Separate opinion of Judge ad hoc Kreca

Document Number
112-19990602-ORD-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
112-19990602-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

TABLE OF CONTENTS

II. APPKAISOFLTHESPANISHRESERVATI ONARTICLEIX OF THE
GENOCIDCEONVENTION 5
III. OTHERRELEVAN ITSLIES 6-9 1. COMPOSITIO OF THE COURT IN THISPARTICULAC RASE

1.In the context of the conceptual difference between the interna-
tional magistrature and the interna1 judicial system within a State, the

institution of judge (rd/roc has two basic functions:
"(a) to equalize the situation when the Bench already includes a

Member of the Court having the nationality of one of the parties;
and (hl to create a nominal equality between two litigating States
when there is no Member of the Court having the nationality of
either party" (S. Rosenne, Thr LUII.und Prac,ticcoj'tlreInternufionnl
Court, 1920-1996, Vol. III, pp. 1124-1125).

In this particular case room is open for posing the question as to
whether either of these two basic functions of the institution of judge ud
/roc has been fulfilled at all.
It is possible to draw the line between two things.

The first is associated with equalization of the Parties in the part con-
cerning the relations between the Applicant and the respondent States
which have a national judge on the Bench. In concreto, of special interest
is the specific position of the respondent States. They appear in a dual
capacity in these proceedings:

prinw, they appear individually in the proceedings considering that
each one of them is in dispute with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia:
and,
sccondo, they are at the same time member States of NATO under

whose institutional umbrella they have undertaken the armed attack on
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Within the framework of NATO,
these respondent States are acting in corporr, as integral parts of an
organizational whole. The corpus of wills of NATO member States, when
the undertaking of military operations is in question, is constituted into a

collective will which is, formally, the will of NATO.
2. The question may be raised whether the respondent States can
qualify as parties in the same interest.

In itsOrder of 20 July 193 1in the case concerning the Custonis Régime
het~i,eenGcnncrnyund Austriu, the Permanent Court of International Jus-
tice established that :

"al1governments which, in the proceedings before the Court, come to
the same conclusion, must be held to be in the same interest for the
purposes of the present case" (P.C.IJ., SeriesAIB, No. 41, p.88).

The question of qualification of the "same interest", in the practice of
the Court, has almost uniformly been based on a forma1 criterion, the
criterion of "the same conclusion" to which the parties have come in the
proceedings before the Court.
In the present case, the question of "the same conclusion" as the rele-

vant criterion for the existence of "the same interest" of the respondentStates is, in my opinion, unquestionable. The same conclusion was, in a
way, inevitable in the present case in view of the identical Application
which the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has submitted against ten
NATO member States, and was formally consecrated by the outcome of
the proceedings before the Court held on 10, 11 and 12 May 1999, in

which al1 the respondent States came to the identical conclusion resting
on the foundation of practically identical argumentation which differed
only in the fashion and style of presentation.
Hence, the inevitable conclusion follows, it appears to me, that al1the
respondent States are in concreto parties in the same interest.
3. What are the implications of this fact for the composition of the
Court in the present case? Article 31, paragraph 2, of the Statute says:

"If the Court includes upon the Bench ajudge of the nationality of one of
the parties, any other party may choose a person to sit as judge."
The Statute, accordingly, refers to the right of "any other party",
namely, a party other than the party which has a judge of its nationality,
in the singular. But, it would be erroneous to draw the conclusion from
the above that "any other party", other than the party which has a judge

of its nationality, cannot, under certain circumstances, choose several
judges ud hoc. Such an interpretation would çlearly be in sharp contra-
diction with rutio legis of the institution of judge ad hoc, which, in this
particular case, consists of the function "to equalize the situation when
the Bench already includes a Member of the Court having the nationality
of one of the parties" (S. Rosenne. Thr Ltrii,und Pruc.ticeof the Intrrnu-
tionul Court, 1920-1996. Vol. III,pp. 1124-1 125). The singular used in

Article 31, paragraph 2,of the Statute with reference to the institution of
judges ad hoc is, consequently,but individualization of the general, inher-
ent right to equalization in the composition of the Bench in the relations
between litigating parties, one of which has a judge of its nationality on
theBench, while the other has not. Tlieprac~ticulmeuning uf'tl~i.sprinc~iple
uyl>licdin casum ii-oull inlply the right qf thcl Applic~untto clioose us
nlunj9,jutlges ad hoc to .siron tlle Bc~nc-1 us i.snecessuty9to eyuc~lizethe

yositiorîof the Applicunt clntithat of tlzose respondent Stutrs \chiclî htive
,jucIge.sof'their nutionuljty on thc Bench unriii~fli1~ure the same interest.
In concreto. the inhrrent riglit to eiluuliiution in the composition qf'tl1r
Ber~cll,us un espve.ssiorz(~f~fundur71enturlle of'rqualitj~of'purtic~r,~îcuns
thut thclFedtjrul Republic of'Yi~goslui1iu~I7ouldhuve the riglît to clzoose
five j~c~lgead hoc, sincv ei~cnjiileout of'terzresporldent Stutes (tlîr Urzited
Stutes of Anlericu, the United king don^, Frurlcv, Gerniunj. und the

Nrtherlund.~) liu\~etheir nutioizu1,judgc~.sviftirlgon the Bcnc.h.
Regarding the notion of equalization which concerns the relation
between the party entitled to choose its judge ad hoc and the parties
which have their national judges on the Bench, the fact is that the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, as can be seen from the Order, did not raise aiiy
objections to the circumstance that as many as five respondent States

have judges of their nationality on the Bench. However, this circum-
stance surely cannot be looked upon as something making the question irrelevant, or, even as the tacit consent of the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia to such an outright departure from the letter and spirit of Ar-

ticle 31, paragraph 2, of the Statute.

TheCourt has, namely, the obligation to take account ex olficio of the
question of such a fundamental importance, which directly derives from,
and vice versa, may directly and substantially affect, the equality of the

parties. The Court is the guardian of legality for the parties to the case,
for which presunrptio ,juris et de jure alone is valid - to know the law
(juru novit ~,uritr,J. s pointed out by Judges Bedjaoui, Guillaume and
Ranjeva in their joint declaration in the Lockcrhie case: "that is for the
Court - not the parties - to take the necessary decision" (Questions qf'

Interpretution und Applicution qf'thc 1971 Montreul Convention urising
,fr.orntl?~Aeriul Incident ut Lockerbie (Lihyun Arub Junicr1ziri.yv ~. United
Kingdom), I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 36, para. 11).

