Joint dissenting opinion of Vice-President Al-Khasawneh and Judges Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma, Tomka, Bennouna and Skotnikov

Document Number
140-20081015-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
140-20081015-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

JOINT DISSENTING OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT
AL-KHASAWNEH AND JUDGES RANJEVA,
SHI, KOROMA, TOMKA,
BENNOUNA AND SKOTNIKOV

[English Original Text]

1. We have regretfully been obliged to vote against the Order granting
provisional measures, persuaded as we are that the conditions for the
adoption of such measures laid down in Article 41 of the Statute and by
the jurisprudence of the Court are not met in the present case. Needless

to say, our vote should not be construed as support for exonerating the
Parties from their obligations either under the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) or
under international law more generally. On the contrary, we consider
that the Parties are under a continuing duty to conduct themselves in

conformity with their international obligations.
2. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures is inherent
in its judicial function, as it enables the Court to ensure, in accordance
with the circumstances, that the very subject of the dispute submitted to
it be preserved before the Court renders its judgment. It is for this reason
that the Court has full scope to indicate provisional measures exceeding

those requested or to decide proprio motu. As these measures are binding
on both Parties (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 2001 , p. 506, para. 109), the Court must be all the
more vigilant in assessing whether the conditions required for their indi-
cation have been met.
3. In the present case, as has been highlighted by the Court, the rights

for which Georgia claims protection, by way of a request for provisional
measures, are “rights . . . that Georgia submits have been . . . violated by
Russia” during what it describes as the “Third Phase of Russia’s interven-
tion in South Ossetia and Abkhazia” (Order, para. 93) and which, accord-
ing to it, dates back to the month of August 2008 (that is, beginning on

7-8 August, when armed conflict erupted between the two Parties).
It is curious, to say the least, that Georgia, which has cited acts of
racial discrimination allegedly committed by the Russian Federation
since the early 1990s in violation of CERD, has awaited the armed con-
flict with Russia (and South Ossetian forces) to which it is a party imme-
diately to seise the Court of a dispute relating to the interpretation and

the application of that Convention.
4. Be that as it may, and even when facing a request arising under such
conditions, the Court is bound to ascertain whether the conditions nec-
essary for the indication of provisional measures here obtain.

51 5. Georgia invokes Article 22 of CERD as the basis for the jurisdic-
tion of the Court; that Article provides:

“Any dispute between two or more States Parties with respect to

the interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not
settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in
this Convention, shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dis-
pute, be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision,
unless the disputants agree to another mode of settlement.” (Order,

para. 2.)

6. It is not disputed that both Georgia and the Russian Federation are
parties to the said Convention without reservations and are bound by
Article 22 thereof. However, regarding jurisdiction under Article 22 of
the Convention, the Parties differ on two questions:

(1) whether there is a dispute between them “with respect to the inter-
pretation or application of this Convention”;
(2) whether the precondition that the dispute “is not settled by negotia-

tion or the procedures expressly provided for in this Convention” has
been met in the present case.

7. We shall turn to the first point of disagreement between the Parties
as regards the jurisdiction of the Court in the present case, namely, the
existence of a dispute concerning the interpretation or application of
CERD.

8. Such a dispute must exist prior to the seisin of the Court. It is for
this reason that the Court must consider whether the two Parties have
opposing views with regard to the interpretation or application of the
Convention. Admittedly, it is established that no such opposition was
ever manifested before 8 August; but was it manifested after 7-8 August

and the outbreak of hostilities between the two States? In other words,
are the violent acts which Georgia imputes to Russia likely to “com[e]
within the provisions” of CERD, to reprise the terminology which the
Court employed to decline jurisdiction prima facie in its Order of
2 June 1999 on the Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium)

(Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I) ,
p. 138, para. 41)? The Court there considered that “the threat or use of
force against a State cannot in itself constitute an act of genocide within
the meaning of Article II of the Genocide Convention” (ibid., para. 40).

9. The same could be said of the case at hand; Russia’s armed activi-
ties after 8 August cannot, in and of themselves, constitute acts of racial
discrimination in the sense of Article 1 of CERD unless it is proven that
they were aimed at establishing a “distinction, exclusion, restriction or

preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin”.
However, the circumstances of the armed confrontation triggered in the

52night of 7 to 8 August were such that this cannot be the case. Admittedly,
the ensuing armed conflict concerned a region in which serious ethnic

tensions could lead to violations of humanitarian law, but it is difficult to
consider that the armed acts in question, in and of themselves and
whether committed by Russia or Georgia, fall within the provisions of
CERD.

10. Moreover, the majority, unable to find any evidence that the acts
alleged by Georgia fall within the provisions of CERD, has been content
to observe merely that a dispute appears to exist as to the interpretation
and application of CERD because the two Parties have manifested their

disagreement over the applicability of Articles 2 and 5 of the Convention.
In other words, an argument expounded during oral proceedings has
mutated into evidence of the existence of a dispute between the Parties
(Order, para. 112)! Further, to conclude on this point, the majority has
affirmed peremptorily that “the acts alleged by Georgia appear to be

capable of contravening rights provided for by CERD, even if certain of
these alleged acts might also be covered by other rules of international
law, including humanitarian law” (ibid., par. 112).

11. Even if one accepts, for the sake of argument, that a dispute likely

to fall within the provisions of CERD existed between Georgia and Rus-
sia before the seisin of the Court, it must be asked whether this consti-
tutes a dispute, in the express terms used in Article 22 of CERD, “which
is not settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for
in this Convention”.

