Declaration by Judge Elaraby

Document Number
126-20020710-ORD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
126-20020710-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ELARABY

1. 1have voted against the rejection of the request for the indication of
provisional measures submitted by the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, mainly because, in accordance with its Statute and its present
jurisprudence, the Court should, in principle grant a request for provi-
sional measures once the requirements of urgency on the one hand and

likelihood of irreparable damage to the rights of one or both parties to a
dispute, on the other, have been established. I am of the opinion that the
Court has, under Article 41 of the Statute, a wide-ranging power of dis-
cretion to indicate provisional measures. The jurisprudence of the Court
has progressively, albeit gradually, advanced from its earlier strict insis-
tence on established jurisdiction to acceptance of prima facie jurisdiction
as the threshold for the exercise of the Court's powersunder Article 41 of

the Statute. This progressive shift has not, in my view, been reflected in
the Order.

2. 1see Article 41 of the Statute as the point of departure. Article (1)
provides that: "[tlhe Court shall have the power to indicate, [fit con-

siders that circum.stances so require, any provisional measures which
ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights of either party", while
Article 41 (2) stipulates that "notice of the measures suggested shall
fortlzwith be given to the parties and to the Security Council" (emphasis
added).
3. My reading of the two subparagraphs together convinces me that
the Court is vested with a wide scope of discretion to decide on the cir-

cumstances warranting the indication of provisional measures. The ref-
erence to the Security Council underlines the prominence of the link
between the Court and the Council in matters related to the maintenance
of international peace and security. The Statute moreover does not attach
additional conditions to the authority of the Court to grant provisional
measures. In point of fact, the jurisdiction of the Court need not be estab-
lished at this early stage of the proceedings.

4. As far back as 1962 Judge G. Fitzmaurice wrote that:

"The distinctive feature of the jurisdiction to indicate interim
measures is not, however, that it involves any prejudgment of, or
may prejudge the eventual decision, of the Court as to its substantive
competence to decide the merits. It is that this exercise ofjurisdiction
involves a certain jurisdictional determination of its own, for its own

purposes, before it can be exercised. In short, it involves both a ques- tion of merits and a preliminary question of jurisdiction, or rather
perhaps of the propriety of exercising it; and this is not the case with
any of the other possible exercises of preliminary jurisdiction." (Sir
Gerald Fitzmaurice, "Hersch Lauterpacht - The Scholar as Judge,

Part II", 38 Briti.71 Year Book qf'lnternationul Law, 1962, p. 71.)

5. Judge Fitzmaurice also observed that:

"The jurisdiction to indicate interim measures of protection is, so
far as the International Court is concerned, part of the incidental
jurisdiction of the Court, the characteristic of which is that it does
not depend on any direct consent given by the parties to its exercise,
but is an inherent part of the standing powers of the Court under its
Statute. Its exercise is therefore governed, not by the consent of the

parties (except in a remote sense) but by the relevant provisions of
the Statute and the Rules of Court." (The Law und Practice of the
International Court of Justice: 1951-1954, p. 304.)

1 subscribe to this interpretation of the powers conferred by the Statute
on the Court.
6. As for the circumstances of the case, the Court acknowledged the
magnitude of the tragic events occurring in the Congo by referring to the

eleven resolutions adopted so far by the Security Council. The Congo has
relied in its request for the indication of provisional measures on a host
of compromissory clauses which, if proven applicable, would have estab-
lished the requisite prima facie jurisdiction. The Court has analysed each
of these clauses and found that it does not have prima faciejurisdiction.

7. The Court however stated in paragraph 87, "both the Congo and
Rwanda are parties to the Montreal Convention and have been since
6 July 1977 in the case of the Congo and 3 November 1987 in the case of
Rwanda", and in paragraph 88, "the Congo has not however asked the
Court to indicate any provisional measure relating to the preservation of
rights which it believes it holds under the Montreal Convention". Yet in

paragraph 88 it chose to conclude on this point that "accordingly the
Court is not required, at this stage in the proceedings, to rule, even on a
prima facie basis, on its jurisdiction under that Convention nor on the
conditions precedent to the Court's jurisdiction contained therein" and
then drew the general conclusion in paragraph 89 that "the Court does
not in the present case have the prima faciejurisdiction necessary to indi-
cate those provisional measures requested by the Congo".

