Dissenting Opinion by Judge ad hoc Bula-Bula (translation)

Document Number
121-20001208-ORD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
121-20001208-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BULA-BULA

[Translation]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

II. POINTOF DISSENT
A. Urgency
B. Irreparable preji~dice

C. Preservation of rights
III. CONCLUSION ARREST WARRANT (DISS.OP. BULA-BULA) 219

1. It was with regrei:that 1voted against the main clause of the opera-
tive part of the Order of 8 December 2000 concerning the indication of
provisional measures. I understand that the Court was sharply divided
over the question. It thus appeared wise to seek a compromise among the

Members of the Court.
2. Such a reason malybe acceptable, particularly since the present case
is at a purely procedilral stage which does not prejudge the rights of
either Party.
3. It is precisely the interlocutory nature of the Order which prompts
me to believe that the compromise ultimately adopted by the Court lacks

balance. Thus, 1 am of the opinion that the Court should have clearly
indicated a minimal provisional measure which 1find justified under the
circumstances. Without necessarily following the termsof the request, the
Court could have presiiribed this measure proprio tîzotu, as permitted by
its Statute (Art.41) and Rules (Art. 75).
4. 1 believe that the Court should give a certain, clear and precise

response, whether affirmative or negative, to the Congo's request. In
other words, it should either deny it or grant it. The statement "the cir-
cumstances, as they now present themselves to the Court, are not such as
to require the exercise of its power under Article41 of the Statute to indi-
cate provisional measilres" (paragraph 2 of the operative part of the
Order) does not appear, on first view, to be without ambiguity. We have

become accustomed to the circumlocutions of a principal political organ
of the United Nations when called upon to take difficult decisions. We
must now get used to similar pronouncements from the principal judicial
organ of the United Nations. Do the teachings, in the broad sense, of the
jurisprudence benefit fi-omthis?
5. That is one of the main reasons for my dissent (1), but 1 do agree

with the majority of the Court on certain points (II). Finally, 1 shall
describe the solution which 1find appropriate (III).

6. 1will briefly raise three points which the Court has considered and

with which 1am in agreement. Like the majority of the Members of the
Court, 1 believe that the Court has prima facie jurisdiction (see para-
graph 68 of the Order) pursuant to the Parties' respective declarations
accepting its compulsory jurisdiction (see paragraphs 61 and 64 of the
Order). But the Applicant failed to specify with mathematical precision
the basis of the Court's jurisdiction.also share the conclusion set out in

the Order finding that "the request by the Congo for the indication of
provisional measures h;is not been deprived of its object by reason of Mr.
Yerodia Ndombasi's appointmentas Minister of Education on 20 Novem-
ber 2000" (paragraph 60 of the Order). Finally, 1voted with the majority ARREST WARRANT (DISS .P.BULA-BULA) 220

of the Court in favoilr of the first paragraph of the operative part of the
Order. TheCourt rightly "Reject[ed] the request of the Kingdom of Bel-
gium that the case bt: removed from the List". This request, possibly jus-
tified in the eyes of the Respondent, is in keeping with its extravagant
claim to universal jurisdiction, as the Respondent conceivesit. The Court
intends to consider it on the merits "with al1expedition" (paragraph 76of
the Order). This is a crucial point of the judicial compromise embodied in
the decision and on'ewhich limits the inequitable consequences of the
polite denial of the Congo's request.

7. Thus, 1shall not address the very important issue, in this phase of
the proceedirigs, of the legal relationship between universal jurisdiction
and State immunities.

II. POINTS OF DISSENT
8. 1 shall now justify the minimal provisional measure which, in my

view, the Court should have prescribed. For this purpose, 1 have to show
that the conditions for the indication ofsuch a measure, as laid down in
a generally consisterit manner in the jurisprudence,Le., urgency, irrepa-
rable prejudice and the preservation of the rights of the parties, have been
and remain satisfied (for the doctrine, see in particular P. M. Martin,
"Renouveau des mesures conservatoires: les ordonnances récentesde la
Cour internationale deJustice", JD/, Vol. 102, 1975,pp. 45-59; J. Peter A.
Bernhard, "The Provisional Measures Procedure of the International
Court of Justice through US Staff in Teheran: Fiat Justitia, Pereat
Curia", Virginia Jourt~ul of Internationul LUI+,.Vol. 20, No. 3, 1980,
pp. 592-602).

A. Urgency

9. 1believe that urgency must be assessed inthe light of the sphere of
human endeavour in question. It may be regarded as a circumstance call-
ing for the expeditious handling of the case. Within that position there
may be degrees of urgency, so that it is possible to establish a hierarchy
among urgent situations: extreme urgency, great urgency, urgency (see
the Order of 3 March 1999in the LuCrund case, "the greatest urgency"
(I.C.J.Reports 1999, p. 12,para. 9)). In al1of these various cases, there

is always urgency.
10. 1 therefore reaffirm that the urgency characterizing the present
case has its own particular features. It is neither urgency in theedical
sense of the term nor urgency as understood directly from the humani-
tarian standpoint. It is urgency in the general legal sense of the term. It
cannot be assessed either in the absolute or in the light of individual
precedents. In the case under consideration, the criterion of time must
be measured in the light of the tragic events afflicting the Congo and
the quickening rate at which international conferences concerning the
country are being held. The Court has already taken cognizance of thefacts, concerning which it has indicated provisional measures (case con-
cerning Arrned Actiilities on the Territory of the Congo (Bemocrrrtic
Rcpublic of the Cor~go v. Ugandu) , Order of 1 July 2000, 1.C.J. Reports
2000, p. 111).
11. If it were true fhat, as the Congo alleges and Belgium does not dis-

pute, "more than half the members of the Congolese Government might
be prosecuted and might be named on international arrest warrants and
requests for extradition. including the President of the Republic himself'
(see the oral argumerit by Mr. Ntumba Luaba Lumu, verbatim record of
the public hearing or122 November 2000, CR2000134, p. 20), and that,
as the Congo contends, the "complainants" include "a political party
in opposition to the Congolese Government and operating on Belgian

territory", or that "security reasons" prevent counsel for Belgium from
revealing the identity of the complainants of Congolese nationality who
were behind the warrant of 11April 2000 (see the oral argument by Mr.
Eric David. verbatim record of the public hearing on 21 November 2000,
CR2000133, p. 23), viould there not be an urgent need for some form of
provisional ruling? Does not the need to safeguard the efficacy of the
international judicial function require thatsuch a situation be prevented

from arising in the case pending before the Court?
12. 1am further led to reflect on this situation when 1consider a com-
ment by Mr. Ntumba Luaba Lumu, one of the Congo's counsel and
a member of that country's Government. Belgium did not challenge
that comment. The speaker asked in the following terms whether the
reshuffling of the Congolese Government on 20 November 2000 was
not in response to Belgium's desire:

"The question may be raised whether this warrant \vas not intended
as a means to force the lawful authorities of the Democratic Repub-

lic of the Congo to make certain political changes which Belgium
desired and which, moreover, have been welcomed." (See the verba-
tim record of the public hearing of 22 November 2000, CR 2000134,
p. IO.)

13. While 1cannot establish a definite causal relationship between cer-
tain facts,1can also reasonably question the closeness in time of the visit
to Kinshasa by a member of the Belgian Government on 18 November
2000, the reshuffling of the Congolese Government on 20 November
2000 and the opening of the hearings by the Court on 20 November 2000.
Was it mere chance -that these events coincided'?

14. 1am therefore of the opinion that there is an urgent need, albeit an
attenuated one, to order provisional measures. And 1 believe so even
more strongly because 1 have one fear: that, regardless of the Court's
good intentions, a judicial decision on the merits may be a long time in
coming, and that during that time there is a risk that the case could be
removed from the List. Barring unforeseen developments. B. Irreparable Prejudice

15. 1 would be inclined to believe that the Congo has suffered irrepa-
rable prejudice, directly from the standpoint of moral damage and indi-
rectly from the standpoints of material and physical damage and human
injury, from Belgium's unilateral act against the Congolese Minister for
Foreign Affairs. Such a criterion has been repeatedly upheld in the
Court's abundant jurisprudence, notably in the cases concerning Nuclear

Tests (Austr~lliu v. fiunce) (Z.C.J.Reports 1973, p. 103); United Stutes
Diplomntic und Consulur Stuff in Tehran (United Stutes of America v.
hun) (IC.J. Reports 1979, p. 19); Applicution of the Convention on the
Prerention und Punishment of thr Crime of Gcnocide (Bosnia and Herzego-
vinu v. Yugoslaviu (Srrbiu and Montenegro)) (I.C.J.Reports 1993, p. 19);
and Viennu Convention on Consulur Relations (Pamguay v. United Stutes
of America) (I.C.J. ,Reports 1998,p. 36); LaGrand (Germany v. United
Stutes of Amcricu) (,C.J. Reports 1999, p. 15);and the case concerning
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democrutic Republic
of the Congo v. Uganda) (1.C.J. Reports 2000, p. 127,para. 39). But, as

far as the Applicant is concerned, it remains the case that uctori incumbit
prohatio. Nor do 1 deny that the magnitude of the prejudice suffered
by the Congo has changed since Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi moved from
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Ministry of Education. In other
words, that State coritinues to suffer harm but in lesser proportions than
that previously suffeiredfrom the standpoint of international relations.
16. Specifically,1 believe that the arrest warrant of 11 April 2000
caused prejudice to Congolese diplomacy, since the head of the diplo-
matic corps, who did nevertheless take numerous trips abroad - in the
southern hemisphere, was unable for several months to take part in al1

the international meetings held throughout the world where the question
of foreign armed activities on the territory of the Congo was addressed.
Thus, when it founcl itself being represented by lower-level officialsat
meetings of Foreign Ministers, the Congolese State suffered the loss of
the benefit of diplomatic precedence. The result was that the substance of
talks, especially dis(:ussions aimed at ending the armed conflict, was
adversely affected. 'The Congo's international sovereign prerogatives
therefore suffered. This, 1 believe, isa type of irreparable prejudice (see
Ewa Stanislawa Alicja Salkiewicz, Les mesures conseri~atoire.sdans la
procéduredes deux (Toursde Lu Haye, 1984,p. 69, concerning "damage

not capable of any reparation"). Although unfortunately no irrebutable
evidence was offered, this situation could have had indirect consequencrs
on the life of the civilian population victim of the armed conflict in
progress (according to the International Rescue Committee (United
States), Mortrrlijy S~un'yEustern Democrutic R~public ef'Congo, "of the
1.7 million excess deuths, 200,000 ivrrr attributable to acts of violence"
(sources: www.theirc.org/mortality.htm).