12. With regard to negotiations, the Court begins by seeking the literal
meaning of Article 22, which “does not, on its plain meaning, suggest
that formal negotiations . . . or recourse to the procedure referred to in
Article 22 thereof constitute preconditions to be fulfilled before the seisin
of the Court” (ibid., paras. 114 and 115); this would amount to denying

any legal effect and useful scope to the mention thereof. The Court then
admits that the questions concerning CERD should have been raised
between the Parties, referring specifically in this regard to the bilateral
contacts between the Parties and certain representations made to the
Security Council, even though nowhere in these has Georgia accused

Russia of racial discrimination. Thus, in our opinion, the very substance
of CERD was never debated between the Parties before the filing of a
claim before the Court.

13. It is very surprising that the Court has chosen to disregard this

precondition to any judicial action when Georgia itself has recognized
that “even where an obligation to negotiate prior to seising the Court
does exist, it is well established that it does not require the parties to con-
tinue with negotiations which show every sign of being unproductive”

(CR 2008/25, p. 19 (Crawford)). Indeed, this is what emerges from the
jurisprudence of the Court and its predecessor, the Permanent Court of

53International Justice. For the condition of prior negotiation to be ful-
filled, it suffices for an attempt to have been made and for it to have

become clear at some point that there was no chance of success. In any
event, it is clear that when negotiation is expressly provided for by a
treaty, the Court cannot ignore this prior condition without explanation;
nor can the Court dispose of this condition merely by observing that the
question has not been resolved by negotiation. The Judgment in Mav-

rommatis Palestine Concessions has often been quoted on this point in
later decisions:

“The true value of this objection will readily be seen if it be
remembered that the question of the importance and chances of suc-
cess of diplomatic negotiations is essentially a relative one. Negotia-
tions do not of necessity always presuppose a more or less lengthy
series of notes and despatches; it may suffice that a discussion

should have been commenced, and this discussion may have been
very short; this will be the case if a dead lock is reached, or if finally
a point is reached at which one of the Parties definitely declares him-
self unable, or refuses, to give way, and there can therefore be no
doubt that the dispute cannot be settled by negotiation .” (Mavrom-

matis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series
A, No. 2, p. 3; emphasis in the original).

14. In the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the
Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Rwanda), the present Court issued an Order on 10 July 2002, in which it
recalled that:

“the Congo further claims to found the jurisdiction of the Court on
Article 29 of the Convention on Discrimination against Women,

providing:
‘Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the
interpretation or application of the present Convention which is

not settled by negotiation shall, at the request of one of them, be
submitted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the
request for arbitration the parties are unable to agree on the
organization of the arbitration, any one of those parties may refer
the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in con-

formity with the Statute of the Court.’” (Provisional Measures,
Order of 10 July 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , pp. 246-247, para. 76.)

The Court considered that “at this stage in the proceedings the Congo
has not shown that its attempts to enter into negotiations or undertake
arbitration proceedings with Rwanda . . . concerned the application of
Article 29 of the Convention” (ibid., para. 79).

15. Thus, it is not sufficient that there have been contacts between the
Parties (see paragraph 12 above); these contacts must have been regard-

54ing the subject of the dispute, either the interpretation or application of
the Convention. Even so, this precedent may not be dismissed in the

present case, given that the two compromissory clauses are different, in
that Article 29 of the Convention on Discrimination against Women
requires arbitration after negotiation and before filing suit in the Court.
In fact, when it rendered its judgment on 3 February 2006 on jurisdiction,
the Court concluded that Article 29 established cumulative conditions

and that it “must therefore consider whether the preconditions on its sei-
sin...havebeensatisfiedinthiscase”( Armed Activities on the Territory
of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction of the Court and Admissibility of the
Application, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006 , p. 39, para. 87).

16. The very least that the Court should have done was to ask itself
whether negotiations had been opened and whether they were likely to
lead to a certain result, but it did not do so. Thus, it is understandable
why a State party to CERD, in this case Russia, finds it unacceptable
for an action to be brought against it before the Court without having
been first advised of Georgia’s grievances with regard to this

Convention.
17. We now come to the alternative precondition stipulated in Arti-
cle 22 of CERD, namely, that the dispute has not been settled by “the
procedures expressly provided for in this Convention”.
18. As was the case for negotiation, the Court is content here to

observe that “neither Party claims that the issues in dispute have been
brought to the attention of the Committee” (Article 11 of the Conven-
tion) (Order, para. 116), and to conclude from this that the dispute has
not been resolved by way of the procedures provided for in the Conven-
tion. One cannot but be puzzled by this interpretation, which confirms

neither the ordinary meaning of Article 22 nor its object and purpose
which is to encourage the maximum number of countries to submit to
the jurisdiction of the Court, with the assurance that the procedures
provided for in the Convention will first be exhausted; nor does it
refer to the travaux préparatoires for this Article when it was drafted

by the Third Committee of the General Assembly of the United
Nations.
The Court could have considered that the seriousness of the situation
when armed conflict broke out on 7-8 August did not allow recourse
to these procedures, but this would set little store by the procedure
for urgency and rapid alert established by the Committee for the Eli-

mination of Racial Discrimination in 1993 to allow it to intervene more
effectively in cases of possible violations of the Convention (Report of the
Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, doc. A/48/18,
Ann. III).
19. Therefore, we consider that the majority has wrongly decided that

the Court has jurisdiction prima facie to hear this case under Article 22 of
CERD, in so far as it has neither succeeded in establishing the existence
of a dispute over the interpretation or application of that Convention nor

55demonstrated that the precondition for the seisin of the Court has been
satisfied.

20. Even if jurisdiction prima facie were established, according to the
jurisprudence of the Court two further conditions, namely the existence
of a risk of irreparable harm to the rights in dispute and urgency, have to
be met.