A c.ontrurio, the Court would risk, in a matter which is rrrtio legis
proper of the Court's existence. bringing itself into the position of a pas-
sive observer, who only takes cognizance of the arguments of the parties
and, then, proceeds to the passing of a decision.
4. The other function is associated with equalization in the part which

is concerned with the relations between the Applicant and those respon-
dent States which have no national judges on the Bench.
The respondent States having no judge of their nationality on the
Bench have chosen, in the usual procedure, theirjudges ud hoc (Belgium,
Canada, ltaly and Spain). Only Portugal has not designated its judge ud

hoc. The Applicant successively raised objections to the appointment of
the respondent States' judges urllloc invoking Article 31, paragraph 5, of
the Statute of the Court. The respoiises of the Court with respect to this
question invariably contained the standard phrase "that the Court . . .
found that the choice of a judge ucllzoc by the Respondent isjustified in

the present phase of the case".
Needless to Say, the above formulation is laconic and does not offer
sufficient ground for the analysis of the Court's legal reasoning. The only
element which is subject to the possibility of teleological interpretation is
the qualification that the choice of a judge ud 120~i.s "justified in the
present phase of the case". A contrrrrio,it is, consequently, possible that

such an appointment of a judge ut/ hoc would "not be justified" in some
other phases of the case. The qualification referred to above could be
interpreted as the Court's reserve with respect to the choice of judges rtd
hoc by the respondent States, a reserve which could be justifiable on
account of the impossibility for the Court to perceive the nature of their

interest - whether it is the "same" or "separate" - before the parties set
out their positions on the case.
The meanings of equalization as a rcttio /(>gisinstitution of judges ucl
IIOC,in the case concerning the Applicant and respondent States whichare parties in the same interest, and which do not have a judge ud lioc of
their nationality on the Bench, have been dealt with in the practice of the
Court, in a clear and unambiguous manner.
In the Soutll W'estAfiicu case (1961) it was established that, if neither
of the parties in theame interest has ajudge of its nationality among the
Members of the Court, those parties, acting in concert, will be entitled to

appoint a single judge ad hoc (Soutli West Afiicu, I.C.J. Reports 1961,
P 3).
If, on the other hand, among the Members of the Court there is a judge
having the nationality of even one of those parties. then no judge ad lzoc
will be appointed (Territorial Jurisdiction of tlir Intrrnationul Cornniission
of the River Oder, P.C.I.J., Series C, No. 17-11.p. 8; Custotns Régirne

hetti.eerzG~rrnunj-und Austria, 1931,P.C.I.J.. Series A/B. No. 41, p.88).
This perfictly colierent jurisprudcwcof'tlzclCourt upplied to this pur-
ticulur case, meuns tlzcltnone <?/tze respondent Stutc's ii3ererntitleto
uppoint ujuclge ad hoc.
Consequently, it may be said that in the present case neither of the two
basic functions of the institution of judge ud hoc has been applied in the
composition of the Court in a satisfactory way. In my opinion, it is a

question of the utmost specific weight in view of theact that, obviously,
its meaning is not restricted to the procedure, but that it may have a far-
reaching concrete meaning.

II. APPRAISA OLF THE SPANISH RESERVATIO TN ARTICLE IX OF THE

GENOCIDE CONVENTION

5. In the particular case of Spain, relevant conditions for the jurisdic-
tion of the International Court of Justice have not concurred.

However, it should be pointed out that a reservation such as the one
made by Spain with respect to Article 1X of the Convention on the Pre-

vention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide surely does not con-
tribute to the implementation of the concept of an organized, de jure,
international community.
As the Court set out in its Opinion of 28 May 1951, "the principles
underlying the Convention are principles which are recognized by civi-
lized nations as binding on States. even without any conventional obliga-

tion" (Reservatioris to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime ufGenociclr,Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23)
and

"ln such a convention the contracting States do not have any
interests of their own: they merely have, one and all, a common
interest, namely, the accomplishment of those high purposes which
are the ruison d'cire of the convention." (Ibid)

States do not express verbally their belief in international law by822 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (SEP.OP. KRE[A)

making declaratory vows but by taking effective measures aimed at the
implementation of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

In an eminently political commonwealth, such as the international
community, judicial protection of those rights and liberties is almost the
only way of realization of Grotius' dream of the international community

as a true genus hunîrrnurn.

III. OTHERRELEVANIT SSUES

6. In paragraph 15 of the Order the Court states:

"Whereas the Court is deeply concerned with the human tragedy,
the loss of life, and theenormous suffering in Kosovo which form

the background of the present dispute, and with the continuing loss
of life and human suffering in al1parts of Yugoslavia."

The phrasing of the statement seems to me unacceptable for a number
of reasons. First, the formulation introduces dual humanitarian concern.
The Court is, it is stated, "deeply concerned", while at the same time the
Court states "the loss of life". So, it turns outthat in the case of "al1parts
of Yugoslavia" the Court technically states "the loss of life" as a fact
which does not cause "deep concern". Furthermore, the wording of the

formulation may also be construed as meaning that Kosovo is not a part
of Yugoslavia. Namely, after emphasizing the situation in Kosovo and
Metohija, the Court uses the phrase "in al1parts of Yugoslavia". Having
in mind the factual and legal state of affairs, the appropriate wording
would be "in al1other parts of Yugoslavia". Also, particular reference to

"Kosovo" and "al1 parts of Yugoslavia", in the present circumstances,
has not only no legal, but has no factual basis either. Yugoslavia, as a
whole, is the object of attack. Human suffering and loss of life are, un-
fortunately, a fact, generally applicable to the country as a whole; so, the
Court, even if it had at itsdisposal the accurate data on the number of
victims and the scale of suffering of the people of Yugoslavia, it would

still have no moral right to discriminate between them. Further, the
qualification that"human tragedy and the enormous suffering in Kosovo
.. . form the background of the present dispute" not only is political, by
its nature, but has, or may have, an overtoneof justification of the armed
attack on Yugoslavia. Suffice it to recall the fact that the respondent

State refers to its armed action as humanitarian intervention.

It is up to the Court to establish, atlater stage of the proceedings, the
real legal state of affairs, namely, the relevant facts. At the present stage,

the question of the underlying reasons for the armed attack on the Fed-

65eral Republic of Yugoslavia is the object of political allegations. While
the Respondent argues that what is involved is a humanitarian interven-
tion provoked by the "human tragedy and the enormous suffering", the
Applicant finds that sedes nlcltrric~ethe underlying reasons are to be
sought elsewhere - in the support to the terrorist organization in Kos-

ovo and in the political aim of secession of Kosovo and Metohija from
Yugoslavia.
Consequently, we are dealing here with opposed political qualifications
in which the Court should not, and, in my view, must not, enter except in
the regular court proceedings.

7. The formulation of paragraph 39 of the Order leaves the impression
that the Court is elegantly attempting to drop the bal1 in the Security
Council's court. Essentially, it is superfluous because, as it stands now, it
only paraphrases a basic fact that "the Security Council has special
responsibilities under Chapter VI1 of the Charter". It can be interpreted,
it is true, also as an appeal to the United Nations organ, specifically

entrusted with the duty and designed to take measures in case of threat to
the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression; but, in that case the
Court would need to stress also another basic fact - that a legal dispute
should be referred to the International Court of Justice on the basis of
Article 36, paragraph 3,of the United Nations Charter.

8. The Court, by using the term "Kosovo" instead of the official name
of "Kosovo and Metohija", continued to follow the practice of the politi-
cal organs of the United Nations, which, by the way, was also strictly
followed by the respondent States.
It is hard to find a justifiable reason for such a practice. Except of

course if we assume political opportuneness and involved practical, politi-
cal interests to be a justified reason for this practice. This is eloquently
shown also by the practice of the designation of the Federal Republic of
Yuszoslavia. After the succession of the former Yugoslav federal units.
theUorgansof the United Nations, and the respondeit States themselves:
have used the term Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). However, since

22 November 1995, the Security Council uses in its resolutions 1021and
1022 the term "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" instead of the former
"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)" without any
express decision and in a legally unchanged situation in relation to the
one in which it, like other organs of the United Nations, employed the
term "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)". The

fact that this change in the practice of the Security Council appeared on
the day following the initialling of the Peace Agreement in Dayton gives
a strong basis for the conclusion that the concrete practice is not based
on objective, legal criteria but rather on political criteria.

