Dissenting opinion by Judge Shi

Document Number
110-19990602-ORD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
110-19990602-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SHI

To my regret, 1 am unable to concur with the findings of the Court
that, given the limitation rutione temporis contained in the declaration of

acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction made by the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (hereinafter Yugoslavia), the Court lacked prima facie juris-
diction under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, to which both the
Applicant and the Respondent are parties. This conclusion prevented the
Court from exercising its power under Article 41, paragraph 1, of the
Statute to indicate provisional measures to the Parties.

Yugoslavia signed the declaration of acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court on 25 April 1999.By that declaration, Yugosla-
via recognized compulsory jurisdiction "in al1disputes arising or which
may arise after the signature of the present Declaration, with regard to
the situations or facts subsequent to this signature . ..".

This limitation rutione temporis of recognition of the Court's jurisdic-
tion belongs to the category of the so-called "double exclusion formula".
In cases where the Court is confronted with this "double exclusion for-
mula", it has to ascertain both the date of the dispute and the situations

or facts with regard to which the dispute has arisen.

Regarding the first aspect of the limitation ratione temporis in the
present case, that is to say, whether the dateon which the dispute arose is
before or after the signature by Yugoslavia of the declaration of accept-
ance, the Court has, in this connection, to consider what is the subject of
the dispute, as it did in a similar situation in the Right of Passage case,
where the Court stated:

"In order to form a judgment as to the Court's jurisdiction it is
necessary to consider what is the subject of the dispute." (Right of'
Passage over Indian Territory, Mcrits, Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports
1960, p. 33).

In the present case, the Application of Yugoslavia contains a sec-
tion bearing the title "Subject of the Dispute", which indicates the subject
as acts of the Respondent
"by which it has violated its international obligation banning the use
of force against another State, the obligation not to intervene in the

interna1 affairs of another State, the obligation not to violate the
sovereignty of another State, the obligation to protect the civilian601 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (DISSO. P.SHI)

population and civilian objects in wartime, the obligation to protect
the environment, the obligation relating to free navigation on inter-
national rivers, the obligation regarding fundamental human rights
and freedoms, the obligation not to use prohibited weapons, the
obligation not to deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated to
cause the physical destruction of a national group".

As in the Right of Passage case, the legal dispute before the Court, as

shown above, consists of a number of constituent elements. Prior to the
coming into existence of al1the constituent elements, the dispute cannot
be said to arise. None of the above elements existed before the critical
date of 25 April 1999.It is true that the aerial bombing of the territory of
Yugoslavia began some weeks before this critical date of signature of the
declaration. But aerial bombing and its effects are merely facts or situa-
tions and as such do not constitute a legal dispute. The constituent ele-
ments of the present dispute are not present before the critical date and
only exist at and from the date of Yugoslavia's Application on 29 April
1999. It is true that, prior to the critical date, Yugoslavia had accused
NATO (Security Council Meetings of 24 and 26 March 1999, SlPV.3988
and 3989) of illegal use of force against it. However, this complaint con-
stitutes at the most one of the many constituent elements of the dispute.
Besides, in no way could NATO be identified with the Respondent, and
NATO cannot be the Respondent in the present case ratione personae.
The legal dispute only arose at the date of the Application, which is sub-

sequent to the signature of the declaration of acceptance. Therefore, the
time condition in order for the present dispute to be within the scope of
acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction ratione temporis, as contained in
Yugoslavia's declaration, has been satisfied.

With respect to the second aspect of Yugoslavia's double exclusion for-
mula, the situations or facts which the Court has to consider are those
with regard to which the dispute has arisen, i.e., those situations or facts
which are the source of the present legal dispute.
Article 25, paragraph I, of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility,
adopted at first reading by the International Law Commission, provides:

"1. The breach of an international obligation by an act of the

State having a continuing character occurs at the moment when that
act begins. Nevertheless, the time of commission of the breach
extends over the entire period during which the act continues and
remains not in conformity with the international obligation." (ILC
Yearbook, 1978, Vol. II, Part Two, p. 89.) This concept of the duration of a "continuing" wrongful act is com-
monly accepted by international tribunals and legal scholars.

