Declaration by Judge Oda

Document Number
116-20000701-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
116-20000701-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ODA

1. 1voted in favour of the Court's Order only because 1could not but
agree that, in order to restore peace in the region, the measures indicated
by the Court in this Order should be taken by the Parties - measures on

which few would ever disagree.
2. 1believe, however, that the Court is noi in a position at this time to
grant provisional measures for the reason that the present case, brought
unilaterally by the Democratic Republic of the Congo against Uganda on
23 June 1999, is - and has from the outset been - inutin~is.sible.

3. The Applicant claims that the disputc~sare related to "acts of armed
aggression perpetrated by Uganda on the territory of the Democratic

Republic of the Congo". Various relevant resolutions adopted by the
Security Council in the past few years appear to indicate that the "armed
aggression" might be the result of political turmoil in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, caused by fighting between rival factions and
government forces and involvement in that interna1 friction by the armed
forces of foreign countries, including Uganda.

4. The mere allegation by the Applicant that there has been "armed
aggression" perpetrated by the Respondent in its territory does not mean
that legul disputes exist between these Parties concerning (i) the alleged
breach of the Applicant's rights by the Respondent or the alleged failure
of the Respondent to observe its international legal obligations to the

Applicant, and (ii) the denial by the Respondent of the Applicant's alle-
gations.
The Applicant in this case did not, in its Application, show us that
both Parties had attempted to identify the legal disputes existing between
them and to resolve those disputes by negotiation. Without such a

mutual effort by the Parties, a mere allegation of armed aggression can-
not be deemed suitable for judicial settlement by the Court.
The issues arising from unstable conditions in a disintegrating State
cannot constitute legal disputes before this Court, whose main function is
to deal with the rights and obligations of States. Unilateral referral to the

Court of acts of armed aggression in which a State is directly involved
does not fall within the purview of Article 36,paragraph 2, of the Court's
Statute.
5. 1do not need to point out that the United Nations Charter provides
for the settlement, through the Security Council, of disputes raising issues
of armed aggression and threats to international peace, of the type seenin the present case. In fact, the Security Council, as well as the Secretary-
General acting on its instructions, has made every effort over the past
several years to ease the situation and restore peace in the region.

6. 1 contend that the Application in the present case is inadrnissihlc~.
1 am aware that the issue of admissibility may well be dealt with at the
merits stage of the case. 1 believe, however, that the present case lacks,
even prima facie, the element of admissibility. The jurisprudence of the
Court shows that judgments rendered by the Court and provisional
measures indicated by it in advance of the merits phase have not neces-
sarily been complied with by the respondent States or by the parties.

If the Court agrees to be seised of the application or request for the
indication of provisional measures of one State in such circumstances,
then the repeated disregard of the judgments or orders of the Court by
the parties will inevitably impair the dignity of the Court and raise doubt
as to the judicial role to be played by the Court in the international com-
munity.

7. It is a principle that the Court's jurisdiction is founded on the con-
sent of the States parties to the dispute and that declarations under the
optional clause accepting the Court's compulsory jurisdiction may be
made only if they arise from the bona fide will of the State. One can
hardly believe that the present case stems from any legal disputebetween
two parties appearing willingly and in good faith before the Court.

If the Court admits applications or grants requests for provisional
measures on the condition that an application is admissible, 1am afraid
that States that have accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court
under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court's Statute will be inclined to
withdraw their declarations, and fewer States will accede to the compro-
missory clauses of multilateral treaties.

