Declaration of Judge Oda

Document Number
128-20030205-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
128-20030205-ORD-02-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ODA

1voted in favour of the present Order. However, 1believe it appropri-
ate to state my doubts concerning the Court's definition of "disputes aris-
ing out of the interpretation or application" of the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations. Those doubts have already been clearly expressed on
three occasions in connection with two similar cases decided by the Court
(see Vienna Convention on Consulur Relutions (Paraguay v. United

Stutes qf Arnericu), Provisionul Measures, Order qf 9 April 1998, I.C. J.
Rc~ports1998, p. 248 ; LuGrand (Geriîzuny v. United Stutes of'An~ericu),
Provisional Measures, Order qf'3 Murclz 1999, I.C. J. Reports 1999 (1),
p. 9); LuGrand (Gerrnuny v. United Stutes of'Anzericu), Judgmenf,
I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 466).
The present case, in my view, is in essence an attempt by Mexico to
save the lives of its nationals who have been sentenced to death by

domestic courts in the United States. This case concerns human rights,
specifically those of the Mexican nationals on death row, but there is no
dispute between Mexico and the United States concerning the interpreta-
tion or application of the Vienna Convention. The United States has
acknowledged its failure to provide consular notification - in violation
of the Vienna Convention - and in fact the Mexican nationals did not

receive timely consular protection.

1believe that Mexico has seized upon the Convention and the admitted
violation of it as a means, and the only one potentially available, to sub-
ject the United States to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court. Since
there is currently no provision of international law conferring uni~~er.sul

compulsory jurisdiction on the International Court of Justice, Mexico
sought a mechanism by which it could hope to bring a case unilaterally
before the Court and it relied to that end on the Convention's Optional
Protocol, pursuant to which both Mexico and the United States have
accepted the Court's compulsory jurisdiction in disputes involving the
interpretation or application of the Convention.

Mexico contends that its nationals were sentenced to death without
having received consular assistance. In most cases, however, they ii3ere
given consular assistance in the judicial processes (including the clemency
procedure) that followed their initial sentencing. This case cannot be

about domestic legal procedure in the United States because that lies
within the sovereign discretion of that country. It does not concern a dis-
pute over the interpretation or application of the Vienna Conventionbecause the United States admits its violation. While there may be a
question of the appropriate remedy for the violation, that is a matter of
general international law, not of the interpretation or application of the
Convention. What this case is about is abhorrence - by Mexico and
others - of capital punishment.

If the International Court of Justice interferes in a State's criminal law
system (encompassing trial and appellate proceedings and clemency pro-
cedures), it fails to respect the sovereignty of the state and places itself on
a par with the supreme court of the State. The Vienna Convention in no

way justifies the Court's assumption of that role. As 1 have previously
stated :

"The Court cannot act as a court of criminal appeal and cannot
be petitioned for writs of lzubeus corpus. The Court does not have
jurisdiction to decide matters relating to capital punishment and its
execution, and should not intervene in such matters." (LuGr~znd
(Germany v. United States uf Arnericu), Provisional Meusures,

Order of3 Murch 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 18, declaration
of Judge Oda.)

1 added:

"Whether capital punishment would be contrary to Article 6 of
the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is not
a matter to be determined by the International Court of Justice - at
least in the present situation." (Ibid.)

Nor is the present case, brought under the Vienna Convention and not
under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the
appropriate context for that determination.

1 fully understand the significant issues raised by the death penalty
from the perspective of those condemned to die but 1 shall reiterate my
previous statement :

"[ilf [the rights of the accused] as they relate to humanitarian issues
are to be respected then, in parallel, the matter of the rights of vic-
tims of violent crime (a point which has often been overlooked)
should be taken into consideration" (ibid.).

(Signed) Shigeru ODA.