17. 1 would also argue that Belgium'sconduct has cast discredit, andcontinues to cast discredit, on the Government of the Congo, already

weakened by the arrried conflict in progress. That conduct is likely, as the
result of a summary decision, to burden one of the Parties to the conflict
from the outset with accusations that degrade it in the eyes of the inter-
national community and to characterize the aggressed as the aggressor
(see Security Council resolution 1234of 9 April 1999and resolution 1304
of 16June 2000). Has not the Sactthat Belgium, through Interpol, circu-

lated its warrant to Interpol member States complicated the search for a
peaceful resolution to the international armed conflict? 1believe that the
Congo's rights to international respect have been prejudiced thereby.
These are moral rights tohonourand dignity of the Congolese people, as
represented by their State.
18. In sum, Belgiilm's actions have in the first place caused injury to

the sovereign rights of the Congolese people, as organized in an inde-
pendent State: "deprival of the State's sovereignty . . . is a sure test of
the irreparability of the prejudice" (El-Kosheri, dissenting opinion in the
case concerning Questions of Intcrpretution und Application of the 1971
Montreul Convention urising ,from the Aeriul Incident ut Lockerbie
(Lihyun Amh Jumahiriyu v. United Kingdom). 1.C.J. Reports 1992,

p. 215). In the words of Judge Oda, the object of provisional measures
is "to preserve righrs of Stutrs exposed to an imminent breach which
is irreparable" (declaration in LuGrand, 1.CJ. Rcporr.~ 1999, p. 19,
para. 5). Secondly, Belgium's actions have violated that people's rights
to dignity and honour within the international community, including
indirect injury in the form of other prejudice, albeit collateral.

19. 1do not disagree, however, that it is very difficult to place a precise
value on the injury ciiused to the Congo. But that is a problem which may
arise in the practical application of the principle.1would point out once
again that the absenise over several months of the head of the Congolese
diplomatie corps from international meetings held in the capitals of coun-
tries at the centre of vvorldevents, as opposed to those playing more periph-

eral roles, may in al1likelihood have resulted in indirect damage to Congo-
lese citizens and asse1.scurrently situated on territories where hostilities are
taking place. The presence of the Congolese Minister for Foreign Affairs in
person at those meetings might have saved lives. The Minister might have
succeeded in convincing other parties to the armed conflict to respect inter-
national humanitarian law and human rights (see Judge Oda's declarations

in the Breurd and LuGrund cases: "the rights of victims of violent crimes (a
point which has oftm been overlooked) should be taken into considera-
tion" (Viennu Convention on Consulur Relutions (Paruguuj, v. Unitecl
Stutes of Atrierica). Provisior~ulMeusures, 0rck.r of 9 April 1998, I. C.J.
Rc~ports1998, p. 260, para. 2, and LuCrund (Gernianj, v. Unitc.11 Stutrs qf
Aincricu), Orcleroj'3 Marc111999. 1. C J. Reports 1999, p. 18, para. 2).

20. 1 believe it even more difficult to make a precise estimate of the
moral prejudice. But that does not make that prejudice any less real.When consideringthe merits of the case, the Court willbe in a position to
observe this.Under current international law, the act of issuing an arrest
warrant against an organ of a foreign State is itself highly questionable.

Let us imagine the converse situation, in which Congolese courts were to
issue similar warrants against Belgian organs concerning acts committed
in the Congo post-Nuremberg, during which period this new law came
into being, according to counsel for Belgium. For, as Antonio Cassese
States. Euro~ean colonization caused "the destruction of entire ethnic
groupi" (~n'tonio Cassese, "La communauté internationale et le géno-
cide", Le droit internationul au ser-viui upui.r, de /u,justice ct (ludéve-
loppement, Mklungcs Virully, 1991,p. 183).
21. Nevertheless, 1 am of the view that the irreparable prejudice suf-
fered by the Congo has diminished in magnitude since Mr. Yerodia
Ndombasi was entrusted with the education portfolio on 20 November
2000, because he has ut present been assigned the duties of Minister of
Education and most of those activities are carried out on the national
territory. The fact remains that, in a world in which an increasing

number of matters take on an international dimension, a minor part of
those duties, in the classic, division of labour sense, involves international
relations.1s it acceptable that, because that part is small, it should be
subject to such restrictions?
22. Moreover, international lawrecognizestheconstitutional autonomy
of States and, pursu,ant to that autonomy, States may freely appoint,
without impediment or outside interference, any member of the Govern-
ment to fulfil missions abroad. without regard to that member's nominal
office.This would appear to be a common practice of the Congo, among
other States. This is al1the more important because the armed conflict
confronting the Congo requires participation, both individual and collec-
tive, by members of its Government in bilateral and multilateral negotia-
tions aimed at endini; the war. It is therefore possible that the Congo is
deprived de/ucto of the full exerciseof its sovereign prerogatives interna-

tionally if Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi isprevented, because of his recent expe-
rience in this area or for any other reason, from freely accomplishing a
mission on behalf of his Government in certain foreign countries.
23. In the final analysis, it appears to me that, as long as the former
Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Congo remains a member of the Con-
golese Government, his change in position does not drastically alter the
circumstuncrs which tîalled for the submission of the request for the indi-
cation of provisional measures. 1do not, however, deny that there is a
substantial difference:between the functions of a Minister for Foreign
Affairs and those of a Minister of Education, and between the legal bases
of the immunities attaching to one or the other ofhose government posts.

C. Prese,rvationof the Parties' Respective Rights

24. Much argument was devoted to the Parties' respective rights to be
preserved. It was thus alleged that the Congo was making the sameclaims in the request for provisional measures as in the Application con-
cerning the merits. Fortunately, the Court did not accept this argument.
1continue to believe that the Applicant's .sovereignrights and its rights to
honour und dignitj~must be safeguarded in a balanced manner with the

Respondent's rights pending the judgment on the merits. Under the
present circumstances, these respective rights are not evenly balanced.
There is a real risk that one of the States will continue to be subject to the
will of the other.
25. The Responderit justifies its singular conduct as follows:

"33. Quite the contrary: the issue of the arrest warrant is a means
of helping the Congo to exercise a right which - it should be
recalled - is also an obligation for the Congo, namely that of
arresting and prosecuting Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi in the Congolese
courts on account of the acts with which he is charged." (See the oral

argument by Mr. Eric David, CR2000133, pp. 31-32.)
1 interpret this conception as "[rleliance by a State on a novel right or an

unprecedented exception to the principle" [of non-intervention] which "if
shared in principle by other States" would "tend towards a modification
of customary international law" (case concerning Militury und Pcrramili-
tury Activities in und uguinst Nicuruguu (Nicciragua v. United Stutes oj

Anwricu), Merits, Jlrdgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 109, para. 207).
Does a subjective rigl-itnot have the effect of excluding third-party claims
and obliging third parties to respect the right of another?
"In other words," icontinued counsel for Belgium, "the arrest warrant
issued by the Belgian judicial authority, far from violating the Congo's

rights, on the contrary assists that country in exercising them" (CR 20001
33, p. 32). Are these the consequences of lingering memories of historical
legal ties that enabled the colonizing Power to promulgate legal provi-
sions with overseas effect?
Thus what we findl being put forward here is the notion of "judicial

intervention" (see Mario Bettati, Le droit d'ingérctz(.c - Mututiorz de
I'orr/rei~ztr~.nutional,1996, confru S. Bula-Bula, "L'idéed'ingérence A la
lumière du Nouvel Ordre Mondial", Revue ufricuine ciledroit internu-
tiotz~llet cotîz/)urk.Vol. IV, No. 1, March 1994, "La doctrine d'ingérence

humanitaire revisitée", ihid, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 1997).
And Belgium goes so far as to assert that: "In these circumstances, to
indicate the provisional measures requested by the Congo in this case
would be tantamount to violating the rights which international law itself
has conferred on Belgium." (Oral argument by Mr. Eric David, CR 20001

33, p. 35.)
26. 1 persist in believing that the analysis set out in points A and B
above shows that there is rrlutive urgrnq in indicating provisional meas-
ures. It also demonstrates the irrc~purubleprejuclice already suffered and

continuing to be suffered by a decolonized State, caused by an erstwhile
colonial Power convinced - some would Say - of its "sacred civilizingmission". The Applicant is not relying on a " 'ghost' right" (oral argu-
ment by Mr. Eric David, CR 2000133,p. 35). Itis apparent that the Congo's

accusations against Belgium inthis case, which, as shown above, Belgium
has implicitly admitted, do indeed concern Belgium's violation of the
sovereignty and political independence of the Congo. 1 believe that
those rights fall within the scope of the present legal dispute.

Those rights demand safeguarding, at the risk otherwise that one of the
Parties will impose its political and legal order on the other, thereby ren-
dering moot any consideration of the case on the merits (see above the
reference to the Belgian judge's "waiting list" of arrest warrants for sev-
eral Congolese ministers and the reference by counsel for the Congo, a
member of the Congolese Government, to Belgium's desire for a Cabinet
reshuffle and to the simultaneous occurrence of certain events, etc.).

