Joint separate opinion of Judges Al-Khasawneh and Skotnikov

Document Number
144-20090528-ORD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
144-20090528-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

JOINT SEPARATE OPINION
OF JUDGES AL-KHASAWNEH AND SKOTNIKOV

1. We have voted in favour of the Court’s decision not to indicate the
provisional measures requested by Belgium. Regrettably, however, we
cannot concur with the Court’s finding to the effect that the conditions
required for the purposes of the indication of provisional measures, in
terms of establishing prima facie jurisdiction or assessing whether the
Application has become moot, have been met.

2. Belgium stated that the alleged dispute between itself and Senegal
concerned two elements. Firstly, in the view of Belgium, “Senegal con-
siders that its decision to transmit the case to the African Union . . .
somehow fulfils Article 7 [of the Convention against Torture]” (CR 2009/
10, p. 20, para. 13). Secondly, “Senegal’s present commitment to move,

albeit slowly, towards a criminal trial derives in its view from the African
Union ‘mandate’, not directly from its obligations under the Torture
Convention” (ibid.).

3. For its part, Senegal, while stressing that “[t]he backdrop of the trial
for which preparations are now being made is indeed one of co-

operation across Africa — and even beyond” (CR 2009/11, p. 18, para. 11),
sought

“to make clear once and for all, so as to dispel for good all ambigu-
ity and misunderstanding, that as a State it is bound by the 1984 Con-
vention [against Torture]. The fact that an organization like the
African Union may be involved in organizing the Habré trial in no
way lessens Senegal’s duties and rights as a party to the Convention.
Indeed, it is as a party to the Convention, not pursuant to a mandate

from the African Union, that the Republic of Senegal is fulfilling its
obligations.” (Ibid.)

Furthermore, Senegal reaffirmed “its will to pursue the ongoing process,
in which it assumes in full its obligations as a State Party to the 1984 Con-
vention” (ibid., p. 21, para. 27).
4. The Court accepted the fact that the dispute, as framed by Belgium,
in the light of the explanations given by the Parties as to their respective

positions, does not continue to exist, even on a prima facie basis (Order,
para. 48).
5. In the light of those same explanations, the Court’s finding in the
preceding paragraph of the Order that “it appears prima facie that a dis-
pute as to the interpretation and application of the Convention existed

26between the Parties on the date the Application was filed” (Order,
para. 47) does not seem to be well founded.

6. These explanations, at the very least, should have lead the Court to
make a finding that its prima facie jurisdiction to pronounce on the mer-
its of the case could not be established, since there are very serious doubts
as to the existence of a dispute at the time of the filing of the Application.
This finding would have allowed the case brought by Belgium to con-

tinue.
7. Alternatively, and even more convincingly, the Court could have
concluded that, given the explanation by the Parties, no dispute exists
and therefore the Application has been rendered moot.

8. Instead, the Court came to what is, in our view, an implausible con-
clusion that “the Parties nonetheless seem to continue to differ on other
questions relating to the interpretation or application of the Convention
against Torture” (ibid., para. 48) and went on to offer three such “other

questions” which have never been identified by Belgium as forming part
of a dispute and which consequently have never been addressed as such
by Senegal.
9. In the South West Africa cases, the Court commented on the exist-
ence of a dispute as follows:

“it is not sufficient for one party to a contentious case to assert that

a dispute exists with the other party. A mere assertion is not suffi-
cient to prove the existence of a dispute any more than a mere denial
of the existence of the dispute proves its non-existence. Nor is it
adequate to show that the interests of the two parties to such a case

are in conflict. It must be shown that the claim of one party is posi-
tively opposed by the other.” (South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South
Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328.)

At the provisional measures stage of proceedings, it is sufficient to show

such “positive opposition” on a prima facie basis. No attempt to do so
was made by the Court in the present case.
10. The first two questions on which the Parties, in the view of the
Court, continue to be in dispute are

“that of the time frame within which the obligations provided for in

Article 7 [of the Convention] must be fulfilled or that of the circum-
stances (financial, legal or other difficulties) which might be relevant
in considering whether or not a failure to fulfil those obligations has
occurred” (Order, para. 48).

