Declaration of Judge Owada

Document Number
148-20130206-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
148-20130206-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

11

DECLARATION OF JUDGE OWADA

1. It is my view that when considering the admissibility of a request for
intervention, whether it is filed pursuant to Article 62 or Article 63 of the
Statute of the Court, the Court, should it find it necessary under the pfar-
ticular circumstances of the case, is in a position to examine and deterfmine
proprio motu whether such intervention would be in keeping with the prin -
ciples of ensuring the fair administration of justice, including, inter alia,

the equality of the Parties in the proceedings before the Court. The Coufrt’s
authority to examine these matters in considering the admissibility of
New Zealand’s Declaration of Intervention is inherent in the judicial func -
tion of the Court as a court of justice. The Court has the discretion tof rule
such a declaration inadmissible if its admission should unduly compromisfe

fundamental principles of justice underlying its jurisdiction or the faifrness
of the proceedings. The Court has the ability to exercise this discretiofn
with respect to intervention, whether it be under Article 63 or under Arti -
cle 62. In this respect, there should be no difference between interventiofn
under Article 62 and intervention under Article 63 as far as the principle

of ensuring the fair administration of justice is at issue.
2. The Court has exercised this inherent power with respect to a State’sf
request to intervene pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute, though the
concrete context was quite different. In the Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Malta) case, the Court denied Italy’s Application for permis -
sion to intervene despite the possibility that Italy might have had “fan int-er

est of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the case”
within the meaning of Article 62 of the Statute. The Court rejected the Ital -
ian application for intervention, to which the parties who had brought tfhe
case to the Court by Special Agreement had not consented, on the ground
that such intervention “would involve the introduction of a fresh disfpute”

outside the scope of the Special Agreement (Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 22, para. 34). The Court held that the procedure of
intervention as specified in Article 62 of the Statute cannot “constitute an
exception to the fundamental principles underlying its jurisdiction: primar -

ily the principle of consent, but also the principles of reciprocity and equa-l
ity of States” (ibid., para. 35). Though the intervention in the present case
involves a somewhat different factual and legal situation, the Court’fs Judg -
ment in Libya/Malta demonstrates that the Court has the power to deny a
request for intervention when such a request would impinge upon funda -
mental legal principles, including the principle of equality of States, feven if

the State requesting intervention may have fulfilled the express conditifons
for intervention set forth in the relevant articles of the Statute.

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4 CIJ1041.indb 20 3/03/14 10:42 12 whaling in the antarcftic (decl. owada)

3. The Order in the present case states that

“[w]hereas intervention under Article 63 of the Statute is limited to
submitting observations on the construction of the convention in
question and does not allow the intervenor, which does not become

a party to the proceedings, to deal with any other aspect of the case
before the Court; and whereas such an intervention cannot affect the
equality of the Parties to the dispute” (Order, para. 18).

In my view, this statement is an oversimplified and overly categorical
approach to the issue of intervention. The reasoning of the Order is basfed
on a highly questionable proposition, as a general statement of the law,f
that simply because the scope of intervention under Article 63 is “limited

to submitting observations on the construction of the convention in quesf -
tion” (ibid.), it therefore follows that such intervention “cannot affect the
equality of the parties to the dispute” (ibid.). This in my view is a
non sequitur. The Order, however, does not attempt to explain the ratio -
nale behind such a conclusion.

4. The Order does not sufficiently examine, in the concrete context of
the situation of this case, the serious issues raised by Japan regardingf the
intervention by New Zealand. Although Japan does not raise a formal
objection to the intervention, it seems evident that it is deeply concerfned
that New Zealand’s intervention could have consequences that would

affect the equality of the Parties to the dispute and thus the fair adfminis -
tration of justice. Japan emphasized that “certain serious anomalies . . .
would arise from the admission of New Zealand as an intervenor”, stress -
ing that it had “serious doubts concerning the equality of the partiefs in
these proceedings before the Court”. Japan pointed to the fact that

“by pursuing what may in effect be a joint case under the rubric off
an Article 63 intervention [Australia and New Zealand could] avoid
some of the safeguards of procedural equality under the Statute and

Rules of the Court”.

In particular by intervening pursuant to Article 63 of the Statute, thus
enabling Australia to preserve its right to appoint a judge ad hoc ; a right
that would have been waived had New Zealand intervened as a party
pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute (see Rules of Court, Art. 36 (1)).

