Joint Separate Opinion by Judges Koroma and Vereshchetin

Document Number
129-20030617-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
129-20030617-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

JOINT SEPARATE OPINlON OF JUDGES KOROMA AND

VERESHCHETIN

Substance of' Congo's request fbr provisionczl meusure- Detevrîzining "cir-
cumstances" to be tuken into considerution under Article 41 - Hoiv vulid is
distinction betcveen the damage to the alleged cluirned rights us such und the
consequences of tlieir violatio- Al1uspects of the dispute t» be consiu'rred.

1. We voted in favour of the Order despite Our reservations, some of
which are reflected hereunder.
2. In its Application, the Republic of the Congo claims that the insti-
tution of criminal proceedings against its officials responsible for public
order, as well as its Head of State, violated its rights as a sovereign State
and the immunity of a Head of State from criminal prosecution by a
foreign State as recognized by international law and the jurisprudence of

the Court.
3. The Congo not only seeks the annulment of those proceedings but
also requested the Court to indicate a provisional measure ordering the
immediate suspension of criminal proceedings by France. In this regard,
the Congo argued that the continuation of those proceedings could result
in irreparable harm in the form of a covert coup d'état,the destabiliza-
tion of its interna1 institutions, and the return to war from which the
country had recently emerged.

4. In Ourview,the Court appearsnot to have given sufficientweight to
the risk of "irreparable harm", which could occur in the Congo as a
result of the continuation of the criminal proceedings. Instead the Court
limited itself to ruling that

"it appears to the Court, on the information before it, that as
regards President Sassou Nguesso, there is at the present time no
risk of irreparable prejudice, so as to justify the indication of provi-
sional measures as a matter of urgency; and . . .neither is it estab-
lished that any such risk exists as regards General Oba, Minister of
the Interior of the Republic of the Congo, for whom the Congo also

claims immunity in its Application" (Order, para. 35).

The Court further stated that "the irreparable prejudice claimed by the
Congo .. .would not be caused to [the rights claimed in the Application]
as such", while at the same time acknowledging that "this prejudice

might, in the circumstances of the case, be regarded as such as to affectirreparably the rights asserted in the Application7'.The Court also noted,
among other things, that it had not been informed in what practical
respect the initiation of the criminal proceedings had occasioned any

deterioration internally in the Congo (Order, para. 29). On these bases,
the Court declined to indicate provisional measures.
5. This conclusion, in Our view, would suggest that the Court has not
given sufficient consideration to the "circumstances" as that term is used
in Article 41 of the Statute, which requires the Court to consider al1
aspects, including the consequences that might occur if the interim Order
is not granted.
6. Admittedly, both the spirit and letter of Article 41 of the Statute cal1
for concern for the preservation of the rights which may be adjudged in
the inerits phase of the proceedings to be, as a rule, the guiding factor in
taking a decision on provisional measures. This does not, however, mean

that the harm attributable to the violation of those rights may not have
much wider negative consequences and repercussions for legal and politi-
cal interests of the State concerned, far transcending its adverse effect on
the claimed riL.ts as such. In these circumstances. the indication of vro-
visional measures may become necessary not so much in view of the
imminence of irreparable harm to the claimed rights, but rather because
of the risk of grave consequences of their violation. We believethat these
considerations, to a large extent, lay at the root of the Court's decisions
in a number of cases where provisional measures were explicitly ordered
with a view to preventing "aggravation", "extension" or "exacerbation"
of harm already done to the claimed rights, even if the risk of immediate

irreparable prejudice to the claimed rights was not always so obvious.
Moreover, some recent cases in the Court's jurisprudence point to the
fact that sometimes it is not easy toseparate the harm caused by the con-
sequences of the violation of claimed rlghts from the harm to the rights as
such. This can be seen in the Orders on provisional measures which the
Court indicated in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paru-
guay v. United States of Arnerica), LaGrand (Germany v. United States
oj'America) and Avenu and Otlzer Mexicnn Nationals (Mexico v. United
States qf'America) cases, where the lives of individuals were at stake.

