Joint dissenting opinion of Judges Owada, Tomka and Keith

Document Number
139-20080716-ORD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
139-20080716-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

JOINT DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGES
OWADA, TOMKA AND KEITH

1. To our great regret we find ourselves unable to support the Order
for provisional measures adopted by the Court (para. 80 II (a)). Humani-
tarian considerations which clearly underlie the decision cannot override
the legal requirements of the Statute of the Court. In our view Mexico
has not demonstrated in its Application for interpretation that there is “a
difference of opinion between the Parties as to those points in question in

the judgment in question which have been decided with binding force”
(Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judg-
ment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13 , p. 11).
2. The Order of the Court of today adds no additional protection,
additional to that already provided by the Court in its 2004 Avena Judg-

ment to those Mexican nationals whose rights under Article 36 (1) of the
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations were breached by the United
States and who are thus entitled to receive review and reconsideration of
their convictions and sentences.

3. There can be no doubt that if any of the 51 Mexican nationals, men-

tioned in the Avena Judgment, is executed without receiving the review
and reconsideration of his conviction and sentence, the United States will
be in breach of its international obligation as determined by this Court in
paragraph 153 (9) of its Judgment.

*

4. The Court in its Judgment in Avena and Other Mexican Nationals
(Mexico v. United States of America) , ruled

“that the appropriate reparation in this case consists in the obliga-
tion of the United States of America to provide, by means of its own
choosing, review and reconsideration of the convictions and sen-
tences of the Mexican nationals referred to in subparagraphs (4), (5),

(6) and (7) above, by taking account both of the violation of the
rights set forth in Article 36 of the [Vienna] Convention [on Consu-
lar Relations] and of paragraphs 138 to 141 of this Judgment”
(I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), p. 72, para. 153 (9)).

In those paragraphs the Court, among other things, emphasizes that the
review and reconsideration should be effective and, accordingly, should
take account of the violation of the rights set forth in the Convention and

34of the possible prejudice caused by the violation; further, full weight
must be given to the violation of the treaty rights, whatever may be the

outcome of the review and reconsideration.
5. The United States acknowledges without reservation the interna-
tional obligation arising from the Judgment. The President of the United
States made that clear in his memorandum of 28 February 2005. He
“determined . . . that the United States will discharge its international

obligations under [the Avena Judgment] by having state courts give effect
to the decision”. Before the Court, the Agent of the United States empha-
sized the obligation the United States has to comply with the Judgment.
6. As the Agent also recognized, however, the efforts of the United

States Government to ensure compliance have so far not been successful,
except, as Mexico informed the Court, in the case of one of the 51 Mexi-
can nationals a state court concluded that the petitioner had been preju-
diced in the sentencing phase, but not at trial, by the lack of consular
notification, and the death penalty was commuted, and in the case of a

second, this time without court process, the state Governor commuted
the death sentence in exchange for the offender’s agreement to waive his
right to review and reconsideration under the Avena Judgment. The
attempt to achieve compliance in respect of all the other Mexican nation-
als by way of the President’s determination was however found to be un-

successful by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States given
on 25 March 2008: it held that neither this Court’s Judgment nor the
President’s Memorandum constitutes directly enforceable federal law
overriding limitations imposed by state law (Medellín v. Texas, 128 S. Ct.
1346 (2008)).

7. In the three months following the failure of that proposed means of
achieving compliance with the Judgment, the United States executive has
adopted a more specific approach, particularly to the Governor and Attor-
ney General of Texas, in respect both of Mr. Medellín, whose execution
has been set by a District Court in Texas for 5 August this year, and more

generally of other Mexican nationals. Two days before the hearing in the
current proceeding began, the Attorney General and the Secretary of State
of the United States sent a joint letter to the Governor of Texas in which
they say that “the United States seeks the help of the State of Texas” to
give effect to theAvena Judgment. The letter concludes as follows:

“We continue to seek a practical and timely way to carry out our
nation’s international legal obligation, a goal that the United States
needs the assistance of Texas to achieve. In this connection, we
respectfully request that Texas take the steps necessary to give effect

to the Avena decision with respect to the convictions and sentences
addressed therein. We would appreciate the opportunity to discuss
possible mechanisms for compliance with the Avena decision with
you or your representatives.”

35The Agent of the United States assured the Court, at the hearing on
19 June 2008, that the discussions referred to in the last sentence had

already begun.
8. It is clear that if those and other efforts to achieve an effective
means of review and reconsideration fail and one of the Mexican nation-
als is executed before that review and reconsideration is undertaken and
completed, the United States would be in breach of its international obli-

gation under the Avena Judgment. The Agent clearly acknowledged that
at the hearing.
9. We too earnestly trust that effective ways of implementing the
Avena Judgment will be found by the federal and relevant state authori-

ties of the United States with the result that the Mexican nationals
receive the effective review and reconsideration of their convictions and
sentences as required by the Judgment. In that we are completely at one
with all the other Members of the Court.

*

10. This request for the indication of provisional measures was filed by
Mexico along with its Application requesting interpretation of para-
graph 153 (9) (set out in paragraph 4 above) of the Judgment in the

Avena case. The provisional measures sought by Mexico and ordered by
the Court have exactly the object we have just stated — that none of the
five Mexican nationals is to be put to his death unless his conviction and
sentence have been effectively reviewed and reconsidered as required by
the 2004 Avena Judgment. The provisional measure indicated in the

Court’s Order reads as follows:
“The United States of America shall take all measures necessary

to ensure that Messrs. José Ernesto Medellín Rojas, César Roberto
Fierro Reyna, Rubén Ramírez Cárdenas, Humberto Leal García,
and Roberto Moreno Ramos are not executed pending judgment on
the Request for interpretation submitted by the United Mexican
States, unless and until these five Mexican nationals receive review

and reconsideration consistent with paragraphs 138 to 141 of the
Court’s Judgment delivered on 31 March 2004 in the case concern-
ing Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States
of America).” (Para. 80 II (a).)

11. That Order is subject to a time-limit which is inherent in its pro-
visional character: the measures have effect only until the Court has
given its judgment on the Application for interpretation. The Order is

also limited to the five named Mexican nationals. The international obli-
gation arising from the Avena Judgment and set out in paragraph 1
above, by contrast, is not subject to either limit. It continues until the
convictions and sentences of all 51 Mexican nationals have been effec-

tively reviewed and reconsidered.

36 12. In our opinion, provisional measures are not available in this case
because we consider, for reasons we give later, that Mexico has not dem-

onstrated on any standard that its Application requesting interpretation
is capable of falling within Article 60 of the Statute of the Court. It has
not demonstrated even on a provisional basis that there may be a dispute
about the meaning or scope of paragraph 153 (9) of the Judgment, the
subject of the Application for interpretation. Accordingly, the Applica-

tion requesting interpretation should be dismissed at this stage as inadmis-
sible. There would then be no pending proceeding and no rights under
that proceeding to be preserved as required by Article 41 of the Statute,
and the request for provisional measures made under that provision

would as a consequence have to be dismissed.
13. Article 60 provides as follows:

“The judgment is final and without appeal. In the event of dispute
as to the meaning or scope of the judgment, the Court shall construe
it upon the request of any party.”