By using the word "Kosovo"instead of the name "Kosovo and Meto-
hija", the Court, in fact, is doing two things:(u) it gives in to the colloquial use of the names of territorial units of an
independent State; and
(h) it ignores the officia1 name of Serbia's southern province, a name
embodied both in the constitutional and legal acts of Serbia and of
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Furthermore, it runs contrary
to the established practice in appropriate international organiza-

tions. E.1-emplic~uusu,the official designation of the southern Ser-
bian province "Kosovo and Metohija" has been used in the Agree-
ment concluded by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (Internu-
tional Legul Mutrriul.~, 1999, Vol. 38. p. 24).

Even if such a practice - which, in my opinion, is completely inappro-
priate not only in terms of the law but also in terms of proper usage -
could be understood when resorted to by entities placing interest and

expediency above the law, it isinexplicable in the case of a judicial organ.

9. A certain confusion is also created by the term "humanitarian law"
referred to in paragraphs 18 and 37 of the Order. The reasons for the
confusion are dual: on the one hand, the Court has not shown great con-
sistency in using this term. In the Grnocidc case the Court qualified the

Genocide Convention as a part of humanitarian law, although it is obvi-
ous that. bv its nature. the Genocide Convention falls within the field of
international criminal law (see dissenting opinion of Judge KreCa in the
case concerning Applic~ition qf' tlze Conl~rntiorzon the Pvevention und
Punishmrnt of the Crinl~lof Genocide, Prcliminurj~ Objec~tions,I.C. J.
Reports 1996 (II), para. 108, p. 774-775).

On the other hand, it seems that in this Order the term "humanitariaii
law" has been used with a different meaning, more appropriate to the
generally accepted terminology. The relevant passage in the Order should
be mentioned precisely because of the wording of its paragraphs 18 and
37. The singling out of humanitarian law from the rules of international
law which the Parties are bound to respect may imply low-key and timid

overtones of vindication or at least of diminishment of the legal implica-
tions of the armed attack on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Humanitarian law, in its legal, original meaning implies the rules ofjus
il1hcllo. If, by stressing the need to respect the rules of humanitarian law,
which 1do not doubt, the Court was guided by humanitarian considera-

tions, then it should have stressed e.~pressisi1c~vhia.lso the fundamental
importance of the rule contained in Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Char-
ter, which constitutes a dividing line between non-legal, primitive inter-
national society and an organized, dej~/rc.,international community.

(Signed) Milenko KRECA.

Bilingual Content

TABLE OF CONTENTS

II. APPKAISOFLTHESPANISHRESERVATI ONARTICLEIX OF THE
GENOCIDCEONVENTION 5
III. OTHERRELEVAN ITSLIES 6-9 P<rrtii=ruph<,\

1.LA COMP~SITION I>E LCOUR EN L'ESPECP. 1-4
II. COMMEN APPRECIERLA RESFRVE DEL'ESPAGN A L'ARTICLEIX

DE LA COWVENTION SUR LE GENOCIDF 5
III. AUTRESQUESTIONS PERTINENTES 6-9 1. COMPOSITIO OF THE COURT IN THISPARTICULAC RASE

1.In the context of the conceptual difference between the interna-
tional magistrature and the interna1 judicial system within a State, the

institution of judge (rd/roc has two basic functions:
"(a) to equalize the situation when the Bench already includes a

Member of the Court having the nationality of one of the parties;
and (hl to create a nominal equality between two litigating States
when there is no Member of the Court having the nationality of
either party" (S. Rosenne, Thr LUII.und Prac,ticcoj'tlreInternufionnl
Court, 1920-1996, Vol. III, pp. 1124-1125).

In this particular case room is open for posing the question as to
whether either of these two basic functions of the institution of judge ud
/roc has been fulfilled at all.
It is possible to draw the line between two things.

The first is associated with equalization of the Parties in the part con-
cerning the relations between the Applicant and the respondent States
which have a national judge on the Bench. In concreto, of special interest
is the specific position of the respondent States. They appear in a dual
capacity in these proceedings:

prinw, they appear individually in the proceedings considering that
each one of them is in dispute with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia:
and,
sccondo, they are at the same time member States of NATO under

whose institutional umbrella they have undertaken the armed attack on
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Within the framework of NATO,
these respondent States are acting in corporr, as integral parts of an
organizational whole. The corpus of wills of NATO member States, when
the undertaking of military operations is in question, is constituted into a

collective will which is, formally, the will of NATO.
2. The question may be raised whether the respondent States can
qualify as parties in the same interest.

In itsOrder of 20 July 193 1in the case concerning the Custonis Régime
het~i,eenGcnncrnyund Austriu, the Permanent Court of International Jus-
tice established that :

"al1governments which, in the proceedings before the Court, come to
the same conclusion, must be held to be in the same interest for the
purposes of the present case" (P.C.IJ., SeriesAIB, No. 41, p.88).

The question of qualification of the "same interest", in the practice of
the Court, has almost uniformly been based on a forma1 criterion, the
criterion of "the same conclusion" to which the parties have come in the
proceedings before the Court.
In the present case, the question of "the same conclusion" as the rele-

vant criterion for the existence of "the same interest" of the respondent 1. Compte tenu de la différencede principe entre la magistrature inter-
nationale et le système judiciaire interne de chaque Etat, l'institution du
juge ud hoc rifondamentalement un double rôle:

«a) rétablir l'égalitéquand la Cour comprend d'ores et déjà sur le
siège unjuge ayant la nationalité de I'une des parties; et 6) créerune

égalitésymbolique entre deux Etats en litige quand aucun membre
de la Cour n'a la nationalité de I'une des parties)) (S. Rosenne, Tlîc
Lu~cutid Pruc,ti(,eof the Ititc~rntrtionrrlCourt, 1920-1996, vol. III,
p. 1124-1125).

En l'espèce,on peut se demander si l'institution du juge ud hoc a bien
exercéI'une quelconque de ces deux fonctions élémentaires.

Ilest possible de distinguer deux éléments.
Le premier est liéa ce rétablissement de l'égalitéentre les parties en ce
qui concerne les relations entre le demandeur et les Etats défendeurs qui

ont un juge national sur le siége.In croncreto, il faut s'intéresser à cet
égard à la position particulière des Etats défendeurs. Ces derniers, en
effet, comparaissent liun double titre:

pritno, ils comparaissent individuellement puisque chacun d'eux est en
litige avec la République fédéralede Yougoslavie;

secundo, ce sont en mêmetemps des Etats membres de I'OTAN dans le
cadre institutionnel de laquelle ils ont engagéune attaque armée contre la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie. Dans ce cadre de I'OTAN, les Etats

défendeursagissent il1corpore, en tant que parties intégrantesd'une orga-
nisation constituant lin tout. L'ensemble. le corpus, des volontésdes Etats
membres de I'OTAN, quand il s'agit de mener des opérations militaires.
constitue une volontk collective qui est officiellement celle de I'OTAN.