27. The rights to be preserved also include the sovereign prerogative
(see paragraph 40 of the Order of 1 July 2000 in the case concerning
Arnied Acfiijities on the Territory of the Congo (Democrutic Republic of'
the Congo v. Ugunduic:i it is upon "[the] rights to sovereignty. ..that the
Court must focus its attention in its consideration of this request for the
indication of provisional measures") which each State is recognized to
enjoy in exercising its full powers in the legislative, executive andudicial
spheres without outside interference. No State can impose on another
State, by means of coercivr measures, whether administrative, judicial or
others, the manner iri which domestic affairs are to be conducted on its
territory (seeJudge Bedjaoui, case concerning Questions oflnterpretution
and Applicution oj'the 1971 Morztreul Convention urisingfrom the Aeriul

Incirlent ut Lockerhie (Libyun Arub Jumuhiri~yu v. United Stutes of'
Ainericu). I.C.J. Reports 1992, p. 148, and S. A. El-Kosheri, ihid.,
p. 215). The allegation of any fact which might engage the responsibility
of a State must be communicated through appropriate diplomatic chan-
nels to that State, because "international law requires political integrity
also to be respected" (caseconcerning Militury und Purainilitury Actiili-
ties in und uguinst Nicuruguu (Nicurugua v. United States of Arnericu),
Mrrits, Judg~nent, 1.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 106,para. 202).
28. It is to be hoped that the dispute between the two States is neither
uggruvuted nor extended, given that the Congo's ambassador to Brussels
returned to his post in late November 2000, after having been recalled in
response to the issue of the disputed warrant in April 2000. Nevertlieless,

relations between Belgium and the Congo, historically characterized by
highs and Iows ever since decolonization, could have benefited had the
Court been lesspusillanimous.

III. CONCLUSION

29. In short, 1consider that it would have been appropriate and legiti-
mate for the Court to indicate a provisional measure ordering the susprn-sion of the ir'urruntof 11April 2000 pending the Court's decision on the
merits, to be rendered with al1expedition in light of the importance of the
case.
30. 1 therefore find the Respondent's request that the Court deny al1

provisional measures to be altogether excessive. Also, 1do not agree with
the Court's analysis of the current circumstances, which, in its view, do
not require it to exercise its power as defined in Article 41 of the Statute.
31. Failing the miriimal provisional measure set out above, the Court
could have included rny amendment, worded as follows, in the operative
part of the draft Order:

"2. (u) Finds that the Kingdom of Belgium, which has knowledge

of the nature of the claim by the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, should consider the impact that a judgment uphold-
ing that claim could have on the execution of the warrant of
11April2000 and should decide whether and to what extent
it ought therefore to reconsider its warrant;
(b) Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which

has knowledge of the nature of the claim by the Kingdom of
Belgium.,should consider theimpact that ajudgment uphold-
ing that claim could have on the execution of the arrest
warrant of 11 April 2000 and should decide whether and to
what extent it ought therefore to reconsider its position."

As Judge Oda has recalled:

"through the Court's jurisprudence it is established that, if the Court
appears prima kacie to possess jurisdiction, it may (if it thinks fit)

indicate nrovisional measures. and this rule has alwavs been inter-
preted dost generouçly in favour of the applicant, lest a denial be
needlessly prejudicial to the continuation of the case. Thus the pos-
sibility of indicating provisional measures may be denied in lirnine
only in a case where the lack of jurisdiction is so obvious as to
require no further examination of the existence of jurisdiction in a
later phase." (Declaration of Acting President Oda, appended to the

Order of 14 April 1992 concerning provisional measures in the case
concerning Quciitions of Interprrtution und Applicatio~zof the 1971
Montrrul Convention urising Jiorîi the Aeriul Incident ut Lockerhic
(Lihyun Arub .Jumuhiri~~uv. United Stufcs of A~nericu), I.C.J.
Reports 1992, p. 130.)

33. The doctrine is in general agreement in acknowledging that the

Court's power to indicate provisional measures aims to "prevent its deci-
sions from being stultified" (G. Fitzmaurice, The Luit, und Procedure uf'
the Internutionul Court of'Justice, Vol. II,p. 542, 1986, quoted by Judge
Ajibola in his dissenting opinion in the case concerning Questions of'
Interpretution utid Applictrtion qf'thc 1971 Montreul Convention urising,from lhe Aerial Inciclentut Lockerhie (Libyan Arab Jumuhiriyu v. United

States of America), 1. C:J. Reports 1992, p. 194).
34. Can 1 consider that the Court in the present case has interpreted
the request generously? Can it be asserted that there is no reason to Sear
that the case could be removed from the Court's List? 1sthere any doubt
asto the very high importance of this case on the merits? Yet a very wide
majority of the Members of the Court agree that the Court has prima

facie jurisdiction in this case.
35. It is to be hoped that the Court's attitude, apparently dictated by
the institution's own considerations of judicial policy, is not seen by cer-
tain litigants, first andoremostthe Applicant in the present proceedings,
as a denial of justice. What is at stake is promotion of the rule of law.
For, as Lacordaire said, as between the weak and the strong, freedom

oppresses and the law protects. 1s not the "freedom" found in dealings
between a former colonial Power, now an industrialized country, and its
weakened, former colony an example of this?
36. Admittedly, the Applicant appears not to have made an entirely
coherent case before the Court. It is undeniably true that a litigant bring-
ing judicial proceedings is under an obligation, pursuant to the rules of

procedure, to act in a inanner calculated to maximize its chances of pre-
vailing, even within the relatively short time-limits for incidental proceed-
ings.
37. No one, moreover, can be ignorant of the role played, especially
lately, by public opinion. It is however sometimes important to cast an
objective eye on the "hasty judgments of public opinion or the mass

media" (dissenting opinion of Judge Bedjaoui in the case concerning
Questions of It~terpret,ationand Application oj'the 1971 Montreal Con-
vention rrrisingfrom t11eAeriul Incident ut Lockcrbie (Libyan Arab
Jumuhiriyu v. United Stutes qf Alnericu), 1. C.J. Reports 1992, p. 148).

(Signed) Sayeman BULA-BULA.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. BULA-BULA

Purugraphes
1-5

A. L'urgence
B. Le préjudiceirréparable
C. La préservation desdroits

III. CONCLUSION DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BULA-BULA

[Translation]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

II. POINTOF DISSENT
A. Urgency
B. Irreparable preji~dice

C. Preservation of rights
III. CONCLUSION219 MANDAT D'ARRET (OP. DISS.BULA-BULA)

1NTRODUCTION

1. J'ai voté avec regret contre le dispositif principal de I'ordonnance
du 8 décembre 2000 en indication de mesures conservatoires. Je com-
prends que la question ait profondément divisé la Cour. 11est ainsi
apparu sage de rechercher un compromis entre les membres de la Cour.

2. Semblable raison peut être acceptable. D'autant plus qu'on se
trouve, en la présente affaire, à une étape purement procédurale qui ne
préjugedes droits d'aucune des Parties.
3. C'est précisémentle caractère de jugement avant-dire droit qui
m'incline iicroire que le compromis final auquel a abouti la Cour est
déséquilibré.D'où mon opinion selon laquelle l'organe judiciaire aurait
dû clairement indiquer une mesure conservatoire minimale qui me paraît

justifiéeau regard des circonstances. Sans nécessairement suivreles termes
de la demande, la Cour aurait pu prescrire d'office cette mesure comme
son Statut (art. 41) et son Règlement (art.75) le lui permettent.
4. Je suis d'avis que la haute juridiction devrait apporter une réponse
certaine, nette et précise,qu'elle soit positive ou négative,à la sollicitation
du Congo. En d'autres mots, elle devrait, soit la rejeter, soit l'accepter. La

formule selon laquelle ((les circonstances, telles qu'elles se présentent
actuellement à la Cour, ne sont pas de nature à exiger l'exercice de son
pouvoir, en vertu de l'article 41 du Statut, des mesures conservatoires»
(paragraphe 2 du dispositif de l'ordonnance) ne paraît pas, à première
vue, exempte d'ambiguïté. On était habitué aux circonlocutions d'un
organe politique principal de l'organisation des Nations Unies appelé à

prendre des décisions difficiles. On doit à présent s'accoutumer avec des
formules proches de l'organe judiciaire principal de l'organisation.
L'enseignement, au sens large, de la jurisprudence y gagne-t-il?
5. C'est l'une des raisons principales de mon dissentiment (1). Mais il
est vrai que je suis d'accord avec la majorité de la Cour sur certains
points (II). En définitive,je présentela solution adéquatemon sens (III).

6. Je vais signaler brièvement trois points examinés par la Cour qui
rencontrent mon assentiment. Comme la majorité des juges, j'estime que
la Cour est pritnuji~cir compétente (voir paragraphe 68 de I'ordonnance)

en raison des déclarations respectives des Parties relatives à l'acceptation
de la juridiction obligatoire (voir paragraphes 61 et 64 de I'ordonnance).
Mais le demandeur n'a pas mentionné avec une précisionmathématique
le fondement de la compétence de la Cour. Je souscris aussi à la conclu-
sion contenue dans I'ordonnance jugeant que «la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires du Congo n'a pas étéprivéed'objet du fait de

la nomination de M. Yerodia Ndombasi comme ministre de l'éducation
nationale le 20 novembre 2000)) (paragraphe 60 de I'ordonnance). J'ai ARREST WARRANT (DISS.OP. BULA-BULA) 219

1. It was with regrei:that 1voted against the main clause of the opera-
tive part of the Order of 8 December 2000 concerning the indication of
provisional measures. I understand that the Court was sharply divided
over the question. It thus appeared wise to seek a compromise among the

Members of the Court.
2. Such a reason malybe acceptable, particularly since the present case
is at a purely procedilral stage which does not prejudge the rights of
either Party.
3. It is precisely the interlocutory nature of the Order which prompts
me to believe that the compromise ultimately adopted by the Court lacks

balance. Thus, 1 am of the opinion that the Court should have clearly
indicated a minimal provisional measure which 1find justified under the
circumstances. Without necessarily following the termsof the request, the
Court could have presiiribed this measure proprio tîzotu, as permitted by
its Statute (Art.41) and Rules (Art. 75).
4. 1 believe that the Court should give a certain, clear and precise

response, whether affirmative or negative, to the Congo's request. In
other words, it should either deny it or grant it. The statement "the cir-
cumstances, as they now present themselves to the Court, are not such as
to require the exercise of its power under Article41 of the Statute to indi-
cate provisional measilres" (paragraph 2 of the operative part of the
Order) does not appear, on first view, to be without ambiguity. We have

become accustomed to the circumlocutions of a principal political organ
of the United Nations when called upon to take difficult decisions. We
must now get used to similar pronouncements from the principal judicial
organ of the United Nations. Do the teachings, in the broad sense, of the
jurisprudence benefit fi-omthis?
5. That is one of the main reasons for my dissent (1), but 1 do agree

with the majority of the Court on certain points (II). Finally, 1 shall
describe the solution which 1find appropriate (III).