In the present case, the dispute relates to the alleged breach of various
international obligations by acts of force, in the form of aerial bombing
of the territories of Yugoslavia, which are attributed by the Applicant to
the respondent State. It is obvious that the alleged breach of obligations
by such a "continuing" act first occurred at the moment when the act
began, weeks before the critical date of 25 April1999. Given that the acts
of aerial bombing continued well beyond the critical date and still con-
tinue, the time of commission of the breach extends over the whole
period during which the acts continue and ends only when the acts of the
respondent State cease or when the international obligations alleged to be
breached by the acts of that State cease to exist or are no longer in force

for it.

The conclusion may be drawn from the above analysis that the limita-
tion ratione temporis in the double exclusion formula contained in Yugo-
slavia's declaration of acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction in
no way constitutes a bar to founding prima facie jurisdiction upon
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute for the purpose of indication of
provisional measures in the present case.
It is regrettable that, as a result of itsstaken findings on this point,
the Court was not in a position to indicate provisional measures to the
Parties in the urgent situation of human tragedy with loss of life and
human suffering in the territories of Yugoslavia arising from the use of
force in and against that country.

Moreover, 1am of the opinion that, confronted with that urgent situa-
tion, the Court ought to have contributed to the maintenance of interna-
tional peace and security in so far as its judicial functions permit. The
Court would have been fullyjustified in point of law if, immediately upon
receipt of the request by the Applicant for the indication of provisional
measures, and regardless of what might be its conclusion on prima facie
jurisdiction pending its final decision, it had issued a general statement
appealing to the Parties to act in compliance with their obligations under
the Charter of the United Nations and al1other rules of international law
relevant to the situation, including international humanitarian law, and
at least not to aggravate or extend their dispute. In my view, nothing in
the Statute or Rules of Court prohibits the Court from so acting. Accord-
ing to the Charter of the United Nations, the Court is after al1the prin-
cipaljudicial organ of the United Nations, with its Statute asan integral
part of the Charter; and by virtue of the purposes and principles of the
Charter, including Chapter VI (PacifieSettlement of Disputes), the Court
has been assigned a role within the general framework of the UnitedNations for the maintenance of international peace and security. There is
no doubt that to issue such a general statement of appeal is within the
implied powers of the Court in the exercise of its judicial functions. It is
deplorable that the Court has failed to take an opportunity to make its
due contribution to the maintenance of international peace and security
when that is most needed.

Furthermore, in his letter addressed to the President and the Members
of the Court, the Agent of Yugoslavia stated:

"Considering the power conferred upon the Court by Article 75,
paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court and having in mind the greatest
urgency caused by the circumstances described in the Requests for
provisional measure of protection 1 kindly ask the Court to decide
on the submitted Requests proprio motu orto fixa date for a hearing
at earliest possible time."

In the recent LaGrand case, the Court, at the request of the applicant
State and despite the objection of the respondent State, decided to make
use of itsabove-mentioned power under Article 75, paragraph 1, of the
Rules of Court without hearing the respondent State in either written or
oral form (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Order of
3 March 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999, pp. 13and 14,paras. 12and 21). By
contrast, in the present case the Court failed to take any positive action
in response to the similar request made by the Agent of Yugoslavia in a
situation far more urgent even than that in the former case.

Itis for these reasons tha1 felt compelled to vote against the operative
paragraph 51 (1) of the present Order.

(Signed) SHIJiuyong.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SHI

To my regret, 1 am unable to concur with the findings of the Court
that, given the limitation rutione temporis contained in the declaration of

acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction made by the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (hereinafter Yugoslavia), the Court lacked prima facie juris-
diction under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, to which both the
Applicant and the Respondent are parties. This conclusion prevented the
Court from exercising its power under Article 41, paragraph 1, of the
Statute to indicate provisional measures to the Parties.

Yugoslavia signed the declaration of acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court on 25 April 1999.By that declaration, Yugosla-
via recognized compulsory jurisdiction "in al1disputes arising or which
may arise after the signature of the present Declaration, with regard to
the situations or facts subsequent to this signature . ..".

This limitation rutione temporis of recognition of the Court's jurisdic-
tion belongs to the category of the so-called "double exclusion formula".
In cases where the Court is confronted with this "double exclusion for-
mula", it has to ascertain both the date of the dispute and the situations

or facts with regard to which the dispute has arisen.