7. For al1the above-stated reasons, we entertain some reservations in

respect of the Court's having, in the circumstances of the present case,
drawn a distinction between the harm to the rights which might subse-
quently be adjudged to belong to the Congo and the harm consequent
upon the violation of those rights (Order, para. 29). This is not to imply
that the Court has erected an insurmountable barrier between these
two categories of harm or damage for as the Court itself noted:

"this prejudice [thatis damage to the 'honour and reputation of the
highest authorities of the Congo, and to interna1peace in the Congo,115 CERTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDlNGS (JOINT SEP.OP.)

to the international standing of the Congo and to Franco-Congolese
friendship'(Order, para. 27)]might, in the circumstances of the case,

be regarded such as to affect irreparably the rights asserted in the
Application" (Order, para. 29).

8. Our contention is that when considering a request for interim
measures of protection, the Court should consider al1 relevant aspects
of the matter before it, including the extent of the possible harmful

consequences of the violation of the claimed right.

(Signed) Abdul G. KOROMA.
(Signed) Vladlen S. VERESHCHETIN.

Bilingual Content

JOINT SEPARATE OPINlON OF JUDGES KOROMA AND

VERESHCHETIN

Substance of' Congo's request fbr provisionczl meusure- Detevrîzining "cir-
cumstances" to be tuken into considerution under Article 41 - Hoiv vulid is
distinction betcveen the damage to the alleged cluirned rights us such und the
consequences of tlieir violatio- Al1uspects of the dispute t» be consiu'rred.

1. We voted in favour of the Order despite Our reservations, some of
which are reflected hereunder.
2. In its Application, the Republic of the Congo claims that the insti-
tution of criminal proceedings against its officials responsible for public
order, as well as its Head of State, violated its rights as a sovereign State
and the immunity of a Head of State from criminal prosecution by a
foreign State as recognized by international law and the jurisprudence of

the Court.
3. The Congo not only seeks the annulment of those proceedings but
also requested the Court to indicate a provisional measure ordering the
immediate suspension of criminal proceedings by France. In this regard,
the Congo argued that the continuation of those proceedings could result
in irreparable harm in the form of a covert coup d'état,the destabiliza-
tion of its interna1 institutions, and the return to war from which the
country had recently emerged.

4. In Ourview,the Court appearsnot to have given sufficientweight to
the risk of "irreparable harm", which could occur in the Congo as a
result of the continuation of the criminal proceedings. Instead the Court
limited itself to ruling that

"it appears to the Court, on the information before it, that as
regards President Sassou Nguesso, there is at the present time no
risk of irreparable prejudice, so as to justify the indication of provi-
sional measures as a matter of urgency; and . . .neither is it estab-
lished that any such risk exists as regards General Oba, Minister of
the Interior of the Republic of the Congo, for whom the Congo also

claims immunity in its Application" (Order, para. 35).

The Court further stated that "the irreparable prejudice claimed by the
Congo .. .would not be caused to [the rights claimed in the Application]
as such", while at the same time acknowledging that "this prejudice

might, in the circumstances of the case, be regarded as such as to affect OPINION INDIVIDUELLE COMMUNE DE RIM. LES JUGES
KOIlOMA ET VERESHCHETI '4

Objet de la demande en indication de mesure consed.vatoiredu Congo -
«Circonstances» déterminantes ù prendre en considérationau titre de l'ar-
ticle41- Degréde validitéde la distinction établieentre lepréjudice caaudu
droits alléguéen tant que tels et les conséquencesde leur viola-ioNécessité
a'etenir compte de tous /es aspectdela que,~tiumen litijre.

1. Nous avons votéen faveur de l'ordonnance en dépitde nos réserves,
dont certaines sont exposéesci-après.
2. Dans sa requête,la République du Congo affirme que l'ouverture

de procédures pénales contre les responsables du maintien de l'ordre
public sur son territoire, ainsi que contre son chef d Etat, emporte viola-
tion de ses droits en tant qu'Etat souverain et de l'immunité dejuridic-
tion dont jouit un chef d'Etat dans un pays tiers, tell,que reconnus par le
droit international et1,ajurisprudence de la Cour.
3. Le Congo, qui ne cherche pas seulement à obtenir l'annulation de
ces actes de procédure, a égalementdemandé à la Cour d'indiquer une
mesure conservatoire tendant à faire ordonner la slspension immédiate

des procédures pénale:;ouvertes par la France. A cet égard,le Congo a
fait valoir que leur poursuite pourrait entraîner un préjudiceirréparable
sous la forme d'un coiip d'Etat masqué, d'unedést;~bilisationde ses ins-
titutions nationales etde la reprise d'une guerre don le pays vientà peine
de sortir.
4. Selon nous, la Cour n'a pas accordé suffisamment de poids au
risque de ((préjudiceirréparable))qui pourrait être 3ortéau Congo dans
l'éventualitéoù il ne serait pas mis fin aux poursuites pénales.La Cour
s'est contentéed'indiquer que