8. It is factuallyaccurate that the Congo did not specify what meas-
ures the Court has requested to adopt to safeguard its rights under the
Montreal Convention. But the Congo did refer to the 1998 incident in
which a Congo Airlines plane was shot down. In my view, a degree of
inconsistency exists between the possible implication in paragraph 88 thatprima facie jurisdiction might exist and the conclusion in paragraph 89

that since the Congo did not ask the Court to indicate any provisional
measures relating to the Montreal Convention, the Court is not required
to rule on its jurisdiction. Somehow 1find it difficult to reconcile this con-
clusion by the Court with the circumstances of the case particularly in
light of its recent jurisprudence.

9. The Court was more flexible when it considered the case concerning

Anned Activities un the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Repuhlic of
the Congo v. Ugundaj in July 2000. It then reached out to adopt a less
formalistic interpretation of its mandate. In that case the Court twice
asserted its power,

"independently of requests for the indication of provisional
measures submitted by the parties to preserve specific rights, . . .
by virtue of Article 41 of the Statute . .. to indicate provisional

measures with a view to preventing the aggravation or extension
of the dispute whenever it considers that circumstances so require"
(I.C.J. Reports 2000, p. 128, para. 44).

10. 1hasten to add that 1do realize that in the case concerning Arrned
Activities on tlze Territory of tlze Congo (Dernocratic Republic of' the
Congo v. Uganda), the assertion of jurisdiction was probably more
solidly anchored than in the present case. 1 also recognize that the
Court entertained a degree of doubt as to whether the conditions laid

down in Article 14 of the Montreal Convention have been fully met so
that a referral of the dispute to the International Court of Justice could
be made in accordance with the Statute.
11. Notwithstanding such doubts, which 1 do not hesitate to confess
that 1 share, the provisions of Article 14 of the Montreal Convention
together with the reference to the shooting down of a Congolese plane in

1998 should have been considered adequate to establish a prima facie
jurisdiction to indicate provisional measures. It is relevant to recall in this
context that Judge H. Lauterpacht

"leaned very definitely in the direction of the view that before the
Court could grant a request for interim measures there must exist
some docunzentary or instrumental basis for the view that the Court
might be possessed of substantive jurisdiction relative to the even-

tua1 merits, such as an adjudication clause in a treaty, 'optional
clause' declaration, etc.; and also that the particular case must at
least not be clearly excluded in some way from the scope of any such
clause or declaration - e.g. by a reservation." (Fitzmaurice, op. cit.,
p. 74.)

The Montreal Convention should have therefore been regarded as a
suitable instrumental basis to serve this purpose.263 ARMED ACTlVlTIES (DECL.ELARABY)

12. Thus, the criteria suggested by Judge H. Lauterpacht have, in my
opinion, been satisfied with respect to the Montreal Convention. Indeed
it was suggested by Mendelson in this context that

"To lay down in advance a hard-and-fast rule for dealing with one
of these factors - the possibility of jurisdiction - is to fail suffi-

ciently to take into account the great variability of the others from
case to case. If the other circumstances suggest very strongly that
interim measures should be indicated, the Court may be justified in
indicating them even in the face of substantial - though not over-
whelming - doubts as to its .substantivejursidiction." (M. H. Men-

delson, "Interim Measures of Protection in Cases of Contested Juris-
diction", 46 Brtish Yeur Book of' International Lu~c,,1972-1973,
p. 319.)