Regarding the first aspect of the limitation ratione temporis in the
present case, that is to say, whether the dateon which the dispute arose is
before or after the signature by Yugoslavia of the declaration of accept-
ance, the Court has, in this connection, to consider what is the subject of
the dispute, as it did in a similar situation in the Right of Passage case,
where the Court stated:

"In order to form a judgment as to the Court's jurisdiction it is
necessary to consider what is the subject of the dispute." (Right of'
Passage over Indian Territory, Mcrits, Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports
1960, p. 33).

In the present case, the Application of Yugoslavia contains a sec-
tion bearing the title "Subject of the Dispute", which indicates the subject
as acts of the Respondent
"by which it has violated its international obligation banning the use
of force against another State, the obligation not to intervene in the

interna1 affairs of another State, the obligation not to violate the
sovereignty of another State, the obligation to protect the civilian OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. SHI

[Traduction]

A mon grand regret, je ne peux pas souscrire aux conclusions de la
Cour quand celle-ci, compte tenu de la limitation ratione temporis figu-
rant dans la déclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire faite
par la République fédéralede Yougoslavie (ci-après la Yougoslavie),
estime ne pas avoir compétence prima facie en vertu de l'article 36, para-
graphe 2, du Statut, auquel le demandeur et le défendeur sont l'un et
l'autre parties. Cette conclusion a empêché la Cour d'exercer le pouvoir
qui lui est conférépar le paragraphe 1 de l'article 41 de son Statut d'indi-
quer aux Parties des mesures conservatoires.
La Yougoslavie a signé sadéclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour le 25 avril 1999.Par cette déclaration, la Yougo-
slavie a reconnu cette juridiction comme obligatoire «pour tous les dif-
férends, surgissant ou pouvant surgir après la signature de la présente

déclaration, qui ont trait à des situations ou à des faits postérieurs à
ladite s.,nature..»
Cette limitation ratione temporis de la reconnaissance de la juridiction
de la Cour appartient à une catégorie deréserves qualifiée de «formule de
la double exclusion». Quand elle est face à cette «formule», la Cour doit
établirà quelle date le différenda surgi, d'une part, et de l'autrà,quelle
date remontent les situations ou les faits au regard desquels le différenda
sur',.
En ce qui concerne, en l'espèce,le premier aspect de la limitation
rutione temporis, c'est-à-dire le point de savoir si la daàelaquelle le dif-
férenda surgi est antérieureou postérieure à la signature par la Yougo-
slavie de sa déclaration d'acceptation, la Cour doit donc considérerquel
est l'objet du différend, comme elle l'a fait dans une situation analogue

dans l'affaire du Droit de passage, dans laquelle elle a déclaré:
((Pour apprécierla compétence dela Cour, il faut considérerquel
est l'objet du différend.))(Droit de passage sur le territoire indien,
fond arrgt, C. IJ. Recueil 1960, p. 33.)

Dans la présente espèce,il figuredans la requête dela Yougoslavie une
section portant l'intitulé(Objet du différend)),dans laquelle il est dit que
l'objet du différendporte sur les actes commis par le défendeur

«en violation de son obligation internationale de ne pas recourir à
l'emploi de la force contre un autre Etat, de l'obligation de ne pas
s'immiscer dans les affaires intérieuresd'un autre Etat, de I'obliga-
tion de ne pas porter atteinte à la souveraineté d'un autre Etat, de601 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (DISSO. P.SHI)

population and civilian objects in wartime, the obligation to protect
the environment, the obligation relating to free navigation on inter-
national rivers, the obligation regarding fundamental human rights
and freedoms, the obligation not to use prohibited weapons, the
obligation not to deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated to
cause the physical destruction of a national group".

As in the Right of Passage case, the legal dispute before the Court, as

shown above, consists of a number of constituent elements. Prior to the
coming into existence of al1the constituent elements, the dispute cannot
be said to arise. None of the above elements existed before the critical
date of 25 April 1999.It is true that the aerial bombing of the territory of
Yugoslavia began some weeks before this critical date of signature of the
declaration. But aerial bombing and its effects are merely facts or situa-
tions and as such do not constitute a legal dispute. The constituent ele-
ments of the present dispute are not present before the critical date and
only exist at and from the date of Yugoslavia's Application on 29 April
1999. It is true that, prior to the critical date, Yugoslavia had accused
NATO (Security Council Meetings of 24 and 26 March 1999, SlPV.3988
and 3989) of illegal use of force against it. However, this complaint con-
stitutes at the most one of the many constituent elements of the dispute.
Besides, in no way could NATO be identified with the Respondent, and
NATO cannot be the Respondent in the present case ratione personae.
The legal dispute only arose at the date of the Application, which is sub-

sequent to the signature of the declaration of acceptance. Therefore, the
time condition in order for the present dispute to be within the scope of
acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction ratione temporis, as contained in
Yugoslavia's declaration, has been satisfied.

