Separate Opinion by Judge ad hoc Dugard

Document Number
126-20020710-ORD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
126-20020710-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE DUGARD

Circumstcincesto he cor7sirlered in decidingivhento ren?oilecasejrom the List
- Manij2st luck ofjurisdiction wurrunting reniovuljrom List tchenno reason-

ablepossibility thutjurisdiction muy be estublishedinsuh.sequentproceedings -
Groundsuadvunced,for juriscliction iripresent proceedings marzij2stlyunfiunciecl
- Need to renzoi,eApplicutionjrorn List - E.xpressionqf'concernthut Court's
even-hurzu'ed coniments on situution rnight he irnproperlyinterpreted.

1. While 1agree with the Order of the Court rejecting the request for

the indication of provisional measures submitted by the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, 1am unable to agree with the Order of the Court
that the case should not be removed from the Court's List.
2. For many years there has been a debate oves the question whether
an Order for provisional measures, made under Article 41 of the Statute

of the International Court of Justice, is binding or not. In the LaCrund
case, the Court gave its answer: such an Order is binding upon States
(LaGrand (Cerrnany v. United States of' Atnerica), Judgrîzent, I.C.J.
Reports 2001, pp. 498-508, paras. 92-116).As a consequence of this deci-

sion, provisional measures will assume a greater importance than before
and there will be a greater incentive on the part of States to request such
measures. In these circumstances, the Court should be cautious in
making Orders for provisional measures where there are serious doubts
about the basis for jurisdiction and strict in its response to requests for

provisional measures where the jurisdictional basis for the claim is
manifestly unfounded. If it fails to adopt such an approach, the Court
will be inundated with requests for provisional measures.

3. The Court has expressed itself clearly on the need for caution in the
granting of provisional measures where there is inadequate basis for the
exercise of jurisdiction on the merits of the case'. In the case concerning
Legulity of Use oj Force ( Yugoslaviu v. Belgiurn) the Court stated that it
ought not to grant a request for provisional measures "unless the provi-

sions invoked by the applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on
which the jurisdiction of the Court might be established" (Legulity ofUse

' For a survey of this jurisprudence, see the separate opinion of Judge Higgins in the
case concerningLeguliilitf'Useof'Force (Yugo.s/uviv. Belgiirm)P, rooi.siiu1etrsure.~,
Order ($2 June 1999, I.C.J. Report1999 (1).pp 164-168,paras. 12-25.of Force ( Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of2 June

1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (1), p. 132, para. 21). This test is endorsed by
the Court in its present Order (para. 58).

4. The jurisprudence of the Court is less clear on the action it should
take, if any, where the Applicant requesting provisional measures has
failed to establish, prima facie, a basis for jurisdiction. No doubt this is

because before the cases concerning the Legulity oJ'Use ofForce between
Yugoslavia and ten NATO States in 1999, there was no case in which the
Applicant requesting provisional measures had failed to establish a prima
facie basis for jurisdiction. In these cases the Court addressed the ques-
tion of what to do in such circumstances and held that two of the ten
Applications, those brought by Yugoslavia against Spain and the United
States, should be removed from the List of cases before the Court. In

these two cases the Court held that where it "manifestly" lacked jurisdic-
tion, by reason, inter aliu, of the reservations by Spain and the United
States of America to the Genocide Convention excluding the jurisdiction
of the Court, the cases should be removed from the List because

"within a system of consensual jurisdiction, to maintain on the Gen-
eral List a case upon which it appears certain that the Court will not
be able to adjudicate on the merits would most assuredly not con-
tribute to the sound administration of justice" (Legality of Use oj
Force ( Yugosluviu v. Spain), Provisional Meusures, Order of 2 June

1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 773, para. 35; Legality oj Use
of Force ( Yugo.slavia v. United States oj America), Provisional
Meusures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 925,
para. 29).

In the eight other Applications brought by Yugoslavia against NATO
States, which were parties to the Genocide Convention but had failed

to exclude the Court's jurisdiction by reservation, the Court held that
although "at this stage of the proceedings" it could not find that the acts
imputed by Yugoslavia to the respondent States fell within the provisions
of the Genocide Convention, and could thus afford a basis for the exer-
cise of jurisdiction under ArticleIX of the Convention, it might be pos-
sible for Yugoslavia to develop its position in this respect at a later stage.

Hence it refused to remove the cases from the List.

5. It is not my intention to explore the reasoning of the Court on this
matter. Suffice it to Say that the Court reached its decision in these
cases on the circumstancesof these cases without attempting to expound
any general test for deciding when it "manifestly" lacked jurisdiction.

Several formulations which give greater guidance were, however,advanced by individualjudges in these cases. Judge Higgins stated that

where
"it is clear beyond doubt that no jurisdiction exists in a particular
case, good administration of justice requires that the case be imme-

diately struck off the List in limine" (Legulity of Use of Force
( Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, 1C.J. Reports 1999 (1), p. 169, para. 29).

Judge Gaja, in considering "the situation in which the Applicant invokes
a jurisdictional clause in a treaty, but has not shown that a reasonable
connection exists between the dispute submitted to the Court and the
treaty including the clause", maintained that in such circumstances the
case should be struck off the List "only if no such connection could be

established at subsequent stages of the proceedings" (Legality of Use oj
Force ( Yugoslavia v. Italy), Provisional Meusures, Order of 2 June 1999,
I.C.J. Reports 1999 (1), p.502). He continued by stating that

"When on the contrary a reasonable connection may conceivably
appear in the future, it would be too drastic a solution to remove the
case from the List. The applicant State should therefore be given an
opportunity to develop its position in a memorial - whether or not
its arguments are meritorious." (Ihid.)

Judge Oda, in holding that al1ten of Yugoslavia's Applications against
NATO States should be struck off the List, reasoned that where the
Court finds in an Application for provisional measures that "there is not
even a prima facie basis of jurisdiction", this

"should be interpreted as a ruling that it has no jurisdiction whatso-
ever to entertain the Applications, without leaving any room to

retain these cases and to deal with the issue of jurisdiction in the
future7' (Legality of Use of'Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provi-
sional Meusures, Order of 2 June 1999, I. C.J. Reports 1999 (1),
p. 159, para. 27).