6. 1will briefly raise three points which the Court has considered and

with which 1am in agreement. Like the majority of the Members of the
Court, 1 believe that the Court has prima facie jurisdiction (see para-
graph 68 of the Order) pursuant to the Parties' respective declarations
accepting its compulsory jurisdiction (see paragraphs 61 and 64 of the
Order). But the Applicant failed to specify with mathematical precision
the basis of the Court's jurisdiction.also share the conclusion set out in

the Order finding that "the request by the Congo for the indication of
provisional measures h;is not been deprived of its object by reason of Mr.
Yerodia Ndombasi's appointmentas Minister of Education on 20 Novem-
ber 2000" (paragraph 60 of the Order). Finally, 1voted with the majorityenfin voté avec la majorité de la Cour en faveur du premier para-
graphe du dispositif de I'ordonnance. A bon droit, la Cour <<Rejette la
demande du Royaume de Belgiquetendant à ce que l'affaire soit rayéedu
rôle)). Cette demande, peut-êtrelégitimepour le défendeur,se situe dans
la droite ligne de sa prétention exorbitante de compétence universelle,
telle qu'il la conçoit. Le juge international entend l'examiner au fond
dans ((lesplus brefs délais))(paragraphe 76 de I'ordonnance). Point capi-
tal du compromis judiciaire décisifconclu, qui limite les conséquences
inéquitablesdu rejet poli de la demande du Congo.
7. Aussi, je n'aborderai point la question très importante, en cette
phase de la procédure, de l'articulation juridique entre la compétence

universelle et les immunitésd'Etat.

II. LES DIVERGENCES

8. Je vais a présentjustifier la mesure conservatoire minimale que la
Cour aurait dû prescrire à mon sens. A cette fin, je dois montrer que les
conditions énoncées par lajurisprudence, de manièreplus ou moins cons-

tante, qui subordonnent la prise d'une telle mesure,a savoir l'urgence, le
caractèreirréparabledu préjudiceet la préservationdes droits desparties,
ont étéet demeurent remplies (pour la doctrine, voir notamment P. M.
Martin, ((Renouveau des mesures conservatoires: les ordonnances ré-
centes de la Cour internationale de Justice)),I, vol. 102, 1975,p. 45-59;
J. Peter A. Bernhard, «The Provisional Measures Procedure of the Inter-
national Court of Justice throughUS Staff in Tehran: Fiat Justitia, Pereat
Curia)), Yirginia Journal of lntcrnutionul Lait', vol. 20, no 3, 1980,
p. 592-602).

A. L'urgence

9. Je suis d'avis que l'urgence s'apprécie en fonction du domaine
d'activitéhumaine concernée.On peut l'entendre comme l'étatqui vise
un traitement rapide du dossier. A l'intérieurde ce secteur, il est suscep-
tible de degrés,de sorte qu'il est possible d'établirune hiérarchieparmi
les situations urgentes: extrêmeurgence, grande urgence, urgence (voir
l'ordonnance du 3 mars 1999 en l'affaire LuCrund «la plus grande
urgence)) (C.I.J. Recueil 1999,par. 9). Dans les divers cas, il y a toujours
urgence.
10. Je réaffirmedonc que I'urgencequi s'imposedans cette affaire pré-

sente des particularités.Il ne s'agit ni de I'urgence au sens médicaldu
mot, ni de l'urgence dans l'acception directement humanitaire du terme.
C'est une urgence au sens juridique généraldu vocable. Elle ne saurait
êtreappréciée,ni de manière absolue, ni a la lumière des précédents sin-
guliers. L'étalon tempsdans l'espèceen examen se mesure à l'aune des
événements tragiquesque subit le Congo et au rythme accéléré des confé-
rences internationales organiséessur le pays. La Cour a déjàeu connais-
sance des faits au sujet desquels elle a ordonné des mesures conserva- ARREST WARRANT (DISS .P.BULA-BULA) 220

of the Court in favoilr of the first paragraph of the operative part of the
Order. TheCourt rightly "Reject[ed] the request of the Kingdom of Bel-
gium that the case bt: removed from the List". This request, possibly jus-
tified in the eyes of the Respondent, is in keeping with its extravagant
claim to universal jurisdiction, as the Respondent conceivesit. The Court
intends to consider it on the merits "with al1expedition" (paragraph 76of
the Order). This is a crucial point of the judicial compromise embodied in
the decision and on'ewhich limits the inequitable consequences of the
polite denial of the Congo's request.

7. Thus, 1shall not address the very important issue, in this phase of
the proceedirigs, of the legal relationship between universal jurisdiction
and State immunities.

II. POINTS OF DISSENT
8. 1 shall now justify the minimal provisional measure which, in my

view, the Court should have prescribed. For this purpose, 1 have to show
that the conditions for the indication ofsuch a measure, as laid down in
a generally consisterit manner in the jurisprudence,Le., urgency, irrepa-
rable prejudice and the preservation of the rights of the parties, have been
and remain satisfied (for the doctrine, see in particular P. M. Martin,
"Renouveau des mesures conservatoires: les ordonnances récentesde la
Cour internationale deJustice", JD/, Vol. 102, 1975,pp. 45-59; J. Peter A.
Bernhard, "The Provisional Measures Procedure of the International
Court of Justice through US Staff in Teheran: Fiat Justitia, Pereat
Curia", Virginia Jourt~ul of Internationul LUI+,.Vol. 20, No. 3, 1980,
pp. 592-602).

A. Urgency

9. 1believe that urgency must be assessed inthe light of the sphere of
human endeavour in question. It may be regarded as a circumstance call-
ing for the expeditious handling of the case. Within that position there
may be degrees of urgency, so that it is possible to establish a hierarchy
among urgent situations: extreme urgency, great urgency, urgency (see
the Order of 3 March 1999in the LuCrund case, "the greatest urgency"
(I.C.J.Reports 1999, p. 12,para. 9)). In al1of these various cases, there

is always urgency.
10. 1 therefore reaffirm that the urgency characterizing the present
case has its own particular features. It is neither urgency in theedical
sense of the term nor urgency as understood directly from the humani-
tarian standpoint. It is urgency in the general legal sense of the term. It
cannot be assessed either in the absolute or in the light of individual
precedents. In the case under consideration, the criterion of time must
be measured in the light of the tragic events afflicting the Congo and
the quickening rate at which international conferences concerning the
country are being held. The Court has already taken cognizance of thetoires (affaire deActivitfs armtes .surIr territoire du Congo (République
démocratique du Congo c. Ougunda), ordonr7uncedu 1" juillet 2000,
C.1.J. Recueil 2000, p. 111).

11. Si les allégationsdu Congo, incontestéespar la Belgique, d'après
lesquelles «plus de la moitié du Gouvernement congolais pourra être
poursuivie et faire l'objet d'un mandat d'arrêt international,ainsi que

d'une demande d'extradition, y compris le présidentde la Républiquelui-
même» (voirplaidoirie de M. Ntumba Luaba Lumu, compte-rendu de
I'audiencepublique du 22 novembre 2000,CR 2000134,p. 20),étaient fon-
déesainsique lesassertions du Congo selon lesquelles «un parti politique
d'opposition au Gouvernement congolais fonctionnant sur le territoire
belge» figurerait parmi les «plaignants» ou que des «raisons de sécurité))
empêchentle conseil de la Belgiquede révéler l'identité desplaignants de
nationalité congolaise(voir plaidoirie deM. Eric David,compte rendu de
I'audience publique du 21 novembre 2000, CR 2000133,p. 23) àl'origine
du mandat du 11 avril 2000, n'y aurait-il pas urgence a statuera titre
conservatoire? N'y va-t-il pas de la sauvegarde de l'utilitéde l'officedu
juge international d'éviter,dans cette affaire pendante devant lui, laur-

venance éventuelled'une situation analogue?
12. Je suis davantage amené à réfléchisrur cette situationlorsque je me
réfèreaux propos de l'un des conseils du Congo, membre du gouverne-
ment de ce pays, M. Ntumba Luaba Lumu, qui n'a pas suscitéde contes-
tation de la part de la partie belge. L'orateur s'est poséla question de
savoir si le remaniement de l'équipegouvernementale congolaise inter-
venu le 20 novembre 2000 ne répondait pas àla volontéde la Belgiqueen
ces termes :

«On peut se demander si à travers ce mandat on n'a pas voulu
contraindre les autoritéslégitimesdela Républiquedémocratiquedu
Congo a procéder à certains réaménagements politiquesque la Bel-
gique souhaitait et qui ont étédu reste salués.))(Voircompte rendu
de I'audience publique du 22 novembre 2000, CR 2000134,p. 10.)