In its Application requesting interpretation, Mexico contends that a “dis-
pute” has arisen between it and the United States about whether the obli-
gation stated in paragraph 153 (9) of the Avena Judgment is an obliga-
tion of result — as it, Mexico, contends — or an obligation of means,

which is how, in Mexico’s view, the United States understands the obli-
gation (Application, paras. 5, 52, 57 and 59). It is for the Applicant, in its
Application requesting interpretation, to indicate, in terms of Arti-
cle 98 (2) and (3) of the Rules of Court, “the precise point or points in
dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgment” and its supporting

contentions. In its Application for interpretation, under the heading The
Interpretation Requested ,

“59. The Government of Mexico asks the Court to adjudge and
declare that the obligation incumbent upon the United States under
paragraph 153 (9) of the Avena Judgment constitutes an obligation
of result as it is clearly stated in the Judgment by the indication that
the United States must provide ‘review and reconsideration of the

convictions and sentences’ but leaving it the ‘means of its own
choosing’;
and that, pursuant to the foregoing obligation of result,
1. the United States must take any and all steps necessary to pro-
vide the reparation of review and reconsideration mandated by

the Avena Judgment; and
2. the United States must take any and all steps necessary to ensure
that no Mexican national entitled to review and reconsideration
under the Avena Judgment is executed unless and until that

review and reconsideration is completed and it is determined that
no prejudice resulted from the violation.”

That proposed interpretation, we observe, does not differ in any essential

37element from what the Judgment expressly states as the obligation of the
United States in paragraph 153 (9) (para. 4 above).

14. The obligation of result imposed by the Judgment, according to
Mexico, means that the United States must take any and all steps neces-
sary to provide the review and reconsideration mandated by the Judgment.
The Agent and counsel of the United States made it clear before the Court
that the United States understands its obligation in exactly those terms,

and as an obligation of result. The correspondence before the Court, both
preceding and following the Application requesting interpretation, shows
the United States as continuing to be engaged, as it was earlier when it
promulgated the President’s determination and participated in the related

court proceedings based on it in Texas and the United States Supreme
Court, in attempting to establish effective review and reconsideration. The
United States has not contested and does not contest in any way its obliga-
tion to achieve that result of effective review and reconsideration. It is
plain that, the Presidential determination having failed to achieve the

intended result, the United States is obliged to continue to pursue other
possibilities. Mexico has proposed some possible methods but the decision
of the United States not to pursue those possibilities indicates no more
than differences about methods of implementation. It is striking that the
correspondence between the Parties is all about various ways of imple-

menting or giving effect to the obligation. We cannot see any showing at
all in that correspondence or elsewhere that the Parties are in dispute over
the meaning or scope of the obligation stated in paragraph 153 (9).
15. In its Application, Mexico also calls attention to the failure of the
Texas courts to provide the required effective review and reconsideration.

That failure has culminated so far in the scheduling by a Texas court of
the date and time for the putting to death of Mr. Medellín. According to
Mexico,

“Texas, a constituent state of the United States, does not recog-
nize that the obligation to comply subjects its own law to that of
binding international law.”

In its oral submissions, Mexico, contending, by reference to Article 4 of
the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on State Responsibil-
ity for Internationally Wrongful Acts that in international law the con-

duct of the Texas authorities was to be treated as an act of the United
States, stated as follows:

“Texas is the United States. And by scheduling Mr. Medellín’s
execution before he has received the remedy mandated by this Court
in Avena, Texas has unmistakably communicated its disagreement
with Mexico’s interpretation of the Judgment. Texas clearly does not

believe that it has an obligation of result . . .”

That amounts to a dispute, Mexico says, between it and the competent
organs and authorities in the State of Texas.

38 16. The proposition of law on which Mexico relies is not relevant in
this context. It helps to determine the existence or not of the international

responsibility of a State for a breach of international law when the breach
is committed by an organ exercising public functions, whatever position
that organ holds in the organization of the State. Undoubtedly, as the
United States accepts, if the Texas authorities go ahead and put Mr.
Medellín to death before the required review and reconsideration is car-

ried out, the United States will be in breach of its international obliga-
tions. But it does not follow that Mexico and the United States are in
dispute about the meaning or scope of the Avena Judgment simply
because the Texas authorities have so far not given effect to the obliga-

tion of the United States under the 2004 Judgment.

17. For the purposes of Article 60 of the Statute of the Court, as gen-
erally in international law and practice, it is the Executive of the State
that represents the State and speaks for it at the international level. Other

organs, whether part of the central government or of a territorial unit,
unless otherwise authorized, do not. Since Mexico must found its Appli-
cation on a dispute with the United States Executive about the scope or
meaning of the Judgment at the international level, it cannot depend in
that respect on any position taken by the authorities of Texas. It must

point to a dispute with the United States Executive and it has failed to do
that.

18. The Court in its Order states that, while it seems that both Parties
regard paragraph 153 (9) of the Avena Judgment as an international obli-

gation of result, they nevertheless apparently hold differing views as to
the meaning and scope of that obligation of result, namely, whether that
understanding is shared by all United States federal and state authorities
and whether that obligation falls upon those authorities (Order, para. 55).
We disagree with this finding, which appears to be essential to the reason-

ing supporting the Order, for two reasons. First, whether the understand-
ing is shared by all federal and state authorities is a matter of fact and
does not give rise to any matter of interpretation. Second, the issue
whether the obligation “falls upon those authorities” is not one of inter-
pretation which was raised by Mexico in exchanges with the United

States or in its Application; it accordingly has not become the subject of
dispute with the United States. We would also note that the obligation
stated in paragraph 153 (9) is stated as “an obligation of the United
States of America”, completely in accordance with principle and consist-
ent practice, reflected for instance in subparagraphs (4), (5), (6), (7) and

(8) as well as (9) of paragraph 153.

19. We turn to differences in the wording of provisions of the Statute

which in the English text uses the word “dispute”. The French text of
Articles 36 (6) and 60 of the Statute uses the word “contestation” while,

39by contrast, Article 36 (2) about the jurisdiction of the Court and Article
38 about its function use “différend”, with the English text using “dis-

pute” in all four provisions. We note that “contestation” is also used in
Article 36 (6) concerning “disputes” (the word used in English) about
jurisdiction. The Spanish text uses three expressions, “las controversias”,
in both Articles 36 (2) and 38, “disputa” in Article 36 (6) and “desac-
uerdo” in Article 60. The Chinese text uses the one word, “zhe ¯ngdua¯n”,

meaning dispute in all four provisions. And the Russian text uses the one
word, “spor” meaning dispute, in all four. Given those differences between
the equally authentic texts of the Statute we do not see the differences
between the particular English and French words as significant.