8. Furthermore, in the present case, 1 note that a State appearing
before the Court is not represented by a person holding high office in the
Government acting as Agent, but by a private lawyer from another,
highly developed, country. This has rarely been the case in the history of
the Court and reinforces my feeling that a question arises as to whether

the case is brought to the Court in the interest of the State involved or
for some other reason. 1 would like to repeat here a passage from an
article 1published a few months ago:

"1 personally wonder, in the light of the increasing number of uni-
lateral applications, whether the offhand or casual unilateral referral
of cases by some States (which would simply appear to be insti-133 ARMED AC'TIVITIES (DECL .DA)

gated by ambitious private lawyers in certain developed countries),
without the Government of the State concerned first exhausting dip-

lomatic channels, is really consistent with the purpose of the Inter-
national Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the
United Nations. 1see what may be termed an abuse of the right to
institute proceedings before the Court. Past experience appears to
indicate that irregular procedures of this nature will not produce any

meaningful results in the judiciary." (S. Oda, "The Compulsory
Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice: A Myth? - A
Statistical Analysis of Contentious Cases", The Ititernutionul und
Conîpurutive Luii Qirarterlj,, Vol. 4(2000), p. 265.)

(Signed) Shigeru ODA.

Bilingual Content

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ODA

1. 1voted in favour of the Court's Order only because 1could not but
agree that, in order to restore peace in the region, the measures indicated
by the Court in this Order should be taken by the Parties - measures on

which few would ever disagree.
2. 1believe, however, that the Court is noi in a position at this time to
grant provisional measures for the reason that the present case, brought
unilaterally by the Democratic Republic of the Congo against Uganda on
23 June 1999, is - and has from the outset been - inutin~is.sible.

3. The Applicant claims that the disputc~sare related to "acts of armed
aggression perpetrated by Uganda on the territory of the Democratic

Republic of the Congo". Various relevant resolutions adopted by the
Security Council in the past few years appear to indicate that the "armed
aggression" might be the result of political turmoil in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, caused by fighting between rival factions and
government forces and involvement in that interna1 friction by the armed
forces of foreign countries, including Uganda.

4. The mere allegation by the Applicant that there has been "armed
aggression" perpetrated by the Respondent in its territory does not mean
that legul disputes exist between these Parties concerning (i) the alleged
breach of the Applicant's rights by the Respondent or the alleged failure
of the Respondent to observe its international legal obligations to the

Applicant, and (ii) the denial by the Respondent of the Applicant's alle-
gations.
The Applicant in this case did not, in its Application, show us that
both Parties had attempted to identify the legal disputes existing between
them and to resolve those disputes by negotiation. Without such a

mutual effort by the Parties, a mere allegation of armed aggression can-
not be deemed suitable for judicial settlement by the Court.
The issues arising from unstable conditions in a disintegrating State
cannot constitute legal disputes before this Court, whose main function is
to deal with the rights and obligations of States. Unilateral referral to the

Court of acts of armed aggression in which a State is directly involved
does not fall within the purview of Article 36,paragraph 2, of the Court's
Statute.
5. 1do not need to point out that the United Nations Charter provides
for the settlement, through the Security Council, of disputes raising issues
of armed aggression and threats to international peace, of the type seen 1. Sij'ai votéen faveur de l'ordonnance de la Cour, c'est parce qu'il
est, selon moi, indéniable que pour rétablir la paix dans la région, les
Parties doivent prendre les mesures indiquées par la Cour dans cette
ordonnance - mesures sur lesquelles il est difficile d'êtreen désaccord.

2. J'estime en revanche que la Cour n'est pas en mesure actuellement
d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires au motif que la présente instance
introduite unilatéralement par la République démocratique di1 Congo
contre l'Ouganda le 23 juin 1999 est irrecevable - et ce dès l'origine.

