique, cherchant à déterminer s’il était plausible que la cofnvention contre
la torture confère à la Belgique le droit d’engager des poursuites pénales

contre un tortionnaire présumé.
11. Toutefois, c’est sur la plausibilité d’allégations factuelles du
Costa Rica que la Cour a dû se prononcer dans la présente ordonnanfce.
Les droits en cause étaient, notamment, ceux du Costa Rica à la sofuverai -

neté et à l’intégrité territoriale (ordonnance, par. 1-3). L’argument selon
lequel le Costa Rica détiendrait de tels droits est de toute évidence « plau -
sible» d’un point de vue juridique, puisque ces droits sont consacréfs par
l’article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies. Le fait que le Costa Rica puisse
y prétendre va tellement de soi qu’il n’y a pas eu lieu pour laf Cour d’en

apprécier la légitimité ou la plausibilité dans son ordonnanfce. Ce qu’elle
a en revanche cherché à établir, c’est si « le titre de souveraineté revendi -
qué par le Costa Rica sur l’entièreté de Isla Portillos [éftait] plausible »
(ibid., par. 58).

12. Le critère de plausibilité pèche, comme nous l’avons dit, pafr son
ambiguïté et son imprécision. Il est difficile, à la lecturfe de l’ordonnance,
de savoir si la Cour exige de l’Etat sollicitant des mesures conservaftoires
qu’il démontre le caractère plausible de ses prétentions jurfidiques ou celui
de ses allégations factuelles, ou des unes et des autres.

13. Selon moi, il aurait été intéressant d’énoncer un critèfre clair per -
mettant d’évaluer, prima facie, la légitimité des prétentions d’un deman -
deur au stade des mesures conservatoires. Un tel critère, déjà fappliqué
par de nombreuses juridictions internes de common law, contribuerait à

éviter que les parties n’aient abusivement recours à la procéfdure de
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires. En particulier, il les f
dissuaderait de faire valoir des droits manifestement infondés dans le seul

12Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Be▯lgique c. Sénégal),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 142,
par. 14.
13Ibid., p. 152, par. 60.

3033 certain activities (sfep. op. koroma)

other party from taking further action until the Court decides the meritfs
of the case. In a sense, such a standard would be similar to the Court’fs

existing prima facie jurisdiction requirement. Both the new standard andf
the prima facie jurisdiction standard would require a party to demon -
strate that it has a reasonable chance of eventually obtaining a judgmenft
on the merits in its favour before it could obtain provisional measures.f

14. The Court has on occasion informally evaluated the legitimacy of a
party’s claim when deciding to indicate provisional measures. In the fArmed
Activities case, for example, the Court noted that the rights at issue were,
inter alia, the Congo’s “rights to sovereignty and territorial integrity andf
14
to the integrity of its assets and natural resources” . The Court added
that it was “not disputed that . . . Ugandan forces are present on the terri -
tory of the Congo, [and] that fighting has taken place on that territoryf
between those forces and the forces of a neighbouring State” 15. In other

words, it was clear that the Congo’s rights were involved.

15. In many orders on provisional measures, the Court’s analysis of

jurisdictional questions or irreparable prejudice also confirms the credibil ‑
ity of a party’s claims. The language quoted above from the Armed Activ ‑
ities case, for example, was used by the Court to support its finding of
irreparable prejudice.

16. The more difficult question is what the precise standard should be.
One option would be for the Court to revert to an approach similar to itfs
standard for evaluating jurisdiction at the provisional measures stage off

proceedings, according to which it requires that a party establish a prifma
facie case. In other words, the party would have to present evidence thaft,
standing alone, would establish its entitlement to certain rights. Yet
another possibility would be to require that the rights asserted by a pafrty

be grounded in a reasonable interpretation of the law or of the facts.

17. On the other hand, if the Court does decide to adopt a new stan -
dard, it should do so in a transparent manner that explains the rationalfe

behind it. It could, for example, state that the existence of such a stafndard
is important to ensure that the Court does not grant provisional measurefs
in cases that are frivolous or highly unlikely to succeed on the merits.f

18. Adopting an order indicating provisional measures on the grounds
of plausibility may prove a mistake. To paraphrase the 18th century

14Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of ▯the Congo
v. Uganda), Provisional Measures, Order of 1 July 2000, I.C.J. Reports 200▯0, p. 127,
para. 40.
15Ibid., p. 128, para. 42.