Bilingual Content

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ODA

1voted in favour of the present Order. However, 1believe it appropri-
ate to state my doubts concerning the Court's definition of "disputes aris-
ing out of the interpretation or application" of the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations. Those doubts have already been clearly expressed on
three occasions in connection with two similar cases decided by the Court
(see Vienna Convention on Consulur Relutions (Paraguay v. United

Stutes qf Arnericu), Provisionul Measures, Order qf 9 April 1998, I.C. J.
Rc~ports1998, p. 248 ; LuGrand (Geriîzuny v. United Stutes of'An~ericu),
Provisional Measures, Order qf'3 Murclz 1999, I.C. J. Reports 1999 (1),
p. 9); LuGrand (Gerrnuny v. United Stutes of'Anzericu), Judgmenf,
I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 466).
The present case, in my view, is in essence an attempt by Mexico to
save the lives of its nationals who have been sentenced to death by

domestic courts in the United States. This case concerns human rights,
specifically those of the Mexican nationals on death row, but there is no
dispute between Mexico and the United States concerning the interpreta-
tion or application of the Vienna Convention. The United States has
acknowledged its failure to provide consular notification - in violation
of the Vienna Convention - and in fact the Mexican nationals did not

receive timely consular protection.

1believe that Mexico has seized upon the Convention and the admitted
violation of it as a means, and the only one potentially available, to sub-
ject the United States to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court. Since
there is currently no provision of international law conferring uni~~er.sul

compulsory jurisdiction on the International Court of Justice, Mexico
sought a mechanism by which it could hope to bring a case unilaterally
before the Court and it relied to that end on the Convention's Optional
Protocol, pursuant to which both Mexico and the United States have
accepted the Court's compulsory jurisdiction in disputes involving the
interpretation or application of the Convention.

Mexico contends that its nationals were sentenced to death without
having received consular assistance. In most cases, however, they ii3ere
given consular assistance in the judicial processes (including the clemency
procedure) that followed their initial sentencing. This case cannot be

about domestic legal procedure in the United States because that lies
within the sovereign discretion of that country. It does not concern a dis-
pute over the interpretation or application of the Vienna Convention DECLARATION DE M. LE JUGE ODA

[ Traduction]

J'ai voté en faveur de l'ordonnance. J'estime toutefois nécessaire de

faire part de mes doutes quant a la définition donnée par la Cour des
((différendsrelatifsa l'interprétation oua I'applicati#~n»de la convention
de Vienne sur les relations consulaires. Ces doutes ont déjàétéexprimés
clairement à trois reprises lors de deux affaires similaires sur lesquelles la
Cour avait statué(voir Convention de Vienne sur les relations con.sulaire,s
(Puraguuy c. Etuts- C'nisd'dnzkriyue), n7e.surt.sc'onservutoire.~,ordon-
nance du 9 ailvil 1998, C.IJ. Recueil 1998. p. 248 ; LaGrund (Allenzugne
c. Etats-Unis d'Anzérique), illesures con.servutoire.s, ordonnance du

3 nzars 1999, C.I.J.Reci.teilf999 (11,p. 9;LaCrund (Alkefnugne c. Etats-
Unis d'Ainlrique), arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 466).
A mon avis. la présente affaire constitue en subst;ince une tentative du
Mexique visant à sauver la vie de ses ressortissants cmdamnés à mort par
desjuridictions internes des Etats-Unis. Cette insta.ice porte en effet sur
les droits de l'homme, plus particulièrement les droits de ressortissants
mexicains condamnés à la peine capitale, mais il n'y a pas de différend

quant à l'interprétatioln ou à l'application de la convention de Vienne.
Les Etats-Unis ont reconnu avoir manqué, en violation de la convention
de Vienne. à leurs obligations en matière de notificdtion consulaire, et il
est vrai que les ressortissants mexicains n'ont pas reçu une protection
consulaire en temps voulu.
Selon moi, le Mexique a vu dans la convention de Vienne et dans la

violation reconnue pa.r les Etats-Unis le seul moyeri potentiellement à sa
disposition pour soumettre ces derniers à la compétence obligatoire de la
Cour. Etant donné qu'il n'existeactuellement aucur e disposition de droit
international conférant a la Cour internationale d,: Justice une compé-
tence obligatoire universelle, le Mexique a cherché un mécanisme par
lequel il pouvait espérer porter une affaire devani la Cour de manière
unilatérale et s'est appuyé pour ce faire sur le p~,otocole de signature

facultative à la convention, en vertu duquel le Mexique et les Etats-
Unis ont tous deux accepté de recourir à la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour dans des différends relatifs à l'interprétation ou à l'application de
la convention.
Le Mexique prétend que ses ressortissants ont étécondamnés à mort
sans avoir reçu d'assistance consulaire. Dans la plupart des cas, toutefois,
ils ont effectivement reçu une assistance consulairi: au cours des étapes
procédurales (dont leurs recours en grâce) qui ont suivi leur condamna-

tion initiale. La présenteaffaire ne saurait porter siir les procédures judi-
ciaires internes des Etats-Unis, car celles-ci relèveritde l'autorité souve-
raine de ce pays. Il ne peut s'agir non plus d'interpréter ou d'appliquer labecause the United States admits its violation. While there may be a
question of the appropriate remedy for the violation, that is a matter of
general international law, not of the interpretation or application of the
Convention. What this case is about is abhorrence - by Mexico and
others - of capital punishment.