2. On peut se demander par ailleurs si les Etats défendeurs peuvent
êtreconsidéréscomme faisant cause commune.
Ilans l'ordonnance rendue le 20 juillet 1931 dans l'affaire du Rc:gitne
cluuanicrctztre I'AIlonzugneet l'Autriche. la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale a énoncéle principe suivant:

((tous les gouvernements qui, devant la Cour, arrivent A la même
conclusion, doivent êtreconsidéréscomme faisant cause commune
aux fins de la présenteprocédure» (C.P. J.I. si.vic AIBno 41, p. 89).

Dans sa pratique, la Cour a quasiment toujours établi qu'il y avait
((cause commune)) en se fondant sur un critère formel, celui de la ((même
conclusion)) à laquelle aboutissent les parties comparaissant devant elle.

En l'espèce, il est indubitable que la formulation d'une conclusion
identique est le critère pertinent permettant d'établirque les Etats défen-States is, in my opinion, unquestionable. The same conclusion was, in a
way, inevitable in the present case in view of the identical Application
which the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has submitted against ten
NATO member States, and was formally consecrated by the outcome of
the proceedings before the Court held on 10, 11 and 12 May 1999, in

which al1 the respondent States came to the identical conclusion resting
on the foundation of practically identical argumentation which differed
only in the fashion and style of presentation.
Hence, the inevitable conclusion follows, it appears to me, that al1the
respondent States are in concreto parties in the same interest.
3. What are the implications of this fact for the composition of the
Court in the present case? Article 31, paragraph 2, of the Statute says:

"If the Court includes upon the Bench ajudge of the nationality of one of
the parties, any other party may choose a person to sit as judge."
The Statute, accordingly, refers to the right of "any other party",
namely, a party other than the party which has a judge of its nationality,
in the singular. But, it would be erroneous to draw the conclusion from
the above that "any other party", other than the party which has a judge

of its nationality, cannot, under certain circumstances, choose several
judges ud hoc. Such an interpretation would çlearly be in sharp contra-
diction with rutio legis of the institution of judge ad hoc, which, in this
particular case, consists of the function "to equalize the situation when
the Bench already includes a Member of the Court having the nationality
of one of the parties" (S. Rosenne. Thr Ltrii,und Pruc.ticeof the Intrrnu-
tionul Court, 1920-1996. Vol. III,pp. 1124-1 125). The singular used in

Article 31, paragraph 2,of the Statute with reference to the institution of
judges ad hoc is, consequently,but individualization of the general, inher-
ent right to equalization in the composition of the Bench in the relations
between litigating parties, one of which has a judge of its nationality on
theBench, while the other has not. Tlieprac~ticulmeuning uf'tl~i.sprinc~iple
uyl>licdin casum ii-oull inlply the right qf thcl Applic~untto clioose us
nlunj9,jutlges ad hoc to .siron tlle Bc~nc-1 us i.snecessuty9to eyuc~lizethe

yositiorîof the Applicunt clntithat of tlzose respondent Stutrs \chiclî htive
,jucIge.sof'their nutionuljty on thc Bench unriii~fli1~ure the same interest.
In concreto. the inhrrent riglit to eiluuliiution in the composition qf'tl1r
Ber~cll,us un espve.ssiorz(~f~fundur71enturlle of'rqualitj~of'purtic~r,~îcuns
thut thclFedtjrul Republic of'Yi~goslui1iu~I7ouldhuve the riglît to clzoose
five j~c~lgead hoc, sincv ei~cnjiileout of'terzresporldent Stutes (tlîr Urzited
Stutes of Anlericu, the United king don^, Frurlcv, Gerniunj. und the

Nrtherlund.~) liu\~etheir nutioizu1,judgc~.sviftirlgon the Bcnc.h.
Regarding the notion of equalization which concerns the relation
between the party entitled to choose its judge ad hoc and the parties
which have their national judges on the Bench, the fact is that the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, as can be seen from the Order, did not raise aiiy
objections to the circumstance that as many as five respondent States

have judges of their nationality on the Bench. However, this circum-
stance surely cannot be looked upon as something making the questiondeurs font ((cause commune)). Il étaiten quelque sorte inévitablede for-
muler la mêmeconcliision en l'espècepuisque la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie a présenté une requête identique à l'encontre de dix Etats

membres de l'OTAN et l'on en a eu la preuve officielleà l'issue de la pro-
cédure qui s'est dérouléedevant la Cour les 10, 11 et 12 mai 1999, les
Etats défendeurs aboutissant tous à une conclusion identique reposant
sur une argumentation pratiquement identique dont les seules variations
concernent la forme et le mode de présentation.
D'où la conclusion inévitable à mon sens que les Etats défendeurs font

tous in concreto cause commune.
3. Quelles incidences faut-il en tirer pour la composition de la Cour en
l'espèce?L'article 31, paragraphe 2, du Statut, dispose: «Si la Cour compte
sur le siègeun juge de la nationalité d'une des parties, toute autre partie
peut désigner unepersonne de son choix pour siégeren qualitéde juge. ))
Le Statut. donc. définit ainsi le droit de «toute autre vartie)). c'est-

à-dire une partie autre que celle qui compte un juge de sa nationalité sur le
siège, et ilparle de cette autre partie au singulier. Mais ilserait erroné
d'en déduireque ((toute autre partie)) que celle qui compte un juge de sa
nationalité sur le siègene peut pas, dans certains cas, désigner plusieurs
juges ad hoc..Retenir cette interprétation serait manifestement contraire à
la rutio 1cgi.rde I'institution du juge ud hoc, lequel en l'espècea pour

objet ((de rétablir l'égalitéquand la Cour comprend d'ores et déjàsur le
siègeun juge ayant la nationalité de l'une des parties)) (S. Rosenne, Tlze
Lrr~irrnclPr~rc.ticqf'the Internutionril Court, 1920-1996, vol. III, p. 1124-
1125). L'usage du singulier à l'article 31, paragraphe 2. du Statut, quand
il est question de l'institution du juge ut/ hoc, permet donc simplement
d'individualiser ce droit général, intrinsèque,au rétablissement de I'éga-

lité entre les parties en litige en ce qui concerne la composition de la
Cour, quand l'une des parties compte un juge de sa nationalité sur le
siègetandis que l'autre n'en a pas. Conuètemc~t, uppliquéù la présrntc
instance. cc principe .signifieirnplic~iternerzqtue Ir demundeur a le droide
dksignrr.aurunt de juges ad hoc qu'il Icjirzdtpour r&tuhlirI'égulité entre le
den7crnd~~u clIL'SEt~rtsdk/iwc/eur~qui (.o~wptentunjuge de leur nurionulité

sur Ir siPgect qlliji>IfCUUSC~ comnlune. ConcrPtement. cc droit fondun~cn-
tu1 cru rc~tuhlis.srmentde I'C.gulitédans Ir1conlposition de lu Cour, qui
rbpond à lu rPg1~fondurîrentule de 1I'~;gnlitd bes pur tic^.^.signififi~ql10
République,jZdérulrde Yougosluvie doit avoir Ic droit de ddrsignercinq
juges ad hoc, puisque, sur les dix Etuts dkfcndeurs. il y en a cinq (1e.s
Etcrts-Unis d'Amdrrique, le Royuume-Uni. lu Frunce. I'All~mugne et les

Pu.vs-Bus) qui comptent un,juge natior~ulsur 1. si&ge.
S'agissant de ce rétablissement de l'égalitéentre la partie autorisée à
désignerun juge uclhoc de son choix. d'une part, et, de l'autre, les parties
qui comptent un juge national sur le siège,le fait est que la République
fédéralede Yougoslavie. comme on peut le constater dans l'ordonnance,
n'a soulevéaucune objection au cas de figure qui se présentait et qui était

que cinq Etats défendeurs, pas moins, comptaient un juge de leur natio-
nalité sur le siège. Mais iln'est certainement pas possible de considérer irrelevant, or, even as the tacit consent of the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia to such an outright departure from the letter and spirit of Ar-

ticle 31, paragraph 2, of the Statute.