20. We are however prepared to accept the argument that in the con-

text of Article 60 the requirement of “dispute [or “contestation”] as to the
meaning or scope of the judgment” as compared with “all legal disputes”
or “such disputes” in Articles 36 (2) and 38 has a wider connotation. As
the Permanent Court of International Justice indicated in 1927, less may
be required by Article 60 in terms of any formal manifestation of the dis-

pute. But the Parties still in fact have to show themselves as holding
opposite views in regard to the meaning or scope of the Judgment of the
Court. Further, as the Permanent Court, reading Article 60 in the context
of Article 59, went on to say:

“The natural inference to be drawn is that the second sentence of
Article 60 was inserted in order, if necessary, to enable the Court to

make quite clear the points which had been settled with binding
force in a judgment, and, on the other hand, that a request which
has not that object does not come within the terms of this provision.
In order that a difference of opinion should become the subject of a
request for an interpretation under Article 60 of the Statute, there

must therefore exist a difference of opinion between the Parties as to
those points in the judgment in question which have not been
decided with binding force.” (Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and
8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 13, p.11, applied by the Court in Application for Revision and

Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case con-
cerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)
(Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1985, pp. 217-218, para. 46.)

As this Court said in 1950, a dispute, in the sense of Article 60, “requires
a divergence of views between the parties on definite points” (Request for

Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1950 , p. 403). As those cases make clear and

40principle dictates, it is for the Court, and not for one of the Parties, to
decide whether dispute or contestation exists; see also e.g., Applicability

of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of the United Nations
Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J.
Reports 1988, p. 27. The Parties, in the circumstances of this case, cannot
on any basis be seen as “holding opposite views in regard to the meaning

or scope” of paragraph 153 (9) of the 2004 Judgment.

21. We conclude that Mexico has not satisfied that requirement of
Article 60 of the Statute that it demonstrate the existence of a dispute

about the meaning or scope of the Judgment.
22. It follows that in our opinion the Application requesting interpre-
tation should be dismissed. As a consequence, the request for provisional
measures which is designed to protect rights asserted in that Application

would no longer have a purpose and should also be dismissed. We
accordingly voted against subparagraphs I and II (a) of the operative
clause of the Order (para. 80).
23. We have voted in favour of subparagraphs II (b) and III, on the
basis that the Court has made the two primary decisions and the other

two are consequential on them.

*

24. We conclude with two comments. First, on the decision of Mexico
to initiate these proceedings, we cannot fail to record our full understand-
ing of the great concern of the Government of Mexico and the people it
represents, a concern manifested in its good faith attempts, including its
bringing of the proceedings, to protect its nationals.

25. Second, we repeat our earnest trust that effective ways of imple-
menting the Avena Judgment will be found by the federal and relevant
state authorities of the United States with the result that the Mexican

nationals receive the effective review and reconsideration of their convic-
tions and sentences as required by the Judgment.

(Signed) Hisashi O WADA .
(Signed) Peter T OMKA .

(Signed) Kenneth K EITH .

41

Bilingual Content

JOINT DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGES
OWADA, TOMKA AND KEITH

1. To our great regret we find ourselves unable to support the Order
for provisional measures adopted by the Court (para. 80 II (a)). Humani-
tarian considerations which clearly underlie the decision cannot override
the legal requirements of the Statute of the Court. In our view Mexico
has not demonstrated in its Application for interpretation that there is “a
difference of opinion between the Parties as to those points in question in

the judgment in question which have been decided with binding force”
(Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judg-
ment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13 , p. 11).
2. The Order of the Court of today adds no additional protection,
additional to that already provided by the Court in its 2004 Avena Judg-

ment to those Mexican nationals whose rights under Article 36 (1) of the
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations were breached by the United
States and who are thus entitled to receive review and reconsideration of
their convictions and sentences.

3. There can be no doubt that if any of the 51 Mexican nationals, men-

tioned in the Avena Judgment, is executed without receiving the review
and reconsideration of his conviction and sentence, the United States will
be in breach of its international obligation as determined by this Court in
paragraph 153 (9) of its Judgment.

*

4. The Court in its Judgment in Avena and Other Mexican Nationals
(Mexico v. United States of America) , ruled

“that the appropriate reparation in this case consists in the obliga-
tion of the United States of America to provide, by means of its own
choosing, review and reconsideration of the convictions and sen-
tences of the Mexican nationals referred to in subparagraphs (4), (5),

(6) and (7) above, by taking account both of the violation of the
rights set forth in Article 36 of the [Vienna] Convention [on Consu-
lar Relations] and of paragraphs 138 to 141 of this Judgment”
(I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), p. 72, para. 153 (9)).

In those paragraphs the Court, among other things, emphasizes that the
review and reconsideration should be effective and, accordingly, should
take account of the violation of the rights set forth in the Convention and

34 OPINION DISSIDENTE COMMUNE DE MM. LES JUGES
OWADA, TOMKA ET KEITH

[Traduction]

1. A notre grand regret, nous ne saurions souscrire à l’ordonnance en
indication de mesures conservatoires rendue par la Cour (par. 80, point
II, alinéa a)). Les considérations humanitaires sur lesquelles repose mani-

festement cette décision ne sauraient prévaloir sur les dispositions du Sta-
tut de la Cour. Selon nous, le Mexique n’a pas démontré dans sa
demande en interprétation qu’il existe une «divergence entre les Parties
sur ce qui, dans l’arrêt en question, a été tranché avec force obligatoire»
(Interprétation des arrêts n os7 et 8 (usine de Chorzów), arrêt n o 11,
o
1927, C.P.J.I. série A n 13, p. 11).
2. L’ordonnance rendue aujourd’hui par la Cour ne confère aucune
protection supplémentaire qui s’ajouterait à celle déjà prescrite par la
Cour, dans l’arrêt Avena de 2004, aux ressortissants mexicains dont les
droits découlant du paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 de la convention de

Vienne sur les relations consulaires ont été violés par les Etats-Unis, et
qui peuvent ainsi prétendre au réexamen et à la revision des verdicts de
culpabilité rendus et des peines prononcées à leur encontre.
3. Il ne fait aucun doute que si l’un quelconque des cinquante et un
ressortissants mexicains cités dans l’arrêt Avena était exécuté sans avoir

bénéficié du réexamen et de la revision du verdict rendu et de la peine
prononcée à son encontre, il y aurait violation de l’obligation internatio-
nale incombant aux Etats-Unis telle qu’établie par la Cour au point 9) du
paragraphe 153 de l’arrêt.

*

4. Dans l’arrêt rendu en l’affaire Avena et autres ressortissants mexi-
cains (Mexique c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique) , la Cour a dit

«que, pour fournir la réparation appropriée en l’espèce, les Etats-
Unis d’Amérique sont tenus d’assurer, par les moyens de leur choix,
le réexamen et la revision des verdicts de culpabilité rendus et des

peines prononcées contre les ressortissants mexicains visés aux
points 4), 5), 6) et 7) ci-dessus, en tenant compte à la fois de la viola-
tion des droits prévus par l’article 36 de la convention [de Vienne sur
les relations consulaires] et des paragraphes 138 à 141 du présent

arrêt» (C.I.J. Recueil 2004 (I), p. 72, par. 153, point 9)).
Dans ces paragraphes, la Cour souligne entre autres choses que le réexa-

men et la revision imposés devraient être effectifs et tenir compte, par
conséquent, de la violation des droits exposés dans la convention et du

34of the possible prejudice caused by the violation; further, full weight
must be given to the violation of the treaty rights, whatever may be the

outcome of the review and reconsideration.
5. The United States acknowledges without reservation the interna-
tional obligation arising from the Judgment. The President of the United
States made that clear in his memorandum of 28 February 2005. He
“determined . . . that the United States will discharge its international

obligations under [the Avena Judgment] by having state courts give effect
to the decision”. Before the Court, the Agent of the United States empha-
sized the obligation the United States has to comply with the Judgment.
6. As the Agent also recognized, however, the efforts of the United

States Government to ensure compliance have so far not been successful,
except, as Mexico informed the Court, in the case of one of the 51 Mexi-
can nationals a state court concluded that the petitioner had been preju-
diced in the sentencing phase, but not at trial, by the lack of consular
notification, and the death penalty was commuted, and in the case of a

second, this time without court process, the state Governor commuted
the death sentence in exchange for the offender’s agreement to waive his
right to review and reconsideration under the Avena Judgment. The
attempt to achieve compliance in respect of all the other Mexican nation-
als by way of the President’s determination was however found to be un-

successful by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States given
on 25 March 2008: it held that neither this Court’s Judgment nor the
President’s Memorandum constitutes directly enforceable federal law
overriding limitations imposed by state law (Medellín v. Texas, 128 S. Ct.
1346 (2008)).