21. In our opinion, the Order nowhere demonstrates the existence of
any risk of irreparable harm to Georgia’s rights under CERD. The Court
confines itself to a petitio principii when it states that “the rights in ques-
tion in these proceedings . . . are of such a nature that prejudice to them

could be irreparable” (Order, para. 142), defining neither the precise
manner in which they are threatened nor the irreparable harm which they
might suffer. The Court thus appears to suggest that certain rights may
automatically fulfil the irreparable harm criterion, without analysing the
real facts on the ground or the actual threat against the said rights. With

regard to the expulsions alleged by Georgia and attributed by it to Rus-
sia, they cannot in and of themselves be considered to constitute irrepa-
rable harm, since the Court, if it arrives at the merits stage in this case,
can always order that the expelled individuals be allowed to return to
their homes and be granted appropriate compensation. It is even more

difficult to claim irreparable harm to the rights in dispute when the
appropriate organs of the United Nations have reported that thousands
of persons have, since the cessation of hostilities, returned to their homes
in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and when the ceasefire agreement of
12 August 2008 provides that negotiations will soon open in Geneva, on

15 October 2008, between all the parties, concerning, inter alia, the pro-
gressive return of the displaced persons.

22. With regard to urgency, there simply is none, since after conclu-

sion of the ceasefire agreement, European Union observers have now
been deployed to monitor the ceasefire and the return of troops of both
countries to their positions before 7 August 2008, and the observers from
the United Nations Mission in Georgia and those from the Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe will continue their missions in

Abkhazia and South Ossetia respectively.

23. Therefore, one has no choice but to observe not only that the
Court does not have jurisdiction prima facie to pronounce on the merits
in this case, but that the conditions established in the jurisprudence for

the indication of provisional measures are obviously not met.
24. This weakness in the Order has not completely escaped the atten-
tion of the majority and is echoed in the operative clause, which ulti-
mately asks both Parties to respect the Convention, which they are in any

event obliged to do, with or without provisional measures.

56 25. Thus, even though we are in agreement with this obvious conclu-

sion, we have had to vote against this Order of the Court which is not
well founded in law.

(Signed) Awn Shawkat A L-K HASAWNEH .
(Signed) Raymond R ANJEVA .

(Signed) S HI Jiuyong.

(Signed) Abdul G. K OROMA .
(Signed) Peter T OMKA .

(Signed) Mohamed B ENNOUNA .

(Signed) Leonid S KOTNIKOV .

57

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE COMMUNE DE M. LE JUGE
AL-KHASAWNEH, VICE-PRÉSIDENT,
ET DE MM. LES JUGES RANJEVA, SHI, KOROMA,
TOMKA, BENNOUNA ET SKOTNIKOV

[Texte original français]

1. A notre regret, nous avons dû voter contre l’ordonnance édictant
des mesures conservatoires, étant persuadés que les conditions pour
l’indication de telles mesures, posées par l’article 41 du Statut et par la
jurisprudence de la Cour, ne sont pas remplies dans la présente affaire. Il

va sans dire que notre vote ne devrait pas être interprété comme déchar-
geant les Parties de leurs obligations, soit en vertu de la convention inter-
nationale pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale (CIEDR), soit
plus généralement en vertu du droit international. Au contraire, nous
considérons que les Parties sont toujours tenues d’agir en pleine confor-

mité avec leurs engagements internationaux.
2. Le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires
est inhérent à sa fonction judiciaire puisqu’il lui permet de veiller, en
fonction des circonstances, à ce que l’objet même du différend qui lui
est soumis soit préservé avant qu’elle ne rende son jugement. C’est pour
cela qu’elle a toute latitude pour édicter des mesures conservatoires en

dehors même de celles figurant dans la requête du demandeur, ou d’en
décider proprio motu. Ces mesures étant obligatoires pour les deux parties
(LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
2001, p. 506, par. 109), la Cour doit être d’autant plus vigilante dans
l’appréciation des conditions requises pour leur indication.
3. Dans la présente affaire, ainsi que le souligne la Cour, les droits

dont la Géorgie réclame la protection au travers des mesures conserva-
toires «sont des droits ... dont la Géorgie prétend qu’ils ont été violés par
la Russie» au cours de ce que la Géorgie qualifie «de troisième phase de
l’intervention de la Russie en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie» (ordon-
nance, par. 93), et qu’elle fait remonter au mois d’août 2008 (soit à partir

des 7-8 août, date de l’éclatement du conflit armé entre les deux Parties).
Il est pour le moins curieux que la Géorgie, qui fait remonter les pré-
tendus actes de discrimination raciale qui auraient été commis par la
Russie, en violation de la CIEDR, au début de la décennie quatre-vingt-
dix, ait attendu le conflit armé, dont elle était partie prenante avec la Rus-
sie, sans compter les forces sud-ossètes, pour saisir immédiatement la

Cour d’un différend relatif à l’application de cette convention.
4. Quoi qu’il en soit, en présence d’un recours engagé même dans de
telles circonstances, la Cour se devait de vérifier si les conditions néces-
saires pour l’indication des mesures conservatoires étaient, en l’occur-
rence, réunies.