TheCourt has, namely, the obligation to take account ex olficio of the
question of such a fundamental importance, which directly derives from,
and vice versa, may directly and substantially affect, the equality of the

parties. The Court is the guardian of legality for the parties to the case,
for which presunrptio ,juris et de jure alone is valid - to know the law
(juru novit ~,uritr,J. s pointed out by Judges Bedjaoui, Guillaume and
Ranjeva in their joint declaration in the Lockcrhie case: "that is for the
Court - not the parties - to take the necessary decision" (Questions qf'

Interpretution und Applicution qf'thc 1971 Montreul Convention urising
,fr.orntl?~Aeriul Incident ut Lockerbie (Lihyun Arub Junicr1ziri.yv ~. United
Kingdom), I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 36, para. 11).

A c.ontrurio, the Court would risk, in a matter which is rrrtio legis
proper of the Court's existence. bringing itself into the position of a pas-
sive observer, who only takes cognizance of the arguments of the parties
and, then, proceeds to the passing of a decision.
4. The other function is associated with equalization in the part which

is concerned with the relations between the Applicant and those respon-
dent States which have no national judges on the Bench.
The respondent States having no judge of their nationality on the
Bench have chosen, in the usual procedure, theirjudges ud hoc (Belgium,
Canada, ltaly and Spain). Only Portugal has not designated its judge ud

hoc. The Applicant successively raised objections to the appointment of
the respondent States' judges urllloc invoking Article 31, paragraph 5, of
the Statute of the Court. The respoiises of the Court with respect to this
question invariably contained the standard phrase "that the Court . . .
found that the choice of a judge ucllzoc by the Respondent isjustified in

the present phase of the case".
Needless to Say, the above formulation is laconic and does not offer
sufficient ground for the analysis of the Court's legal reasoning. The only
element which is subject to the possibility of teleological interpretation is
the qualification that the choice of a judge ud 120~i.s "justified in the
present phase of the case". A contrrrrio,it is, consequently, possible that

such an appointment of a judge ut/ hoc would "not be justified" in some
other phases of the case. The qualification referred to above could be
interpreted as the Court's reserve with respect to the choice of judges rtd
hoc by the respondent States, a reserve which could be justifiable on
account of the impossibility for the Court to perceive the nature of their

interest - whether it is the "same" or "separate" - before the parties set
out their positions on the case.
The meanings of equalization as a rcttio /(>gisinstitution of judges ucl
IIOC,in the case concerning the Applicant and respondent States which LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. IND. KRECA) 820

que ce cas de figure ôte toute pertinence à la question, mêmesi la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie a tacitement admis une telle déroga-
tion flagrante à la lettre et à l'esprit de l'article 31, paragraphe 2, du

Statut.
La Cour a, quant à elle, l'obligation de prendre en considération, ès
qualité, cette question qui est à ce point cruciale, qui découle directement
de l'égalitédes parties et, à l'inverse, qui risque en outre de porter direc-
tement et sensiblement atteinte à l'égalitédes parties. La Cour est le gar-
dien de la légalitépour les parties. et, à cette fin, seule est valable la

yrr.sun~ptio,juris et do ,jure- il faut savoir le droit (jum novit curiri).
Comme l'ont dit trois membres de la Cour, MM. Bedjaoui, Guillaun~e
et Ranjeva, dans la déclaration commune qu'ils ont faite dans I'affaire
Lockerbie: <<ilappartient a la Cour et non aux parties de prendre la
décision requise)) (Qiiestions tl'irzterprétntion et d'c~pplicution de /ri

c.oni~c)ntionde MontrCal de 1971 ré.sultutzt de l'incident uc;rien tke
Loc,ltcrhir (Jun~r~liiriyuuruhe lihj~entzec. ROJ>LIUIII~-UnC i).,I.J. Recueil
1998, p. 36, par. 11).
A contrario, la Cour risquerait, alors que la question relève véritable-
ment de sa raison d'être,de se cantonner dans l'attitude de l'observateur

passif, qui se contente de prendre connaissance des thèses des parties,
puis se prononce.
4. Le second élémentà étudier est celui du rétablissement de l'égalité
dans les relations entre le demandeur et les Etats défendeurs qui ne
comptent pas de juge national sur le siège.
Les Etats défendeurs ne comptant pas de juge national sur le siègeont,

suivant la procédure habituelle, désignéun juge ad 11ocde leur choix (Bel-
gique, Canada, Espagne et Italie). Seul le Portugal n'a pas désignéde juge
ud Iioc. Le demandeur a successivement soulevédes objections à la dési-
gnation de ces juges L L hoc des Etats demandeurs en invoquant le para-
graphe 5 de l'article 31 du Statut de la Cour. Chaque fois, la Cour a

répondu par la formule habituelle: «La Cour, ...est parvenue à la
conclusion que la désignation d'un juge (id lzoc par [le défendeur]sejus-
tifiait dans la présente phase de l'affaire)).
Certes, la formule est laconique, trop peu détailléepour permettre
d'analyser le raisonnement juridique suivi par la Cour. Le seul élément

qui se prête iiune interprétation téléologique estle membre de phrase ser-
vant à qualifier la désignation d'un juge ud hoc, laquelle serait «justifi[ée]
dans la présente phase de l'affaire)). A contrario, il est donc possible que
cette désignation de juges utl Iloc.ne soit «pas justifiée))dans certaines
autres phases de I'affaire. Cette qualification peut s'interpréter comme
une réserve,de la part de la Cour, quant à la désignation de juges urllzoca

par les Etats défendeurs, réservequi s'expliquerait par l'impossibilité où
se trouverait la Cour de voir, avant qu'elles définissentleur position, quel
est l'intérêdtes parties - font-elles ou non cause commune'?