7. In the three months following the failure of that proposed means of
achieving compliance with the Judgment, the United States executive has
adopted a more specific approach, particularly to the Governor and Attor-
ney General of Texas, in respect both of Mr. Medellín, whose execution
has been set by a District Court in Texas for 5 August this year, and more

generally of other Mexican nationals. Two days before the hearing in the
current proceeding began, the Attorney General and the Secretary of State
of the United States sent a joint letter to the Governor of Texas in which
they say that “the United States seeks the help of the State of Texas” to
give effect to theAvena Judgment. The letter concludes as follows:

“We continue to seek a practical and timely way to carry out our
nation’s international legal obligation, a goal that the United States
needs the assistance of Texas to achieve. In this connection, we
respectfully request that Texas take the steps necessary to give effect

to the Avena decision with respect to the convictions and sentences
addressed therein. We would appreciate the opportunity to discuss
possible mechanisms for compliance with the Avena decision with
you or your representatives.”

35préjudice éventuel causé par celle-ci; en outre, il convient d’accorder tout
le poids voulu à la violation des droits conventionnels, quel que soit le

résultat du réexamen et de la revision.
5. Les Etats-Unis reconnaissent sans réserve l’obligation internatio-
nale découlant de l’arrêt. Le président des Etats-Unis l’a indiqué dans son
mémorandum du 28 février 2005. Il «conclu[t] ... que les Etats-Unis res-
pecteront les obligations qui leur sont imposées ... aux termes [de l’arrêt

Avena]; en conséquence, les juridictions d’Etat respecteront ladite déci-
sion». Devant la Cour, l’agent des Etats-Unis a souligné l’obligation des
Etats-Unis de se conformer à l’arrêt.
6. Ainsi que l’agent l’a également reconnu, les interventions du Gouver-

nement des Etats-Unis tendant à assurer le respect de l’arrêt ont jusque-là
échoué sauf dans le cas de l’un des cinquante et un ressortissants mexicains.
En effet, d’après les informations communiquées à la Cour par le Mexique,
une juridiction d’Etat a conclu que le requérant avait subi un préjudice du
fait de l’absence de notification consulaire lors de la phase de la détermina-

tion de la peine, mais non lors de sa condamnation, et la peine a ainsi été
commuée. Dans le cas d’un autre ressortissant, cette fois sans procédure
judiciaire, le gouverneur de l’Etat a commué la peine capitale du contre-
venant en échange de sa renonciation au droit au réexamen et à la revision
prescrits par l’arrêtAvena. Dans un arrêt du 25 mars 2008, la Cour suprême

des Etats-Unis a cependant refusé de s’incliner devant cet arrêt sur la base de
la décision du président pour les autres ressortissants mexicains: elle a dit
que ni l’arrêt de la Cour ni le mémorandum présidentiel n’étaient opposables
aux Etats au titre de la loi fédérale et ne pouvaient écarter les limitations
imposées par le droit de ceux-ciM ( edellín c. Texas, 128 S. Ct. 1346 (2008)).

7. Dans les trois mois qui ont suivi l’échec de cette tentative d’exécu-
tion de l’arrêt, le pouvoir exécutif des Etats-Unis a adopté une approche
plus spécifique, en s’adressant notamment au gouverneur et à lA ’ ttorney
General du Texas au sujet de M. Medellín, dont l’exécution avait été fixée
au 5 août de cette année par un tribunal de district, et plus généralement

à celui d’autres ressortissants mexicains. Deux jours avant l’ouverture
des audiences dans la présente instance, l’Attorney General et le secrétaire
d’Etat des Etats-Unis ont adressé une lettre conjointe au gouverneur du
Texas dans laquelle ils «demand[ai]ent l’assistance de l’Etat du Texas»
pour assurer le respect de l’arrêt Avena. Cette lettre conclut ainsi:

«Nous continuons de rechercher une formule pratique nous per-
mettant d’exécuter en temps voulu l’obligation juridique internatio-
nale incombant à notre nation; pour atteindre cet objectif, les Etats-
Unis ont besoin de l’aide du Texas. A cet égard, nous prions

respectueusement le Texas de bien vouloir prendre les mesures néces-
saires pour donner effet à la décision rendue en l’affaire Avena rela-
tivement aux verdicts de culpabilité et aux peines examinés dans
cette décision. Nous serions heureux de pouvoir étudier avec vous-

même ou vos représentants les moyens possibles de donner suite à
ladite décision.»

35The Agent of the United States assured the Court, at the hearing on
19 June 2008, that the discussions referred to in the last sentence had

already begun.
8. It is clear that if those and other efforts to achieve an effective
means of review and reconsideration fail and one of the Mexican nation-
als is executed before that review and reconsideration is undertaken and
completed, the United States would be in breach of its international obli-

gation under the Avena Judgment. The Agent clearly acknowledged that
at the hearing.
9. We too earnestly trust that effective ways of implementing the
Avena Judgment will be found by the federal and relevant state authori-

ties of the United States with the result that the Mexican nationals
receive the effective review and reconsideration of their convictions and
sentences as required by the Judgment. In that we are completely at one
with all the other Members of the Court.

*

10. This request for the indication of provisional measures was filed by
Mexico along with its Application requesting interpretation of para-
graph 153 (9) (set out in paragraph 4 above) of the Judgment in the

Avena case. The provisional measures sought by Mexico and ordered by
the Court have exactly the object we have just stated — that none of the
five Mexican nationals is to be put to his death unless his conviction and
sentence have been effectively reviewed and reconsidered as required by
the 2004 Avena Judgment. The provisional measure indicated in the

Court’s Order reads as follows:
“The United States of America shall take all measures necessary

to ensure that Messrs. José Ernesto Medellín Rojas, César Roberto
Fierro Reyna, Rubén Ramírez Cárdenas, Humberto Leal García,
and Roberto Moreno Ramos are not executed pending judgment on
the Request for interpretation submitted by the United Mexican
States, unless and until these five Mexican nationals receive review

and reconsideration consistent with paragraphs 138 to 141 of the
Court’s Judgment delivered on 31 March 2004 in the case concern-
ing Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States
of America).” (Para. 80 II (a).)