51 JOINT DISSENTING OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT
AL-KHASAWNEH AND JUDGES RANJEVA,
SHI, KOROMA, TOMKA,
BENNOUNA AND SKOTNIKOV

[English Original Text]

1. We have regretfully been obliged to vote against the Order granting
provisional measures, persuaded as we are that the conditions for the
adoption of such measures laid down in Article 41 of the Statute and by
the jurisprudence of the Court are not met in the present case. Needless

to say, our vote should not be construed as support for exonerating the
Parties from their obligations either under the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) or
under international law more generally. On the contrary, we consider
that the Parties are under a continuing duty to conduct themselves in

conformity with their international obligations.
2. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures is inherent
in its judicial function, as it enables the Court to ensure, in accordance
with the circumstances, that the very subject of the dispute submitted to
it be preserved before the Court renders its judgment. It is for this reason
that the Court has full scope to indicate provisional measures exceeding

those requested or to decide proprio motu. As these measures are binding
on both Parties (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 2001 , p. 506, para. 109), the Court must be all the
more vigilant in assessing whether the conditions required for their indi-
cation have been met.
3. In the present case, as has been highlighted by the Court, the rights

for which Georgia claims protection, by way of a request for provisional
measures, are “rights . . . that Georgia submits have been . . . violated by
Russia” during what it describes as the “Third Phase of Russia’s interven-
tion in South Ossetia and Abkhazia” (Order, para. 93) and which, accord-
ing to it, dates back to the month of August 2008 (that is, beginning on

7-8 August, when armed conflict erupted between the two Parties).
It is curious, to say the least, that Georgia, which has cited acts of
racial discrimination allegedly committed by the Russian Federation
since the early 1990s in violation of CERD, has awaited the armed con-
flict with Russia (and South Ossetian forces) to which it is a party imme-
diately to seise the Court of a dispute relating to the interpretation and

the application of that Convention.
4. Be that as it may, and even when facing a request arising under such
conditions, the Court is bound to ascertain whether the conditions nec-
essary for the indication of provisional measures here obtain.

51 5. La Géorgie invoque comme la base de la compétence de la Cour
l’article 22 de la CIEDR, qui dispose que

«[t]out différend entre deux ou plusieurs Etats parties touchant

l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente Convention qui n’aura
pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou au moyen des procé-
dures expressément prévues par ladite Convention sera porté, à la
requête de toute partie au différend, devant la Cour internationale
de Justice pour qu’elle statue à son sujet, à moins que les parties

au différend ne conviennent d’un autre mode de règlement» (ordon-
nance, par. 2).

6. Il n’est pas contesté que la Géorgie et la Fédération de Russie sont
parties à ladite Convention, et sont liées par son article 22. Néanmoins,
en ce qui concerne la compétence de la Cour en vertu de l’article 22 de la
Convention, les Parties sont en désaccord sur deux points:

1) s’il existe un différend entre elles «touchant l’interprétation ou l’appli-
cation de la présente Convention»;
2) si la condition préalable que le différend «n’aura pas été réglé par voie

de négociation ou au moyen des procédures expressément prévues par
ladite Convention» a été satisfaite dans la présente affaire.

7. Nous allons nous pencher d’abord sur le premier point qui divise
les Parties en ce qui concerne la compétence de la Cour dans la pré-
sente affaire, c’est-à-dire l’existence d’un différend touchant l’application
de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de la discrimination
raciale.

8. Un tel différend doit exister préalablement à la saisine de la Cour.
C’est pour cela que celle-ci devait se demander si les deux Parties se sont
opposées quant à l’interprétation ou à l’application de la Convention.
Certes, il est établi qu’une telle opposition ne s’est jamais manifestée
avant le 8 août, mais l’a-t-elle été après les 7-8 août et le déclenchement

des hostilités entre les deux pays? En d’autres termes, les violences que
la Géorgie impute à la Russie sont-elles susceptibles «d’entrer dans les
prévisions» de la CIEDR, pour reprendre la terminologie que la Cour
a utilisée pour rejeter la compétence prima facie dans son ordon-
nance du 2 juin 1999 sur la Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie

c. Belgique) (mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 2 juin 1999,
C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 138, par. 41)? La Cour avait alors considéré
que «le recours ou la menace du recours à l’emploi de la force contre un
Etat ne sauraient en soi constituer un acte de génocide au sens de l’ar-
ticle II de la convention sur le génocide» (ibid., par. 40).

9. On pourrait en dire de même dans l’affaire qui nous concerne; les
actions armées de la Russie après le 8 août ne sauraient en elles-mêmes
constituer des actes de discrimination raciale, au sens de l’article premier
de la CIEDR, à moins qu’il ne soit prouvé qu’elles visaient la mise en

place d’une «distinction, exclusion, restriction ou préférence fondée sur la
race, la couleur, l’ascendance ou l’origine ethnique». Or les circonstances

52 5. Georgia invokes Article 22 of CERD as the basis for the jurisdic-
tion of the Court; that Article provides:

“Any dispute between two or more States Parties with respect to

the interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not
settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in
this Convention, shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dis-
pute, be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision,
unless the disputants agree to another mode of settlement.” (Order,

para. 2.)

6. It is not disputed that both Georgia and the Russian Federation are
parties to the said Convention without reservations and are bound by
Article 22 thereof. However, regarding jurisdiction under Article 22 of
the Convention, the Parties differ on two questions:

(1) whether there is a dispute between them “with respect to the inter-
pretation or application of this Convention”;
(2) whether the precondition that the dispute “is not settled by negotia-

tion or the procedures expressly provided for in this Convention” has
been met in the present case.

7. We shall turn to the first point of disagreement between the Parties
as regards the jurisdiction of the Court in the present case, namely, the
existence of a dispute concerning the interpretation or application of
CERD.

8. Such a dispute must exist prior to the seisin of the Court. It is for
this reason that the Court must consider whether the two Parties have
opposing views with regard to the interpretation or application of the
Convention. Admittedly, it is established that no such opposition was
ever manifested before 8 August; but was it manifested after 7-8 August

and the outbreak of hostilities between the two States? In other words,
are the violent acts which Georgia imputes to Russia likely to “com[e]
within the provisions” of CERD, to reprise the terminology which the
Court employed to decline jurisdiction prima facie in its Order of
2 June 1999 on the Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium)

(Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I) ,
p. 138, para. 41)? The Court there considered that “the threat or use of
force against a State cannot in itself constitute an act of genocide within
the meaning of Article II of the Genocide Convention” (ibid., para. 40).