Le sens à donner au rétablissementde l'égalité entre les parties, puisque

c'est la raison d'êtrede l'institution du juge rrrllioc dans le cas de figureare parties in the same interest, and which do not have a judge ud lioc of
their nationality on the Bench, have been dealt with in the practice of the
Court, in a clear and unambiguous manner.
In the Soutll W'estAfiicu case (1961) it was established that, if neither
of the parties in theame interest has ajudge of its nationality among the
Members of the Court, those parties, acting in concert, will be entitled to

appoint a single judge ad hoc (Soutli West Afiicu, I.C.J. Reports 1961,
P 3).
If, on the other hand, among the Members of the Court there is a judge
having the nationality of even one of those parties. then no judge ad lzoc
will be appointed (Territorial Jurisdiction of tlir Intrrnationul Cornniission
of the River Oder, P.C.I.J., Series C, No. 17-11.p. 8; Custotns Régirne

hetti.eerzG~rrnunj-und Austria, 1931,P.C.I.J.. Series A/B. No. 41, p.88).
This perfictly colierent jurisprudcwcof'tlzclCourt upplied to this pur-
ticulur case, meuns tlzcltnone <?/tze respondent Stutc's ii3ererntitleto
uppoint ujuclge ad hoc.
Consequently, it may be said that in the present case neither of the two
basic functions of the institution of judge ud hoc has been applied in the
composition of the Court in a satisfactory way. In my opinion, it is a

question of the utmost specific weight in view of theact that, obviously,
its meaning is not restricted to the procedure, but that it may have a far-
reaching concrete meaning.

II. APPRAISA OLF THE SPANISH RESERVATIO TN ARTICLE IX OF THE

GENOCIDE CONVENTION

5. In the particular case of Spain, relevant conditions for the jurisdic-
tion of the International Court of Justice have not concurred.

However, it should be pointed out that a reservation such as the one
made by Spain with respect to Article 1X of the Convention on the Pre-

vention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide surely does not con-
tribute to the implementation of the concept of an organized, de jure,
international community.
As the Court set out in its Opinion of 28 May 1951, "the principles
underlying the Convention are principles which are recognized by civi-
lized nations as binding on States. even without any conventional obliga-

tion" (Reservatioris to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime ufGenociclr,Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23)
and

"ln such a convention the contracting States do not have any
interests of their own: they merely have, one and all, a common
interest, namely, the accomplishment of those high purposes which
are the ruison d'cire of the convention." (Ibid)

States do not express verbally their belief in international law by LICEITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP.IND. KRECA) 82 1

où le demandeur et les Etats défendeurs qui font cause commune ne
comptent pas dejuge ud hoc de leur nationalitésur le siège,a étédéfinidans
la pratique de la Cour de façon très claire, sans la moindre ambiguïté.
Dans l'affaire du Sud-Ouest ufiicuin (1961), il a étédécidéque, au cas
où ni l'une ni l'autre des Parties faisant cause commune ne compterait de

juge de sa nationalité sur le siège,lesdites Parties auraient la faculté de
désigner d'un commun accord un seul juge au'hoc (Sud-Ouest ufiicuin,
C. I.J. Recueil 1961, p.3).
Si, en revanche, laCour compte parmi ses membres un juge ayant la
nationalité d'une des parties, ne serait-ce que de l'une d'elles, il ne sera pas

désignéde juge uclhoc.(Juridiction territorialde 11Cornnlission internu-
tioncrlrde I'Ocirr,CP.J.I. sérieC n" 17 (II), p. ; Rkginw douclnierentre
I'Allen~ugneet I'Autric.lze,1931,C.P.J.I. skrie AIB no 41, p. 88).
Si l'on uppliclucLilu présente instuncr cette jurisprutlence purjuitenlent
cohérentede lu Cour. aucun des Etuts clkfinrleurs n'ktuit hubilitéù dési-
gnclrlinjuge ad hoc.

On peut donc dire qu'en l'espèce,ni l'une ni l'autre des deux fonctions
élémentairesde l'institution du juge ad hoc n'a étéremplie de façon satis-
faisante du point de vue de la composition de la Cour. A mon sens, la
question revêt unintérêttout particulier parce que, manifestement, son
importance ne se limite pas à la procédure et pourrait avoir une portée
concrète de très grande ampleur.

II.COMMEN TPPRECIER LA RESERVE DE L'ESPAGN ÀEL'ARTICLE IX
DE LA CONVENTION SUR LE GÉNOCIDE

5. Dans le cas particulier de l'Espagne, les conditions permettant de
conférer compétence iila Cour internationale de Justice n'ont pas été réu-
nies.
Mais il convient de faire observer qu'une réserve telle que celle que
l'Espagne a formulée l'articleX de la convention pour la prévention et
la répression du crime de génocide ne favorise certainement pas la mise

en place d'une communauté internationale organisée selon le droit.

Comme la Cour l'a dit dans l'avis consultatif qu'elle a rendu le 28 mai
1951,((lesprincipes qui sont à la base de la convention sont des principes
reconnus pas les nations civiliséescomme obligeant les Etats même en
dehors de tout lien conventionnel)) (Réservesù lu convention pour lu pré-

i'cntion et lu répressiondu crinle (Ir gc;t~ocide,avis con.sultutif; C.I.J.
Rc~cwcil,1951. p.23) et

«Dans une telle convention, les Etats contractants n'ont pas d'inté-
rêtspropres; ils ont seulement, tous et chacun, un intérêtcommun.
celui de préserver les fins supérieures qui sont la raison d'êtrede la
convention. >>(Ibid)

Les Etats ne choisissent pas de parler pour exprimer leur foi dans le822 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (SEP.OP. KRE[A)

making declaratory vows but by taking effective measures aimed at the
implementation of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

In an eminently political commonwealth, such as the international
community, judicial protection of those rights and liberties is almost the
only way of realization of Grotius' dream of the international community

as a true genus hunîrrnurn.

III. OTHERRELEVANIT SSUES

6. In paragraph 15 of the Order the Court states:

"Whereas the Court is deeply concerned with the human tragedy,
the loss of life, and theenormous suffering in Kosovo which form

the background of the present dispute, and with the continuing loss
of life and human suffering in al1parts of Yugoslavia."

The phrasing of the statement seems to me unacceptable for a number
of reasons. First, the formulation introduces dual humanitarian concern.
The Court is, it is stated, "deeply concerned", while at the same time the
Court states "the loss of life". So, it turns outthat in the case of "al1parts
of Yugoslavia" the Court technically states "the loss of life" as a fact
which does not cause "deep concern". Furthermore, the wording of the

formulation may also be construed as meaning that Kosovo is not a part
of Yugoslavia. Namely, after emphasizing the situation in Kosovo and
Metohija, the Court uses the phrase "in al1parts of Yugoslavia". Having
in mind the factual and legal state of affairs, the appropriate wording
would be "in al1other parts of Yugoslavia". Also, particular reference to

"Kosovo" and "al1 parts of Yugoslavia", in the present circumstances,
has not only no legal, but has no factual basis either. Yugoslavia, as a
whole, is the object of attack. Human suffering and loss of life are, un-
fortunately, a fact, generally applicable to the country as a whole; so, the
Court, even if it had at itsdisposal the accurate data on the number of
victims and the scale of suffering of the people of Yugoslavia, it would

still have no moral right to discriminate between them. Further, the
qualification that"human tragedy and the enormous suffering in Kosovo
.. . form the background of the present dispute" not only is political, by
its nature, but has, or may have, an overtoneof justification of the armed
attack on Yugoslavia. Suffice it to recall the fact that the respondent

State refers to its armed action as humanitarian intervention.