3. Le demandeur soutient que le différendconcerne des ((actes d'agres-
sion armée perpétréspar l'Ouganda sur le territoire de la République

démocratique du Congo ». Plusieurs résolutions pertinentes adoptées par
le Conseil de sécuritéces dernières annéessemblent indiquer que ((l'agres-
sion armée)) pourrait résulter de troubles politiques survenus dans la
République démocratique du Congo en raison de combats entre des fac-
tions rivales et les forces gouvernementales et de l'intervention dans ce

conflit intérieurde forces arméesde pays étrangers, y compris l'Ouganda.
4. Le simple fait que le demandeur ait allégué qu'ily a eu ((agression
armée» surson territoire de la part du défendeurne veut pas dire que des
différendsd'ordre j~oidiyrrrexistent entre ces Parties en ce qui concerne i)

la violation alléguéedes droits du demandeur par le défendeur ou le fait
que le défendeur ne se serait pas acquitté de ses obligations juridiques
internationales envers le demandeur, et ii) la négation par le défendeur
des allégations du demandeur. En l'espèce,le demandeur n'a pas dans sa
requête.montré que les deux Parties ont tenté d'identifier les différends

d'ordre juridique existant entre elles et de résoudre ces différends par la
négociation. A défaut d'un tel effort mutuel des Parties, la simple alléga-
tion d'une agression arméene saurait être regardéecomme pouvant don-
ner lieu à un règlement judiciaire par la Cour.
Les problèmes résultant de l'instabilitéd'un Etat en pleine désagréga-

tion ne peuvent pas constituer des différendsjuridiques portés devant la
Cour dont la principale fonction consiste à examiner les droits et les obli-
gations des Etats. Le paragraphe 2 de l'article 36du Statut de la Cour
n'autorise pas à soumettre unilatéralement à celle-ci des actes d'agression

arméedans lesquels un Etat est directement en cause.
5. La Charte des Nations Unies prévoit - ai-je besoin de le souligner
- le règlement, par l'intermédiaire du Conseil de sécuritéde différends
soulevant des questions d'agression armée et de menace pour la paixin the present case. In fact, the Security Council, as well as the Secretary-
General acting on its instructions, has made every effort over the past
several years to ease the situation and restore peace in the region.

6. 1 contend that the Application in the present case is inadrnissihlc~.
1 am aware that the issue of admissibility may well be dealt with at the
merits stage of the case. 1 believe, however, that the present case lacks,
even prima facie, the element of admissibility. The jurisprudence of the
Court shows that judgments rendered by the Court and provisional
measures indicated by it in advance of the merits phase have not neces-
sarily been complied with by the respondent States or by the parties.

If the Court agrees to be seised of the application or request for the
indication of provisional measures of one State in such circumstances,
then the repeated disregard of the judgments or orders of the Court by
the parties will inevitably impair the dignity of the Court and raise doubt
as to the judicial role to be played by the Court in the international com-
munity.

7. It is a principle that the Court's jurisdiction is founded on the con-
sent of the States parties to the dispute and that declarations under the
optional clause accepting the Court's compulsory jurisdiction may be
made only if they arise from the bona fide will of the State. One can
hardly believe that the present case stems from any legal disputebetween
two parties appearing willingly and in good faith before the Court.

If the Court admits applications or grants requests for provisional
measures on the condition that an application is admissible, 1am afraid
that States that have accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court
under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court's Statute will be inclined to
withdraw their declarations, and fewer States will accede to the compro-
missory clauses of multilateral treaties.

8. Furthermore, in the present case, 1 note that a State appearing
before the Court is not represented by a person holding high office in the
Government acting as Agent, but by a private lawyer from another,
highly developed, country. This has rarely been the case in the history of
the Court and reinforces my feeling that a question arises as to whether

the case is brought to the Court in the interest of the State involved or
for some other reason. 1 would like to repeat here a passage from an
article 1published a few months ago:

"1 personally wonder, in the light of the increasing number of uni-
lateral applications, whether the offhand or casual unilateral referral
of cases by some States (which would simply appear to be insti-internationale du genre de celles qui se posent en la présente affaire. En
fait, le Conseil de sécurité,de mêmeque le Secrétairegénéral agissantsur
les instructions du Conseil n'a ménagéaucun effort au cours des der-
niêresannéespour apaiser les tensions et ramener la paix dans la région.