9. The same could be said of the case at hand; Russia’s armed activi-
ties after 8 August cannot, in and of themselves, constitute acts of racial
discrimination in the sense of Article 1 of CERD unless it is proven that
they were aimed at establishing a “distinction, exclusion, restriction or

preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin”.
However, the circumstances of the armed confrontation triggered in the

52de l’affrontement armé déclenché dans la nuit du 7 au 8 août sont
telles que cela ne pouvait être le cas. Certes, le conflit armé qui s’en est

suivi a concerné une région où existaient de sérieuses tensions ethniques
et cela pouvait entraîner des infractions au droit humanitaire, mais il est
difficile de considérer que les actions armées en elles-mêmes, qu’il s’agisse
de celles de la Russie ou de celles de la Géorgie, entrent dans les prévi-
sions de la CIEDR.

10. D’ailleurs la majorité, ne pouvant trouver aucune preuve que
les actes allégués par la Géorgie entraient dans les prévisions de la
CIEDR, s’est contentée de constater qu’un différend paraît exister sur
l’interprétation et l’application de la CIEDR parce que les deux

Parties ont montré leur désaccord sur l’applicabilité des articles 2 et 5 de
la Convention. Autrement dit, une argumentation développée à l’au-
dience devient la preuve de l’existence d’un différend entre les Par-
ties (ordonnance, par. 112)! Et, pour finir sur ce point, la majorité
procède par affirmation péremptoire: «les actes allégués par la Géorgie

paraissent pouvoir porter atteinte à des droits conférés par la CIEDR,
même si certains de ces actes pourraient également être couverts par
d’autres règles de droit international, notamment de droit huma-
nitaire» (ibid., par. 112).
11. Même si l’on acceptait, arguendo, qu’un différend susceptible

d’entrer dans les prévisions de la CIEDR existait entre la Géorgie et la
Russie avant la saisine de la Cour, il faut se demander s’il s’agit d’un dif-
férend «qui n’aura pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou au moyen des
procédures expressément prévues par ladite Convention», pour rappeler
les termes exprès de l’article 22 de la CIEDR.

12. En ce qui concerne les négociations, la Cour commence par sol-
liciter le sens littéral de l’article 22, selon lequel il «ne donne pas à
penser que la tenue de négociations formelles ... ou le recours aux
procédures visées à l’article 22 constituent des conditions préalables aux-
quelles il doit être satisfait avant toute saisine de la Cour» ( ibid.,

par. 114), ce qui reviendrait à dénier à cette mention tout effet utile
et toute portée juridique. La Cour en vient ensuite à admettre que les
questions relevant de la CIEDR devaient être soulevées entre les Parties
et elle invoque à ce sujet les contacts bilatéraux entre les Parties et des
représentations adressées au Conseil de sécurité (ibid., par. 115), mais

la Géorgie n’a à aucun moment accusé la Russie de discrimination
raciale. Par conséquent, à notre avis, la substance même de la CIEDR
n’a jamais fait débat entre les Parties jusqu’au dépôt d’un recours
devant la Cour.
13. Il est très surprenant que la Cour se soit ainsi débarrassée de cette

condition préalable à tout recours judiciaire, alors que la Géorgie elle-
même a reconnu que, même s’il existe une «obligation de négocier préa-
lablement à la saisine de la Cour, il est évident que les parties ne sont pas
tenues de poursuivre des négociations dont tout indique qu’elles seront

vaines» (CR 2008/25, p. 19 (Crawford)). En effet, c’est bien ce qui ressort
de la jurisprudence de la Cour et de l’institution qui l’a précédée, la Cour

53night of 7 to 8 August were such that this cannot be the case. Admittedly,
the ensuing armed conflict concerned a region in which serious ethnic

tensions could lead to violations of humanitarian law, but it is difficult to
consider that the armed acts in question, in and of themselves and
whether committed by Russia or Georgia, fall within the provisions of
CERD.

10. Moreover, the majority, unable to find any evidence that the acts
alleged by Georgia fall within the provisions of CERD, has been content
to observe merely that a dispute appears to exist as to the interpretation
and application of CERD because the two Parties have manifested their

disagreement over the applicability of Articles 2 and 5 of the Convention.
In other words, an argument expounded during oral proceedings has
mutated into evidence of the existence of a dispute between the Parties
(Order, para. 112)! Further, to conclude on this point, the majority has
affirmed peremptorily that “the acts alleged by Georgia appear to be

capable of contravening rights provided for by CERD, even if certain of
these alleged acts might also be covered by other rules of international
law, including humanitarian law” (ibid., par. 112).

11. Even if one accepts, for the sake of argument, that a dispute likely

to fall within the provisions of CERD existed between Georgia and Rus-
sia before the seisin of the Court, it must be asked whether this consti-
tutes a dispute, in the express terms used in Article 22 of CERD, “which
is not settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for
in this Convention”.

12. With regard to negotiations, the Court begins by seeking the literal
meaning of Article 22, which “does not, on its plain meaning, suggest
that formal negotiations . . . or recourse to the procedure referred to in
Article 22 thereof constitute preconditions to be fulfilled before the seisin
of the Court” (ibid., paras. 114 and 115); this would amount to denying

any legal effect and useful scope to the mention thereof. The Court then
admits that the questions concerning CERD should have been raised
between the Parties, referring specifically in this regard to the bilateral
contacts between the Parties and certain representations made to the
Security Council, even though nowhere in these has Georgia accused

Russia of racial discrimination. Thus, in our opinion, the very substance
of CERD was never debated between the Parties before the filing of a
claim before the Court.