6. Judge Oda's suggestion that once the Court has found that there is
no prima facie basis for jurisdiction in an Application for provisional
measures the case should automatically be struck off the List is probably
too drastic a response as it fails to allow for a consideration of the cir-
cumstances of individual cases. It seems wiser therefore to adopt guide-

lines for the interpretation of the test of "manifest lack of jurisdiction"
which would enable the Court to consider the factors such as the history
of the Application, the likelihood that the Applicant will be able tc show
in future that there exists a reasonable connection between the dispute
and the treaty invoked to found jurisdiction (as suggested by Judge
Gaja) and the prospects of any preconditions for the establishment of

jurisdiction being met. Such guidelines might be subsumed in a test ofreasonableness; a case should be removed from the List where there is
no reasonable possibility, based on the facts and cirçumstances of the
unsuccessful Application, that the Applicant will at some future date
be able to establish the jurisdiction of the Court on the instruments
invoked for jurisdiction in the Application for provisional measures.

7. In the present case the Court has rightly held that the instruments
invoked by the Applicant, prima facie, provide no basis for jurisdiction.
It does not, however, go so far as to hold that there is a "manifest lack of
jurisdiction" warranting the removal of the Application from the List
(Order, para. 91). The Court gives no clear reason for this finding, but

suggests that the failure of the Applicant to meet preconditions for the
establishment ofjurisdiction or to show a connection between the dispute
before the Court and the treaties relied upon for jurisdiction "at this
stage in the proceedings" (Order, paras. 79, 82 and 88)might be remedied
at a later stage of the proceedings (Order, para. 90). In my view, such a

finding sets too low a threshold for "manifest lack of jurisdiction" in
the circumstances of the present case, and sets a dangerous precedent
for the Court.

8. In the present Application the Congo has relied on eight instru-
ments to found jurisdiction, six of which inunijëstlj~ do not provide the

remotest basis for jurisdiction- as shown by the Court in its Order. The
Convention against Torture of 1984 provides no basis for jurisdiction as
Rwanda is not a party to this Convention (Order, para. 61). The Conven-
tion on Racial Discrimination of 1966 and the Genocide Convention of
1948 provide no basis for jurisdiction as Rwanda has by reservation
excluded the jurisdiction of the Court (Order, paras. 67 and 72). The

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is inapplicable as there is no
dispute whatsoever between the Congo and Rwanda concerning a con-
flict between a treaty and peremptory norm of international law, as pro-
vided for in Articles 53 and 66 (Order, para. 75). The Unesco Constitu-
tion is likewise inapplicable as there is no dispute whatsoever between the
Congo and Rwanda over the interpretation-of the Unesco Constitution

as contemplated by Article XIV, paragraph 2,of this Constitution (Order,
para. 85). The Constitution of the World Health Organization places
obligations on the World Health Organization and not on member States
to promote health (Arts. 1 and 2). Article 75 of the Constitution of the
WHO could not therefore give the Court jurisdiction over a dispute con-
cerning an allegation that a state had undermined the health of persons

in another country (Order, para. 82).

9. This leaves only the compromissory clauses in the Montreal Con-
vention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil
Aviation (hereinafter Montreal Convention) and the Convention on the
Elimination of Al1Forms of Discrimination against Women (hereinafter269 ARMED ACTIVITIES (SEP.OP. DUGARD)

Convention on Discrimination against Women) as possible grounds for
the establishment of jurisdiction.
10. The claim that Article 14 of the Montreal Convention provides a
basis for jurisdiction must be seen in its historical context. In 1999 the

Congo brought an Application before the Court similar to the present
one in which it sought to found the jurisdiction of the Court on the com-
promissory clause in the Montreal Convention, alleging that in 1998 a
civil aircraft had been shot down by the forces of Rwanda, Uganda or
Burundi. Following Rwanda's Memorial in response to this allegation, in

which it denied that the Congo had defined the nature of the dispute or
complied with the preconditions of negotiation or arbitration laid down
in Article 14of the Convention, the Congo notified the Court on 15 Janu-
ary 2001 that it wished to discontinue the proceedings but that it "reserved

the right to invoke subsequently new grounds of jurisdiction of the
Court" (I.C.J. Yearhook 2000-2001, No. 55. p. 286). In the present
Application the Congo again argued that the Court had jurisdiction over
the dispute under Article 14 of the Montreal Convention on the basis of
the shooting down of the civil aircraft in 1998, but made no request to

indicate any provisional measure relating to rights under the Montreal
Convention (Order. para. 88). Nor did it even suggest that it had made
any attempt at negotiation or arbitration in respect of the dispute over
the shooting down of the aircraft in 1998,before or after the withdrawal
of its earlier Application in January 2001, despite Rwanda's warning in

its Memorial of 2000 that failure to do this constituted a flaw in its argu-
ment on jurisdiction. The accumulation of objections to the establish-
ment of jurisdiction under Article 14 of the Montreal Convention -
non-compliance with the preconditions for jurisdiction, failure to specify
the nature of the dispute or to request provisional measures relating to

rights under the Convention and the resurrection of a complaint of 1998
in the form of a cause of action for urgent measures in 2002 - surely
indicates that the Montreal Convention nzanife.st1ydoes not constitute a
basis for the establishment of jurisdiction. It is "clear beyond doubt that
no jurisdiction exists" in this case on the basis of the Montreal Conven-

tion - in the words of Judge Higgins (see paragraph 5 above). More-
over, the discontinuance of proceedings based on this jurisdictional
ground in 2001 and the rejection of this jurisdictional argument in the
present proceedings demonstrates that there is no real possibility that a
reasonable connection between the dispute submitted to the Court and

Article 14 of the Montreal Convention could be established at subse-
quent stages of the proceedings (see the comment by Judge Gaja, para-
graph 5 above).

11. It is clear that women have suffered disproportionately in the con-

54flict in the eastern part of the Congo. They have been subjected to rape,
torture, mutilation and murder and deliberately infected with HIV by
forces employing sexual violence as an instrument of terror and war.
Crimes of this kind are the concern of international humanitarian law
which brings "rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced preg-
nancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of

comparable gravity" within the definition of crime against humanity
(Art. 7,para. 1, of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,
1998) and provides for individual criminal responsibility and punishment
for such crimes. Whether the Convention on Discrimination against
Women, which obliges States to adopt measures to eliminate discrimina-
tion against women in their law and practice, but imposes no effective

procedures for its enforcement (such as the procedure for inter-State dis-
putes to be found in Article 11 of the Convention on Race Discrimina-
tion), is an appropriate instrument for the protectionof women in armed
conflict remains uncertain.