31 certaines activités f(op. ind. koroma) 33

but d’obtenir des mesures conservatoires destinées à empêchefr la partie
adverse d’entreprendre toute action nouvelle avant que la Cour ne se fpro-

nonce sur le fond. Ce critère serait en un sens comparable à celuif déjà
requis d’une compétence prima facie de la Cour. Comme celui-ci, il ferait
obligation à une partie de démontrer qu’elle a des chances raisfonnables
d’obtenir gain de cause sur le fond avant que la Cour ne décide d’findiquer
des mesures conservatoires en sa faveur.

14. Lorsqu’elle s’est prononcée sur une demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires, la Cour a parfois été amenée à appréfcier de
manière informelle la légitimité des prétentions d’une pafrtie. Dans l’af -
faire des Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo, par exemple, elle a

noté que les droits en litige étaient notamment les droits du Congo « à la
souveraineté et à l’intégrité territoriale, à l’intégrité de ses biens et de ses
ressources naturelles » 1. La Cour a ajouté qu’il n’était pas « contesté
[que] … des forces ougandaises se trouv[ai]ent sur le territoire du Congo,

[et] que des combats 15vaie]nt opposé sur ce territoire ces forces àf celles
d’un Etat voisin » . Autrement dit, les droits du Congo étaient claire -
ment en cause.
15. Dans de nombreuses ordonnances en indication de mesures conser -

vatoires, l’analyse faite par la Cour des questions relatives à laf compé -
tence ou au préjudice irréparable a également confirmé la crédibilité des
prétentions d’une partie. Les extraits ci-dessus tirés de l’ordonnance en
indication de mesures conservatoires en l’affaire des Activités armées font

ainsi partie du raisonnement suivi par la Cour pour établir l’exisftence
d’un risque de préjudice irréparable.
16. Toute la difficulté consiste à définir ce que devrait être fle critère
recherché. La Cour pourrait revenir à une approche comparable àf celle
qui est la sienne lorsqu’elle apprécie sa compétence au stade dfes mesures

conservatoires, selon laquelle la partie intéressée est tenue d’fétablir,
prima facie, le bien-fondé de sa thèse — autrement dit, de fournir des élé -
ments de preuve qui, à eux seuls, permettent d’établir qu’elfle peut pré -
tendre à certains droits. La Cour pourrait aussi exiger que les droitfs allé-

gués par cette partie soient fondés sur une interprétation raisonnable du
droit ou des faits.
17. Quoi qu’il en soit, si la Cour décide effectivement d’adopterf un
nouveau critère, elle doit le faire de manière transparente, en enf expli -

quant les raisons. Elle pourrait, par exemple, déclarer que l’existence d’un
tel critère est importante pour éviter que la Cour n’indique defs mesures
conservatoires en faveur d’une partie qui forme des demandes abusivesf
ou qui n’a guère de chances d’obtenir gain de cause sur le fondf.

18. Rendre une ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires en
se fondant sur le critère de la plausibilité pourrait se révéfler une erreur.

14Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République dém▯ocratique du Congo
c. Ouganda), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 1juillet 2000, C.I.J. Recueil 2000,
p. 127, par. 40.
15Ibid., p. 128, par. 42.

3134 certain activities (sfep. op. koroma)

philosopher Edmund Burke, very plausible schemes, with very pleasing
commencements, have often shameful and mistaken consequences. It is
worth bearing this in mind.

(Signed) Abdul G. Koroma.

32 certaines activités f(op. ind. koroma) 34

Pour paraphraser le philosophe du XVIIIsiècle EdmundBurke, des projets
très plausibles, aux débuts très prometteurs, ont souvent des cfonséquences
malheureuses. C’est là une observation que nous devrions garder àf l’esprit.

(Signé) Abdul G. Koroma.

32

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Koroma

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