13. It is very surprising that the Court has chosen to disregard this

precondition to any judicial action when Georgia itself has recognized
that “even where an obligation to negotiate prior to seising the Court
does exist, it is well established that it does not require the parties to con-
tinue with negotiations which show every sign of being unproductive”

(CR 2008/25, p. 19 (Crawford)). Indeed, this is what emerges from the
jurisprudence of the Court and its predecessor, the Permanent Court of

53permanente de Justice internationale. Pour que la condition de négocia-
tion préalable soit remplie, il suffit qu’elle ait été tentée et qu’il devienne

clair à un moment qu’elle n’avait aucune chance d’aboutir. En tout cas, il
est clair que, lorsque la négociation est prévue expressément par un traité,
la Cour ne peut passer outre sans s’expliquer; nulle part elle n’a
rejeté cette condition en constatant simplement que la question n’a
pas été réglée par négociation. L’affaire des Concessions Mavrommatis

en Palestine sera, sur ce point, reprise souvent par la jurisprudence ulté-
rieure:

«L’objection sera réduite à sa juste valeur si l’on considère que
l’appréciation de l’importance et des chances de réussite d’une négo-
ciation diplomatique est essentiellement relative. Une négociation ne
suppose pas toujours et nécessairement une série plus ou moins
longue de notes et de dépêches; ce peut être assez qu’une conver-

sation ait été entamée; cette conversation a pu être très courte:
tel est le cas si elle a rencontré un point mort, si elle s’est heurtée
finalement à un non possumus o uàun non volumus péremptoire
de l’une des Parties et qu’ainsi il est apparu avec évidence que
le différend n’est pas susceptible d’être réglé par une négociation

diplomatique.» ( Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt
nº 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A nº 2 , p. 13; les italiques sont dans
l’original.)

14. Dans l’affaire des Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nou-
velle requête: 2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda) ,la
présente Cour a rendu une ordonnance le 10 juillet 2002 où elle rappelle
que

«le Congo prétend par ailleurs fonder la compétence de la Cour
sur l’article 29 de la convention sur la discrimination à l’égard des

femmes, qui dispose:
«Tout différend entre deux ou plusieurs Etats parties concer-
nant l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente convention qui

n’est pas réglé par voie de négociation est soumis à l’arbitrage, à la
demande de l’un d’entre eux. Si, dans les six mois qui suivent la
date de la demande d’arbitrage, les parties ne parviennent pas à se
mettre d’accord ..., l’une quelconque d’entre elles peut soumettre
le différend à la Cour internationale de Justice, en déposant une

requête conformément au Statut de la Cour.»» (Mesures conser-
vatoires, ordonnance du 10 juillet 2002, C.I.J. Recueil 2002 , p. 246-
247, par. 76.)

La Cour a considéré que, «à ce stade de la procédure, le Congo n’appor-
t[ait] pas la preuve que ses tentatives en vue d’entamer des négociations
ou d’engager une procédure d’arbitrage avec le Rwanda ... visaient
l’application de l’article 29 de la convention» (ibid., par. 79).

15. Ainsi il ne suffit pas qu’il y ait eu des contacts entre les Parties
(voir paragraphe 12 ci-dessus), il faut encore qu’ils aient porté sur l’objet

54International Justice. For the condition of prior negotiation to be ful-
filled, it suffices for an attempt to have been made and for it to have

become clear at some point that there was no chance of success. In any
event, it is clear that when negotiation is expressly provided for by a
treaty, the Court cannot ignore this prior condition without explanation;
nor can the Court dispose of this condition merely by observing that the
question has not been resolved by negotiation. The Judgment in Mav-

rommatis Palestine Concessions has often been quoted on this point in
later decisions:

“The true value of this objection will readily be seen if it be
remembered that the question of the importance and chances of suc-
cess of diplomatic negotiations is essentially a relative one. Negotia-
tions do not of necessity always presuppose a more or less lengthy
series of notes and despatches; it may suffice that a discussion

should have been commenced, and this discussion may have been
very short; this will be the case if a dead lock is reached, or if finally
a point is reached at which one of the Parties definitely declares him-
self unable, or refuses, to give way, and there can therefore be no
doubt that the dispute cannot be settled by negotiation .” (Mavrom-

matis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series
A, No. 2, p. 3; emphasis in the original).

14. In the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the
Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Rwanda), the present Court issued an Order on 10 July 2002, in which it
recalled that:

“the Congo further claims to found the jurisdiction of the Court on
Article 29 of the Convention on Discrimination against Women,

providing:
‘Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the
interpretation or application of the present Convention which is

not settled by negotiation shall, at the request of one of them, be
submitted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the
request for arbitration the parties are unable to agree on the
organization of the arbitration, any one of those parties may refer
the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in con-

formity with the Statute of the Court.’” (Provisional Measures,
Order of 10 July 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , pp. 246-247, para. 76.)

The Court considered that “at this stage in the proceedings the Congo
has not shown that its attempts to enter into negotiations or undertake
arbitration proceedings with Rwanda . . . concerned the application of
Article 29 of the Convention” (ibid., para. 79).

15. Thus, it is not sufficient that there have been contacts between the
Parties (see paragraph 12 above); these contacts must have been regard-

54du différend, soit l’interprétation ou l’application de la convention. De
même, ce précédent ne peut être écarté en l’espèce du fait que les deux

clauses compromissoires sont différentes, dans la mesure où l’article 29
intercale l’arbitrage entre la négociation et la saisine de la Cour. En effet,
lorsqu’elle a rendu son arrêt le 3 février 2006 sur la compétence, la Cour
a jugé que l’article 29 posait des conditions cumulatives et qu’il «incom-
b[ait] donc à la Cour d’examiner si chacune des conditions préalables à sa

saisine ... [avait] été respectée en l’espèce» (Activités armées sur le terri-
toire du Congo (nouvelle requête: 2002) (République démocratique du
Congo c. Rwanda), compétence de la cour et recevabilité de la requête,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006 , p. 39, par. 87).