The Court was not, however, required to consider this matter as the

Congo failed to indicate, even on a prima facie basis, that it had complied
with the preconditions for the establishment of the Court's jurisdiction
under Article 29 of the Convention (Order, para. 79). There was no evi-
dence of a dispute between the Congo and Rwanda over the interpreta-
tion or application of the Convention; no evidence of an attempt to settle
any dispute under the Convention by negotiation; and no evidence of an
attempt to submit any dispute under this Convention to arbitration. The

sad truth is that the dispute between the Congo and Rwanda is not about
women's rights or the treatment of women but about the armed conflict
in thecongo. This was made clear by the Congo in its oral reply when, in
response to Rwanda's argument that there had been no negotiation or
request for arbitration as required by the compromissory clause in the
Convention on Discrimination against Women, it stated that Rwanda

had rejected Congo's proposals for "the settlement of certain specific
armed conflicts" at a number of conferences and meetings (Order,
para. 51).

In these circumstances it is clear that there is no reasonable possibility
that Article29 of the Convention on Discrimination against Women will

provide a jurisdictional basis for the present dispute between the Congo
and Rwanda over the armed conflict in the eastern Congo. It manifestly
provides no basis for jurisdiction as there is no reasonable possibility that
the Applicant will in future be able to establish a connection between the
dispute before the Court and Article 29.

12. 1 have endeavoured to show that none of the eight instruments
advanced by the Applicant to found jurisdiction in the present proceed-
ings, viewed separately, offers, prima facie, a basis for jurisdiction in the

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE DUGARD

Circumstcincesto he cor7sirlered in decidingivhento ren?oilecasejrom the List
- Manij2st luck ofjurisdiction wurrunting reniovuljrom List tchenno reason-

ablepossibility thutjurisdiction muy be estublishedinsuh.sequentproceedings -
Groundsuadvunced,for juriscliction iripresent proceedings marzij2stlyunfiunciecl
- Need to renzoi,eApplicutionjrorn List - E.xpressionqf'concernthut Court's
even-hurzu'ed coniments on situution rnight he irnproperlyinterpreted.

1. While 1agree with the Order of the Court rejecting the request for

the indication of provisional measures submitted by the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, 1am unable to agree with the Order of the Court
that the case should not be removed from the Court's List.
2. For many years there has been a debate oves the question whether
an Order for provisional measures, made under Article 41 of the Statute

of the International Court of Justice, is binding or not. In the LaCrund
case, the Court gave its answer: such an Order is binding upon States
(LaGrand (Cerrnany v. United States of' Atnerica), Judgrîzent, I.C.J.
Reports 2001, pp. 498-508, paras. 92-116).As a consequence of this deci-

sion, provisional measures will assume a greater importance than before
and there will be a greater incentive on the part of States to request such
measures. In these circumstances, the Court should be cautious in
making Orders for provisional measures where there are serious doubts
about the basis for jurisdiction and strict in its response to requests for

provisional measures where the jurisdictional basis for the claim is
manifestly unfounded. If it fails to adopt such an approach, the Court
will be inundated with requests for provisional measures.

3. The Court has expressed itself clearly on the need for caution in the
granting of provisional measures where there is inadequate basis for the
exercise of jurisdiction on the merits of the case'. In the case concerning
Legulity of Use oj Force ( Yugoslaviu v. Belgiurn) the Court stated that it
ought not to grant a request for provisional measures "unless the provi-

sions invoked by the applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on
which the jurisdiction of the Court might be established" (Legulity ofUse

' For a survey of this jurisprudence, see the separate opinion of Judge Higgins in the
case concerningLeguliilitf'Useof'Force (Yugo.s/uviv. Belgiirm)P, rooi.siiu1etrsure.~,
Order ($2 June 1999, I.C.J. Report1999 (1).pp 164-168,paras. 12-25. OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. DUGARD

[Traduction]

Circonstunces àprendre enconsidérationau mornent de déciders'il convient
de radieruneajjluiredt1rôle - Incompétenci.manifestejust~jîantlu radiationdu
rôle en l'absencede toute possibilité raisonnable d'établirla compétence delu
Colnrdans la suite de lu procédure - Cuructérerncznifestementinfonctécles

chc$ cie compétence invoqués en lu présente espèci, - Nécessitéde ruyer
l'uj~iiiredu rôle- Expression de lu crainte de voir 1e.sohservution.~égulenzent
ac/resséep.sur la Cour lil'uneet l'autrePartie uu sujet (l11 .situcltiondorznivlieu
à une irzterprétcrtionl~u.sive.

1. Si je souscris à l'ordonnance de la Cour lorsque celle-ci rejette la

demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentéepar la Répu-
blique démocratique du Congo, je ne puis m'y rallier lorsqu'elle décide de
ne pas rayer I'affaire de son rôle.
2. Pendant longtemps, la question s'est poséede savoir si les ordon-

nances indiquant des mesures conservatoires, rendues au titre de I'ar-
ticle 41 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, avaient ou non
un caractère obligatoire. Dans l'affaire LaGrand, la Cour a tranché: ces
ordonnances s'imposent aux Etats (LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis

d'Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 498-508, par. 92-116). Par
suite de cette décision, les mesures conservatoires revêtiront désormais
une importance plu:; grande que par le passé, et les Etats se sentiront
davantage encouragks à en requérir l'indication. Ilans ces conditions, la

Cour doit, au moment de rendre des ordonnances indiquant des mesures
conservatoires, faire preuve de prudence lorsque les chefs de compétence
invoqués suscitent des doutes sérieux, et de rigueur dans sa réponse aux
demandes en indication de mesures conservatoires lorsque la base de

cornpétence invoquée par le requérant est manifestement absente. Faute
d'adopter une telle attitude, la Cour se verra inondée de telles demandes.
3. La Cour s'est expriméeclairement sur la nécessitéde procéder avec
prudence avant d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires dans les cas ou les

bases invoquées pour établir sa compétence au fond sont inadéquates'.
Dans l'affaire relative à la Licéitéde l'emploide l(z,force ( Yougoslavie c.
Belgique), elle a estimé nepouvoir faire droit à une demande en indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires ((que si les dispositions invoquées par le

demandeur semblent prii?mfacie constituer une base sur laquelle la com-

-
' Pour un historique de la jurisprudence sur ce sujet, voir l'opinion individuelle de
Mm' Higgins dans l'affaire relativà la Licéit6 de l'emplu'eIr1force i Yougoslri~i<c,,.
Bel,~icluc).mesures con.servcrtoi, rdonnunce (l2 juin 1999. CI.J. Recueil1Y99 il),
p. 164.168, par. 12-25.of Force ( Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of2 June

1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (1), p. 132, para. 21). This test is endorsed by
the Court in its present Order (para. 58).