With respect to the second aspect of Yugoslavia's double exclusion for-
mula, the situations or facts which the Court has to consider are those
with regard to which the dispute has arisen, i.e., those situations or facts
which are the source of the present legal dispute.
Article 25, paragraph I, of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility,
adopted at first reading by the International Law Commission, provides:

"1. The breach of an international obligation by an act of the

State having a continuing character occurs at the moment when that
act begins. Nevertheless, the time of commission of the breach
extends over the entire period during which the act continues and
remains not in conformity with the international obligation." (ILC
Yearbook, 1978, Vol. II, Part Two, p. 89.) LICÉITÉDE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. DISSS. HI) 601

I'obligation de protéger les populations civiles et les biens de carac-
tère civil en temps de guerre, de l'obligation de protégerI'environ-
nement, de l'obligation touchant à la libertéde navigation sur les
cours d'eau internationaux, de l'obligation concernant les droits et
libertésfondamentaux de la personne humaine, de l'obligation de ne
pas utiliser des armes interdites, de I'obligation de ne pas soumettre
intentionnellement un groupe national à des conditions d'existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique)).

Comme dans l'affaire du Droit de passage, le différendd'ordre juri-

dique dont la Cour est saisie comprend, comme on vient de le voir, plu-
sieurs éléments constitutifs.Avant qu'existent tous ces élémentsconstitu-
tifs, on ne peut pas dire que le différenda surgi. Or, aucun des éléments
ci-dessus n'existait avant la date critique du 25 avril 1999.st exact que
les bombardements aériensdu territoire de la Yougoslavie ont commencé
quelques semaines avant cette date critique de la signature de la déclara-
tion. Mais les bombardements aériens et leurseffets ne sont que des faits
ou des situations et, à ce titre, ne constituent pas un différendd'ordre
juridique. Les élémentsconstitutifs du différend actuel ne sont pas pré-
sents avant la date critique et ils n'existent qu'à la date de la requêtede la
Yougoslavie, le 29 avril 1999, et à compter de ladite date. Il est exact
qu'antérieurement à cette date critique, la Yougoslavie avait accusé
l'OTAN de recourir contre elle àun usage illicitede la force (voir les réu-

nions du Conseil de sécurité endate des 24 et 26 mars 1999, SlPV.3988et
3989).Toutefois, cette plainte ne constitue tout au plus que l'un des nom-
breux élémentsconstitutifs du différend. En outre, il est impossible
d'identifierI'OTAN au défendeuret, en l'espèce,I'OTAN ne saurait non
plus êtrele défendeur rationepersonae. Le différendd'ordre juridique n'a
surgi qu'à la date de la requête, laquelle estpostérieure la signature de
la déclaration d'acceptation. Par conséquent, la condition d'ordre tem-
porel à remplir pour que le présent différendentre dans le champ de
l'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire ratione temporis tel qu'il est
définidans la déclaration de la Yougoslavie, est bel et bien remplie.
En ce qui concerne le second aspect de la formule de double exclusion
de la Yougoslavie, c'est-à-dire la situation ou les faits que la Cour doit
prendre en considération, ce sont ceux au regard desquels le différend a

surgi, c'est-à-dire les situations ou les faits qui en sont l'origine.
L'article 25 du projet d'articles sur la responsabilitédes Etats, adopté
en première lecture par la Commission du droit international, dispose au
paragraphe 1:

« 1. La violation d'une obligation internationale par un fait de
1'Etatayant un caractère de continuité se produit au moment ou ce
fait commence. Toutefois, le temps de perpétration de la violation
s'étendsur la période entièredurant laquelle ce fait continue et reste
non conforme à I'obligation internationale. » (Annuaire de la Com-
mission du droit international, 1978,vol. II, deuxièmepartie, p. 101.) This concept of the duration of a "continuing" wrongful act is com-
monly accepted by international tribunals and legal scholars.