«il [lui]apparaît ... au vu des élémentsd'information qui lui ont été
soumis, qu'il n'existeà l'heure actuelle, en ce qui concerne le prési-
dent Sassou Nguesso, aucun risque de préjudiceirréparablejustifiant

l'indication d'urgence de mesures conservatoires; et que, en tout état
de cause, il n'est pas davantage établiqu'un te risque existe pour le
ministre de l'intéhrieurdu Congo, le généralOba, pour lequel le
Congo fait également valoir desimmunitésdans sa requête))(ordon-
nance, par. 35).

La Cour a égalementdit que «le préjudiceirréparable dont se prévautle
Congo ..ne serait pas causé[aux droits invoquésdans la requête] entant
que tels)), tout en reconnaissant que ((cepréjudicepourrait, dans les cir-
constances de l'espèce,êtretel qu'il affecterait de nianière irréparable lesirreparably the rights asserted in the Application7'.The Court also noted,
among other things, that it had not been informed in what practical
respect the initiation of the criminal proceedings had occasioned any

deterioration internally in the Congo (Order, para. 29). On these bases,
the Court declined to indicate provisional measures.
5. This conclusion, in Our view, would suggest that the Court has not
given sufficient consideration to the "circumstances" as that term is used
in Article 41 of the Statute, which requires the Court to consider al1
aspects, including the consequences that might occur if the interim Order
is not granted.
6. Admittedly, both the spirit and letter of Article 41 of the Statute cal1
for concern for the preservation of the rights which may be adjudged in
the inerits phase of the proceedings to be, as a rule, the guiding factor in
taking a decision on provisional measures. This does not, however, mean

that the harm attributable to the violation of those rights may not have
much wider negative consequences and repercussions for legal and politi-
cal interests of the State concerned, far transcending its adverse effect on
the claimed riL.ts as such. In these circumstances. the indication of vro-
visional measures may become necessary not so much in view of the
imminence of irreparable harm to the claimed rights, but rather because
of the risk of grave consequences of their violation. We believethat these
considerations, to a large extent, lay at the root of the Court's decisions
in a number of cases where provisional measures were explicitly ordered
with a view to preventing "aggravation", "extension" or "exacerbation"
of harm already done to the claimed rights, even if the risk of immediate

irreparable prejudice to the claimed rights was not always so obvious.
Moreover, some recent cases in the Court's jurisprudence point to the
fact that sometimes it is not easy toseparate the harm caused by the con-
sequences of the violation of claimed rlghts from the harm to the rights as
such. This can be seen in the Orders on provisional measures which the
Court indicated in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paru-
guay v. United States of Arnerica), LaGrand (Germany v. United States
oj'America) and Avenu and Otlzer Mexicnn Nationals (Mexico v. United
States qf'America) cases, where the lives of individuals were at stake.

7. For al1the above-stated reasons, we entertain some reservations in

respect of the Court's having, in the circumstances of the present case,
drawn a distinction between the harm to the rights which might subse-
quently be adjudged to belong to the Congo and the harm consequent
upon the violation of those rights (Order, para. 29). This is not to imply
that the Court has erected an insurmountable barrier between these
two categories of harm or damage for as the Court itself noted:

"this prejudice [thatis damage to the 'honour and reputation of the
highest authorities of the Congo, and to interna1peace in the Congo,droits énoncésdans la requête)).La Cour a notaniment relevéqu'elle

n'avait pas étéinforméede la manièredont, concrètement, l'ouverture de
procédurespénalesavait pu affecter la stabilitéinterr e du Congo (ordon-
nance, par. 29). Pour CI-sraisons, elle n'a pas fait droià la demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires.
5. Cette conclusion donne selon nous à penser que la Cour n'a pas
prêté une attention suffisante aux cccirconstances»visées à l'article 41 du
Statut, lequel impose ,rla Cour de prendre en considération tous les
aspects, y compris les conséquencesqui seraient susceptibles de résulter
du défaut d'indication de mesures conservatoires.
6. Certes, il ressort tant de l'espritque de la lettre (lel'article41 du Sta-
tut que toute décisionen matière d'indication de mr:sures conservatoires