4. The jurisprudence of the Court is less clear on the action it should
take, if any, where the Applicant requesting provisional measures has
failed to establish, prima facie, a basis for jurisdiction. No doubt this is

because before the cases concerning the Legulity oJ'Use ofForce between
Yugoslavia and ten NATO States in 1999, there was no case in which the
Applicant requesting provisional measures had failed to establish a prima
facie basis for jurisdiction. In these cases the Court addressed the ques-
tion of what to do in such circumstances and held that two of the ten
Applications, those brought by Yugoslavia against Spain and the United
States, should be removed from the List of cases before the Court. In

these two cases the Court held that where it "manifestly" lacked jurisdic-
tion, by reason, inter aliu, of the reservations by Spain and the United
States of America to the Genocide Convention excluding the jurisdiction
of the Court, the cases should be removed from the List because

"within a system of consensual jurisdiction, to maintain on the Gen-
eral List a case upon which it appears certain that the Court will not
be able to adjudicate on the merits would most assuredly not con-
tribute to the sound administration of justice" (Legality of Use oj
Force ( Yugosluviu v. Spain), Provisional Meusures, Order of 2 June

1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 773, para. 35; Legality oj Use
of Force ( Yugo.slavia v. United States oj America), Provisional
Meusures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 925,
para. 29).

In the eight other Applications brought by Yugoslavia against NATO
States, which were parties to the Genocide Convention but had failed

to exclude the Court's jurisdiction by reservation, the Court held that
although "at this stage of the proceedings" it could not find that the acts
imputed by Yugoslavia to the respondent States fell within the provisions
of the Genocide Convention, and could thus afford a basis for the exer-
cise of jurisdiction under ArticleIX of the Convention, it might be pos-
sible for Yugoslavia to develop its position in this respect at a later stage.

Hence it refused to remove the cases from the List.

5. It is not my intention to explore the reasoning of the Court on this
matter. Suffice it to Say that the Court reached its decision in these
cases on the circumstancesof these cases without attempting to expound
any general test for deciding when it "manifestly" lacked jurisdiction.

Several formulations which give greater guidance were, however, ACTIVITÉS ARMÉES (OP. IND. DUGARD) 266

pétencede la Cour pourrait être fondée))(Licéitéde l'emploi de laforce
( Yougoslavie c. Belgique), mesures conservutoires, ordonnance du 2 juin
1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 132, par. 21). Cette condition est réaf-
firméepar la Cour dans la présente ordonnance (par. 58).
4. La jurisprudence de la Cour est moins explicite sur ce que celle-ci

devrait, le cas échéant,faire lorsque la partie demandant l'indication de
mesures conservatoires n'est pas parvenue à établir une base de compé-
tence prinlu,filcie saris doute parce que, avant les instances relativesA la
LicéitPde l'ernploide luji~rce introduites par la Yougoslavie contre dix
Etats membres de l'OTAN en 1999, il n'y avait eu aucune affaire dans
laquelle la partie demandant l'indication de mesuresconservatoires n'avait

pas étéen mesure d'établir une telle base de compétence. S'agissant de ces
dix affaires, la Cour s'est interrogée sur la marche à suivre en pareilles
circonstances. et a conclu que deux d'entre elles -- celles portées devant
la Cour par la Yougoslavie contre l'Espagne et les Etats-Unis - devaient
êtrerayéesdu rôle. Ilans ces deux cas, la Cour a jugéque, étant ((mani-

festement)) incompéi.ente du fait, entre autres, des réserves émises par
l'Espagne et les Etats-Unis d'Amérique à l'égardde la convention sur le
génocidepour exclure la compétence de la Cour, elle devait rayer de son
rôle les affaires en question au motif que:

((dans un système de juridiction consensuelle, maintenir au rôle

généralune affaire sur laquelle il apparaît certain que la Cour ne
pourra se prononcer au fond ne participerait assurément pas d'une
bonne administration de la justice)) (Licéitéde l'ernploi de la ,force
( Yougosluvie c. Espugne) , n1esure.scon.servutoires, ordonnunce du
2 jum 1999, C.1.J. Recueil 1999 (II), p. 773, par. 35; Licéitéde
l'etnplol de lu force (Yougosluvie c. Etuts-Unis d'Aiîii.rique),

mesures conservatoires, ordonnunce du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil
1999 (II), p. 925, par. 29).

Concernant les huit autres requêtes forméespar la Yougoslavie contre
des Etats membres de l'OTAN qui étaient parties A la convention sur le
génocide mais n'avaient pas exclu par une réservela compétence de la

Cour, celle-ci a estiméque, bien qu'elle ne fût pas en mesure de conclure,
((à ce stade de la procédure)), que les actes imputés par la Yougoslavie
aux Etats défendeurs entraient dans les prévisionsde la convention sur le
génocideet que l'article IX de la convention constituait. de ce chef, une
base sur laquelle la Cour pouvait s'appuyer pour exercer sa compétence,
la Yougoslavie aurait la possibilitéde développer à un stade ultérieur ses

arguments à cet égard. En conséquence, la Cour a refusé de rayer ces
affaires de son rôle.
5. Il n'est pas dans mes intentions d'examiner en détail le raisonne-
ment de la Cour sur ce point. Je me bornerai à préciserque celle-ci s'est
prononcée dans ces affaires au vu des circonstances propres à chacune

d'elles, sans essayer 'defixer de critère généralpermettant de déterminer
les cas ou elle se trouve manifestement dépourvue de compétence. Dansadvanced by individualjudges in these cases. Judge Higgins stated that

where
"it is clear beyond doubt that no jurisdiction exists in a particular
case, good administration of justice requires that the case be imme-

diately struck off the List in limine" (Legulity of Use of Force
( Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June
1999, 1C.J. Reports 1999 (1), p. 169, para. 29).