11. First, Belgium has never asked the Court to pronounce on these

issues. Second, the Court has had no opportunity to assess whether the
views of the Parties are positively opposed on these issues, since they

27have not been discussed by the Parties as contentious questions to be
resolved by the Court.

12. As to “the time-frame”, it may well be that it takes a somewhat
long time to bring the case of Mr. Habré to trial. But this issue is not in
dispute between the Parties. In fact, Senegal asserts that the pronounce-
ments by its President, which Belgium was alarmed by, were aimed at
speeding up the ongoing process of organizing Mr. Habré’s trial in terms

of acquiring the assistance which Senegal had been promised by the Afri-
can Union to hold the trial on behalf of Africa. This explanation by Sen-
egal has been taken into account by the Court in deciding not to indicate
the provisional measures requested by Belgium (Order, para. 70). There

is no dispute over “legal difficulties” either. Senegal — in a relatively
short time — has adopted universal jurisdiction legislation allowing it to
prosecute Mr. Habré. Financial issues concerning the organization of the
trial are still outstanding. Belgium acknowledges that these issues are real
and should be resolved, and asserts that it is working with the European

Union to assist Senegal in resolving them, although it maintains that Sen-
egal’s assessment of the costs involved is too high. There is a problem to
be solved, but there is no dispute which Belgium is asking the Court to
settle. Understandably, we do not address unspecified “other difficulties”
mentioned by the Court, since we do not know what these are.

13. As to whether the non-disputed issues of “the time-frame” or “the
circumstances” addressed above might be “relevant in concluding whether
or not a failure to fulfil those obligations [under Article 2 of the Conven-

tion] has occurred”, it suffices to recall that Belgium itself acknowledges
“Senegal’s commitment to move, albeit slowly, towards a criminal trial”,
and perceives a problem in Senegal’s alleged view that this commitment
derives “from the African Union mandate and not directly from its obli-
gations under the Torture Convention” (see para. 2 above). That allega-

tion has been dispelled by Senegal and is not seen by the Court as form-
ing part of a dispute (see paras. 3 and 4 above). Accordingly, the Court,
in our view, inappropriately brings up a notion of the hypothetical failure
of Senegal to comply with its obligations under the Torture Convention.

14. The third question on which, according to the Court, the Parties
seem to continue to hold differing views is “how Senegal should fulfil its
treaty obligations” (Order, para. 48). As a matter of principle, a dispute
(that is “a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views

or interests between two persons” (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions,
Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2 , p. 11)) simply cannot be
identified in such a non-specific way.

15. Granted, as the Court has had occasion to point out, “[w]hether
there exists an international dispute is a matter for objective determina-

28tion” (Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and

Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950 , p. 74).
Indeed, it is a duty of the Court to make such a determination. It is
expected from the Court that in doing so, even on a prima facie basis, it
will be diligent and precise. We do not think that the Court’s determina-

tion in this case meets such an obvious requirement.
16. Finally, we would like to express our hope that the fact that this
case remains before the Court will not deter possible contributors from

providing assistance to Senegal in organizing Mr. Habré’s trial.

(Signed) Awn Shawkat A L-K HASAWNEH .

(Signed) Leonid S KOTNIKOV .

29

Bilingual Content

JOINT SEPARATE OPINION
OF JUDGES AL-KHASAWNEH AND SKOTNIKOV

1. We have voted in favour of the Court’s decision not to indicate the
provisional measures requested by Belgium. Regrettably, however, we
cannot concur with the Court’s finding to the effect that the conditions
required for the purposes of the indication of provisional measures, in
terms of establishing prima facie jurisdiction or assessing whether the
Application has become moot, have been met.

2. Belgium stated that the alleged dispute between itself and Senegal
concerned two elements. Firstly, in the view of Belgium, “Senegal con-
siders that its decision to transmit the case to the African Union . . .
somehow fulfils Article 7 [of the Convention against Torture]” (CR 2009/
10, p. 20, para. 13). Secondly, “Senegal’s present commitment to move,

albeit slowly, towards a criminal trial derives in its view from the African
Union ‘mandate’, not directly from its obligations under the Torture
Convention” (ibid.).