11. That Order is subject to a time-limit which is inherent in its pro-
visional character: the measures have effect only until the Court has
given its judgment on the Application for interpretation. The Order is

also limited to the five named Mexican nationals. The international obli-
gation arising from the Avena Judgment and set out in paragraph 1
above, by contrast, is not subject to either limit. It continues until the
convictions and sentences of all 51 Mexican nationals have been effec-

tively reviewed and reconsidered.

36Lors de l’audience du 19 juin 2008, l’agent des Etats-Unis a assuré la
Cour que les discussions visées dans la dernière phrase avaient déjà

commencé.
8. Il est clair que si ces interventions ainsi que d’autres tendant à
l’obtention d’un réexamen et d’une revision effectifs devaient échouer et
que si l’un des ressortissants mexicains était exécuté avant que ceux-ci
n’aient été intégralement mis en Œuvre, les Etats-Unis violeraient l’obli-

gation internationale qui leur incombe en vertu de l’arrêt Avena. L’agent
l’a clairement reconnu à l’audience.
9. Nous espérons également sincèrement que les autorités fédérales des
Etats-Unis et les autorités des Etats concernés trouveront une formule

effective de mise en Œuvre de l’arrêt Avena, et que celle-ci permettra aux
ressortissants mexicains de bénéficier du réexamen et de la revision effec-
tifs de leurs verdicts de culpabilité et peines prescrits par l’arrêt. En ce
sens, nous partageons pleinement l’avis des autres membres de la Cour.

*

10. Cette demande en indication de mesures conservatoires a été déposée
par le Mexique en même temps que sa demande en interprétation du
point 9) du paragraphe 153 (visée au paragraphe 4 ci-dessus) de l’arrêt rendu

en l’affaireAvena. Les mesures conservatoires demandées par le Mexique et
ordonnées par la Cour ont précisément l’objet que nous venons d’exposer
— aucun des cinq ressortissants mexicains ne doit être exécuté avant que le
verdict de culpabilité et la peine de ce dernier n’aient effectivement été
réexaminés et revisés ainsi que prescrit par l’art vena de 2004. La mesure

conservatoire indiquée dans l’ordonnance de la Cour se lit comme suit:
«Les Etats-Unis d’Amérique prendront toutes les mesures néces-

saires pour que MM. José Ernesto Medellín Rojas, César Roberto
Fierro Reyna, Rubén Ramírez Cárdenas, Humberto Leal García et
Roberto Moreno Ramos ne soient pas exécutés tant que n’aura pas
été rendu l’arrêt sur la demande en interprétation présentée par les
Etats-Unis du Mexique, à moins et jusqu’à ce que ces cinq ressortis-

sants mexicains aient bénéficié du réexamen et de la revision prévus
aux paragraphes 138 à 141 de l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le 31 mars
2004 dans l’affaireAvena et autres ressortissants mexicains (Mexique
c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique) .» (Par. 80, point II, alinéa a).)

11. Cette ordonnance est assortie d’un délai inhérent à son caractère
conservatoire: ces mesures n’ont effet que jusqu’à ce que la Cour ait sta-
tué sur la demande en interprétation. L’ordonnance se limite également

auxcinqressortissantsmexicainsnommémentdésignés.L’obligationinter-
nationale résultant de l’arrêt Avena, exposée au paragraphe 1 ci-dessus,
n’est par contraste assortie d’aucune limitation. Elle reste en vigueur
jusqu’à ce que les verdicts de culpabilité rendus et peines prononcées à

l’encontre des cinquante et un ressortissants mexicains aient été concrè-
tement réexaminés et revisés.

36 12. In our opinion, provisional measures are not available in this case
because we consider, for reasons we give later, that Mexico has not dem-

onstrated on any standard that its Application requesting interpretation
is capable of falling within Article 60 of the Statute of the Court. It has
not demonstrated even on a provisional basis that there may be a dispute
about the meaning or scope of paragraph 153 (9) of the Judgment, the
subject of the Application for interpretation. Accordingly, the Applica-

tion requesting interpretation should be dismissed at this stage as inadmis-
sible. There would then be no pending proceeding and no rights under
that proceeding to be preserved as required by Article 41 of the Statute,
and the request for provisional measures made under that provision

would as a consequence have to be dismissed.
13. Article 60 provides as follows:

“The judgment is final and without appeal. In the event of dispute
as to the meaning or scope of the judgment, the Court shall construe
it upon the request of any party.”

In its Application requesting interpretation, Mexico contends that a “dis-
pute” has arisen between it and the United States about whether the obli-
gation stated in paragraph 153 (9) of the Avena Judgment is an obliga-
tion of result — as it, Mexico, contends — or an obligation of means,

which is how, in Mexico’s view, the United States understands the obli-
gation (Application, paras. 5, 52, 57 and 59). It is for the Applicant, in its
Application requesting interpretation, to indicate, in terms of Arti-
cle 98 (2) and (3) of the Rules of Court, “the precise point or points in
dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgment” and its supporting

contentions. In its Application for interpretation, under the heading The
Interpretation Requested ,

“59. The Government of Mexico asks the Court to adjudge and
declare that the obligation incumbent upon the United States under
paragraph 153 (9) of the Avena Judgment constitutes an obligation
of result as it is clearly stated in the Judgment by the indication that
the United States must provide ‘review and reconsideration of the

convictions and sentences’ but leaving it the ‘means of its own
choosing’;
and that, pursuant to the foregoing obligation of result,
1. the United States must take any and all steps necessary to pro-
vide the reparation of review and reconsideration mandated by

the Avena Judgment; and
2. the United States must take any and all steps necessary to ensure
that no Mexican national entitled to review and reconsideration
under the Avena Judgment is executed unless and until that

review and reconsideration is completed and it is determined that
no prejudice resulted from the violation.”

That proposed interpretation, we observe, does not differ in any essential

37 12. A notre avis, on ne saurait accorder de mesures conservatoires en
l’espèce car il nous apparaît, pour les raisons exposées plus loin, que le

Mexique n’a aucunement démontré que sa demande en interprétation
pouvait relever de l’article 60 du Statut de la Cour. Il n’a pas été démon-
tré, même à titre provisoire, qu’une contestation pouvait exister sur le
sens ou la portée du point 9) du paragraphe 153 de l’arrêt, objet de la
demande en interprétation. En conséquence, cette dernière devrait être

rejetée à ce stade comme irrecevable. Il n’y aurait alors aucune procédure
pendante et aucun droit à préserver aux termes de cette procédure,
comme le prescrit l’article 41 du Statut, et la demande de mesures conser-
vatoires présentée en vertu de cette disposition devrait en conséquence

être rejetée.
13. L’article 60 dispose que:

«L’arrêt est définitif et sans recours. En cas de contestation sur le
sens et la portée de l’arrêt, il appartient à la Cour de l’interpréter, à
la demande de toute partie.»