13. Another aspect of the Order which 1 also fail to appreciate is the
absence of any reference to the Court's powers under Article 75 (2) of the
Rules of Court. It will be recalled that in the case concerning Armed

Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Dernocrutic Repuhlic qf the
Congo v. Ugundu) the Court stated that "pursuant to Article 75, para-
graph 1, of its Rules, the Court may in any event decide to examine pro-
prio nzotu whether the circumstances of the case require the indication of
provisional measures" (1.C.J. Reports 2000, p. 127, para. 38) and reiter-

ated its pronouncement that "Article 75, paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court empowers the Court to indicate measures that are in whole or in
part other than those requested" (ibid, p. 128, para. 43).
14. In conclusion, it is to be recalled that in the Fisheries Jurisdiction

(United Kingdom v. Icelunu')case in 1972the Court first laid down what
has now become settled jurisprudence. It stated that:

"on a request for provisional measures the Court need not, before
indicating them, finally satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the
merits of the case, yet it ought not to act under Article 41 of the

Statute if the absence of jurisdiction on the merits is manifest"
(1.C.J. Reports 1972, p. 15, para. 15).

This positive approach was maintained and reflected in a different
context in paragraph 91 of the Order, where the Court recognized the

absence of a manifest lack ofjurisdiction and dismissed Rwanda's request
that the case be removed from the List. In my view, the cumulative effect
of the absence of a manifest lack of jurisdiction, on the one hand, and the
implied acceptance of prima facie jurisdiction under the Montreal Con-
vention, on the other, should have been considered an adequate basis to

found jurisdiction to indicate provisional measures.
15. 1 am therefore of the opinion that the circumstances of the case
reflect an urgent need to protect the rights and interests of the Demo-cratic Republic of the Congo. For the aforementioned reasons, 1could
not join the majority in voting in favour of rejection of the request for the
indication of provisional measures.

(Signed) Nabil ELARABY.

Bilingual Content

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ELARABY

1. 1have voted against the rejection of the request for the indication of
provisional measures submitted by the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, mainly because, in accordance with its Statute and its present
jurisprudence, the Court should, in principle grant a request for provi-
sional measures once the requirements of urgency on the one hand and

likelihood of irreparable damage to the rights of one or both parties to a
dispute, on the other, have been established. I am of the opinion that the
Court has, under Article 41 of the Statute, a wide-ranging power of dis-
cretion to indicate provisional measures. The jurisprudence of the Court
has progressively, albeit gradually, advanced from its earlier strict insis-
tence on established jurisdiction to acceptance of prima facie jurisdiction
as the threshold for the exercise of the Court's powersunder Article 41 of

the Statute. This progressive shift has not, in my view, been reflected in
the Order.

2. 1see Article 41 of the Statute as the point of departure. Article (1)
provides that: "[tlhe Court shall have the power to indicate, [fit con-

siders that circum.stances so require, any provisional measures which
ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights of either party", while
Article 41 (2) stipulates that "notice of the measures suggested shall
fortlzwith be given to the parties and to the Security Council" (emphasis
added).
3. My reading of the two subparagraphs together convinces me that
the Court is vested with a wide scope of discretion to decide on the cir-

cumstances warranting the indication of provisional measures. The ref-
erence to the Security Council underlines the prominence of the link
between the Court and the Council in matters related to the maintenance
of international peace and security. The Statute moreover does not attach
additional conditions to the authority of the Court to grant provisional
measures. In point of fact, the jurisdiction of the Court need not be estab-
lished at this early stage of the proceedings.

4. As far back as 1962 Judge G. Fitzmaurice wrote that:

"The distinctive feature of the jurisdiction to indicate interim
measures is not, however, that it involves any prejudgment of, or
may prejudge the eventual decision, of the Court as to its substantive
competence to decide the merits. It is that this exercise ofjurisdiction
involves a certain jurisdictional determination of its own, for its own

purposes, before it can be exercised. In short, it involves both a ques- 1. Si j'ai votécontre le rejet de la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires présentéepar la République démocratique du Congo, c'est
principalement parce que j'estime que la Cour, conformément à son Sta-
tut et à sa jurisprudence actuelle, devrait en principe faire droit à une
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires dèslors qu'il est établi,
d'une part, que les conditions d'urgence sont satisfaites et, d'autre part,