13. Sans que je puisse établir de manièresûreun lien de causalitéentre
certains faits, je peux aussi légitimementm'interroger sur le caractère
simultanéde la visite le 18 novembre 2000 d'un membre du Gouverne-
ment belge à Kinshasa, du remaniement du Gouvernement congolais le
20 novembre 2000 et de l'ouverture des audiences actuelles a la Cour le
20 novembre 2000. Est-ce un pur hasard. cette coïncidence des calen-
driers?
14. Je suis donc d'avis qu'ily a urgence, quoique atténuée, à édicter
des mesures conservatoires. D'autant plus que je crains une chose: le

règlement judiciaire au fond ne devrait intervenir, quelle que soit la
bonne volontéde la Cour, qu'après un long délaidurant lequel l'affaire
pourrait courir le risque d'êtrerayéedu rôle. Sauf imprévu.facts, concerning which it has indicated provisional measures (case con-
cerning Arrned Actiilities on the Territory of the Congo (Bemocrrrtic
Rcpublic of the Cor~go v. Ugandu) , Order of 1 July 2000, 1.C.J. Reports
2000, p. 111).
11. If it were true fhat, as the Congo alleges and Belgium does not dis-

pute, "more than half the members of the Congolese Government might
be prosecuted and might be named on international arrest warrants and
requests for extradition. including the President of the Republic himself'
(see the oral argumerit by Mr. Ntumba Luaba Lumu, verbatim record of
the public hearing or122 November 2000, CR2000134, p. 20), and that,
as the Congo contends, the "complainants" include "a political party
in opposition to the Congolese Government and operating on Belgian

territory", or that "security reasons" prevent counsel for Belgium from
revealing the identity of the complainants of Congolese nationality who
were behind the warrant of 11April 2000 (see the oral argument by Mr.
Eric David. verbatim record of the public hearing on 21 November 2000,
CR2000133, p. 23), viould there not be an urgent need for some form of
provisional ruling? Does not the need to safeguard the efficacy of the
international judicial function require thatsuch a situation be prevented

from arising in the case pending before the Court?
12. 1am further led to reflect on this situation when 1consider a com-
ment by Mr. Ntumba Luaba Lumu, one of the Congo's counsel and
a member of that country's Government. Belgium did not challenge
that comment. The speaker asked in the following terms whether the
reshuffling of the Congolese Government on 20 November 2000 was
not in response to Belgium's desire:

"The question may be raised whether this warrant \vas not intended
as a means to force the lawful authorities of the Democratic Repub-

lic of the Congo to make certain political changes which Belgium
desired and which, moreover, have been welcomed." (See the verba-
tim record of the public hearing of 22 November 2000, CR 2000134,
p. IO.)

13. While 1cannot establish a definite causal relationship between cer-
tain facts,1can also reasonably question the closeness in time of the visit
to Kinshasa by a member of the Belgian Government on 18 November
2000, the reshuffling of the Congolese Government on 20 November
2000 and the opening of the hearings by the Court on 20 November 2000.
Was it mere chance -that these events coincided'?

14. 1am therefore of the opinion that there is an urgent need, albeit an
attenuated one, to order provisional measures. And 1 believe so even
more strongly because 1 have one fear: that, regardless of the Court's
good intentions, a judicial decision on the merits may be a long time in
coming, and that during that time there is a risk that the case could be
removed from the List. Barring unforeseen developments. B. Le préjudice irréparable

15. Je serais enclinà croire que le Congo a subi un préjudiceirrépa-
rable, directement sur le plan moral et, indirectement sur le plan matériel,
physique et humain, du fait de l'acte unilatéral dela Belgiquà l'encontre
du ministre des affaires étrangères congolais. Semblable critèreest réaf-
firmédans la jurisprudence abondante de la Cour, notamment: affaires
des Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France) (C.IJ. Recueil 1973, p. 103);
Personnel diplomatique et consulaire des Etuts-Unis ù Téhéran(Etuts-
Unis d'Amérique c. Iran) (C.I.J. Recueil 1979, p. 19); Application de la
convention pour lu prévention et la répressiondu crime de génocide(Bos-
nie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro) (C.I. J. Recueil

1993, p. 19); Convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires (Para-
guay c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique) (C.I. J. Recueil 1998, p. 36); LaGrand
(Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique)(C.I.J. Recueil 1999, p. 15); Acti-
vités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République démocratique du
Congo c. Ougandu) (C.I. J.Recueil 2000, p. 127,par. 39). Mais il demeure
vrai pour le demandeur que actori incumbit probatio. Je ne conteste pas
non plus que depuis que M. Yerodia Ndombasi est passédu ministère des
affaires étrangèresau ministère de l'éducation nationale, l'ampleurdu
préjudiceque subit le Congo a changé.C'est dire, en d'autres mots, que
cet Etat continue de subir des dommages mais dans des proportions rela-

tivement inférieures à celles connues précédemmentdu point de vue des
relations internationales.
16. Je pense précisémentque le mandat d'arrêtdu 11 avril 2000 a
causéun préjudice a la diplomatie congolaise dans la mesure où son chef,
qui s'est néanmoins beaucoup déplacé à l'étranger, dans l'hémisphère
sud, n'a plus étéen mesure pendant plusieurs mois de participer à toutes
lesréunionsinternationales organiséesde par le monde où la question des
activités armées étrangères sur le territoire du Congo étaitutilement exa-
minée. L'Etat congolais a ainsi pu souffrir de l'inobservance de la règle
de préséancediplomatique lorsqu'il s'est trouvé représenté à un échelon

inférieurdans des rencontres des ministres des affaires étrangères. Il en
est résultéque la substance des pourparlers, spécialement desentretiens
tendant à mettre un terme au conflit armé,a été affectée.Les prérogatives
de souveraineté internationale du Congo en ont donc souffert. Il y a
la, me semble t-il, un type de préjudiceirréparable(voir Ewa Stanislawa
Alicja Salkiewicz: Les mesures conservatoires dans la procéduredes deux
Cours de Lu Haye, 1984, p. 69, sur «le dommage non susceptible de
quelque réparation))).Sans que malheureusement une preuve irréfutable
ait étérapportée, une telle situation peut avoir eu desconséquences indi-
rectes sur la vie des populations civilesvictimes du conflit arméen cours

(selon l'International Rescue Committee (Etats-Unis), Mortality Study
Eastern Democratic Repuhlic of Congo,"of the 1.7 million excess deaths,
200.000 ivere uttributable to ucts of violence"(sources: www.theirc.org/
mortality.htm.)
17. D'autre part, je soutiens que le comportement de la Belgiquea jeté B. Irreparable Prejudice

15. 1 would be inclined to believe that the Congo has suffered irrepa-
rable prejudice, directly from the standpoint of moral damage and indi-
rectly from the standpoints of material and physical damage and human
injury, from Belgium's unilateral act against the Congolese Minister for
Foreign Affairs. Such a criterion has been repeatedly upheld in the
Court's abundant jurisprudence, notably in the cases concerning Nuclear

Tests (Austr~lliu v. fiunce) (Z.C.J.Reports 1973, p. 103); United Stutes
Diplomntic und Consulur Stuff in Tehran (United Stutes of America v.
hun) (IC.J. Reports 1979, p. 19); Applicution of the Convention on the
Prerention und Punishment of thr Crime of Gcnocide (Bosnia and Herzego-
vinu v. Yugoslaviu (Srrbiu and Montenegro)) (I.C.J.Reports 1993, p. 19);
and Viennu Convention on Consulur Relations (Pamguay v. United Stutes
of America) (I.C.J. ,Reports 1998,p. 36); LaGrand (Germany v. United
Stutes of Amcricu) (,C.J. Reports 1999, p. 15);and the case concerning
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democrutic Republic
of the Congo v. Uganda) (1.C.J. Reports 2000, p. 127,para. 39). But, as

far as the Applicant is concerned, it remains the case that uctori incumbit
prohatio. Nor do 1 deny that the magnitude of the prejudice suffered
by the Congo has changed since Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi moved from
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Ministry of Education. In other
words, that State coritinues to suffer harm but in lesser proportions than
that previously suffeiredfrom the standpoint of international relations.
16. Specifically,1 believe that the arrest warrant of 11 April 2000
caused prejudice to Congolese diplomacy, since the head of the diplo-
matic corps, who did nevertheless take numerous trips abroad - in the
southern hemisphere, was unable for several months to take part in al1

the international meetings held throughout the world where the question
of foreign armed activities on the territory of the Congo was addressed.
Thus, when it founcl itself being represented by lower-level officialsat
meetings of Foreign Ministers, the Congolese State suffered the loss of
the benefit of diplomatic precedence. The result was that the substance of
talks, especially dis(:ussions aimed at ending the armed conflict, was
adversely affected. 'The Congo's international sovereign prerogatives
therefore suffered. This, 1 believe, isa type of irreparable prejudice (see
Ewa Stanislawa Alicja Salkiewicz, Les mesures conseri~atoire.sdans la
procéduredes deux (Toursde Lu Haye, 1984,p. 69, concerning "damage

not capable of any reparation"). Although unfortunately no irrebutable
evidence was offered, this situation could have had indirect consequencrs
on the life of the civilian population victim of the armed conflict in
progress (according to the International Rescue Committee (United
States), Mortrrlijy S~un'yEustern Democrutic R~public ef'Congo, "of the
1.7 million excess deuths, 200,000 ivrrr attributable to acts of violence"
(sources: www.theirc.org/mortality.htm).