5. It is regrettable that a State party to a case before the Court and a
State seeking to intervene in that case pursuant to Article 63 of the Stat -
ute should engage in what could be perceived as active collaboration in f
litigation strategy to use the Court’s Statute and the Rules of Courtf for
the purpose of promoting their common interest, as is candidly admitted f
in their Joint Media Release of 15 December 2010.

6. I have voted in favour of the Order, as I believe that Japan has not
substantiated, sufficiently to the satisfaction of the Court, its claim that

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4 CIJ1041.indb 22 3/03/14 10:42 13 whaling in the antarcftic (decl. owada)

the admission of New Zealand as a third-party intervenor under Arti -
cle 63 could create a situation in which the principle of the fair adminis -
tration of justice, including the equality of the Parties, would most lifkely
be compromised. Nevertheless, I wish to place on record my serious res -

ervation about the formalistic approach in which the Court has handled
this issue without giving sufficient reflection on an important aspecft of the
principle of equality of the Parties, which forms an essential cornerstone
of the fair administration of justice.

(Signed) Hisashi Owada.

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4 CIJ1041.indb 24 3/03/14 10:42

Bilingual Content

11

DECLARATION OF JUDGE OWADA

1. It is my view that when considering the admissibility of a request for
intervention, whether it is filed pursuant to Article 62 or Article 63 of the
Statute of the Court, the Court, should it find it necessary under the pfar-
ticular circumstances of the case, is in a position to examine and deterfmine
proprio motu whether such intervention would be in keeping with the prin -
ciples of ensuring the fair administration of justice, including, inter alia,

the equality of the Parties in the proceedings before the Court. The Coufrt’s
authority to examine these matters in considering the admissibility of
New Zealand’s Declaration of Intervention is inherent in the judicial func -
tion of the Court as a court of justice. The Court has the discretion tof rule
such a declaration inadmissible if its admission should unduly compromisfe

fundamental principles of justice underlying its jurisdiction or the faifrness
of the proceedings. The Court has the ability to exercise this discretiofn
with respect to intervention, whether it be under Article 63 or under Arti -
cle 62. In this respect, there should be no difference between interventiofn
under Article 62 and intervention under Article 63 as far as the principle

of ensuring the fair administration of justice is at issue.
2. The Court has exercised this inherent power with respect to a State’sf
request to intervene pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute, though the
concrete context was quite different. In the Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Malta) case, the Court denied Italy’s Application for permis -
sion to intervene despite the possibility that Italy might have had “fan int-er

est of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the case”
within the meaning of Article 62 of the Statute. The Court rejected the Ital -
ian application for intervention, to which the parties who had brought tfhe
case to the Court by Special Agreement had not consented, on the ground
that such intervention “would involve the introduction of a fresh disfpute”

outside the scope of the Special Agreement (Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 22, para. 34). The Court held that the procedure of
intervention as specified in Article 62 of the Statute cannot “constitute an
exception to the fundamental principles underlying its jurisdiction: primar -

ily the principle of consent, but also the principles of reciprocity and equa-l
ity of States” (ibid., para. 35). Though the intervention in the present case
involves a somewhat different factual and legal situation, the Court’fs Judg -
ment in Libya/Malta demonstrates that the Court has the power to deny a
request for intervention when such a request would impinge upon funda -
mental legal principles, including the principle of equality of States, feven if

the State requesting intervention may have fulfilled the express conditifons
for intervention set forth in the relevant articles of the Statute.

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4 CIJ1041.indb 20 3/03/14 10:42 11

DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE OWADA

[Traduction]

1. Je suis d’avis que, au moment d’examiner la recevabilité d’ufne
demande d’intervention, que celle-ci ait été présentée sous le régime de
l’article 62 du Statut de la Cour ou sous celui de l’article63 du même texte,
la Cour, si elle l’estime nécessaire eu égard aux circonstancesf propres à
l’affaire, est fondée à examiner proprio motu la question de savoir si une
telle intervention est conforme aux principes qui sous-tendent la bonne

administration de la justice, notamment celui de l’égalité entrfe les Parties à
l’instance dont elle est saisie. Le pouvoir de se pencher sur cette question
dans le cadre de l’examen de la recevabilité de la déclaration fd’intervention
de la Nouvelle-Zélande est inhérent à la fonction juridictionnelle de la
Cour, qui peut alors juger la déclaration irrecevable si elle estime fque l’in -