Judge Gaja, in considering "the situation in which the Applicant invokes
a jurisdictional clause in a treaty, but has not shown that a reasonable
connection exists between the dispute submitted to the Court and the
treaty including the clause", maintained that in such circumstances the
case should be struck off the List "only if no such connection could be

established at subsequent stages of the proceedings" (Legality of Use oj
Force ( Yugoslavia v. Italy), Provisional Meusures, Order of 2 June 1999,
I.C.J. Reports 1999 (1), p.502). He continued by stating that

"When on the contrary a reasonable connection may conceivably
appear in the future, it would be too drastic a solution to remove the
case from the List. The applicant State should therefore be given an
opportunity to develop its position in a memorial - whether or not
its arguments are meritorious." (Ihid.)

Judge Oda, in holding that al1ten of Yugoslavia's Applications against
NATO States should be struck off the List, reasoned that where the
Court finds in an Application for provisional measures that "there is not
even a prima facie basis of jurisdiction", this

"should be interpreted as a ruling that it has no jurisdiction whatso-
ever to entertain the Applications, without leaving any room to

retain these cases and to deal with the issue of jurisdiction in the
future7' (Legality of Use of'Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provi-
sional Meusures, Order of 2 June 1999, I. C.J. Reports 1999 (1),
p. 159, para. 27).

6. Judge Oda's suggestion that once the Court has found that there is
no prima facie basis for jurisdiction in an Application for provisional
measures the case should automatically be struck off the List is probably
too drastic a response as it fails to allow for a consideration of the cir-
cumstances of individual cases. It seems wiser therefore to adopt guide-

lines for the interpretation of the test of "manifest lack of jurisdiction"
which would enable the Court to consider the factors such as the history
of the Application, the likelihood that the Applicant will be able tc show
in future that there exists a reasonable connection between the dispute
and the treaty invoked to found jurisdiction (as suggested by Judge
Gaja) and the prospects of any preconditions for the establishment of

jurisdiction being met. Such guidelines might be subsumed in a test of ACTIVITÉS ARMÉES (OP. IND. DUGARD) 267

le cadre des mêmes affaires, uncertain nombre de juges se sont, à titre
individuel, exprimés plus en détail.MmeHiggins a ainsi déclaréque:

«[s']il apparaît clairement, sans l'ombre d'un doute, que [la Cour]
n'est pas compétente pour connaître d'une affaire donnée, la bonne
administration clela justice impose de rayer immédiatement l'affaire
du rôle in limme)) (Licéitéu'el'emploi de la force (Yougoslavie c.

Belgique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 2 juin 1999, C. IJ.
Recueil 1999 (11, p. 169, par. 29).
M. Gaja a soutenu que, s'agissant de «la situation dans laquelle le
demandeur invoque une clause juridictionnelle figurant dans un traité,
mais n'a pas prouvé qu'ilexiste un lien raisonnable entre le différendsou-

mis à la Cour et le traité énonçantladite clause)), l'affaire nedevrait être
rayéedu rôle «qu'a~icas où il ne serait pas possible d'établirun tel lien
aux stades ultérieurs de la procédure)) (Lickité de l'emploi de la force
(Yougoslavie c. Italie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 2 juin
1999, C. I.J.Recueil 1999 (1) , p. 502). Il poursuivait en ces termes:

«Quand, au contraire, on peut imaginer qu'un tel lien raisonnable
soit ultérieurement établi, rayer l'affaire du rôle serait une solution
trop radicale. 11faudrait par conséquent donner à 1'Etatdemandeur
l'occasion de dkvelopper sa position dans un mémoire - que ses
arguments soient ou non valables.)) (Ihid.)

M. Oda, qui a jugé que l'ensemble des dix instances introduites par la
Yougoslavie contre les Etats membres de l'OTAN devaient êtrerayéesdu
rôle, a fait valoià ci:sujet qu'une conclusion de la Cour suivant laquelle
«il n'existe pas mêmeune base de compétence prima ,fucie» a l'égard
d'une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires

«doit être interprétée comme revenant à décider qu'ellen'a aucune
compétencepour connaître des requêtes,sans lui laisser la moindre
possibilitéde se pencher sur ces affaires et d'examiner ultérieurement
la question de sa compétence)) (Licéitéde l'emploi de laforce ( You-
goslavie c. Belgique), mesures conservatoires. ordonnance du 2 juin
1999, C.IJ. Rec-ueil1999 (1), p. 159, par. 27).

6. En soutenant que l'affaire devrait êtreautomatiquement rayéedu
rôle dèslors que la Cour a conclu, au stade de la démarcheen indication
de mesures conservaloires, qu'il n'existepas de base de compétence prima

facie, M. Oda prône probablement une solution trop radicale, en ce sens
que celle-ci ne permet pas de prendre en considération les circonstances
propres à chaque espèce.Il semblerait par conséquent plus sage d'adop-
ter,à l'égarddu critèred'«incompétencemanifeste )>des principes d'inter-
prétation qui permettraient à la Cour de tenir compte d'élémentstels que
l'historique de la requête,la probabilité que le demandeur puisse, dans la
suite de la procédure, mettre en évidence l'existenced'un lien raisonnable
entre le différend et le traité invoqué pour fonder la compétence de la
Cour (comme le suggère M. Gaja), et la perspective que soient rempliesreasonableness; a case should be removed from the List where there is
no reasonable possibility, based on the facts and cirçumstances of the
unsuccessful Application, that the Applicant will at some future date
be able to establish the jurisdiction of the Court on the instruments
invoked for jurisdiction in the Application for provisional measures.

7. In the present case the Court has rightly held that the instruments
invoked by the Applicant, prima facie, provide no basis for jurisdiction.
It does not, however, go so far as to hold that there is a "manifest lack of
jurisdiction" warranting the removal of the Application from the List
(Order, para. 91). The Court gives no clear reason for this finding, but

suggests that the failure of the Applicant to meet preconditions for the
establishment ofjurisdiction or to show a connection between the dispute
before the Court and the treaties relied upon for jurisdiction "at this
stage in the proceedings" (Order, paras. 79, 82 and 88)might be remedied
at a later stage of the proceedings (Order, para. 90). In my view, such a

finding sets too low a threshold for "manifest lack of jurisdiction" in
the circumstances of the present case, and sets a dangerous precedent
for the Court.