3. For its part, Senegal, while stressing that “[t]he backdrop of the trial
for which preparations are now being made is indeed one of co-

operation across Africa — and even beyond” (CR 2009/11, p. 18, para. 11),
sought

“to make clear once and for all, so as to dispel for good all ambigu-
ity and misunderstanding, that as a State it is bound by the 1984 Con-
vention [against Torture]. The fact that an organization like the
African Union may be involved in organizing the Habré trial in no
way lessens Senegal’s duties and rights as a party to the Convention.
Indeed, it is as a party to the Convention, not pursuant to a mandate

from the African Union, that the Republic of Senegal is fulfilling its
obligations.” (Ibid.)

Furthermore, Senegal reaffirmed “its will to pursue the ongoing process,
in which it assumes in full its obligations as a State Party to the 1984 Con-
vention” (ibid., p. 21, para. 27).
4. The Court accepted the fact that the dispute, as framed by Belgium,
in the light of the explanations given by the Parties as to their respective

positions, does not continue to exist, even on a prima facie basis (Order,
para. 48).
5. In the light of those same explanations, the Court’s finding in the
preceding paragraph of the Order that “it appears prima facie that a dis-
pute as to the interpretation and application of the Convention existed

26 OPINION INDIVIDUELLE COMMUNE
DE MM. LES JUGES AL-KHASAWNEH ET SKOTNIKOV

[Traduction]

1. Nous avons voté en faveur de la décision de la Cour de ne pas indi-
quer les mesures conservatoires demandées par la Belgique. Nous sommes
cependant au regret de ne pouvoir souscrire à sa conclusion selon laquelle
les conditions requises aux fins d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires
— s’agissant d’établir si la Cour a compétence prima facie ou de recher-
cher si la requête est devenue sans objet — sont réunies.

2. La Belgique a indiqué que le différend allégué entre elle-même et le
Sénégal portait sur deux éléments. Selon elle, premièrement, «le Sénégal
soutient que «la décision de ... transmettre [le dossier] à l’Union afri-
caine» ... satisfait d’une manière ou d’une autre aux exigences de l’ar-
ticle 7 [de la convention contre la torture]» (CR 2009/10, p. 20, par. 13).

Deuxièmement, la «détermination actuelle [du Sénégal] à s’engager, fût-ce
lentement, sur la voie d’un procès pénal découle, aux yeux du Sénégal, du
«mandat» que lui a conféré l’Union africaine et non directement des
obligations qu’il tient de la convention contre la torture» (ibid.).
3. Pour sa part, le Sénégal, tout en soulignant que «[l]e contexte du
procès qui se prépare se déroule bien dans le cadre d’une coopération

panafricaine — et même au-delà de l’Afrique» (CR 2009/11, p. 18,
par. 11), a tenu

«à cet égard à préciser, de manière définitive, et pour lever toute
équivoque ou malentendu, pour de bon, qu’il [était] bien lié, comme
Etat, par la convention de 1984. Le fait que l’organisation du
procès Habré puisse impliquer une organisation comme l’Union
africaine n’enlève absolument rien des devoirs et droits qui résultent
pour elle de la qualité de partie à cette convention. C’est bien en

tant que partie à la convention que la République du Sénégal
exécute ses obligations, et non en vertu d’un mandat de l’Union
africaine.» (Ibid.)

En outre, il a réaffirmé «sa volonté de continuer le processus en cours qui
est d’assumer intégralement ses obligations d’Etat partie à la convention
de 1984» (ibid., p. 21, par. 27).
4. La Cour, à la lumière des explications données par les Parties quant
à leurs positions respectives, a accepté le fait que le différend, tel que for-

mulé par la Belgique, a cessé d’exister, même sur une base prima facie
(ordonnance, par. 48).
5. Or, à la lumière de ces mêmes explications, la conclusion de la Cour
— énoncée au paragraphe précédent de l’ordonnance — selon laquelle «il
apparaît prima facie qu’un différend sur l’interprétation et l’application

26between the Parties on the date the Application was filed” (Order,
para. 47) does not seem to be well founded.