It is up to the Court to establish, atlater stage of the proceedings, the
real legal state of affairs, namely, the relevant facts. At the present stage,

the question of the underlying reasons for the armed attack on the Fed-

65droit international, ils ne vont pas se contenter d'exposer leurs vŒux, ils
prennent des mesures concrètes pour réaliserles droits de l'homme et les
libertésfondamentales.
Dans une association aussi éminemment politique que la communauté
internationale, la protection judiciaire de ces droits et de ces libertés est

quasiment le seul moyen de réaliser ce a quoi Grotius rêvait,une com-
munauté internationale qui fût véritablement le genus l~wnunum.

III. AUTRES QUESTIONS PERTINENTES

6. Au paragraphe 15 de son ordonnance, la Cour dit:

((Considérant que la Cour est profondément préoccupéepar le
drame humain, les pertes en vies humaines et les terribles souffrances
que connaît le Kosovo et qui constituent la toile de fond du présent
différend, ainsi qiie par les victimes et les souffrances humaines que

l'on déplore de façon continue dans l'ensemble de la Yougoslavie.»
Le libelléde cette déclaration me paraît inacceptable pour plusieurs

raisons. La première est que cet énoncéfait part d'une préoccupation
humanitaire double. La Cour dit être ((profondément préoccupée)) et
évoqueen mêmetemps ((les pertes en vies humaines)) et ((les victimes)).
De sorte qu'en ce qui concerne «l'ensemble de la Yougoslavie», la Cour
évoquetechniquement ((les victimes)) comme un fait qui ne cause pas de
((préoccupation profonde)). En outre, l'énoncépermet également de

l'interprétercomme signifiant que le Kosovo ne fait pas partie de la Yougo-
slavie. C'est-à-dire qu'après avoir mis en relief la situation au Kosovo-
Metohija, la Cour utilise l'expression «dans l'ensemble de la Yougosla-
vie». Compte tenu de la situation de fait et de la situation de droit, il
aurait fallu dire ((dans le reste de la Yoiigoslavie». De surcroît, faire allu-
sion au «Kosovo)) et à ((l'ensemble de la Yougoslavie» non seulement
n'a aucun fondement juridique dans la situation actuelle, mais ne repose

pas sur les faits non plus. C'est l'ensemble de la Yougoslavie qui est atta-
qué.Les souffrances et les pertes en vies humaines sont malheureusement
un fait s'appliquant en généralau pays tout entier; dans ces conditions,
mêmesi elle avait eu à sa disposition des chiffres précis concernant le
nombre des victimes et l'ampleur des souffrances de la population de la
Yougoslavie, la Cour n'aurait de toute façon pas eu le droit moral d'éta-

blir la moindre discrimination à cet égard. De plus, dire que «le drame
humain ..et les terribles souffrances que connaît le Kosovo et qui cons-
tituent la toile de fond du présentdifférend))non seulement est une indi-
cation de caractère politique mais représente, ou pourrait représenter,
une sorte de justification de l'attaque armée menéecontre la Yougoslavie.
Il suffit de rappeler à ce propos que 1'Etat défendeur qualifie son action

arméed'intervention humanitaire.
Il appartient à la Cour d'établir a un stade ultérieur de la procédure
quelle est véritablement la situation en droit, c'est-à-dire quels sont les
faits pertinents. Au stade actuel, la question des raisons profondes deeral Republic of Yugoslavia is the object of political allegations. While
the Respondent argues that what is involved is a humanitarian interven-
tion provoked by the "human tragedy and the enormous suffering", the
Applicant finds that sedes nlcltrric~ethe underlying reasons are to be
sought elsewhere - in the support to the terrorist organization in Kos-

ovo and in the political aim of secession of Kosovo and Metohija from
Yugoslavia.
Consequently, we are dealing here with opposed political qualifications
in which the Court should not, and, in my view, must not, enter except in
the regular court proceedings.

7. The formulation of paragraph 39 of the Order leaves the impression
that the Court is elegantly attempting to drop the bal1 in the Security
Council's court. Essentially, it is superfluous because, as it stands now, it
only paraphrases a basic fact that "the Security Council has special
responsibilities under Chapter VI1 of the Charter". It can be interpreted,
it is true, also as an appeal to the United Nations organ, specifically

entrusted with the duty and designed to take measures in case of threat to
the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression; but, in that case the
Court would need to stress also another basic fact - that a legal dispute
should be referred to the International Court of Justice on the basis of
Article 36, paragraph 3,of the United Nations Charter.

8. The Court, by using the term "Kosovo" instead of the official name
of "Kosovo and Metohija", continued to follow the practice of the politi-
cal organs of the United Nations, which, by the way, was also strictly
followed by the respondent States.
It is hard to find a justifiable reason for such a practice. Except of

course if we assume political opportuneness and involved practical, politi-
cal interests to be a justified reason for this practice. This is eloquently
shown also by the practice of the designation of the Federal Republic of
Yuszoslavia. After the succession of the former Yugoslav federal units.
theUorgansof the United Nations, and the respondeit States themselves:
have used the term Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). However, since

22 November 1995, the Security Council uses in its resolutions 1021and
1022 the term "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" instead of the former
"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)" without any
express decision and in a legally unchanged situation in relation to the
one in which it, like other organs of the United Nations, employed the
term "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)". The

fact that this change in the practice of the Security Council appeared on
the day following the initialling of the Peace Agreement in Dayton gives
a strong basis for the conclusion that the concrete practice is not based
on objective, legal criteria but rather on political criteria.

By using the word "Kosovo"instead of the name "Kosovo and Meto-
hija", the Court, in fact, is doing two things:l'attaque armée dirigéecontre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie fait
l'objet d'allégations politiques. Le défendeur soutient qu'il s'agit d'une
intervention humanitaire provoquée par <<le drame humain et les terribles
souffrances)). tandis que le demandeur estime que scdes rnuteriue les rai-
sons profondes sont à chercher ailleurs - dans le soutien apporté à

l'organisation terroriste à l'ceuvreau Kosovo et dans la volonté politique
de sécessionaui anime le Kosovo-Metohiia.
Nous avons donc affaire ici à des qualifications politiques opposées
dans lesquelles la Cour ne devrait pas entrer, cela lui est même interdità
mon avis. si ce n'est dans le cadre d'une procédure judiciaire normale.