17. 1 would also argue that Belgium'sconduct has cast discredit, andcontinues to cast discredit, on the Government of the Congo, already

weakened by the arrried conflict in progress. That conduct is likely, as the
result of a summary decision, to burden one of the Parties to the conflict
from the outset with accusations that degrade it in the eyes of the inter-
national community and to characterize the aggressed as the aggressor
(see Security Council resolution 1234of 9 April 1999and resolution 1304
of 16June 2000). Has not the Sactthat Belgium, through Interpol, circu-

lated its warrant to Interpol member States complicated the search for a
peaceful resolution to the international armed conflict? 1believe that the
Congo's rights to international respect have been prejudiced thereby.
These are moral rights tohonourand dignity of the Congolese people, as
represented by their State.
18. In sum, Belgiilm's actions have in the first place caused injury to

the sovereign rights of the Congolese people, as organized in an inde-
pendent State: "deprival of the State's sovereignty . . . is a sure test of
the irreparability of the prejudice" (El-Kosheri, dissenting opinion in the
case concerning Questions of Intcrpretution und Application of the 1971
Montreul Convention urising ,from the Aeriul Incident ut Lockerbie
(Lihyun Amh Jumahiriyu v. United Kingdom). 1.C.J. Reports 1992,

p. 215). In the words of Judge Oda, the object of provisional measures
is "to preserve righrs of Stutrs exposed to an imminent breach which
is irreparable" (declaration in LuGrand, 1.CJ. Rcporr.~ 1999, p. 19,
para. 5). Secondly, Belgium's actions have violated that people's rights
to dignity and honour within the international community, including
indirect injury in the form of other prejudice, albeit collateral.

19. 1do not disagree, however, that it is very difficult to place a precise
value on the injury ciiused to the Congo. But that is a problem which may
arise in the practical application of the principle.1would point out once
again that the absenise over several months of the head of the Congolese
diplomatie corps from international meetings held in the capitals of coun-
tries at the centre of vvorldevents, as opposed to those playing more periph-

eral roles, may in al1likelihood have resulted in indirect damage to Congo-
lese citizens and asse1.scurrently situated on territories where hostilities are
taking place. The presence of the Congolese Minister for Foreign Affairs in
person at those meetings might have saved lives. The Minister might have
succeeded in convincing other parties to the armed conflict to respect inter-
national humanitarian law and human rights (see Judge Oda's declarations

in the Breurd and LuGrund cases: "the rights of victims of violent crimes (a
point which has oftm been overlooked) should be taken into considera-
tion" (Viennu Convention on Consulur Relutions (Paruguuj, v. Unitecl
Stutes of Atrierica). Provisior~ulMeusures, 0rck.r of 9 April 1998, I. C.J.
Rc~ports1998, p. 260, para. 2, and LuCrund (Gernianj, v. Unitc.11 Stutrs qf
Aincricu), Orcleroj'3 Marc111999. 1. C J. Reports 1999, p. 18, para. 2).

20. 1 believe it even more difficult to make a precise estimate of the
moral prejudice. But that does not make that prejudice any less real.224 MANDAT D'ARRET (OP. DISS. BULA-BULA)

pourra, au moment de l'examen de l'affaire au fond, s'en apercevoir. Le
seul fait d'émettreun mandat d'arrêt contrel'organe d'un Etat étranger,
en l'état actueldu droit international, est plus que discutable. Imaginons
la situation inverse où des juges congolais émettraient desmandats simi-
laires contre des organes belges pour des faits commis au Congo posté-
rieurement à Nuremberg, période de l'apparition de ce nouveau droit
selon le conseil belge. Car, assure AntonioCassese, la colonisation euro-
péennea causé «la destruction d'ethnies entières))(Antonio Cassese, ((La
communautéinternationale et le génocide)), Le droit international au ser-
vice de la paix, de lujustice et du dck;eIoppement,Mklunges Virally,1991,
p. 183).

21. Néanmoins, depuisla nomination de M. Yerodia Ndombasi au por-
tefeuille de I'éducationnationale le 20 novembre 2000,je suis d'avis que
le préjudiceirréparable subi par le Congo a diminué d'ampleur, puisque
l'intéressése voit attribuer,pour I'l~eure, les fonctions de ministre de
l'éducationnationale dont le volume majeur des activitésse déroulesur le
territoire national. 11demeure que la portion mineure de cette charge,
entendue au sens classique de la division du travail, dans un monde où de
plus en plus de matières s'internationalisent, intéresseles relations inter-
nationales. Est-il admissible que cette fraction, parce que réduite,subisse
de telles limitations?
22. D'autre part, l'autonomie constitutionnelle que le droit internatio-

nal reconnaît aux Etats permet à ces derniers de désignerlibrement, sans
entrave, ni injonction extérieure, tel ou tel membre du gouvernement,
sans égard à ses fonctions nominales, pour des missions à l'étranger. La
pratique congolaise, entre autres, paraît abondante en la matière.
D'autant plus que le conflit arméauquel est confrontéle Congo exige la
participation, individuelle et collective, des membres du gouvernement
aux négociationsbilatéraleset multilatéralestendant à mettre un terme a
la guerre. Il est donc possible que le Congo subisse une privation de fait
dans l'exercice de ses prérogatives souveraines au plan international si
M. Yerodia Ndombasi, en raison de son expérience récentedans ce do-
maine ou pour toute autre raison, ne peut accomplir librement, au nom
de son gouvernement, une mission dans certains pays étrangers.

23. En dernière analyse, il me semble que la situation de l'ancien mi-
nistre des affaires étrangèresdu Congo n'a pas totalement bouleverséles
circonstances ayant dicté lademande en indication de mesures conserva-
toires, tant que l'intéresdemeure membre du Gouvernement congolais.
Je ne nie pas pour autant la différenceimportante entre les fonctions d'un
ministre des affaires étrangères etles charges d'un ministre de l'éducation
nationale ainsi que les fondements juridiques différents des immunités
attachées à l'un et l'autre postes gouvernementaux.

C. Lu préservation de.^droits re.~pectides Purtics
24. On a épiloguésur les droits respectifs des Parties qu'il convient de

préserver.On a ainsi allégué l'identité de psrétentions du Congo tant enWhen consideringthe merits of the case, the Court willbe in a position to
observe this.Under current international law, the act of issuing an arrest
warrant against an organ of a foreign State is itself highly questionable.

Let us imagine the converse situation, in which Congolese courts were to
issue similar warrants against Belgian organs concerning acts committed
in the Congo post-Nuremberg, during which period this new law came
into being, according to counsel for Belgium. For, as Antonio Cassese
States. Euro~ean colonization caused "the destruction of entire ethnic
groupi" (~n'tonio Cassese, "La communauté internationale et le géno-
cide", Le droit internationul au ser-viui upui.r, de /u,justice ct (ludéve-
loppement, Mklungcs Virully, 1991,p. 183).
21. Nevertheless, 1 am of the view that the irreparable prejudice suf-
fered by the Congo has diminished in magnitude since Mr. Yerodia
Ndombasi was entrusted with the education portfolio on 20 November
2000, because he has ut present been assigned the duties of Minister of
Education and most of those activities are carried out on the national
territory. The fact remains that, in a world in which an increasing

number of matters take on an international dimension, a minor part of
those duties, in the classic, division of labour sense, involves international
relations.1s it acceptable that, because that part is small, it should be
subject to such restrictions?
22. Moreover, international lawrecognizestheconstitutional autonomy
of States and, pursu,ant to that autonomy, States may freely appoint,
without impediment or outside interference, any member of the Govern-
ment to fulfil missions abroad. without regard to that member's nominal
office.This would appear to be a common practice of the Congo, among
other States. This is al1the more important because the armed conflict
confronting the Congo requires participation, both individual and collec-
tive, by members of its Government in bilateral and multilateral negotia-
tions aimed at endini; the war. It is therefore possible that the Congo is
deprived de/ucto of the full exerciseof its sovereign prerogatives interna-

tionally if Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi isprevented, because of his recent expe-
rience in this area or for any other reason, from freely accomplishing a
mission on behalf of his Government in certain foreign countries.
23. In the final analysis, it appears to me that, as long as the former
Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Congo remains a member of the Con-
golese Government, his change in position does not drastically alter the
circumstuncrs which tîalled for the submission of the request for the indi-
cation of provisional measures. 1do not, however, deny that there is a
substantial difference:between the functions of a Minister for Foreign
Affairs and those of a Minister of Education, and between the legal bases
of the immunities attaching to one or the other ofhose government posts.

C. Prese,rvationof the Parties' Respective Rights

24. Much argument was devoted to the Parties' respective rights to be
preserved. It was thus alleged that the Congo was making the samedemande de mesures conservatoires qu'en requêterelative au fond. La

Cour n'a heureusement pas suivi cette argumentation. Je continue de
croire que les droits de souverainetP du demandeur et ses droits ù l'hon-
neur et ci la dignitédoivent êtresauvegardés de manière équilibréa evec
les droits du défendeuren attendant lejugement au fond. Il y a, dans les
circonstances actuelles, un déséquilibre entre les uns et les autres. C'est un
risque réelque l'un des Etats continue à subir la volontéde l'autre.

25. Dès lorsque le défendeurjustifie son comportement insolite en ces
termes :

((33. Bien au contraire, la délivrance dece mandat d'arrêtest un
moyen d'aider le Congo à exercer un droit qui, faut-il le rappeler, est
aussi une obligation pour le Congo, à savoir arrêteret poursuivre
M. Yerodia Ndombasi devant les juridictions congolaises pour les
faits qui lui sont imputés.)) (Voir plaidoirie de M. Eric David.
CR 2000133.p 31-32.)

J'interprète cette conception comme «l'invocation par un Etat d'un droit
nouveau ou d'une exception sans précédentau principe)) [de non-inter-
vention] qui «si elle étaitpartagéepar d'autres Etats)) tendrait «à modi-
fier le droit international coutumier)) (affaire des Activités militaires et

purumilitaires au Nicaruguu et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis
d'Amérique).fond, urrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 109,par. 207). L'un des
effets d'un droit subjectif n'est-ilpas l'exclusion desprétentionstierces ou
l'obligation des tiers de respecter le droit d'autrui?
En d'autres mots, poursuit le conseil de la Belgique, cc[c]'estdire si le
mandat d'arrêt décernp éar l'autoritéjudiciaire belge, bien loinde porter
atteinte aux droits du Congo. aide au contraire ce dernier à les exercer))
(CR 2000133,p. 32). S'agit-il lii des conséquencesde la vivacitééventuelle
des souvenirs sur lesliensjuridiques historiques qui permettaient d'édicter
depuis la métropoledes actes juridiques produisant des effets outre-mer?