Dans sa demande en interprétation, le Mexique soutient que la «contes-
tation» qui l’oppose aux Etats-Unis porte sur la question de savoir si
l’obligation visée au point 9) du paragraphe 153 de l’arrêt Avena consti-
tue une obligation de résultat — comme l’affirme le Mexique — ou une

obligation de moyens, telle que l’entendent les Etats-Unis selon l’avis du
Mexique (demande en interprétation, par. 5, 52, 57 et 59). Conformément
aux paragraphes 2 et 3 de l’article 98 du Règlement de la Cour, c’est au
demandeur qu’il incombe, dans sa demande en interprétation, d’indiquer
«avec précision le point ou les points contestés quant au sens ou à la por-

tée de l’arrêt» ainsi que ses prétentions à l’appui. Dans ladite demande,
sous l’intitulé «L’interprétation demandée»,

«59. Le Gouvernement du Mexique prie la Cour de dire et juger
que l’obligation incombant aux Etats-Unis d’Amérique en vertu du
point 9) du paragraphe 153 de l’arrêt Avena constitue une obligation
de résultat clairement formulée dans l’arrêt, lequel indique que les
Etats-Unis sont tenus d’assurer «le réexamen et la revision des ver-

dicts de culpabilité et des peines» en recourant aux «moyens de leur
choix»;
et que, conformément à l’obligation de résultat susmentionnée,
1) les Etats-Unis d’Amérique doivent prendre toute mesure néces-
saire en vue d’assurer le réexamen et la revision prescrits à titre

de réparation par l’arrêt Avena;et
2) les Etats-Unis d’Amérique doivent prendre toute mesure néces-
saire pour faire en sorte qu’aucun ressortissant mexicain pouvant
prétendre au réexamen et à la revision prescrits par l’arrêt Avena

ne soit exécuté à moins et jusqu’à ce que ce réexamen et cette
revision aient eu lieu et qu’il ait été établi qu’aucun préjudice
n’avait résulté de la violation.»

Nous remarquons que l’interprétation proposée ne diffère pas essentiel-

37element from what the Judgment expressly states as the obligation of the
United States in paragraph 153 (9) (para. 4 above).

14. The obligation of result imposed by the Judgment, according to
Mexico, means that the United States must take any and all steps neces-
sary to provide the review and reconsideration mandated by the Judgment.
The Agent and counsel of the United States made it clear before the Court
that the United States understands its obligation in exactly those terms,

and as an obligation of result. The correspondence before the Court, both
preceding and following the Application requesting interpretation, shows
the United States as continuing to be engaged, as it was earlier when it
promulgated the President’s determination and participated in the related

court proceedings based on it in Texas and the United States Supreme
Court, in attempting to establish effective review and reconsideration. The
United States has not contested and does not contest in any way its obliga-
tion to achieve that result of effective review and reconsideration. It is
plain that, the Presidential determination having failed to achieve the

intended result, the United States is obliged to continue to pursue other
possibilities. Mexico has proposed some possible methods but the decision
of the United States not to pursue those possibilities indicates no more
than differences about methods of implementation. It is striking that the
correspondence between the Parties is all about various ways of imple-

menting or giving effect to the obligation. We cannot see any showing at
all in that correspondence or elsewhere that the Parties are in dispute over
the meaning or scope of the obligation stated in paragraph 153 (9).
15. In its Application, Mexico also calls attention to the failure of the
Texas courts to provide the required effective review and reconsideration.

That failure has culminated so far in the scheduling by a Texas court of
the date and time for the putting to death of Mr. Medellín. According to
Mexico,

“Texas, a constituent state of the United States, does not recog-
nize that the obligation to comply subjects its own law to that of
binding international law.”

In its oral submissions, Mexico, contending, by reference to Article 4 of
the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on State Responsibil-
ity for Internationally Wrongful Acts that in international law the con-

duct of the Texas authorities was to be treated as an act of the United
States, stated as follows:

“Texas is the United States. And by scheduling Mr. Medellín’s
execution before he has received the remedy mandated by this Court
in Avena, Texas has unmistakably communicated its disagreement
with Mexico’s interpretation of the Judgment. Texas clearly does not

believe that it has an obligation of result . . .”

That amounts to a dispute, Mexico says, between it and the competent
organs and authorities in the State of Texas.

38lement de l’obligation incombant expressément aux Etats-Unis en vertu
du point 9) du paragraphe 153 de l’arrêt (par. 4 ci-dessus).

14. L’obligation de résultat imposée par l’arrêt, selon le Mexique,
signifie que les Etats-Unis doivent prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires
aux fins d’assurer le réexamen et la revision prescrits par l’arrêt. L’agent
et le conseil des Etats-Unis ont indiqué devant la Cour que les Etats-Unis
l’entendaient bien ainsi et comme une obligation de résultat. La corres-

pondance produite à la Cour avant et après la demande en interprétation
montre que les Etats-Unis continuent d’intervenir, comme ils l’ont fait
précédemment en promulguant la décision du président puis en prenant
part aux procédures instruites sur cette base par les juridictions du Texas

et par la Cour suprême des Etats-Unis, afin d’assurer un réexamen et une
revision effectifs. Les Etats-Unis n’ont pas contesté et ne contestent aucu-
nement leur obligation d’obtenir ce réexamen et cette revision effectifs. Il
est évident qu’ils n’ont d’autre choix que de continuer à envisager d’autres
modes d’intervention puisque la décision du président n’a pas abouti au

résultat escompté. Le Mexique a proposé des formules possibles, mais la
décision des Etats-Unis de ne pas y donner suite témoigne d’une simple
divergence dans les moyens de mise en Œuvre. Il est étonnant que la cor-
respondance entre les Parties porte uniquement sur les divers moyens de
mettre en Œuvre ladite obligation ou de lui donner effet. Selon nous, rien

ne laisse entendre dans cette correspondance ou ailleurs que les Parties
sont en désaccord sur le sens ou la portée de l’obligation visée au point 9)
du paragraphe 153.
15. Dans sa demande, le Mexique attire aussi l’attention de la Cour
sur le fait que les juridictions du Texas n’ont pas assuré le réexamen et la

revision effectifs prescrits, ce qui a conduit une juridiction du Texas à
fixer la date et l’heure de l’exécution de M. Medellín. Selon le Mexique,

«le Texas, Etat constitutif des Etats-Unis d’Amérique, ne considère
pas qu’il découle de l’obligation de se conformer à l’arrêt que le droit
international l’emporte sur son droit interne».

Dans ses plaidoiries orales, soutenant, en s’appuyant sur l’article 4 du
projet d’articles sur la responsabilité de l’Etat pour fait internationale-
ment illicite de la Commission du droit international, que le comporte-

ment des autorités du Texas devait être considéré, en droit international,
comme un acte des Etats-Unis, le Mexique a déclaré ce qui suit:

«Or, le Texas fait bien partie des Etats-Unis, et, en prévoyant
d’exécuter M. Medellín avant qu’il n’ait pu bénéficier de la répara-
tion prescrite par la Cour dans l’arrêt Avena, il a de toute évidence
exprimé son désaccord avec l’interprétation que fait le Mexique de

cet arrêt. Il est donc clair que le Texas ne s’estime pas astreint à une
obligation de résultat...»

Ce qui constitue, d’après le Mexique, une contestation l’opposant aux
organes et autorités compétents de l’Etat du Texas.