6. These explanations, at the very least, should have lead the Court to
make a finding that its prima facie jurisdiction to pronounce on the mer-
its of the case could not be established, since there are very serious doubts
as to the existence of a dispute at the time of the filing of the Application.
This finding would have allowed the case brought by Belgium to con-

tinue.
7. Alternatively, and even more convincingly, the Court could have
concluded that, given the explanation by the Parties, no dispute exists
and therefore the Application has been rendered moot.

8. Instead, the Court came to what is, in our view, an implausible con-
clusion that “the Parties nonetheless seem to continue to differ on other
questions relating to the interpretation or application of the Convention
against Torture” (ibid., para. 48) and went on to offer three such “other

questions” which have never been identified by Belgium as forming part
of a dispute and which consequently have never been addressed as such
by Senegal.
9. In the South West Africa cases, the Court commented on the exist-
ence of a dispute as follows:

“it is not sufficient for one party to a contentious case to assert that

a dispute exists with the other party. A mere assertion is not suffi-
cient to prove the existence of a dispute any more than a mere denial
of the existence of the dispute proves its non-existence. Nor is it
adequate to show that the interests of the two parties to such a case

are in conflict. It must be shown that the claim of one party is posi-
tively opposed by the other.” (South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South
Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328.)

At the provisional measures stage of proceedings, it is sufficient to show

such “positive opposition” on a prima facie basis. No attempt to do so
was made by the Court in the present case.
10. The first two questions on which the Parties, in the view of the
Court, continue to be in dispute are

“that of the time frame within which the obligations provided for in

Article 7 [of the Convention] must be fulfilled or that of the circum-
stances (financial, legal or other difficulties) which might be relevant
in considering whether or not a failure to fulfil those obligations has
occurred” (Order, para. 48).

11. First, Belgium has never asked the Court to pronounce on these

issues. Second, the Court has had no opportunity to assess whether the
views of the Parties are positively opposed on these issues, since they

27de la convention opposait les Parties à la date du dépôt de la requête»
(ordonnance, par. 47) ne semble pas bien fondée.

6. Ces explications auraient à tout le moins dû conduire la Cour à
conclure que sa compétence prima facie pour se prononcer sur le fond du
différend ne pouvait être établie, puisqu’il y a de très sérieux doutes
quant à l’existence d’un différend au moment du dépôt de la requête.
Cette conclusion aurait permis à l’affaire introduite par la Belgique de se

poursuivre.
7. La Cour aurait également pu, et de façon encore plus convaincante,
conclure que, compte tenu des explications données par les Parties, il
n’existait aucun différend et que, par conséquent, la requête était devenue

sans objet.
8. La Cour est au contraire parvenue à ce qui constitue, selon nous,
une conclusion peu vraisemblable, selon laquelle «les Parties semblent
néanmoins continuer de s’opposer sur d’autres questions d’interprétation
ou d’application de la convention contre la torture» (ibid., par. 48), et a

poursuivi en suggérant trois de ces «autres questions», que la Belgique
n’a jamais présentées comme relevant d’un différend et que le Sénégal
n’a, par conséquent, jamais examinées comme telles.
9. Dans les affaires du Sud-Ouest africain, la Cour s’est exprimée
comme suit à propos de l’existence d’un différend:

«il ne suffit pas que l’une des parties à une affaire contentieuse

affirme l’existence d’un différend avec l’autre partie. La simple affir-
mation ne suffit pas pour prouver l’existence d’un différend, tout
comme le simple fait que l’existence d’un différend est contestée ne
prouve pas que ce différend n’existe pas. Il n’est pas suffisant non

plus de démontrer que les intérêts des deux parties à une telle affaire
sont en conflit. Il faut démontrer que la réclamation de l’une des
parties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de l’autre.» (Sud-Ouest
africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud; Libéria c. Afrique du Sud),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962 , p. 328.)