qu'un préjudice irréparable risque d'êtrecauséaux droits de l'une ou des
deux parties au différend. J'estime que l'article 41 du Statut de la Cour
confère à celle-ci un large pouvoir discrétionnaire quant a l'indication de
mesures conservatoires. Sa jurisprudence montre que si, auparavant, elle
s'attachait rigoureusement à établir sa compétence avant d'exercer les
pouvoirs prévus à l'article 41 de son Statut, elle en est progressivement,
quoique graduellement, venue à considérer que l'existence d'une base
prima facie a sa compétence constituait le seuil à partir duquel elle pou-

vait exercer lesdits pouvoirs. Or, ilme semble que cette évolution n'est
pas prise en compte dans l'ordonnance.
2. L'article 41 du Statut constitue, a mon sens, le point de départ. Le
paragraphe 1 de cet article dispose que <c[l]aCour a le pouvoir d'indi-
quer, sielle estime que les circon.stancesl'exigent,quelles mesures conser-
vatoires du droit de chacun doivent êtreprises à titre provisoire)),tandis
que le paragraphe 2 précisequ'«[e]n attendant l'arrêtdéfinitif, I'indica-

tion de ces mesures est imnzédiatement notifiéeaux Parties et au Conseil
de sécurité))(les italiques sont de moi).
3. Je suis convaincu que ces deux paragraphes de l'article 41, tels que
je les interprète, confèrent à la Cour un vaste pouvoir discrétionnaire
pour décider quelles circonstances justifient l'indication de mesures
conservatoires. La mention du Conseil de sécurité soulignel'importance
du lien entre la Cour et le Conseil en matière de maintien de la paix et de
la sécurité internationales. En outre, le Statut ne prévoit pas de condi-

tions supplémentaires pour que la Cour puisse exercer son pouvoir d'indi-
quer des mesures conservatoires. En réalité,il n'est pas nécessaire, à ce
stade précocede la procédure, que la compétence de la Cour soit établie.
4. Dès 1962,le juge Fitzmaurice écrivaitque:

«[c]e qui caractérise la facultéd'indiquer des mesures conservatoires,
ce n'est toutefois pas qu'elle a, ou peut avoir, pour effet de préjuger

la décision finals de la Cour quant a sa compétence au fond. C'est
que l'exercice de cette faculté suppose au préalable une forme de
décision juridictionnelle distincte, ayant sa propre finalité. En bref,
se posent à la fois une question de fond et une question préliminaire tion of merits and a preliminary question of jurisdiction, or rather
perhaps of the propriety of exercising it; and this is not the case with
any of the other possible exercises of preliminary jurisdiction." (Sir
Gerald Fitzmaurice, "Hersch Lauterpacht - The Scholar as Judge,

Part II", 38 Briti.71 Year Book qf'lnternationul Law, 1962, p. 71.)

5. Judge Fitzmaurice also observed that:

"The jurisdiction to indicate interim measures of protection is, so
far as the International Court is concerned, part of the incidental
jurisdiction of the Court, the characteristic of which is that it does
not depend on any direct consent given by the parties to its exercise,
but is an inherent part of the standing powers of the Court under its
Statute. Its exercise is therefore governed, not by the consent of the

parties (except in a remote sense) but by the relevant provisions of
the Statute and the Rules of Court." (The Law und Practice of the
International Court of Justice: 1951-1954, p. 304.)

1 subscribe to this interpretation of the powers conferred by the Statute
on the Court.
6. As for the circumstances of the case, the Court acknowledged the
magnitude of the tragic events occurring in the Congo by referring to the

eleven resolutions adopted so far by the Security Council. The Congo has
relied in its request for the indication of provisional measures on a host
of compromissory clauses which, if proven applicable, would have estab-
lished the requisite prima facie jurisdiction. The Court has analysed each
of these clauses and found that it does not have prima faciejurisdiction.