In the present case, the dispute relates to the alleged breach of various
international obligations by acts of force, in the form of aerial bombing
of the territories of Yugoslavia, which are attributed by the Applicant to
the respondent State. It is obvious that the alleged breach of obligations
by such a "continuing" act first occurred at the moment when the act
began, weeks before the critical date of 25 April1999. Given that the acts
of aerial bombing continued well beyond the critical date and still con-
tinue, the time of commission of the breach extends over the whole
period during which the acts continue and ends only when the acts of the
respondent State cease or when the international obligations alleged to be
breached by the acts of that State cease to exist or are no longer in force

for it.

The conclusion may be drawn from the above analysis that the limita-
tion ratione temporis in the double exclusion formula contained in Yugo-
slavia's declaration of acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction in
no way constitutes a bar to founding prima facie jurisdiction upon
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute for the purpose of indication of
provisional measures in the present case.
It is regrettable that, as a result of itsstaken findings on this point,
the Court was not in a position to indicate provisional measures to the
Parties in the urgent situation of human tragedy with loss of life and
human suffering in the territories of Yugoslavia arising from the use of
force in and against that country.

Moreover, 1am of the opinion that, confronted with that urgent situa-
tion, the Court ought to have contributed to the maintenance of interna-
tional peace and security in so far as its judicial functions permit. The
Court would have been fullyjustified in point of law if, immediately upon
receipt of the request by the Applicant for the indication of provisional
measures, and regardless of what might be its conclusion on prima facie
jurisdiction pending its final decision, it had issued a general statement
appealing to the Parties to act in compliance with their obligations under
the Charter of the United Nations and al1other rules of international law
relevant to the situation, including international humanitarian law, and
at least not to aggravate or extend their dispute. In my view, nothing in
the Statute or Rules of Court prohibits the Court from so acting. Accord-
ing to the Charter of the United Nations, the Court is after al1the prin-
cipaljudicial organ of the United Nations, with its Statute asan integral
part of the Charter; and by virtue of the purposes and principles of the
Charter, including Chapter VI (PacifieSettlement of Disputes), the Court
has been assigned a role within the general framework of the United Cette conception de la durée d'un acte illicite ((ayant un caractère de
continuité)) est communément acceptée par les juridictions internatio-
nales et les commentateurs faisant autorité.
Dans la présente espèce,le différenda trait à la violation alléguéede
diverses obligations internationales sous l'effet de l'emploi de la force,
lequel revêtla forme de bombardements aériens desterritoires de la You-
goslavie, bombardements qui sont imputés par le demandeur a I'Etat
défendeur.Il est évidentque la violation alléguée de certaines obligations
par ce fait qui a un ((caractère de continuité))s'est produite pour la pre-
mière fois au moment où le fait a commencé, c'est-à-dire des semaines

avant la date critique du 25 avril 1999. Comme les bombardements
aériensse sont poursuivis bien au-delà de la date critique et se poursui-
vent encore aujourd'hui, le temps de perpétration de la violation s'étend
sur la périodeentière durant laquelle ces faits continuent et ne prend fin
que lorsque les actes ainsi commis par I'Etat défendeur prennent fin ou
lorsque les obligations internationales qui seraient violéespar les faits
dudit Etat cessent d'exister ou bien ne sont plus en vigueur pour ledit
Etat.
IIest possible de déduire del'analyse ci-dessusque la limitationatione
temporis figurant dans la formule de double exclusion adoptée par la
Yougoslavie dans sa déclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction obliga-
toire de la Cour n'empêche nullementcelle-ci de fonder sa compétence
prima,fucie sur l'article 36, paragraphe 2, de son Statut, aux fins d'indi-

quer en l'occurrence des mesuresconservatoires.
Il est regrettable qu'ayant abouti à des conclusions erronées sur ce
point, la Cour n'ait pas été à mêmed'indiquer aux Parties des mesures
conservatoires à appliquer dans une situation d'urgence marquée par le
drame humain, les pertes en vieshumaines et lessouffrances que connais-
sent les territoires de la Yougoslavie sous l'effet de l'emploi de la force
dans ce pays et contre lui.
En outre, faceà cette situation d'urgence, la Cour aurait dû favoriser le
maintien de la paix et de la sécuritéinternationales dans la mesure où ses
fonctions judiciairesl'y autorisent. L'action de la Cour aurait été pleine-
ment justifiée endroit si, dès qu'ellea été saiside la part du demandeur
de sa requêteen indication de mesures conservatoires, et indépendam-