tervention compromettrait indûment les principes fondamentaux à laf base
de sa compétence ou l’équité de la procédure. Ce pouvoir fd’appréciation
vaut aussi bien pour l’intervention fondée sur l’article 63 que pour celle qui
repose sur l’article 62. En ce sens, il ne devrait y avoir aucune différence,
du point de vue de la bonne administration de la justice, selon que l’finter -

vention est fondée sur l’article 62 ou sur l’article 63 du Statut.
2. La Cour a déjà exercé ce pouvoir inhérent dans le cadre d’fune
requête à fin d’intervention présentée au titre de l’afrticle 62 du Statut,
bien que ce fût dans un contexte assez différent. Ainsi, en l’faffaire du Pla -
teau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), elle a rejeté la requête
de l’Italie à fin d’intervention, malgré la possibilité qfu’« un intérêt juri -

dique [fût] en cause » pour cet Etat, au sens de l’article 62 du Statut,
requête à laquelle les parties, qui l’avaient saisie par voie dfe compromis,
n’avaient pas consenti. Elle a jugé que ladite requête impliquefrait « l’in -
troduction d’un nouveau différend » débordant le cadre du compromis
(Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), requête à fin d’in -

tervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 22, par. 34), et que la procédure
d’intervention fondée sur l’article 62 ne saurait « constitue[r] une excep -
tion aux principes fondamentaux à la base de sa compétence : en premier
lieu le principe du consentement, mais aussi les principes de réciprofcité et
d’égalité entre les Etats» (ibid., par. 35). Même si la situation dans laquelle

l’intervention aurait lieu en l’espèce est quelque peu difféfrente, sur les
plans factuel et juridique, de celle de l’affaire Libye/Malte, l’arrêt rendu
dans cette affaire montre que la Cour a le pouvoir de rejeter une demafnde
d’intervention lorsque celle-ci porterait atteinte à des principes de droit
fondamentaux, notamment celui de l’égalité entre les Etats, et fce, bien
que l’Etat requérant ait rempli les conditions posées par les dfispositions

applicables du Statut.

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4 CIJ1041.indb 21 3/03/14 10:42 12 whaling in the antarcftic (decl. owada)

3. The Order in the present case states that

“[w]hereas intervention under Article 63 of the Statute is limited to
submitting observations on the construction of the convention in
question and does not allow the intervenor, which does not become

a party to the proceedings, to deal with any other aspect of the case
before the Court; and whereas such an intervention cannot affect the
equality of the Parties to the dispute” (Order, para. 18).

In my view, this statement is an oversimplified and overly categorical
approach to the issue of intervention. The reasoning of the Order is basfed
on a highly questionable proposition, as a general statement of the law,f
that simply because the scope of intervention under Article 63 is “limited

to submitting observations on the construction of the convention in quesf -
tion” (ibid.), it therefore follows that such intervention “cannot affect the
equality of the parties to the dispute” (ibid.). This in my view is a
non sequitur. The Order, however, does not attempt to explain the ratio -
nale behind such a conclusion.

4. The Order does not sufficiently examine, in the concrete context of
the situation of this case, the serious issues raised by Japan regardingf the
intervention by New Zealand. Although Japan does not raise a formal
objection to the intervention, it seems evident that it is deeply concerfned
that New Zealand’s intervention could have consequences that would

affect the equality of the Parties to the dispute and thus the fair adfminis -
tration of justice. Japan emphasized that “certain serious anomalies . . .
would arise from the admission of New Zealand as an intervenor”, stress -
ing that it had “serious doubts concerning the equality of the partiefs in
these proceedings before the Court”. Japan pointed to the fact that

“by pursuing what may in effect be a joint case under the rubric off
an Article 63 intervention [Australia and New Zealand could] avoid
some of the safeguards of procedural equality under the Statute and

Rules of the Court”.

In particular by intervening pursuant to Article 63 of the Statute, thus
enabling Australia to preserve its right to appoint a judge ad hoc ; a right
that would have been waived had New Zealand intervened as a party
pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute (see Rules of Court, Art. 36 (1)).

5. It is regrettable that a State party to a case before the Court and a
State seeking to intervene in that case pursuant to Article 63 of the Stat -
ute should engage in what could be perceived as active collaboration in f
litigation strategy to use the Court’s Statute and the Rules of Courtf for
the purpose of promoting their common interest, as is candidly admitted f
in their Joint Media Release of 15 December 2010.