7. The Court however stated in paragraph 87, "both the Congo and
Rwanda are parties to the Montreal Convention and have been since
6 July 1977 in the case of the Congo and 3 November 1987 in the case of
Rwanda", and in paragraph 88, "the Congo has not however asked the
Court to indicate any provisional measure relating to the preservation of
rights which it believes it holds under the Montreal Convention". Yet in

paragraph 88 it chose to conclude on this point that "accordingly the
Court is not required, at this stage in the proceedings, to rule, even on a
prima facie basis, on its jurisdiction under that Convention nor on the
conditions precedent to the Court's jurisdiction contained therein" and
then drew the general conclusion in paragraph 89 that "the Court does
not in the present case have the prima faciejurisdiction necessary to indi-
cate those provisional measures requested by the Congo".

8. It is factuallyaccurate that the Congo did not specify what meas-
ures the Court has requested to adopt to safeguard its rights under the
Montreal Convention. But the Congo did refer to the 1998 incident in
which a Congo Airlines plane was shot down. In my view, a degree of
inconsistency exists between the possible implication in paragraph 88 that de compétence, ou peut-être plutôt celle de l'opportunité d'exercer
ou non cette dernière; or cela n'est le cas avec aucune des autres
formes possibles d'exercice d'une compétence préliminaire.)) (Sir
Gerald Fitzmaurice, ((Hersch Lauterpacht - The Scholar as Judge,

Part II)>.BritisA Yrar Book of' Intrrnational Lati,, vol. 38, 1962,
p. 71.)

5. Le juge Fitzmaurice fit également observer que:

((La faculté d'indiauer des mesures conservatoires fait. en ce aui
concerne la Cour internationale, partie de sa compétence incidente,
qui est caractériséepar le fait qu'elle ne dépend pas du consentement
direct donné par les parties à son exercice, mais fait partie intégrante

des pouvoirs permanents que lui confère son Statut. Son exercice est
donc régi,non pas par le consentement des parties (sauf en un sens
lointain), mais par les dispositions applicables du Statut et du Règle-
ment de la Cour. ))(TlzeLatv and Pructict3oj tlzeIizternutional Court
of Justice: 1951-1954, p. 304.)

Je souscris à cette inti-rprétation des pouvoirs conférésà la Cour par son
Statut.

6. Quant aux circonstances de l'espèce,la Cour a pris acte de l'ampleur
des tragiques événements vécus par le Congo en rappelant les onze réso-
lutions déjàadoptées à ce jour par le Conseil de sécurité.Le Congo fon-
dait sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires sur un grand
nombre de clauses compromissoires qui, si elles avaient été reconnues

applicables, auraient permis d'établir la compétence priina jucie requise.
La Cour a toutefois conclu, après avoir analysé chacune de ces clauses,
qu'elle n'était pas compétente prirnajacie.
7. La Cour a relevé, au paragraphe 87, que «tant le Congo que le
Rwanda sont parties à la convention de Montréal, le Congo depuis le
6 juillet 1977 et le Rwanda depuis le 3 novembre 1987», et, au para-

graphe 88, que ((le Congo n'a [toutefois] demandé à la Cour I'indi-
cation d'aucune mesiire conservatoire en rapport avec la sauvegarde des
droits au'il estime tenir de la convention de Montréal)). La Cour a
choisi de conclure à cet égard, dans ce mêmeparagraphe 88, ((qu'il n'y
a[vait] dès lors pas llieu pour [elle], à ce stade de la procédure, de se

prononcer, mêmepriina jucie, sur sa compétence au regard de ladite
convention ou sur les conditions préalables pour fonder la compétence
de la Cour aux termes de cette dernière)): puis elle a conclu plus généra-
lement, au paragraphe 89, qu'elle «ne dispos[ait] pas en l'espèce de la
compétence prinza jii'cic.nécessaire pour indiquer les mesures conserva-
toires demandées par le Congo)).