On se trouve ainsi en présenced'une revendication de l'idée d'<<ingé-
rence judiciaire)) (voir Mario Bettati, Le droit d'ingérerzce- Mutation de
I'ordrc internutional, 1996, contra S. Bula-Bula, «L'idéed'ingérence à la
lumièredu Nouvel Ordre Mondial)), Revue qfricuine ctedroit internatio-
nul el cornpurS, t. IV, no 1, mars 1994,«La doctrine d'ingérencehuma-
nitaire revisitéeu,ihid.,vol. 9, no 3, septembre 1997).
Et la Belgique vajusqu'à affirmer que: «Dans ces conditions, indiquer
les mesures conservatoires réclaméespar le Congo dans la présente
espèce,serait constitutif d'atteinte aux droits conférésa la Belgiquepar le
droit international lui-même.))(Plaidoirie deM. Eric David, CR 2000133,

p. 35.)
26. Je persisteà croire que l'analyse développée aux points A et B ci-
dessus a permis de constater l'urgence relutiiv ii ordonner des mesures
conservatoires. Elle a aussi montré le prkjudice ir-r-kpurahlesubi et que
continue à subir un Etat décolonisé,de la part de l'ancienne puissance
coloniale convaincue - diraient certains - de sa <mission sacréede civi-claims in the request for provisional measures as in the Application con-
cerning the merits. Fortunately, the Court did not accept this argument.
1continue to believe that the Applicant's .sovereignrights and its rights to
honour und dignitj~must be safeguarded in a balanced manner with the

Respondent's rights pending the judgment on the merits. Under the
present circumstances, these respective rights are not evenly balanced.
There is a real risk that one of the States will continue to be subject to the
will of the other.
25. The Responderit justifies its singular conduct as follows:

"33. Quite the contrary: the issue of the arrest warrant is a means
of helping the Congo to exercise a right which - it should be
recalled - is also an obligation for the Congo, namely that of
arresting and prosecuting Mr. Yerodia Ndombasi in the Congolese
courts on account of the acts with which he is charged." (See the oral

argument by Mr. Eric David, CR2000133, pp. 31-32.)
1 interpret this conception as "[rleliance by a State on a novel right or an

unprecedented exception to the principle" [of non-intervention] which "if
shared in principle by other States" would "tend towards a modification
of customary international law" (case concerning Militury und Pcrramili-
tury Activities in und uguinst Nicuruguu (Nicciragua v. United Stutes oj

Anwricu), Merits, Jlrdgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 109, para. 207).
Does a subjective rigl-itnot have the effect of excluding third-party claims
and obliging third parties to respect the right of another?
"In other words," icontinued counsel for Belgium, "the arrest warrant
issued by the Belgian judicial authority, far from violating the Congo's

rights, on the contrary assists that country in exercising them" (CR 20001
33, p. 32). Are these the consequences of lingering memories of historical
legal ties that enabled the colonizing Power to promulgate legal provi-
sions with overseas effect?
Thus what we findl being put forward here is the notion of "judicial

intervention" (see Mario Bettati, Le droit d'ingérctz(.c - Mututiorz de
I'orr/rei~ztr~.nutional,1996, confru S. Bula-Bula, "L'idéed'ingérence A la
lumière du Nouvel Ordre Mondial", Revue ufricuine ciledroit internu-
tiotz~llet cotîz/)urk.Vol. IV, No. 1, March 1994, "La doctrine d'ingérence

humanitaire revisitée", ihid, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 1997).
And Belgium goes so far as to assert that: "In these circumstances, to
indicate the provisional measures requested by the Congo in this case
would be tantamount to violating the rights which international law itself
has conferred on Belgium." (Oral argument by Mr. Eric David, CR 20001

33, p. 35.)
26. 1 persist in believing that the analysis set out in points A and B
above shows that there is rrlutive urgrnq in indicating provisional meas-
ures. It also demonstrates the irrc~purubleprejuclice already suffered and

continuing to be suffered by a decolonized State, caused by an erstwhile
colonial Power convinced - some would Say - of its "sacred civilizinglisation)). Le demandeur ne revendique pas un «droit fantasmatique))
(plaidoirie de M. Eric David, CR 2000133,p. 35). Il apparaît que les
reproches articuléspar le Congo dans cette affaire contre la Belgique et

implicitement admises par cette dernière, comme montré ci-dessus, por-
tent bien sur la violation de la souveraineté etde l'indépendance politique
du Congo par la Belgique.Je pense qu'il y a là des droits entrant dans le
cadre du présentdifférendjuridique.
Ces droits commandent d'êtrepréservésau risque de voir l'une des
Parties imposer son ordre politique et juridique à l'autre rendant ainsi
sans objet l'examen de I'affaire au fond (voir ci-dessus, l'indication d'une
((listed'attente)) du mandat d'arrêtde plusieurs ministres congolais chez
lejuge belge et l'allusion du conseil congolais, membre du Gouvernement
congolais, sur les souhaits de la Belgique relativement au remaniement
ministériel,la simultanéitéde certains faits...)

27. Lesdroits à sauvegarder consistent aussi dans la prérogative sou-
veraine (voir paragraphe 40 de l'ordonnance du 1"juillet 2000en l'affaire
des Activités urméessur le territoire du Congo (Républiqued&mocratique
du Congo c. Ougunda) : «[les] droitsà la souveraineté ... doivent retenir
l'attention de la Courdans son examen de la présentedemande en indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires)))reconnue àchaque Etat d'exercerla plé-
nitude de ses compétencesen matière législative, exécutiveet judiciaire
sans ingérenceextérieure.Nul Etat ne saurait enjoindre à un autre Etat
par des mesures coercitives qu'elles soient administratives, judiciaires ou
autres, la manière de conduire les affaires nationales sur son territoire
(voir M. Bedjaoui, affaire des Quesrions d'interprétationet d'upplication
de lu convention de Montréul de 1971 résultant de l'incident aérien de

Lockerbie (Jamuhiriya arube libyenne c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique), C. IJ.
Recueil 1992, p. 148,et S. A. El-Kosheri, ibid, p. 215). L'allégationde
tout fait qui engagerait éventuellement la responsabilité d'unEtat doit
êtrecommuniquée, par les canaux diplomatiques appropriés, à ce der-
nier. Puisque «le droit international exige aussi le respect de l'intégrité
politique)) (affaire desctivités milituires et paramilituires uu Nicurugua
et contre celui-ci (Nicaruguu c. Etut.7-Unis d'Amérique) fond, C. IJ.
Recueil 1986, p. 106,par. 202).
28. Il faut souhaiter qu'il n'y ait aucuneuggravution ni aucune exten-
sion du différendentre les deux Etats, du moment que l'ambassadeur du
Congo accrédité à Bruxellesa regagnéson poste àla finde novembre 2000
au terme de son rappel consécutif à l'émissiondu mandat contestéen avril

2000. Néanmoins,les relations belgo-congolaises, traditionnellement mar-
quéespar des hauts et des bas, et ce, dèsle lendemain de la décolonisation,
auraient pu gagner en qualitési la Cour avait étémoins pusillanime.

III. CONCLUSION

29. En définitive,je juge opportun et légitimeune mesure conserva-
toire aux termes de laquelle la Cour aurait ordonnéla suspension du man-mission". The Applicant is not relying on a " 'ghost' right" (oral argu-
ment by Mr. Eric David, CR 2000133,p. 35). Itis apparent that the Congo's

accusations against Belgium inthis case, which, as shown above, Belgium
has implicitly admitted, do indeed concern Belgium's violation of the
sovereignty and political independence of the Congo. 1 believe that
those rights fall within the scope of the present legal dispute.

Those rights demand safeguarding, at the risk otherwise that one of the
Parties will impose its political and legal order on the other, thereby ren-
dering moot any consideration of the case on the merits (see above the
reference to the Belgian judge's "waiting list" of arrest warrants for sev-
eral Congolese ministers and the reference by counsel for the Congo, a
member of the Congolese Government, to Belgium's desire for a Cabinet
reshuffle and to the simultaneous occurrence of certain events, etc.).

27. The rights to be preserved also include the sovereign prerogative
(see paragraph 40 of the Order of 1 July 2000 in the case concerning
Arnied Acfiijities on the Territory of the Congo (Democrutic Republic of'
the Congo v. Ugunduic:i it is upon "[the] rights to sovereignty. ..that the
Court must focus its attention in its consideration of this request for the
indication of provisional measures") which each State is recognized to
enjoy in exercising its full powers in the legislative, executive andudicial
spheres without outside interference. No State can impose on another
State, by means of coercivr measures, whether administrative, judicial or
others, the manner iri which domestic affairs are to be conducted on its
territory (seeJudge Bedjaoui, case concerning Questions oflnterpretution
and Applicution oj'the 1971 Morztreul Convention urisingfrom the Aeriul

Incirlent ut Lockerhie (Libyun Arub Jumuhiri~yu v. United Stutes of'
Ainericu). I.C.J. Reports 1992, p. 148, and S. A. El-Kosheri, ihid.,
p. 215). The allegation of any fact which might engage the responsibility
of a State must be communicated through appropriate diplomatic chan-
nels to that State, because "international law requires political integrity
also to be respected" (caseconcerning Militury und Purainilitury Actiili-
ties in und uguinst Nicuruguu (Nicurugua v. United States of Arnericu),
Mrrits, Judg~nent, 1.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 106,para. 202).
28. It is to be hoped that the dispute between the two States is neither
uggruvuted nor extended, given that the Congo's ambassador to Brussels
returned to his post in late November 2000, after having been recalled in
response to the issue of the disputed warrant in April 2000. Nevertlieless,

relations between Belgium and the Congo, historically characterized by
highs and Iows ever since decolonization, could have benefited had the
Court been lesspusillanimous.