38 16. The proposition of law on which Mexico relies is not relevant in
this context. It helps to determine the existence or not of the international

responsibility of a State for a breach of international law when the breach
is committed by an organ exercising public functions, whatever position
that organ holds in the organization of the State. Undoubtedly, as the
United States accepts, if the Texas authorities go ahead and put Mr.
Medellín to death before the required review and reconsideration is car-

ried out, the United States will be in breach of its international obliga-
tions. But it does not follow that Mexico and the United States are in
dispute about the meaning or scope of the Avena Judgment simply
because the Texas authorities have so far not given effect to the obliga-

tion of the United States under the 2004 Judgment.

17. For the purposes of Article 60 of the Statute of the Court, as gen-
erally in international law and practice, it is the Executive of the State
that represents the State and speaks for it at the international level. Other

organs, whether part of the central government or of a territorial unit,
unless otherwise authorized, do not. Since Mexico must found its Appli-
cation on a dispute with the United States Executive about the scope or
meaning of the Judgment at the international level, it cannot depend in
that respect on any position taken by the authorities of Texas. It must

point to a dispute with the United States Executive and it has failed to do
that.

18. The Court in its Order states that, while it seems that both Parties
regard paragraph 153 (9) of the Avena Judgment as an international obli-

gation of result, they nevertheless apparently hold differing views as to
the meaning and scope of that obligation of result, namely, whether that
understanding is shared by all United States federal and state authorities
and whether that obligation falls upon those authorities (Order, para. 55).
We disagree with this finding, which appears to be essential to the reason-

ing supporting the Order, for two reasons. First, whether the understand-
ing is shared by all federal and state authorities is a matter of fact and
does not give rise to any matter of interpretation. Second, the issue
whether the obligation “falls upon those authorities” is not one of inter-
pretation which was raised by Mexico in exchanges with the United

States or in its Application; it accordingly has not become the subject of
dispute with the United States. We would also note that the obligation
stated in paragraph 153 (9) is stated as “an obligation of the United
States of America”, completely in accordance with principle and consist-
ent practice, reflected for instance in subparagraphs (4), (5), (6), (7) and

(8) as well as (9) of paragraph 153.

19. We turn to differences in the wording of provisions of the Statute

which in the English text uses the word “dispute”. The French text of
Articles 36 (6) and 60 of the Statute uses the word “contestation” while,

39 16. Le principe de droit invoqué par le Mexique n’est pas pertinent
dans ce contexte. Il tend à établir l’existence, ou l’absence, de la respon-

sabilité internationale d’un Etat pour violation du droit international
lorsque celle-ci est imputable à un organe exerçant des fonctions publi-
ques, quelle que soit la position de cet organe dans l’organisation de
l’Etat. Il ne fait pas de doute, ainsi que les Etats-Unis en conviennent,
que, si les autorités du Texas procèdent à l’exécution de M. Medellín

avant le réexamen et la revision prescrits, les Etats-Unis violeront les
obligations internationales qui leur incombent. Mais il ne s’ensuit pas
que le Mexique et les Etats-Unis sont en désaccord sur le sens ou la por-
tée de l’arrêt Avena uniquement parce que les autorités du Texas n’ont,

jusque-là, pas donné effet à l’obligation des Etats-Unis prescrite par
l’arrêt de 2004.
17. Pour les besoins de l’article 60 du Statut de la Cour et, générale-
ment, en droit international et dans la pratique des Etats, c’est l’exécutif
de l’Etat qui représente la nation et parle en son nom sur le plan inter-

national, et non d’autres organes, qu’ils fassent partie du gouvernement
central ou d’une unité territoriale, sauf autorisation contraire. La
demande du Mexique devant être fondée sur une contestation qui l’oppose
à l’exécutif des Etats-Unis sur le sens ou la portée de l’arrêt au niveau
international, elle ne saurait dépendre ainsi d’une quelconque position

adoptée par les autorités du Texas. Le Mexique doit établir l’existence
d’une contestation l’opposant à l’exécutif des Etats-Unis, ce qu’il n’a pas
fait.
18. Dans son ordonnance, la Cour indique que, bien que les deux
Parties semblent considérer le point 9) du paragraphe 153 de l’arrêt

Avena comme une obligation internationale de résultat, elles n’en parais-
sent pas moins diverger d’opinion quant au sens et à la portée de cette
obligation, plus précisément quant à la question de savoir si cette com-
munauté de vues est partagée par toutes les autorités des Etats-Unis, à
l’échelon fédéral et à celui des Etats, et si cette obligation s’impose à ces

autorités (ordonnance, par. 55). Nous rejetons cette conclusion qui paraît
être un élément essentiel du raisonnement de l’ordonnance, pour deux
raisons. Premièrement, la question de savoir si cette communauté de vues
est partagée par toutes les autorités, fédérales et des Etats, est une ques-
tion de fait et ne pose pas de question d’interprétation. Deuxièmement, la

question de savoir si cette obligation «s’impose à ces autorités» n’est pas
une question d’interprétation que le Mexique a soulevée lors de ses
échanges avec les Etats-Unis ou dans sa demande; partant, elle n’est pas
devenue l’objet de la contestation l’opposant aux Etats-Unis. Nous notons
également que l’obligation exposée au point 9) du paragraphe 153 in-

dique que «les Etats-Unis d’Amérique sont tenus d’assurer...», conformé-
ment aux principes de droit et à la pratique constante, comme le reflètent
par exemple les points 4), 5), 6), 7), 8) et 9) du paragraphe 153.
19. Examinons maintenant les différences observées dans le texte des

dispositions du Statut, qui, en anglais, contient le mot «dispute». La ver-
sion française du paragraphe 6 de l’article 36 et de l’article 60 du Statut

39by contrast, Article 36 (2) about the jurisdiction of the Court and Article
38 about its function use “différend”, with the English text using “dis-

pute” in all four provisions. We note that “contestation” is also used in
Article 36 (6) concerning “disputes” (the word used in English) about
jurisdiction. The Spanish text uses three expressions, “las controversias”,
in both Articles 36 (2) and 38, “disputa” in Article 36 (6) and “desac-
uerdo” in Article 60. The Chinese text uses the one word, “zhe ¯ngdua¯n”,

meaning dispute in all four provisions. And the Russian text uses the one
word, “spor” meaning dispute, in all four. Given those differences between
the equally authentic texts of the Statute we do not see the differences
between the particular English and French words as significant.

20. We are however prepared to accept the argument that in the con-

text of Article 60 the requirement of “dispute [or “contestation”] as to the
meaning or scope of the judgment” as compared with “all legal disputes”
or “such disputes” in Articles 36 (2) and 38 has a wider connotation. As
the Permanent Court of International Justice indicated in 1927, less may
be required by Article 60 in terms of any formal manifestation of the dis-

pute. But the Parties still in fact have to show themselves as holding
opposite views in regard to the meaning or scope of the Judgment of the
Court. Further, as the Permanent Court, reading Article 60 in the context
of Article 59, went on to say:

“The natural inference to be drawn is that the second sentence of
Article 60 was inserted in order, if necessary, to enable the Court to

make quite clear the points which had been settled with binding
force in a judgment, and, on the other hand, that a request which
has not that object does not come within the terms of this provision.
In order that a difference of opinion should become the subject of a
request for an interpretation under Article 60 of the Statute, there

must therefore exist a difference of opinion between the Parties as to
those points in the judgment in question which have not been
decided with binding force.” (Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and
8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 13, p.11, applied by the Court in Application for Revision and

Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case con-
cerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)
(Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1985, pp. 217-218, para. 46.)