8. Il est de fait que le Congo n'a pas préciséà la Cour quelles mesures
il priait celle-ci de prendre aux fins de préserver les droits qu'il estime
tenir de la convention de Montréal, mais il n'en a pas moins rappelé
qu'un avion de Congo Airlines avait étéabattu en 1998. A mon sens, ily
a une certaine incohérence entre le paragraphe 88, qui laisse supposerprima facie jurisdiction might exist and the conclusion in paragraph 89

that since the Congo did not ask the Court to indicate any provisional
measures relating to the Montreal Convention, the Court is not required
to rule on its jurisdiction. Somehow 1find it difficult to reconcile this con-
clusion by the Court with the circumstances of the case particularly in
light of its recent jurisprudence.

9. The Court was more flexible when it considered the case concerning

Anned Activities un the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Repuhlic of
the Congo v. Ugundaj in July 2000. It then reached out to adopt a less
formalistic interpretation of its mandate. In that case the Court twice
asserted its power,

"independently of requests for the indication of provisional
measures submitted by the parties to preserve specific rights, . . .
by virtue of Article 41 of the Statute . .. to indicate provisional

measures with a view to preventing the aggravation or extension
of the dispute whenever it considers that circumstances so require"
(I.C.J. Reports 2000, p. 128, para. 44).

10. 1hasten to add that 1do realize that in the case concerning Arrned
Activities on tlze Territory of tlze Congo (Dernocratic Republic of' the
Congo v. Uganda), the assertion of jurisdiction was probably more
solidly anchored than in the present case. 1 also recognize that the
Court entertained a degree of doubt as to whether the conditions laid

down in Article 14 of the Montreal Convention have been fully met so
that a referral of the dispute to the International Court of Justice could
be made in accordance with the Statute.
11. Notwithstanding such doubts, which 1 do not hesitate to confess
that 1 share, the provisions of Article 14 of the Montreal Convention
together with the reference to the shooting down of a Congolese plane in

1998 should have been considered adequate to establish a prima facie
jurisdiction to indicate provisional measures. It is relevant to recall in this
context that Judge H. Lauterpacht

"leaned very definitely in the direction of the view that before the
Court could grant a request for interim measures there must exist
some docunzentary or instrumental basis for the view that the Court
might be possessed of substantive jurisdiction relative to the even-

tua1 merits, such as an adjudication clause in a treaty, 'optional
clause' declaration, etc.; and also that the particular case must at
least not be clearly excluded in some way from the scope of any such
clause or declaration - e.g. by a reservation." (Fitzmaurice, op. cit.,
p. 74.)

The Montreal Convention should have therefore been regarded as a
suitable instrumental basis to serve this purpose.l'existence d'une éventuellecompétenceprima jacie, et le paragraphe 89.

qui conclut que la Cour, puisque le Congo ne lui a pas demandé d'indi-
quer des mesures conservatoires en rapport avec la convention de
Montréal, n'est pas appeléeà se prononcer sur sa compétence. J'éprouve
quelque difficulté à comprendre cette conclusion au vu des circons-
tances de l'espèce,en particulier à la lumière de la jurisprudence récente
de la Cour.

9. La Cour avait fait montre d'une plus grande souplesse dans l'affaire
des Activités urtnées~urle territoire du Congo (République dél?îocratique
du Congo c. Ougando), en juillet 2000. A cette occasion, elle avait cher-
chéà interpréter moins strictement son mandat et avait confirméà deux
reprises qu'elle disposait du pouvoir

«indépendammeint des demandes en indication de mesures conserva-
toires présentéespar les parties à l'effet de sauvegarder des droits

déterminés... en vertu de l'article 41 de son Statut...d'indiquer des
mesures conservatoires en vue d'empêcherl'aggravation ou I'exten-
sion du différend quand elle estime que les circonstances l'exigent))
(C.I.J.Recueil 2000, p. 128, par. 44).