16. Le moins que pouvait faire la Cour dans la présente affaire, c’est
de se demander si la négociation avait été entamée et si elle était sus-
ceptible de conduire à un quelconque résultat, mais elle ne l’a pas
fait. On comprend dès lors qu’un Etat partie à la CIEDR, soit la

Russie, trouve inacceptable d’être actionné devant la Cour sans avoir
été avisé, au préalable, des griefs de la Géorgie par référence à cette
convention.
17. Nous venons maintenant à l’autre condition préalable, alternative,
prévue dans l’article 22 de la CIEDR, à savoir «les procédures expressé-

ment prévues par ladite Convention».
18. La Cour, là aussi comme pour la négociation, se contente de
constater que «ni l’une ni l’autre des Parties n’avancent que les ques-
tions en litige ont été portées à l’attention du Comité [pour l’élimination
de la discrimination]» (article 11 de la Convention) (ordonnance,

par. 116), pour en déduire que le différend n’a pas été réglé par le
moyendesprocéduresprévuesparlaConvention.Onnepeutques’éton-
ner de cette interprétation, que ne confirment ni le sens ordinaire de
l’article 22, ni l’objet et le but qu’il poursuit — qui est d’encourager le
maximum de pays à souscrire à la compétence de la Cour, avec l’assu-

rance que les procédures prévues par la Convention seront d’abord
sollicitées —, et pas davantage les travaux préparatoires auxquels cet
article a donné lieu au sein de la Troisième Commission de l’Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies.
La Cour aurait pu considérer que la gravité de la situation du conflit

armé les 7-8 août ne permettait pas de recourir à ces procédures, mais ce
serait faire peu de cas de la procédure d’urgence et d’alerte rapide mise en
place par le Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale en
1993 afin de lui permettre d’intervenir avec plus d’efficacité en cas de vio-
lation de la Convention (rapport du Comité pour l’élimination de la dis-

crimination raciale, doc A/48/18, annexe III).

19. En conséquence, nous considérons que c’est à tort que la majorité
a estimé que la Cour a compétence prima facie, en vertu de l’article 22 de

la CIEDR, pour connaître de cette affaire, dans la mesure où elle n’est
pas parvenue à établir l’existence d’un différend portant sur l’interpréta-

55ing the subject of the dispute, either the interpretation or application of
the Convention. Even so, this precedent may not be dismissed in the

present case, given that the two compromissory clauses are different, in
that Article 29 of the Convention on Discrimination against Women
requires arbitration after negotiation and before filing suit in the Court.
In fact, when it rendered its judgment on 3 February 2006 on jurisdiction,
the Court concluded that Article 29 established cumulative conditions

and that it “must therefore consider whether the preconditions on its sei-
sin...havebeensatisfiedinthiscase”( Armed Activities on the Territory
of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction of the Court and Admissibility of the
Application, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006 , p. 39, para. 87).

16. The very least that the Court should have done was to ask itself
whether negotiations had been opened and whether they were likely to
lead to a certain result, but it did not do so. Thus, it is understandable
why a State party to CERD, in this case Russia, finds it unacceptable
for an action to be brought against it before the Court without having
been first advised of Georgia’s grievances with regard to this

Convention.
17. We now come to the alternative precondition stipulated in Arti-
cle 22 of CERD, namely, that the dispute has not been settled by “the
procedures expressly provided for in this Convention”.
18. As was the case for negotiation, the Court is content here to

observe that “neither Party claims that the issues in dispute have been
brought to the attention of the Committee” (Article 11 of the Conven-
tion) (Order, para. 116), and to conclude from this that the dispute has
not been resolved by way of the procedures provided for in the Conven-
tion. One cannot but be puzzled by this interpretation, which confirms

neither the ordinary meaning of Article 22 nor its object and purpose
which is to encourage the maximum number of countries to submit to
the jurisdiction of the Court, with the assurance that the procedures
provided for in the Convention will first be exhausted; nor does it
refer to the travaux préparatoires for this Article when it was drafted

by the Third Committee of the General Assembly of the United
Nations.
The Court could have considered that the seriousness of the situation
when armed conflict broke out on 7-8 August did not allow recourse
to these procedures, but this would set little store by the procedure
for urgency and rapid alert established by the Committee for the Eli-

mination of Racial Discrimination in 1993 to allow it to intervene more
effectively in cases of possible violations of the Convention (Report of the
Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, doc. A/48/18,
Ann. III).
19. Therefore, we consider that the majority has wrongly decided that

the Court has jurisdiction prima facie to hear this case under Article 22 of
CERD, in so far as it has neither succeeded in establishing the existence
of a dispute over the interpretation or application of that Convention nor

55tion ou l’application de ladite Convention, ni à démontrer que la condi-
tion préalable à la saisine de la Cour a été satisfaite.

20. Même si la compétence prima facie était établie, deux conditions
additionnelles pour l’indication des mesures conservatoires doivent
être, selon la jurisprudence de la Cour, satisfaites, à savoir l’exis-
tence d’un risque de préjudice irréparable aux droits en question et
l’urgence.