8. In the present Application the Congo has relied on eight instru-
ments to found jurisdiction, six of which inunijëstlj~ do not provide the

remotest basis for jurisdiction- as shown by the Court in its Order. The
Convention against Torture of 1984 provides no basis for jurisdiction as
Rwanda is not a party to this Convention (Order, para. 61). The Conven-
tion on Racial Discrimination of 1966 and the Genocide Convention of
1948 provide no basis for jurisdiction as Rwanda has by reservation
excluded the jurisdiction of the Court (Order, paras. 67 and 72). The

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is inapplicable as there is no
dispute whatsoever between the Congo and Rwanda concerning a con-
flict between a treaty and peremptory norm of international law, as pro-
vided for in Articles 53 and 66 (Order, para. 75). The Unesco Constitu-
tion is likewise inapplicable as there is no dispute whatsoever between the
Congo and Rwanda over the interpretation-of the Unesco Constitution

as contemplated by Article XIV, paragraph 2,of this Constitution (Order,
para. 85). The Constitution of the World Health Organization places
obligations on the World Health Organization and not on member States
to promote health (Arts. 1 and 2). Article 75 of the Constitution of the
WHO could not therefore give the Court jurisdiction over a dispute con-
cerning an allegation that a state had undermined the health of persons

in another country (Order, para. 82).

9. This leaves only the compromissory clauses in the Montreal Con-
vention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil
Aviation (hereinafter Montreal Convention) and the Convention on the
Elimination of Al1Forms of Discrimination against Women (hereinaftertoutes les conditions préalablesàl'établissementde la compétence. De tels
principes pourraient être subsumés sousle critère du caractère raison-
nable; une affairedevrait êtrerayéedu rôle dèslors qu'ilne seraitpas raison-
nablement possible, au vu des faits exposésdans la requête infructueuse
et des circonstances entourant celle-ci, que son auteur soit par la suite en
mesure de fonder la compétence de la Cour sur les instruments invoqués
à cet effet dans sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires.

7. Dans la présenleespèce, la Cour a, àjuste titre, jugéque les instru-
ments invoqués par le demandeur ne fournissaient. primu Jucie, aucune
base à sa compétence. Elle n'est toutefois pas alléejusqu'i conclure à une
((incompétencemanifeste)) qui justifierait que l'affaire soit rayéedu rôle
(ordonnance, par. 91).La Cour ne motive pas clairement cette conclu-
sion, mais laisse entendre que si le demandeur n'a étéen mesure, «à ce

stade de la procédure)), ni de satisfaire aux conditions préalables pour
fonder la compétence de la Cour, ni de démontrer l'existence d'un lien
entre le différend soumis à celle-ci et les traités invoquéspour fonder sa
compétence (ordonnance, par. 79-82 et 88), il pourrait néanmoins y par-
venir dans la suite de l'instance (ordonnance, par. 90).A mon sens, cette
conclusion place trop haut le seuil d'«incompétence manifeste)) dans les

circonstances de la présente espèce et crée ainsiun dangereux précédent
pour la Cour.
8. Dans sa requête,le Congo a invoqué huit instruments pour fonder
la compétence de la Cour, dont six n'offrent nlunrfestement aucune base
de compétence, si minime soit-elle - comme la Cour l'a montré dans son
ordonnance. La convention de 1984 contre la torture ne fournit aucune

base de compétence, le Rwanda n'étant pas partie à cette convention
(ordonnance, par. 61). La convention de 1966 sur la discrimination
raciale et la convention de 1948 sur le génocide, à l'égard desquellesle
Rwanda a émis une réserve concernant la compétence de la Cour, ne
peuvent non plus fournir de base de compétence (ordonnance, par.
67-72). La convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités ne s'applique
pas en l'espèce, attendu qu'il n'existe entre le Congo et le Rwanda

aucun différendau sujet d'un conflit entre un traitéet une norme impéra-
tive de droit international, tel que viséaux articles 53 et 66 (ordonnance,
par. 75), pas plus que ne s'applique la convention Unesco, en l'absence
de tout différend, au sens du paragraphe 2 de l'article IX, qui opposerait
le Congo au Rwanda quant à l'interprétation de cet instrument (ordon-
nance, par. 85). La Constitution de l'organisation mondiale de la Santé

met à la charge, non des Etats membres, mais de l'OMS l'obligation de
promouvoir la sant6 (art. 1 et 2). L'article 75 de la Constitution de
l'OMS ne peut dès lors conférer de compétence à la Cour pour con-
naître d'une allégation selon laquelle un Etat aurait nui à la santé de
personnes vivant daris un autre Etat (ordonnance. par. 82).
9. Ainsi, seules pourraient fournir une base de compétence les clauses

compromissoires de la convention de Montréal pour la répression d'actes
illicitesdirigéscontre la sécuritéde l'aviation civile (dénomméeci-après la
((convention de Montréal))), et de la convention sur l'élimination de269 ARMED ACTIVITIES (SEP.OP. DUGARD)

Convention on Discrimination against Women) as possible grounds for
the establishment of jurisdiction.
10. The claim that Article 14 of the Montreal Convention provides a
basis for jurisdiction must be seen in its historical context. In 1999 the

Congo brought an Application before the Court similar to the present
one in which it sought to found the jurisdiction of the Court on the com-
promissory clause in the Montreal Convention, alleging that in 1998 a
civil aircraft had been shot down by the forces of Rwanda, Uganda or
Burundi. Following Rwanda's Memorial in response to this allegation, in

which it denied that the Congo had defined the nature of the dispute or
complied with the preconditions of negotiation or arbitration laid down
in Article 14of the Convention, the Congo notified the Court on 15 Janu-
ary 2001 that it wished to discontinue the proceedings but that it "reserved

the right to invoke subsequently new grounds of jurisdiction of the
Court" (I.C.J. Yearhook 2000-2001, No. 55. p. 286). In the present
Application the Congo again argued that the Court had jurisdiction over
the dispute under Article 14 of the Montreal Convention on the basis of
the shooting down of the civil aircraft in 1998, but made no request to

indicate any provisional measure relating to rights under the Montreal
Convention (Order. para. 88). Nor did it even suggest that it had made
any attempt at negotiation or arbitration in respect of the dispute over
the shooting down of the aircraft in 1998,before or after the withdrawal
of its earlier Application in January 2001, despite Rwanda's warning in