10. Je m'empresse d'ajouter que je suis bien conscient que, en l'affaire
des Activités armées.surle territoire du Congo (Rkpuhliqtie démocratique
du Congo c. Ougando), l'établissementde la compétence reposait proba-

blement sur des base:; plus solides qu'en la présente espèce. Jereconnais
égalementque la Cour ne peut êtreici entièrement certaine que les condi-
tions énoncéesà l'article 14 de la convention de Montréal soient totale-
ment satisfaites et partant, qu'elle puisse êtresaisie du différend confor-
mément à son Statut.
Il. En dépit deces doutes, que j'avoue sans hésitation partager égale-
ment, j'estime que, prises conjointement, les dispositions de l'article 14de

la convention de Montréal et la destruction d'un avion congolais en 1998
telle qu'invoquéepar le Congo auraient dû êtrejugées suffisantes aux fins
d'établirla compétencepritnajacie de la Cour pour indiquer des mesures
conservatoires. Il n'est pas inutile de rappeler à cet égardque lejuge Lau-
terpacht

«était incontestablement enclin à considérer qu'ildoit exister, avant
que la Cour ne puisse faire droit à une demande en indication de

mesures conservatoires, quelque clocunzelztou instrument, tel qu'une
clause juridictionnelle dans un traité, une déclaration relativeà une
«clause facultative)), etc., qui permette de penser que la Cour pour-
rait être compétenteau fond; et qu'en outre l'affaire en question doit
au moins ne pas êtremanifestement exclue, d'une manière quel-
conque, du champ d'application de ladite clause ou déclaration, du

fait par exemple d'une réserve)) (G. Fitzmaurice, op. cit., p. 74).

Par conséquent, la convention de Montréal aurait dû êtreconsidérée
comme un instrument offrant une base adéquate à cet effet.263 ARMED ACTlVlTIES (DECL.ELARABY)

12. Thus, the criteria suggested by Judge H. Lauterpacht have, in my
opinion, been satisfied with respect to the Montreal Convention. Indeed
it was suggested by Mendelson in this context that

"To lay down in advance a hard-and-fast rule for dealing with one
of these factors - the possibility of jurisdiction - is to fail suffi-

ciently to take into account the great variability of the others from
case to case. If the other circumstances suggest very strongly that
interim measures should be indicated, the Court may be justified in
indicating them even in the face of substantial - though not over-
whelming - doubts as to its .substantivejursidiction." (M. H. Men-

delson, "Interim Measures of Protection in Cases of Contested Juris-
diction", 46 Brtish Yeur Book of' International Lu~c,,1972-1973,
p. 319.)

13. Another aspect of the Order which 1 also fail to appreciate is the
absence of any reference to the Court's powers under Article 75 (2) of the
Rules of Court. It will be recalled that in the case concerning Armed

Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Dernocrutic Repuhlic qf the
Congo v. Ugundu) the Court stated that "pursuant to Article 75, para-
graph 1, of its Rules, the Court may in any event decide to examine pro-
prio nzotu whether the circumstances of the case require the indication of
provisional measures" (1.C.J. Reports 2000, p. 127, para. 38) and reiter-

ated its pronouncement that "Article 75, paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court empowers the Court to indicate measures that are in whole or in
part other than those requested" (ibid, p. 128, para. 43).
14. In conclusion, it is to be recalled that in the Fisheries Jurisdiction

(United Kingdom v. Icelunu')case in 1972the Court first laid down what
has now become settled jurisprudence. It stated that:

"on a request for provisional measures the Court need not, before
indicating them, finally satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction on the
merits of the case, yet it ought not to act under Article 41 of the

Statute if the absence of jurisdiction on the merits is manifest"
(1.C.J. Reports 1972, p. 15, para. 15).