21. A notre avis, nulle part l’ordonnance ne démontre l’existence d’un
quelconque risque de préjudice irréparable aux droits que la Géorgie tien-
drait de la CIEDR. La Cour se limite à une pétition de principe en décla-
rant que «les droits en cause en l’espèce ... sont de nature telle que le

préjudice qui leur serait porté pourrait être irréparable» (ordonnance,
par. 142), sans définir ni de quelle manière précise ils seraient menacés ni
le préjudice irréparable qu’ils subiraient. La Cour semble ainsi laisser
entendre que certains droits peuvent automatiquement remplir le critère
requis de préjudice irréparable sans analyser ni les faits réels sur le terrain

ni l’effectivité des menaces contre lesdits droits. Quant aux expulsions
alléguées par la Géorgie et attribuées par elle à la Russie, elles ne peuvent
en elles-mêmes être considérées comme un préjudice irréparable, la Cour
pouvant ordonner, si elle en arrive à la phase du fond de cette affaire, le
retour des personnes concernées à leurs domiciles et l’octroi à celles-ci

de compensations appropriées. Il est d’autant plus difficile d’avancer
un préjudice irréparable aux droits invoqués que les organes appro-
priés des Nations Unies ont fait état de milliers de personnes qui
sont, depuis la cessation des hostilités, retournées dans leurs foyers
en Abkhazie et en Ossétie du Sud, et qu’il est prévu, dans le cadre

de l’accord de cessez-le-feu du 12 août 2008, l’ouverture prochaine
à Genève, le 15 octobre 2008, de négociations entre toutes les parties
intéressées, entre autres choses, sur le retour progressif des personnes
déplacées.
22. Quant à l’urgence, elle n’existe tout simplement pas puisque, après

la conclusion de l’accord de cessez-le-feu, des observateurs de l’Union
européenne sont désormais déployés pour contrôler le cessez-le-feu et le
retour des troupes des deux pays sur leurs positions d’avant le 7 août 2008,
et que les observateurs de la Mission d’observation des Nations Unies en
Géorgie ainsi que ceux de l’Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopéra-

tion en Europe continueront leurs missions respectives en Abkhazie et en
Ossétie du Sud.
23. Dès lors, force est de constater que non seulement la Cour n’a pas
compétence prima facie pour se prononcer au fond sur cette affaire, mais
que les conditions posées par la jurisprudence pour indiquer des mesures

conservatoires ne sont à l’évidence pas réunies.
24. Cette faiblesse de l’ordonnance, qui n’a pas échappé complètement
à la majorité dans cette affaire, trouve un écho dans le dispositif puisqu’il
demande finalement aux deux Parties de respecter la Convention, ce

qu’elles sont tenues de faire de toutes façons avec ou sans mesures
conservatoires.

56demonstrated that the precondition for the seisin of the Court has been
satisfied.

20. Even if jurisdiction prima facie were established, according to the
jurisprudence of the Court two further conditions, namely the existence
of a risk of irreparable harm to the rights in dispute and urgency, have to
be met.

21. In our opinion, the Order nowhere demonstrates the existence of
any risk of irreparable harm to Georgia’s rights under CERD. The Court
confines itself to a petitio principii when it states that “the rights in ques-
tion in these proceedings . . . are of such a nature that prejudice to them

could be irreparable” (Order, para. 142), defining neither the precise
manner in which they are threatened nor the irreparable harm which they
might suffer. The Court thus appears to suggest that certain rights may
automatically fulfil the irreparable harm criterion, without analysing the
real facts on the ground or the actual threat against the said rights. With

regard to the expulsions alleged by Georgia and attributed by it to Rus-
sia, they cannot in and of themselves be considered to constitute irrepa-
rable harm, since the Court, if it arrives at the merits stage in this case,
can always order that the expelled individuals be allowed to return to
their homes and be granted appropriate compensation. It is even more

difficult to claim irreparable harm to the rights in dispute when the
appropriate organs of the United Nations have reported that thousands
of persons have, since the cessation of hostilities, returned to their homes
in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and when the ceasefire agreement of
12 August 2008 provides that negotiations will soon open in Geneva, on

15 October 2008, between all the parties, concerning, inter alia, the pro-
gressive return of the displaced persons.

22. With regard to urgency, there simply is none, since after conclu-

sion of the ceasefire agreement, European Union observers have now
been deployed to monitor the ceasefire and the return of troops of both
countries to their positions before 7 August 2008, and the observers from
the United Nations Mission in Georgia and those from the Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe will continue their missions in

Abkhazia and South Ossetia respectively.

23. Therefore, one has no choice but to observe not only that the
Court does not have jurisdiction prima facie to pronounce on the merits
in this case, but that the conditions established in the jurisprudence for

the indication of provisional measures are obviously not met.
24. This weakness in the Order has not completely escaped the atten-
tion of the majority and is echoed in the operative clause, which ulti-
mately asks both Parties to respect the Convention, which they are in any

event obliged to do, with or without provisional measures.

56 25. Ainsi, bien que nous soyons d’accord avec cette conclusion évi-

dente, nous avons dû voter contre cette ordonnance de la Cour, qui n’est
pas bien fondée en droit.

(Signé) Awn Shawkat A L-K HASAWNEH .
(Signé) Raymond R ANJEVA .

(Signé) S HI Jiuyong.

(Signé) Abdul G. K OROMA .

(Signé) Peter T OMKA .
(Signé) Mohamed B ENNOUNA .

(Signé) Leonid S KOTNIKOV .

57 25. Thus, even though we are in agreement with this obvious conclu-

sion, we have had to vote against this Order of the Court which is not
well founded in law.

(Signed) Awn Shawkat A L-K HASAWNEH .
(Signed) Raymond R ANJEVA .

(Signed) S HI Jiuyong.

(Signed) Abdul G. K OROMA .
(Signed) Peter T OMKA .

(Signed) Mohamed B ENNOUNA .

(Signed) Leonid S KOTNIKOV .

57

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Joint dissenting opinion of Vice-President Al-Khasawneh and Judges Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma, Tomka, Bennouna and Skotnikov

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