Au stade des mesures conservatoires, il suffit de démontrer cette «opposi-

tion manifeste» prima facie ; ce que la Cour n’a pas cherché à faire en
l’espèce.
10. Les deux premières questions sur lesquelles, selon la Cour, les
Parties continuent de s’opposer sont

«celle du délai dans lequel les obligations prévues à l’article 7 [de la

convention] doivent être remplies [et] celle des circonstances (diffi-
cultés financières, juridiques ou autres) qui seraient pertinentes pour
apprécier s’il y a eu ou non manquement auxdites obligations»
(ordonnance, par. 48).

11. Premièrement, la Belgique n’a jamais demandé à la Cour de se pro-

noncer sur ces points. Deuxièmement, la Cour n’a pas eu l’occasion
d’examiner si les vues des Parties sont en opposition manifeste à leur

27have not been discussed by the Parties as contentious questions to be
resolved by the Court.

12. As to “the time-frame”, it may well be that it takes a somewhat
long time to bring the case of Mr. Habré to trial. But this issue is not in
dispute between the Parties. In fact, Senegal asserts that the pronounce-
ments by its President, which Belgium was alarmed by, were aimed at
speeding up the ongoing process of organizing Mr. Habré’s trial in terms

of acquiring the assistance which Senegal had been promised by the Afri-
can Union to hold the trial on behalf of Africa. This explanation by Sen-
egal has been taken into account by the Court in deciding not to indicate
the provisional measures requested by Belgium (Order, para. 70). There

is no dispute over “legal difficulties” either. Senegal — in a relatively
short time — has adopted universal jurisdiction legislation allowing it to
prosecute Mr. Habré. Financial issues concerning the organization of the
trial are still outstanding. Belgium acknowledges that these issues are real
and should be resolved, and asserts that it is working with the European

Union to assist Senegal in resolving them, although it maintains that Sen-
egal’s assessment of the costs involved is too high. There is a problem to
be solved, but there is no dispute which Belgium is asking the Court to
settle. Understandably, we do not address unspecified “other difficulties”
mentioned by the Court, since we do not know what these are.

13. As to whether the non-disputed issues of “the time-frame” or “the
circumstances” addressed above might be “relevant in concluding whether
or not a failure to fulfil those obligations [under Article 2 of the Conven-

tion] has occurred”, it suffices to recall that Belgium itself acknowledges
“Senegal’s commitment to move, albeit slowly, towards a criminal trial”,
and perceives a problem in Senegal’s alleged view that this commitment
derives “from the African Union mandate and not directly from its obli-
gations under the Torture Convention” (see para. 2 above). That allega-

tion has been dispelled by Senegal and is not seen by the Court as form-
ing part of a dispute (see paras. 3 and 4 above). Accordingly, the Court,
in our view, inappropriately brings up a notion of the hypothetical failure
of Senegal to comply with its obligations under the Torture Convention.

14. The third question on which, according to the Court, the Parties
seem to continue to hold differing views is “how Senegal should fulfil its
treaty obligations” (Order, para. 48). As a matter of principle, a dispute
(that is “a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views

or interests between two persons” (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions,
Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2 , p. 11)) simply cannot be
identified in such a non-specific way.

15. Granted, as the Court has had occasion to point out, “[w]hether
there exists an international dispute is a matter for objective determina-

28égard, puisque les Parties ne les ont pas abordés comme des points en
litige qu’il appartiendrait à la Cour de régler.

12. En ce qui concerne le «délai», il faudra sans doute un certain
temps pour porter l’affaire de M. Habré devant un tribunal. Mais cela
n’est pas l’objet d’un différend entre les Parties. En fait, le Sénégal affirme
que les déclarations de son président, qui ont alarmé la Belgique, visaient