This positive approach was maintained and reflected in a different
context in paragraph 91 of the Order, where the Court recognized the

absence of a manifest lack ofjurisdiction and dismissed Rwanda's request
that the case be removed from the List. In my view, the cumulative effect
of the absence of a manifest lack of jurisdiction, on the one hand, and the
implied acceptance of prima facie jurisdiction under the Montreal Con-
vention, on the other, should have been considered an adequate basis to

found jurisdiction to indicate provisional measures.
15. 1 am therefore of the opinion that the circumstances of the case
reflect an urgent need to protect the rights and interests of the Demo- 12. Aussi, les critères proposés par H. Lauterpacht étaient-ils à mon
avis satisfaits en ce q~iiconcerne la convention de Montréal. M. Mendel-
son a d'ailleurs relevépar le passé:

« Enoncer à l'avance une règleabsolue à l'égardde l'un de ces fac-

teurs - la possibilitéde la compétence - revient à ne pas tenir suf-
fisamment compte de la grande variabilité desautres d'une affaire à
l'autre. Si, au vu des autres circonstances, tout donne à penser que
des mesures conservatoires devraient être indiquées, la Cour peut
avoir de bonnes raisons de le faire mêmesi des doutes importants -

mais non insurmontables - existent quant à sa compétence au
fond.)) (M. H. Mendelson, «Interim Meas~ires of Protection in
Cases of Contested Jurisdiction)), Britisl? YL~ Book oj Internatio~zul
Lu~v,vol. 46, 19'72-1973,p. 319.)

13. Un autre point de l'ordonnance qui me semble également difficile à

saisir est l'absence de toute référenceaux pouvoirs que la Cour tient du
paragraphe 2de I'arti~Ae75 de son Règlement. Rappelons que, en l'affaire
des Activitésurrnkessur le territoire du Congo (Républiquedémocratiquedu
Congo c. Ouganda), elle avait déclaréque, ((conformément au para-
graphe 1 de l'article '75de son Règlement, la Cour peut en tout état de

cause décider d'examiner d'officesi les circonstances d'une affaire exigent
l'indication de mesures conservatoires)) et réaffirméque «le paragraphe
2 de l'article 75 du Règlement reconnaît à la Cour le pouvoir d'indi-
quer des mesures totalement ou partiellement différentes de celles qui sont
sollicitées»(C.I.J. Recueil 2000, p. 127, par. 38 et p. 128, par. 43).
14. Il convient pour conclure de rappeler que, en 1972, dans l'affaire

de la Compétenceen matière de pêcheries(Royaume-Uni c. Islande), la
Cour avait pour la première fois énoncéun principe qui fait aujourd'hui
partie intégrante de 1;jurisprudence, à savoir que:

«lorsqu'elle est saisie d'une demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires, la Cour n'a pas besoin, avant d'indiquer ces mesures, de

s'assurer de manière concluante de sa compétence quant au fond de
l'affaire, mais [elle] ne doit cependant pas appliquer l'article 41 du
Statut lorsque son incompétence au fond est manifeste)) (C.I.J.
Recueil 1972, p. 15, par. 15).

Daris un contexte différent, la Cour s'en est tenue A cette manière de pro-

céder, comme cela apparaît au paragraphe 91 de son ordonnance, où elle
reconnaît qu'il n'existeaucune incompétence manifeste et rejette en consé-
quence la demande du Rwanda tendant à ce que l'affaire soit rayéedu
rôle. De mon point de vue, la conjonction de l'absence d'incompétence
manifeste et de l'acceptation tacite d'une compétence prirnajacie décou-
lant de la conventior~ de Montréal aurait dû suffire à fonder la compé-

tence de la Cour pour indiquer des mesures conservatoires.
15. Je pense par conséquent qu'au vu des circonstances de l'affaire il
existe une nécessitéurgente de protéger les droits et les intérsts de lacratic Republic of the Congo. For the aforementioned reasons, 1could
not join the majority in voting in favour of rejection of the request for the
indication of provisional measures.

(Signed) Nabil ELARABY.République démocratique du Congo. Pour les motifs que je viens d'expo-
ser, je n'ai pu m'associer au vote de la majorité en faveur du rejet de la

demande en indication de mesures conservatoires.

(Sigrzé) NabiELARABY

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration by Judge Elaraby

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