its Memorial of 2000 that failure to do this constituted a flaw in its argu-
ment on jurisdiction. The accumulation of objections to the establish-
ment of jurisdiction under Article 14 of the Montreal Convention -
non-compliance with the preconditions for jurisdiction, failure to specify
the nature of the dispute or to request provisional measures relating to

rights under the Convention and the resurrection of a complaint of 1998
in the form of a cause of action for urgent measures in 2002 - surely
indicates that the Montreal Convention nzanife.st1ydoes not constitute a
basis for the establishment of jurisdiction. It is "clear beyond doubt that
no jurisdiction exists" in this case on the basis of the Montreal Conven-

tion - in the words of Judge Higgins (see paragraph 5 above). More-
over, the discontinuance of proceedings based on this jurisdictional
ground in 2001 and the rejection of this jurisdictional argument in the
present proceedings demonstrates that there is no real possibility that a
reasonable connection between the dispute submitted to the Court and

Article 14 of the Montreal Convention could be established at subse-
quent stages of the proceedings (see the comment by Judge Gaja, para-
graph 5 above).

11. It is clear that women have suffered disproportionately in the con-

54toutes les formes de discrimination à l'égard des femmes(dénomméeci-
-
après la ((convention sur la discrimination à l'égard desfemmes))).
10. La thèse selon laauelle cette compétence serait fondée sur l'ar-
ticle 14de la convention de Montréal doit êtrereplacéedans son contexte
historique. En 1999.,le Congo avait soumis à la Cour une requêtesem-
blable à celle qui a introduit la présente espèce,en cherchant à fonder la
compétence de la Cour sur !a clause compromissoire figurant dans cette
convention, au motif que, en 1998, les forces du Rwanda, de l'Ouganda
ou du Burundi auraient abattu un aéronef civil. Le Rwanda ayant

répondu dans son mémoire à cette allégation en montrant que le Congo
n'avait pas défini la nature du différend ni satisfait aux conditions préa-
lables relatives à la négociation oua l'arbitrage énoncéesà l'article 14 de
la convention, le Congo a fait savoir à la Cour, le 15janvier 2001, qu'il
souhaitait se désister de l'instance mais «se réserv[ait] la possibilité de
faire valoir ultérieurement de nouveaux chefs de compétence de la Cour))
(C. IJ. Annuurre 2000-2001, no 55, p. 286).Dans la requêtequi est à l'ori-
gine de la présente espkce, le Congo a de nouveau soutenu que la Cour

était compétentepour connaître du différend envertu de l'article 14de la
convention de Montréal, en invoquant l'incident de l'aéronefcivil abattu
en 1998, mais n'a cependant demandé a la Cour l'indication d'aucune
mesure conservatoire en rapport avec des droits que le Congo tiendrait de
cette convention (ordonnance, par. 88). Le Congo n'a pas non plus ne
fût-ce que laisséentendre qu'il aurait fait la moindre tentative, avant ou
aprésle retrait de sa précédenterequêteenjanvier 2001, pour engager des
négociations ou organiser une procédure d'arbitrage en vue de réglerle

différend néde l'incident aériende 1998, et ce alors mêmeque, en 2000,
le Rwanda avait, dans son mémoire, attiré l'attention du Congo sur le
fait que l'argumentation de ce dernier concernant la compétence s'en
trouvait dèslors viciée.De l'accumulation d'exceptions à une compétence
de la Cour fondée sur l'article 14 de la convention de Montréal - non-
respect des conditions préalables permettant de fonder cette compétence,
absence de définitionde la nature du différend oud'une demande en indi-

cation de mesures conservatoires en rapport avec des droits que le Congo
tiendrait de la convi:ntion et résurrection d'un grief datant de 1998 sous
la forme d'une dernande en indication de mesures conservatoires en
2002 , il ressort très nettement que cette convention ne fournit mani-
je~tement pas de base de compétence. Pour reprendre les mots de
M'"' Higgins (voir paragraphe 5 ci-dessus),il ((apparaît clairement,
sans l'ombre d'un doute, que [la Cour] n'est pas compétente))en la présente
espèce au titre de la convention de Montréal. En outre, le désistement

survenu en 2001 dans une instance fondée sur ce chef de compétence
et le rejet, dans la présente espèce,de cet argument relatif a la compé-
tence démontrent qu'il n'existe pas de réellepossibilitéqu'un lien raison-
nable entre le différend soumis à la Cour et l'article 14 de la conven-
tion de Montréal puisse être établidans la suite de la procédure (voir
l'observation formulée par M. Gaja, paragraphe 5 ci-dessus).
11. II est clair que les femmes ont souffert de manière disproportion-flict in the eastern part of the Congo. They have been subjected to rape,
torture, mutilation and murder and deliberately infected with HIV by
forces employing sexual violence as an instrument of terror and war.
Crimes of this kind are the concern of international humanitarian law
which brings "rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced preg-
nancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of

comparable gravity" within the definition of crime against humanity
(Art. 7,para. 1, of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,
1998) and provides for individual criminal responsibility and punishment
for such crimes. Whether the Convention on Discrimination against
Women, which obliges States to adopt measures to eliminate discrimina-
tion against women in their law and practice, but imposes no effective

procedures for its enforcement (such as the procedure for inter-State dis-
putes to be found in Article 11 of the Convention on Race Discrimina-
tion), is an appropriate instrument for the protectionof women in armed
conflict remains uncertain.

The Court was not, however, required to consider this matter as the

Congo failed to indicate, even on a prima facie basis, that it had complied
with the preconditions for the establishment of the Court's jurisdiction
under Article 29 of the Convention (Order, para. 79). There was no evi-
dence of a dispute between the Congo and Rwanda over the interpreta-
tion or application of the Convention; no evidence of an attempt to settle
any dispute under the Convention by negotiation; and no evidence of an
attempt to submit any dispute under this Convention to arbitration. The

sad truth is that the dispute between the Congo and Rwanda is not about
women's rights or the treatment of women but about the armed conflict
in thecongo. This was made clear by the Congo in its oral reply when, in
response to Rwanda's argument that there had been no negotiation or
request for arbitration as required by the compromissory clause in the
Convention on Discrimination against Women, it stated that Rwanda

had rejected Congo's proposals for "the settlement of certain specific
armed conflicts" at a number of conferences and meetings (Order,
para. 51).