ment de son éventuelle conclusion quant a sa compétence prima facie
dans l'attente de sa décision définitive,lle avait lancéun appel de carac-
tère généralaux Parties pour leur demander d'agir conformément aux
obligations leur incombant en vertu de la Charte des Nations Unies et de
toutes les autres règlesdu droit international intéressant la situation, y
con~pris le droit international humanitaire, et leur demander à tout le
moins de s'abstenir d'aggraver ou étendreleur différend. A mon sens, il
n'y a rien dans le Statut ni dans le Règlementde la Cour qui interdise à
celle-cid'agir de cette façon. Aux termes de la Charte, la Cour est après
tout le principal organe judiciaire de l'organisation des Nations Unies,
son Statut faisant partie intégrante de la Charte; et, sous l'effet des buts
et des principes de ladite Charte, y compris son chapitre VI (relatif auNations for the maintenance of international peace and security. There is
no doubt that to issue such a general statement of appeal is within the
implied powers of the Court in the exercise of its judicial functions. It is
deplorable that the Court has failed to take an opportunity to make its
due contribution to the maintenance of international peace and security
when that is most needed.

Furthermore, in his letter addressed to the President and the Members
of the Court, the Agent of Yugoslavia stated:

"Considering the power conferred upon the Court by Article 75,
paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court and having in mind the greatest
urgency caused by the circumstances described in the Requests for
provisional measure of protection 1 kindly ask the Court to decide
on the submitted Requests proprio motu orto fixa date for a hearing
at earliest possible time."

In the recent LaGrand case, the Court, at the request of the applicant
State and despite the objection of the respondent State, decided to make
use of itsabove-mentioned power under Article 75, paragraph 1, of the
Rules of Court without hearing the respondent State in either written or
oral form (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Order of
3 March 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999, pp. 13and 14,paras. 12and 21). By
contrast, in the present case the Court failed to take any positive action
in response to the similar request made by the Agent of Yugoslavia in a
situation far more urgent even than that in the former case.

Itis for these reasons tha1 felt compelled to vote against the operative
paragraph 51 (1) of the present Order.

(Signed) SHIJiuyong. LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. DISS.SHI) 603

règlement pacifique des différends),il a étéattribué un rôle à la Cour

dans le cadre généralde l'organisation des Nations Unies aux fins du
maintien de la paix et de la sécuriinternationales.Il ne fait aucun doute
que l'appel de caractère généraldont je parle relèveimplicitement des
pouvoirs impartis à la Cour dans l'exercicede ses fonctions judiciaires.
Ayant aujourd'hui statué définitivementsur la requêtedu demandeur, la
Cour n'a pas saisi l'occasion qui lui était donnée d'apporter le concours
qu'elleaurait dû au maintien de la paix et de la sécuritéinternationales au
moment où ce concours est on ne peut plus indispensable.
En outre, dans la lettre qu'il a adresséeau présidentet aux membres de
la Cour, l'agent de la Yougoslavie a dit ceci:

((Considérant le pouvoir conféré à la Cour aux termes du para-
graphe 1de l'article 75de son Règlement,etcompte tenu de l'extrême
urgence de la situation néedes circonstances décritesdans les de-
mandes en indication de mesures conservatoires, je prie la Cour de
bien vouloir se prononcer d'office sur les demandes présentéesou
de fixer une date pour la tenue d'une audience dans les meilleurs

délais.)
Dans une affaire très récente, l'affaireLaGrand, la Cour, sur la requête
de 1'Etat demandeur et en dépit des objections de 1'Etat défendeur, a
décidé d'exercelre pouvoir qui lui est ainsi conférépar le paragraphede
l'article 75 de son Règlement sans entendre 1'Etatdéfendeur,ni par écrit

ni oralement (LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique), ordon-
nance du 3 murs 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999, p. 13-14,par. 12, 21). Par
opposition, en l'espèce, laCour n'a eu aucun geste positifà la suite de la
requêtesimilaire formuléepar l'agent de la Yougoslavie dans une situa-
tion dont le caractère d'urgence étaitmêmebeaucoup plus prononcé que
dans l'exempleque je cite.
Ce sont ces motifs qui m'ont obligé a voter contre le paragraphe 51,
alinéa 1, du dispositif de la présenteordonnance.

(Signé) SHIJiuyong.

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Dissenting opinion by Judge Shi

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