As this Court said in 1950, a dispute, in the sense of Article 60, “requires
a divergence of views between the parties on definite points” (Request for

Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1950 , p. 403). As those cases make clear and

40emploie le mot «contestation» tandis que, par contraste, le paragraphe 2
de l’article 36 relatif à la compétence de la Cour et l’article 38 relatif à sa

fonction contiennent le terme «différend», le texte anglais employant le
mot «dispute» dans les quatre dispositions. Nous faisons observer que
«contestation» est également repris dans le paragraphe 6 de l’article 36
s’agissant des «disputes» (le terme employé en anglais) en matière de

compétence. Le texte espagnol contient trois expressions, «las controver-
sias», au paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 et dans l’article 38, «disputa» au
paragraphe 6 de l’article 36 et «desacuerdo» dans l’article 60. Le texte
chinois emploie le seul et unique mot de «zhe ¯ngdua¯n», au sens de «dis-
pute», dans les quatre dispositions. Et le texte russe emploie un seul et

même mot, celui de «spor» pour «dispute» dans les quatre dispositions.
Compte tenu des différences entre les versions faisant foi du Statut, celles
qui existent entre les termes anglais et français en question ne nous sem-
blent pas importantes.

20. Nous sommes néanmoins disposés à accepter la thèse selon laquelle,
en ce qui concerne l’article 60, la condition d’une «contestation [ou «dis-
pute»] sur le sens et la portée de l’arrêt» a une connotation plus large que
les expressions «tous les différends d’ordre juridique» ou «les différends»
figurant au paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 et dans l’article 38. Comme l’a

indiqué la Cour permanente de Justice internationale en 1927, les condi-
tions fixées par l’article 60 sont peut-être moins strictes en termes de
manifestation formelle du différend. Les Parties n’en sont pas moins
tenues de montrer qu’elles ont des vues divergentes quant au sens ou à la

portée de l’arrêt de la Cour. De plus, comme la Cour permanente l’a
ajouté en lisant l’article 60 dans le contexte de l’article 59:

«Il semble tout naturel de penser que c’est afin de permettre à la
Cour de préciser au besoin ce qui a été décidé avec force obligatoire
dans un arrêt que la deuxième phrase de l’article 60 a été introduite,
et qu’en revanche une demande qui n’a pas ce but ne rentre pas dans

le cadre de cette disposition. Pour qu’une divergence de vues puisse
faire l’objet d’une demande en interprétation en vertu de l’article 60
du Statut, il faut donc qu’il y ait divergence entre les Parties sur ce
qui, dans l’arrêt en question, a été tranché avec force obligatoire.»
(Interprétation des arrêts nos 7 et 8 (usine de Chorzów), arrêt n o 11,
o
1927, C.P.J.I. série A n 13, p. 11, appliqué par la Cour dans la
Demande en revision et en interprétation de l’arrêt du 24 février 1982
en l’affaire du Plateau continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe
libyenne) (Tunisie c. Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), arrêt, C.I.J.

Recueil 1985, p. 217-218, par. 46.)

Comme la Cour l’a dit en 1950, une contestation au sens de l’article 60
«exige une divergence de vues entre parties sur des points définis»
(Demande d’interprétation de l’arrêt du 20 novembre 1950 en l’affaire du
droit d’asile, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1950 , p. 403). Comme l’enseigne cette

40principle dictates, it is for the Court, and not for one of the Parties, to
decide whether dispute or contestation exists; see also e.g., Applicability

of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of the United Nations
Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J.
Reports 1988, p. 27. The Parties, in the circumstances of this case, cannot
on any basis be seen as “holding opposite views in regard to the meaning

or scope” of paragraph 153 (9) of the 2004 Judgment.

21. We conclude that Mexico has not satisfied that requirement of
Article 60 of the Statute that it demonstrate the existence of a dispute

about the meaning or scope of the Judgment.
22. It follows that in our opinion the Application requesting interpre-
tation should be dismissed. As a consequence, the request for provisional
measures which is designed to protect rights asserted in that Application

would no longer have a purpose and should also be dismissed. We
accordingly voted against subparagraphs I and II (a) of the operative
clause of the Order (para. 80).
23. We have voted in favour of subparagraphs II (b) and III, on the
basis that the Court has made the two primary decisions and the other

two are consequential on them.

*

24. We conclude with two comments. First, on the decision of Mexico
to initiate these proceedings, we cannot fail to record our full understand-
ing of the great concern of the Government of Mexico and the people it
represents, a concern manifested in its good faith attempts, including its
bringing of the proceedings, to protect its nationals.

25. Second, we repeat our earnest trust that effective ways of imple-
menting the Avena Judgment will be found by the federal and relevant
state authorities of the United States with the result that the Mexican

nationals receive the effective review and reconsideration of their convic-
tions and sentences as required by the Judgment.

(Signed) Hisashi O WADA .
(Signed) Peter T OMKA .

(Signed) Kenneth K EITH .

41jurisprudence et comme l’exigent les principes de droit applicables, c’est à

la Cour, et non à l’une des parties, qu’il revient de décider s’il existe ou
non un différend ou une contestation; voir également, par exemple,
Applicabilité de l’obligation d’arbitrage en vertu de la section 21 de
l’accord du 26 juin 1947 relatif au siège de l’Organisation des Nations
Unies, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1988 , p. 27. Dans les circonstances

de la présente affaire, on ne saurait dire que les Parties ont des «vues
divergentes quant au sens ou à la portée» du point 9) du paragraphe 153
de l’arrêt de 2004.
21. Nous concluons que le Mexique n’a pas satisfait à l’exigence de

l’article 60 du Statut qui lui impose de prouver l’existence d’une contesta-
tion sur le sens ou la portée de l’arrêt.
22. Il s’ensuit que la demande en interprétation devrait selon nous être
rejetée. Par conséquent, la demande de mesures conservatoires destinée à

sauvegarder les droits défendus dans cette demande deviendrait sans
objet et devrait également être rejetée. En conséquence, nous avons voté
contre les points I et II, alinéa a), du dispositif de l’ordonnance (par. 80).

23. Nous avons voté en faveur des points II, alinéa b), et III, au motif
que la Cour a pris les deux décisions fondamentales et que les deux autres
en découlent.

*

24. Nous conclurons par deux observations. Premièrement, sur la
décision du Mexique d’introduire la présente procédure, nous déclarons
bien évidemment partager la vive préoccupation du Gouvernement du

Mexique et du peuple qu’il représente, lequel gouvernement tente de
bonne foi de protéger ses ressortissants, notamment par l’introduction de
la présente procédure.
25. Deuxièmement, nous exprimons à nouveau l’espoir sincère que les

autorités fédérales des Etats-Unis et les autorités des Etats concernés
trouveront des moyens effectifs de mise en Œuvre de l’arrêt Avena,etque
les ressortissants mexicains bénéficieront ainsi du réexamen et de la revi-
sion des verdicts et peines prescrits par celui-ci.

(Signé) Hisashi O WADA .
(Signé) Peter T OMKA .
(Signé) Kenneth K EITH.

41

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Joint dissenting opinion of Judges Owada, Tomka and Keith

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