In these circumstances it is clear that there is no reasonable possibility
that Article29 of the Convention on Discrimination against Women will

provide a jurisdictional basis for the present dispute between the Congo
and Rwanda over the armed conflict in the eastern Congo. It manifestly
provides no basis for jurisdiction as there is no reasonable possibility that
the Applicant will in future be able to establish a connection between the
dispute before the Court and Article 29.

12. 1 have endeavoured to show that none of the eight instruments
advanced by the Applicant to found jurisdiction in the present proceed-
ings, viewed separately, offers, prima facie, a basis for jurisdiction in the A(:TIVITÉS ARMÉES (OP. IND. DUGARD)
270

néedu conflit qui se déroule dans l'est du Congo. E,llesont étéviolées,
torturées, mutilées, assassinées, et délibérément exposéa es VIH par des
forces usant de la violence sexuelle en guise d'instrument de terreur et
d'arme de guerre. Les crimes de cette nature relèvent du droit internatio-
nal humanitaire, qui assimile à des crimes contre l'humanité les actes sui-

vants: «viol, esclavage sexuel, prostitution forcée, grossesse forcée, stéri-
lisation forcée et toute autre forme de violence sexuelle de gravité
comparable)) (art. 7, par. 1,du statut de Rome de la Cour pénale inter-
nationale, 1998), et prévoitdans ces cas une responsabilité pénale indivi-
duelle et des peines. II demeure difficile de savoir si la convention sur
l'élimination de la discrimination à l'égard des femmes, qui fait obliga-

tion aux Etats d'adopter des mesures tendant à supprimer de leur législa-
tion et de leur pratique toute discrimination mais n'impose en vue de sa
mise en Œuvre effective aucune procédure (telle que celle afférente aux
différends entre Etats prévue par l'article11 de la convention sur la dis-
crimination raciale). constitue un instrument adapté à la protection des
femmes dans des conflits armés.

La Cour n'était toutefois pas appelée à examiner cette question
puisque le Congo n'a pas apporté la preuve, fût-ce prima fucie, qu'il avait
rempli les conditions requises pour fonder la compétence de la Cour au
titre de l'article 29 de la convention (ordonnance, par.79).11n'a apporté
aucune preuve de l'existence d'un différend avec le Rwanda concernant
l'interprétation ou l'application de la convention; aucune preuve, non
plus, qu'il ait tenté de régler par voie de négociation ou dans le cadre

d'une procédure d'arbitrage un quelconque différend relevant de cette
convention. La triste réalité estque le différend opposant le Congo au
Rwanda ne porte pas sur les droits ou le traitement des femmes, mais sur
le conflit arméau Congo. Cela a été clairement indiqué parle Congo lui-
mêmedurant les plaidoiries lorsque, en réponse au Rwanda qui avait
invoqué l'absence de négociations ou de demande d'arbitrage telles que

prévuespar la clause compromissoire de la convention sur la discrimina-
tion à l'égard desfemmes, il a déclaréque le Rwanda avait rejetéses pro-
positions de «règlement de certains conflits spécifiquesdans le cadre de
l'arbitrage)) à 1'occa:;ionde diverses conférences et réunions(ordonnance,
par. 51).
Dans ces circonstances, il est évident qu'il n'existe aucune possibilité

raisonnable aue l'article 29 de la convention sur la discrimination à
l'égard des femmes offre à la Cour une base de compétence pour con-
naître du différend opposant actuellement les Parties au sujet du conflit
arméqui se déroule dans l'est du Congo. Cette disposition n'offre mani-
festement aucune base à la compétence de la Cour, puisqu'il ne sau-
rait être raisonnablement envisagéque le demandeur puisse êtreultérieure-

ment en mesure d'établirun lien entre le différend quiest soumis à la Cour
et ledit article 29.
12. Je me suis attaché à démontrer que, pris séparément, aucun des
huit instruments dont se prévaut le demandeur pour fonder la compé-
trnce de la Cour en l'espèce n'offrede base de compétenceprimajucie, ni ACTIVITÉS ARMÉES (OP. IND. DUGARD) 271

pour le moment ni pour la suite de la procédure. Il y a donc incompé-
tence manifeste. Cette conclusion s'impose avecdavantage de force encore
si l'on considère les huit instruments conjointement. Le demandeur tente
désespérément d'établilra compétence de la Cour en l'espèce. Ila mis en
avant huit instruments dans l'espoir que leur effet conjugué compenserait

l'impossibilitépour chacun d'entre eux de fournir à lui seul une base de
compétence. La Cour aurait dû exprimer son mécontentement à l'égard
de ce procédéen rayant l'affaire de son rôle.

13. Les troubles civils et les conflits armésont, au cours de la dernière
décennie,causéde graves souffrances aussi bien au Rwanda qu'au Congo.
Dans la présente ordonnance, la Cour ne se prononce pas sur la conduite
de l'une ou l'autre des Parties. Elle se déclareàjuste titre préoccupéepar
les souffrances humaines qui sont à déplorer dans l'est du Congo, et
appelle les Etats de la région à respecter la primauté du droit (ordon-
nance, par. 54-56 et93). On ne saurait inférerdu fait que le Rwanda est

1'Etat défendeur en la présente instance que les observations de la Cour
s'appliquent davantage à lui qu'au Congo. Pas plus qu'on ne saurait infé-
rer du refus du Rwanda de reconnaître la compétence de la Cour en
l'espèceque celui-ci a quelque chose à cacher. Le Rwanda a simplement
exercéle droit qui eljt le sien de ne pas consentir à la compétence de la
Cour, un droit qui constitue la pierre angulaire de l'ordre international

existant, dans lequel le réglement judiciaire est subordonné au consente-
ment des parties (ordonnance,par. 57 et 92).
Idlexhortation adresséepar la Cour aux Etats pour que ceux-ci agissent
en conformité avec le droit international, en particulier le droit interna-
tional humanitaire, vise l'ensemble des Etats de la région, dont le Congo
et le Rwanda. Elle ne préjuge en rien des questions soulevéesen la pré-

sente espéce.

(Si,5nP) John DUGARD.

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Separate Opinion by Judge ad hoc Dugard

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