doit, en règlegénéraleê , treguidéepar le souci de siiuvegarder les droits
susceptibles d'êtrereconnus lors de l'examen au foiid. Il n'en reste pas
moins que lepréjudicerisquant de résulter dela violatton de cesdroits peut
avoir des conséquenceset des répercussionsd'une p~rtéeautrement plus
vaste sur les intérêtsc~litiqueset juridiques de 1'Etaten cause, dépassant
largement seseffetsnégatifs surles seulsdroits invoq~~és D.ans cescircons-
tances, l'indication dernesures conservatoires peut s'imposernon pas tant
au vu de l'imminence d'un préjudiceirréparable susceptibled'être causé aux
droits invoqués qu'en raisondes graves conséquence!;que risquerait d'en-
traîner leur violation.(7e sont de telles considératio~isqui nous semblent
avoir dans une large mesure fondéles décisions renduespar la Cour dans
nombre d'affaires où des mesures conservatoires ont été indiquées expres-
sément auxfinsde prévlcnirl'«aggravation>),I'exten:ion » ou I'«exacerba-

tion)) du dommage déjà causéaux droits invoqués,alors mêmeque le
risque de préjudiceirréparableet immédiat aux droics en question n'était
pas toujours aussi évident qu'ilne l'esten l'espèce.II ressort en outre de la
jurisprudence récente de la Cour qu'il est parfois tnalaiséde distinguer
entre le préjudice causépar les conséquences dela violation des droits
invoquéset le préjudiceportéaux droits eux-mêmesLes ordonnances en
indication de mesures c:onservatoiresrendues par la Cour dans l'affaire de
la Convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaire^(Paraguay c.Etuts-
Unis d'At~îi.riqurjl'affaireLaGrand (Allen~agne (. Etats-Unis d'An1é-
rique) et l'affaiAvenu et autres ressorfissantsnlexica 'ns(Mexiquec.Etuts-
Unisd'Anzérique), où des viesétaient enjeu, en fournssent une illustration.
7. Pour l'ensemble des raisons qui viennent d'êtreexposées, nous

nourrissons certaines réservesquant a la distinction que la Cour a, dans
lescirconstances de la présente espèce,établie entrele préjudiceportéaux
droits susceptibles d'êtreultérieurement reconnus au Congo et le préju-
dice consécutif à la violation de ces droits (ordonnance, par. 29). Nous
n'entendons pas affirmer par là que la Cour auriit érigé unebarrière
insurmontable entre ces deux catégories de préjudiceou de dommage,
car. comme elle l'a elle-mêmenoté:

«ce préjudice [à savoir le dommage qui aurait étécausé à ((l'honneur
et à la considération des plus hautes autorités du Congo, ainsi qu'à115 CERTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDlNGS (JOINT SEP.OP.)

to the international standing of the Congo and to Franco-Congolese
friendship'(Order, para. 27)]might, in the circumstances of the case,

be regarded such as to affect irreparably the rights asserted in the
Application" (Order, para. 29).

8. Our contention is that when considering a request for interim
measures of protection, the Court should consider al1 relevant aspects
of the matter before it, including the extent of the possible harmful

consequences of the violation of the claimed right.

(Signed) Abdul G. KOROMA.
(Signed) Vladlen S. VERESHCHETIN. CERTAINES PROCÉDURES PÉNALES (OP. INI). COM.) 115

la stabilité interne du Congo, au crédit intern.itiona1 de celui-ci et
aux relations d'ainitié franco-congolaises))(oi.donnance, par. 27)]
pourrait, dans les circonstances de l'espèce,êtretel qu'il affecterait

de manière irréparable les droits énoncésdans la requête))(ordon-
nance, par.29).
8. Selon nous, la Cour doit, lorsqu'elle examine ilne demande en indi-
cation de mesures conservatoires, peser tous lesaq)ects pertinents de la
question dont elle est saisie,compris la portéedes conséquencespréju-
diciables susceptibles d'êtreentraînéespar la violation du droit invoqué.

(Signé) Abdul G. KOROMA.
(Signk) Vladler S. VERESHCHETIN.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Joint Separate Opinion by Judges Koroma and Vereshchetin

Links