If the International Court of Justice interferes in a State's criminal law
system (encompassing trial and appellate proceedings and clemency pro-
cedures), it fails to respect the sovereignty of the state and places itself on
a par with the supreme court of the State. The Vienna Convention in no

way justifies the Court's assumption of that role. As 1 have previously
stated :

"The Court cannot act as a court of criminal appeal and cannot
be petitioned for writs of lzubeus corpus. The Court does not have
jurisdiction to decide matters relating to capital punishment and its
execution, and should not intervene in such matters." (LuGr~znd
(Germany v. United States uf Arnericu), Provisional Meusures,

Order of3 Murch 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 18, declaration
of Judge Oda.)

1 added:

"Whether capital punishment would be contrary to Article 6 of
the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is not
a matter to be determined by the International Court of Justice - at
least in the present situation." (Ibid.)

Nor is the present case, brought under the Vienna Convention and not
under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the
appropriate context for that determination.

1 fully understand the significant issues raised by the death penalty
from the perspective of those condemned to die but 1 shall reiterate my
previous statement :

"[ilf [the rights of the accused] as they relate to humanitarian issues
are to be respected then, in parallel, the matter of the rights of vic-
tims of violent crime (a point which has often been overlooked)
should be taken into consideration" (ibid.).

(Signed) Shigeru ODA.convention de Vienne, puisque les Etats-Unis ont reconnu qu'il y avait eu
violation. Quand bien même l'instanceporterait sur les remèdes appro-
priés à mettre en Œuvri:en cas de violation de la convention, il s'agirait là
d'une question de droit international général,et non d'une question

d'interprétation ou d'application dudit instrument. Ce qui est véritable-
ment en jeu dans la présente affaire, c'est l'aversion, éprouvéepar le
Mexique notamment, pour la peine capitale.
En s'immisçant dans le système de justice périale d'un Etat (qu'il
s'agisse du procès, de la procédure d'appel ou du recours en grâce), la
Cour internationale de Justice ne respecte pas la scuveraineté de ce der-

nier et se place au mêmeniveau que sa Cour suprême.La convention de
Vienne ne justifie en aucune manière que la Cour j~ue un tel rôle. Ainsi
que je l'ai déjàdéclaré:

<<LaCour ne saurait ni faire fonction de co~r d'appel en matière
criminelle ni êtresaisie de requêtes tendant à ce qu'elle rende des
ordonnances d'h~fheascorpus. La Cour n'a pas compétence pour se
prononcer sur des questions relatives à la peine capitale et à son
application, et ne devrait pas intervenir dans ces domaines.))

(LaCrund (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique), mesures conservu-
toires, ordonnanetedu 3 mm 1999, C.I.J. Rectreil 1999 (Ij, déclara-
tion du juge Oda, p. 18.)

J'ai ajouté:
((11n'appartient pas à la Cour internationale de Justice de déter-

miner si la peine capitale est contraire à l'article 6 du pacte interna-
tional relatif aux droits civils et politiques de1966 - du moins en
l'occurrence. » (Ihid)

La présente affaire ne constitue pas davantage un cadre approprié pour
prendre une telle décision,ayant étéintroduite en ~ertu de la convention
de Vienne et non du pacte international relatif aux droits civils et poli-
tiques.
Je comprends parfaitement les questions import intes soulevéespar la

peine capitale du point de vue des condamnés à mort, mais je réaffirmece
que j'ai déclaré précédemment, à savoir que:
((s'il y a lieu de respecter les droits de [l'accusé] dèslors qu'ils ont

traità des questions d'ordre humanitaire, il CO ivient en mêmetemps
de tenir compte des droits des victimes d'acts.s de violence (aspect
qui a souvent été négligé) » (ihid).

(S'gné) Shigeru ODA

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