à accélérer le processus engagé en vue d’organiser le procès de M. Habré,
en obtenant l’assistance que l’Union africaine lui avait promise pour que
ce procès se tienne au nom de l’Afrique. La Cour a tenu compte de cette
explication du Sénégal dans sa décision de ne pas indiquer les mesures
conservatoires que la Belgique lui a demandées (ordonnance, par. 70). Il

n’existe pas non plus de différend relatif à des «difficultés juridiques». Le
Sénégal, dans un délai assez bref, a adopté une législation établissant la
compétence universelle qui lui permet de poursuivre M. Habré. Les ques-
tions financières concernant l’organisation du procès sont toujours en

suspens. La Belgique reconnaît que ces questions sont réelles et qu’elles
doivent être réglées; elle affirme en outre travailler avec l’Union euro-
péenne pour aider le Sénégal à les résoudre, même si elle soutient que le
coût de l’organisation du procès tel qu’évalué par celui-ci est excessif. Il
existe effectivement un problème à résoudre, mais il ne s’agit pas d’un

différend que la Belgique demande à la Cour de régler. Naturellement,
nous n’examinons pas les «autres difficultés» que la Cour a mentionnées
sans les préciser, puisque nous ignorons de quoi il s’agit.
13. Quant à savoir si ces questions non litigieuses du «délai» et des

«circonstances» pourraient être «pertinentes pour apprécier s’il y a eu ou
non manquement auxdites obligations [en vertu de l’article 2 de la conven-
tion]», il suffit de rappeler que la Belgique elle-même reconnaît la «déter-
mination [du Sénégal] à s’engager, fût-ce lentement, sur la voie d’un pro-
cès pénal» et qu’elle note l’existence d’un problème dans l’opinion qu’elle

prête au Sénégal selon laquelle cette détermination découle «du «man-
dat» que lui a conféré l’Union africaine et non directement des obliga-
tions qu’il tient de la convention contre la torture» (voir paragraphe 2
ci-dessus). Cette allégation a été démentie par le Sénégal et elle n’est pas

considérée par la Cour comme un élément d’un différend (voir paragra-
phes 3 et 4 ci-dessus). En conséquence, la Cour évoque à tort selon nous
un manquement hypothétique du Sénégal aux obligations qu’il tient de la
convention contre la torture.
14. La troisième question sur laquelle, selon la Cour, les vues des

Parties continuent apparemment de diverger porte sur «la façon dont le
Sénégal devrait s’acquitter de ses obligations conventionnelles» (ordon-
nance, par. 48). Par principe, un différend (à savoir «un désaccord sur un
point de droit ou de fait, une contradiction, une opposition de thèses juri-

diques ou d’intérêto entre deux» parties (Concessoons Mavrommatis en
Palestine, arrêt n 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A n 2, p. 11)) ne saurait en
aucun cas être désigné simplement de manière si imprécise.
15. Certes, ainsi que la Cour a eu l’occasion de le souligner, «[l]’exis-
tence d’un différend international demande à être établie objectivement»

28tion” (Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and

Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950 , p. 74).
Indeed, it is a duty of the Court to make such a determination. It is
expected from the Court that in doing so, even on a prima facie basis, it
will be diligent and precise. We do not think that the Court’s determina-

tion in this case meets such an obvious requirement.
16. Finally, we would like to express our hope that the fact that this
case remains before the Court will not deter possible contributors from

providing assistance to Senegal in organizing Mr. Habré’s trial.

(Signed) Awn Shawkat A L-K HASAWNEH .

(Signed) Leonid S KOTNIKOV .

29(Interprétation des traités de paix conclus avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et

la Roumanie, première phase, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950 , p. 74).
En effet, la Cour est tenue de procéder à une telle détermination. Ce fai-
sant, même sur une base prima facie, la Cour est censée agir avec dili-

gence et précision. Nous n’estimons pas que la conclusion de la Cour
remplisse, en l’espèce, une condition si évidente.
16. Enfin, nous tenons à exprimer l’espoir que le maintien de cette
affaire au rôle de la Cour ne dissuadera pas les éventuels donateurs de

prêter assistance au Sénégal pour organiser le procès de M. Habré.

(Signé) Awn Shawkat A L-K HASAWNEH .

(Signé) Leonid S KOTNIKOV .

29

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Joint separate opinion of Judges Al-Khasawneh and Skotnikov

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