III. CONCLUSION

29. In short, 1consider that it would have been appropriate and legiti-
mate for the Court to indicate a provisional measure ordering the susprn-dut du 11 avril 2000 en attendant de rendre sa décisionau fond, dans les
plus brefs délais eu égard à l'importance de l'affaire.

30. Je trouve donc la demande du défendeur relative au rejet de toute
mesure conservatoire tout à fait excessive. D'autre part, je ne partage pas
l'analyse de la Cour sur les circonstances actuelles qui ne lui commande-
raient pas d'user de son pouvoir tel que définià l'article 41 du Statut.
31. A défaut d'ordonner la mesure conservatoire minimale ci-dessus,
la Cour aurait pu insérer dans le dispositif du projet d'ordonnance mon
amendement ainsi conçu :

((2. rr) Dit que le Royaume de Belgique, qui est informé de la nature

de la revendication de la République démocratique du Congo,
doit envisager l'incidence qu'un arrêt faisant droit a cette
revendication pourrait avoir sur l'exécution du mandat du
II avril 2000 et décidersi et dans quelle mesure il lui faudrait
en conséquence réexaminer son mandat ;
h) Dit que la République démocratique du Congo, qui est
informée de la nature de la revendication du Royaume de

Belgique, d'envisager l'incidence qu'un arrêtfaisant droit à
cette revendication pourrait avoir sur I'exécutiondu mandat
d'arrêtdu 11 avril 2000 et de décidersi et,dans quelle mesure
illui faudrait en conséquence réexaminersa position.))

Comme M. Oda le rappelle:

((ilest établidans la jurisprudence constante de la Cour que lorsque
celle-ci apparaît prinîu ,fucie comme étant compétente elle peut (si
elle lejuge bon) indiquer des mesures conservatoires, et cette règlea

toujours étéinterprétée defaçon très libéraleen faveur du deman-
deur, de crainte qu'un refus ne soit, sans nécessité, préjudiciableà la
poursuite de l'affaire. Par conséquent, la possibilité d'indiquer des
mesures conservatoires ne peut êtrerefuséein limine que dans une
affaire où l'absence de compétence est si manifeste qu'il n'y a pas
lieu de s'interroger plus avant sur l'existence de la compétence lors

d'une phase ultérieure)).(Déclaration de S. Oda jointe à I'ordon-
nance du 14avril 1992relative aux mesures conservatoires en l'affaire
des Questions t1'interprc;tutionet rl'upplicution de lu convention de
Montrkrll d~ 1971 rc;sultuntd~l'incident ukrien de Lockerhie (Jamu-
hiriyu uruhr lihj~nnr c.Etuts- Uniscl'Anîkricluc~)C, .J. Recueil 1992,
p. 130).

33. La doctrine s'accorde généralementpour reconnaître que le pou-
voir de la Cour d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires vise i «éviter que

des décisions soient privées d'effetutile)) (G. Fitzmaurice, Thc Luii und
Procedure qf'the Internritionul Court of Ju.vticr, ol.II,p. 542, 1986, cité
par M. Ajibola dans son opinion dissidente en l'affaire des Questions
d'interprktution et d'upplicution de kr (.onvention de Mmtrku/ de 1971sion of the ir'urruntof 11April 2000 pending the Court's decision on the
merits, to be rendered with al1expedition in light of the importance of the
case.
30. 1 therefore find the Respondent's request that the Court deny al1

provisional measures to be altogether excessive. Also, 1do not agree with
the Court's analysis of the current circumstances, which, in its view, do
not require it to exercise its power as defined in Article 41 of the Statute.
31. Failing the miriimal provisional measure set out above, the Court
could have included rny amendment, worded as follows, in the operative
part of the draft Order:

"2. (u) Finds that the Kingdom of Belgium, which has knowledge

of the nature of the claim by the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, should consider the impact that a judgment uphold-
ing that claim could have on the execution of the warrant of
11April2000 and should decide whether and to what extent
it ought therefore to reconsider its warrant;
(b) Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which

has knowledge of the nature of the claim by the Kingdom of
Belgium.,should consider theimpact that ajudgment uphold-
ing that claim could have on the execution of the arrest
warrant of 11 April 2000 and should decide whether and to
what extent it ought therefore to reconsider its position."

As Judge Oda has recalled:

"through the Court's jurisprudence it is established that, if the Court
appears prima kacie to possess jurisdiction, it may (if it thinks fit)

indicate nrovisional measures. and this rule has alwavs been inter-
preted dost generouçly in favour of the applicant, lest a denial be
needlessly prejudicial to the continuation of the case. Thus the pos-
sibility of indicating provisional measures may be denied in lirnine
only in a case where the lack of jurisdiction is so obvious as to
require no further examination of the existence of jurisdiction in a
later phase." (Declaration of Acting President Oda, appended to the

Order of 14 April 1992 concerning provisional measures in the case
concerning Quciitions of Interprrtution und Applicatio~zof the 1971
Montrrul Convention urising Jiorîi the Aeriul Incident ut Lockerhic
(Lihyun Arub .Jumuhiri~~uv. United Stufcs of A~nericu), I.C.J.
Reports 1992, p. 130.)

33. The doctrine is in general agreement in acknowledging that the

Court's power to indicate provisional measures aims to "prevent its deci-
sions from being stultified" (G. Fitzmaurice, The Luit, und Procedure uf'
the Internutionul Court of'Justice, Vol. II,p. 542, 1986, quoted by Judge
Ajibola in his dissenting opinion in the case concerning Questions of'
Interpretution utid Applictrtion qf'thc 1971 Montreul Convention urisingrt.sultant de l'incident uériende Lockerbie (Jrrmuhiriya arabe libyenne
c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique), C.1.J. Recueil 1992, p. 194).
34. Puis-je considérerdans l'espèceen examen que la Cour a interprété

la demande de manière libérale? Peut-on affirmer que la crainte de voir
l'affaire rayée du rôle de la Cour est exclue? Y-a-t-il des doutes sur
l'importance de premier ordre de cette affaire au fond? Pourtant, la com-
pétence,prima fucie, de la Cour en cette affaire est admise par une très
large majorité des juges.
35. 11 faut souhaiter que l'attitude de la Cour, dictéeapparemment par

des préoccupations de politique judiciaire propres à l'institution, ne soit
pas perçue par certains plaideurs, au premier chef le demandeur dans
l'actuelle instance, comme un dénide justice. Il y va de la promotion du
règne du droit. Car, ainsi que l'a dit Lacordaire, entre le faible et le fort,
c'est la liberté qui opprime et la loi qui protège. La libertéde négocier
entre l'ancienne puissance coloniale devenue pays industrialisé et

l'ancienne colonie affaiblie ne s'apparente-t-elle pasà cette situation?
36. Encore que le demandeur ne semble pas avoir administré la preuve
de parfaite cohérence devant le prétoire. II n'est pas douteux que le plai-
deur qui intente une action judiciaire s'oblige, en droit procédural, à
suivre un comportement de nature à maximiser les chances d'aboutis-
sement heureux de sa cause, fût-ce dans les délais relativement brefs de la

procédure incidente.
37. D'autre part, nul n'ignore le rôle de l'opinion principalement ces
temps derniers. Mais il importe parfois de contrôler objectivement les
((jugementshâtifs de l'opinion ou des muss media ))(opinion dissidente de
M. Bedjaoui, dans l'affaire relative a des Questions d'interprktation et
d'application de b coni~entionde Montréalde 1971 résultant de l'incident

aérien de Lockerbie (Jamuhiriya arabe libyenne c. Etuts-Unis d'Amé-
rique), C.I.J. Recueil 1992, p. 148).

(Signe) Sayeman BULA-BULA.,from lhe Aerial Inciclentut Lockerhie (Libyan Arab Jumuhiriyu v. United

States of America), 1. C:J. Reports 1992, p. 194).
34. Can 1 consider that the Court in the present case has interpreted
the request generously? Can it be asserted that there is no reason to Sear
that the case could be removed from the Court's List? 1sthere any doubt
asto the very high importance of this case on the merits? Yet a very wide
majority of the Members of the Court agree that the Court has prima

facie jurisdiction in this case.
35. It is to be hoped that the Court's attitude, apparently dictated by
the institution's own considerations of judicial policy, is not seen by cer-
tain litigants, first andoremostthe Applicant in the present proceedings,
as a denial of justice. What is at stake is promotion of the rule of law.
For, as Lacordaire said, as between the weak and the strong, freedom

oppresses and the law protects. 1s not the "freedom" found in dealings
between a former colonial Power, now an industrialized country, and its
weakened, former colony an example of this?
36. Admittedly, the Applicant appears not to have made an entirely
coherent case before the Court. It is undeniably true that a litigant bring-
ing judicial proceedings is under an obligation, pursuant to the rules of

procedure, to act in a inanner calculated to maximize its chances of pre-
vailing, even within the relatively short time-limits for incidental proceed-
ings.
37. No one, moreover, can be ignorant of the role played, especially
lately, by public opinion. It is however sometimes important to cast an
objective eye on the "hasty judgments of public opinion or the mass

media" (dissenting opinion of Judge Bedjaoui in the case concerning
Questions of It~terpret,ationand Application oj'the 1971 Montreal Con-
vention rrrisingfrom t11eAeriul Incident ut Lockcrbie (Libyan Arab
Jumuhiriyu v. United Stutes qf Alnericu), 1. C.J. Reports 1992, p. 148).

(Signed) Sayeman BULA-BULA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion by Judge ad hoc Bula-Bula (translation)

Links