6. Je soutiens que la requêteen l'espèceest irrecevable. Se sais que le
problème de la recevabilité peut parfaitement être examiné au stade de
l'examen au fond. S'estimecependant que dans la présente affaire les élé-
ments de recevabilité font défaut mênieprima fucie. Si l'on examine sa
jurisprudence, on constate que lorsque la Cour a rendu des décisionset
indiqué des mesures conservatoires avant la phase de l'examen au fond,

les Etats défendeurs ou les Parties ne s'y sont pas toujours conformés.
Si la Cour accepte d'êtresaisie de la requêteou de la demande en indi-
cation de mesures provisoires d'un Etat dans de telles circonstances, le
non-respect réitéré de ses arrêtsou ordonnances de la part des Parties ne
pourra que porter atteinte à sa dignité et faire planer des doutes quant au
rôle judiciaire qu'elle doit jouer dans la communauté internationale.

7. C'est un principe que la juridiction de la Cour est fondée sur le
consentement des Etats parties au différend et que les déclarations au
titre de la clause facultative de juridiction obligatoire de la Cour ne peu-
vent êtrefaites que si elles traduisent la volonté expriméede bonne foi des
Etats qui en sont les auteurs. On a peine à croire que la présente affaire
soit néed'un différend juridique quelconque entre deux Parties qui se

présentent volontairement et de bonne foi devant la Cour.
Si la Cour accueille des requêtesou accède a des demandes de mesures
conservatoires pour peu que la requête soit recevable, je crains que les
Etats qui ont accepté la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en vertu du
paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 de son Statut ne soient portés à retirer leur
déclaration et que les Etats soient moins nombreux à adhérer aux clauses

compromissoires des traités multilatéraux.

8. En outre, je constate qu'en l'espèce unEtat qui se présentedevant la
Cour est représenténon pas par une haute personnalité de son gouver-
nement agissant en qualité d'agent mais par un juriste privéressortissant
d'un autre pays hautement développé.Cette situation s'est rarement pré-

sentéedans l'histoire de la Cour et cela m'amène une fois de plus à me
demander si l'affaire est soumise à la Cour dans l'intérêtde 1'Etat en
cause ou pour quelque autre raison. S'aimerais citer ici un passage d'un
article que j'ai publiéil y a quelques mois:

«Je me demande personnellement, vu le nombre croissant de
requêtesunilatérales, si le fait que certains Etats soumettent avec
tant de désinvolture ou de légèretédes affaires a la Cour (poussés133 ARMED AC'TIVITIES (DECL .DA)

gated by ambitious private lawyers in certain developed countries),
without the Government of the State concerned first exhausting dip-

lomatic channels, is really consistent with the purpose of the Inter-
national Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the
United Nations. 1see what may be termed an abuse of the right to
institute proceedings before the Court. Past experience appears to
indicate that irregular procedures of this nature will not produce any

meaningful results in the judiciary." (S. Oda, "The Compulsory
Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice: A Myth? - A
Statistical Analysis of Contentious Cases", The Ititernutionul und
Conîpurutive Luii Qirarterlj,, Vol. 4(2000), p. 265.)

(Signed) Shigeru ODA.semble-t-il à le faire par des avocats privésambitieux de certains
pays développés), sansque le gouvernement de 1'Etat en cause ait
épuiséau préalableles voies diplomatiques, est vraiment compatible

avec la mission de la Cour internationale de Justice en tant que prin-
cipal organe judiciaire des Nations Unies. J'y voisce que l'on peut
appeler un abus du droit d'introduire une instance devant la Cour.
L'expérience passée semble montrer que des procéduresirrégulières
de ce genre n'apportent pas grand chose au domaine judiciaire.))
(S. Oda, «The Compulsory Jurisdiction of the International Court
of Justice: A Myth? - A Statistical Analysis of Contentious
Cases)), The Internutionul and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 49
(2000), p. 265.)

(Signé) Shigeru ODA.

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Document Long Title

Declaration by Judge Oda

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