6. I have voted in favour of the Order, as I believe that Japan has not
substantiated, sufficiently to the satisfaction of the Court, its claim that

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3. L’ordonnance rendue en l’espèce énonce ce qui suit :

«Considérant … que l’intervention au titre de l’article 63 du Statut
se limite à la présentation d’observations au sujet de l’intferprétation
de la convention concernée et ne permet pas à l’intervenant, qui

n’acquiert pas la qualité de partie au différend, d’abordefr quelque
autre aspect que ce soit de l’affaire dont est saisie la Cour ; et qu’une
telle intervention ne peut pas compromettre l’égalité entre lesf Parties
au différend.» (Ordonnance, par. 18.)

A mon avis, cette façon d’aborder la question de l’interventionf est à la
fois simpliste et trop catégorique. Le raisonnement à la base de lf’ordon -
nance repose lui-même sur une hypothèse hautement discutable en droit,
selon laquelle, du seul fait que l’intervention au titre de l’artifcle 63 du

Statut «se limite à la présentation d’observations au sujet de l’interpréta -
tion de la convention concernée » (ibid.), il s’ensuit qu’elle « ne peut pas
compromettre l’égalité entre les parties au différend » (ibid.). Il s’agit là,
selon moi, d’un non sequitur. Or l’ordonnance ne fournit aucune explica -
tion quant à la motivation de cette conclusion.

4. L’ordonnance expose de façon trop sommaire, eu égard aux circonfs -
tances réelles de l’affaire, les questions graves qu’a soulevfées le Japon à
propos de l’intervention de la Nouvelle-Zélande. Même si ce dernier n’a
pas formellement fait objection à l’intervention, il est manifestefment très
préoccupé par les conséquences que celle-ci pourrait avoir sur l’égalité

entre les Parties au différend et, partant, la bonne administrationf de la
justice. Il a fait valoir que « l’admission de la Nouvelle-Zélande en qualité
d’Etat intervenant » entraînerait des « anomalies graves » et fait part de
«ses sérieuses appréhensions quant à l’égalité des partfies à la présente
instance devant la Cour », ajoutant que,

«en mettant en œuvre ce qui semble être en réalité une affafire
conjointe sous le couvert d’une intervention au titre de l’articlef 63,
[l’Australie et la Nouvelle-Zélande] se trouveraient à contourner cer -

taines des mesures visant à protéger l’égalité procédufrale prévue par
le Statut et le Règlement de la Cour ».

Ainsi, en intervenant au titre de l’article 63 du Statut, la Nouvelle-Zélande
permettrait à l’Australie de conserver son droit de désigner unf juge ad hoc,
droit auquel elle aurait dû renoncer en cas d’intervention en tantf que par -
tie en vertu de l’article 62 du Statut (voir le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du
Règlement).

5. Il est regrettable de voir un Etat partie à une instance devant la
Cour et un autre Etat cherchant à intervenir dans la même affairfe au titre
de l’article 63 du Statut se livrer à ce qui pourrait passer pour une concer -
tation en vue de tirer avantage du Statut et du Règlement de la Cour fpour
promouvoir leur intérêt commun, et dont le communiqué de pressef
conjoint du 15 décembre 2010 constitue l’aveu pur et simple.

6. Si je me suis prononcé en faveur de l’ordonnance, c’est parce qfue le
Japon n’a pas réussi à convaincre la Cour du bien-fondé de ses allégations

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4 CIJ1041.indb 23 3/03/14 10:42 13 whaling in the antarcftic (decl. owada)

the admission of New Zealand as a third-party intervenor under Arti -
cle 63 could create a situation in which the principle of the fair adminis -
tration of justice, including the equality of the Parties, would most lifkely
be compromised. Nevertheless, I wish to place on record my serious res -

ervation about the formalistic approach in which the Court has handled
this issue without giving sufficient reflection on an important aspecft of the
principle of equality of the Parties, which forms an essential cornerstone
of the fair administration of justice.

(Signed) Hisashi Owada.

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selon lesquelles l’octroi à la Nouvelle-Zélande de la qualité de tiers inter -
venant au titre de l’article 63 pourrait très vraisemblablement porter
atteinte au principe de la bonne administration de la justice, notamment
en ce qui a trait à l’égalité entre les Parties. Je tiens néanmoins à exprimer

de sérieuses réserves à l’égard de la manière formalisfte avec laquelle la
Cour a abordé la question en n’accordant pas l’attention vouluef à un
aspect important du principe d’égalité entre les Parties, lequel constitue
un élément essentiel de la bonne administration de la justice.

(Signé) Hisashi Owada.

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Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Owada

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