7. L'énoncédu paragraphe 39 de l'ordonnance donne l'impression que
la Cour cherche assez elégamment à renvoyer la balle dans-le jardin du
Conseil de sécurité.Pour l'essentiel, c'est inutile, parce que, sous sa forme
actuelle, cet énoncén'est qu'une simple paraphrase d'une donnéeélémen-
taire qui est que ((le Conseil de sécuritéest investi de responsabilités spé-

ciales en vertu du chapitre VI1 de la Charte)). II est possible, certes, de
l'interpréteraussi comme un appel lancéà l'organe des Nations Unies qui
est très précisémentchargé de prendre des mesures en cas de menace
contre la paix, de rupture de la paix ou d'acte d'agression et qui a
d'ailleurs été conçuà cet effet; mais, en l'occurrence, la Cour devrait rap-

peler aussi une autre donnée élémentaire:en vertu de l'article 36, para-
graphe 3, de la Charte des Nations Unies, un différendjuridique doit être
soun~isà la Cour internationale de Justice.
8. En utilisant l'appellation «Kosovo>) au lieu de l'appellation offi-
cielle de ((Kosovo-Metohija)), la Cour a continué de suivre la pratique
des organes politiques des Nations Unies, pratique dont, d'ailleurs, les

Etats défendeurs ne se départissent jamais.
IIest difficiledejustifier pareille pratique, sauf, bien entendu, si nous ad-
mettons que l'opportunité politique, les intérêts politiques et concrets sont
à cet égard desarguments valables. C'est ce que montre égalementde fa-
çon éloquente la pratique suivie pour désignerla République fédéralede

Yougoslavie. A la suite de la sécessionde certaines parties de l'ancienne
Fédérationyougoslave, les organes des Nations Unies et les Etats défen-
deurs eux-mêmesont utilisé laformule ((Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténé-
gro))). Mais, depuis le 22 novembre 1995, le Conseil de sécuritéutilise,
dans ses résolutions 1021et 1022,laformule <(Républiquefédéralede You-

goslavie» au lieu de l'ancienne formule ((Républiquefédérativede Yougo-
slavie (Serbie et Monténégro))),sansqu'il y ait eu de décision expresseàcet
égardet dans une situation de droit inchangéepar rapport à celle dans la
quelle le Conseil, comrne d'autres organes des Nations Unies, se servait de
la formule ((République fédérativede Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténé-
gro))). Le fait que ce changement de pratique du Conseil de sécuritédate

du lendemain du jour où a étéparaphé l'accord de paix de Dayton auto-
rise à soutenir avec assez de fermetéque cette pratique concrète ne s'ins-
pire pas de critèresjuridiques objectifs mais plutôt de critères politiques.
En utilisant le terme «Kosovo» au lieu du nom «Kosovo-Metohija)),
la Cour, en fait, fait deux choses à la fois:(u) it gives in to the colloquial use of the names of territorial units of an
independent State; and
(h) it ignores the officia1 name of Serbia's southern province, a name
embodied both in the constitutional and legal acts of Serbia and of
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Furthermore, it runs contrary
to the established practice in appropriate international organiza-

tions. E.1-emplic~uusu,the official designation of the southern Ser-
bian province "Kosovo and Metohija" has been used in the Agree-
ment concluded by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (Internu-
tional Legul Mutrriul.~, 1999, Vol. 38. p. 24).

Even if such a practice - which, in my opinion, is completely inappro-
priate not only in terms of the law but also in terms of proper usage -
could be understood when resorted to by entities placing interest and

expediency above the law, it isinexplicable in the case of a judicial organ.

9. A certain confusion is also created by the term "humanitarian law"
referred to in paragraphs 18 and 37 of the Order. The reasons for the
confusion are dual: on the one hand, the Court has not shown great con-
sistency in using this term. In the Grnocidc case the Court qualified the

Genocide Convention as a part of humanitarian law, although it is obvi-
ous that. bv its nature. the Genocide Convention falls within the field of
international criminal law (see dissenting opinion of Judge KreCa in the
case concerning Applic~ition qf' tlze Conl~rntiorzon the Pvevention und
Punishmrnt of the Crinl~lof Genocide, Prcliminurj~ Objec~tions,I.C. J.
Reports 1996 (II), para. 108, p. 774-775).

On the other hand, it seems that in this Order the term "humanitariaii
law" has been used with a different meaning, more appropriate to the
generally accepted terminology. The relevant passage in the Order should
be mentioned precisely because of the wording of its paragraphs 18 and
37. The singling out of humanitarian law from the rules of international
law which the Parties are bound to respect may imply low-key and timid

overtones of vindication or at least of diminishment of the legal implica-
tions of the armed attack on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Humanitarian law, in its legal, original meaning implies the rules ofjus
il1hcllo. If, by stressing the need to respect the rules of humanitarian law,
which 1do not doubt, the Court was guided by humanitarian considera-

tions, then it should have stressed e.~pressisi1c~vhia.lso the fundamental
importance of the rule contained in Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Char-
ter, which constitutes a dividing line between non-legal, primitive inter-
national society and an organized, dej~/rc.,international community.

(Signed) Milenko KRECA. LI('ÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. IND. KRECA) 824

u) elle adopte l'appellation courante et populaire servant à désignerles
unitésterritoriales d'un Etat indépendant;

h) elle laisse de côté l'appellation officielle de la province méridionale
de Serbie, appellation consacrée par les actes constitutionnels etjuri-
diques tant de la Serbie que de la République fédéralede Yougosla-
vie. En outre, la Cour agit ainsi contrairement à la pratique établiepar
les organisations internationales compétentes. Par exemple, la dési-
gnatiori officielle de la province méridionale de Serbie «Kosovo-

Metohija)) est celle qui figure dans l'accord conclu par la République
fédérale de Yougoslavie et l'Organisation pour la sécurité etla coopéra-
tion en Europe (Interrzationul Legul Muteriuls, 1999, vol. 38, p. 24).

Mêmesi pareille pratique, laquelle, à mon sens, est totalement incor-
recte, non seulement sur le plan du droit mais aussi du point de vue du
bon usage, pouvait se défendre quand elle émane d'entités qui situent
l'intérêett la commodité au-dessus de la loi, elle est inexplicable quand
elle émane d'un organe iudiciaire.
L. 2
9. L'expression ccdroit humanitaire)) que la Cour utilise aux para-
graphes 18 et 37 de son ordonnance prête également à confusion, pour
une double raison :d'un côté,la Cour ne manifeste pas une parfaite cohé-
rence dans l'emploi de cette formule. Dans l'affaire de I'Applicution de
lu convention sur le gknocide, la Cour a dit que ladite convention faisait

partie du droit humanitaire, alors qu'il est manifeste qu'en raison de sa
nature même, ladite convention relèvedu droit pénal international (voir
l'opinion dissidente de M. KreCa dans l'affaire relative à 1'Applicution de
lu convention pour lu prkvention et lu rkprrssion du crime de génocide,
exceptions prélin7inuirc~sC ,.1J. Recueil 1996 (Il), p. 774-775, par. 108).

D'un autre côté,il nie semble quedans la présenteordonnance, la for-
mule «droit humanitaire)) est employéeen un sens différent plus proche
du sens généralement acceptéaujourd'hui. Et il convient de faire précisé-
ment étatde l'extrait pertinent de l'ordonnance en raison mêmedu libellé
des paragraphes 18 et 37. En isolant le droit humanitaire parmi les règles
de droit international que les parties sont tenues de respecter, il est pos-

sible que la Cour veuille, discrètement, voire timidement, justifier impli-
citement l'attaque armée dirigéecontre la République fédéralede You-
goslavie out tout au moins en atténuerlesconséquencessur le plan du droit.
Dans son premier sensjuridique, le droit humanitaire correspond impli-
citement aux règlesdu jus in hrllo. Si la Cour s'inspirait, comme je n'en

doute nullement, de considérations humanitaires quand elle a soulignéla
nécessitéde respecter les règles du droit humanitaire, elle aurait dû souli-
gner expressément aussi l'importance fondamentale que revêt larègle
énoncéeà l'article 2,paragraphe 4,de la Charte, laquelle trace la ligne de
démarcation entre une sociétéinternationale primitive, où le droit fait

défaut, et une communauté internationale organiséeoù règne le droit.

(Signe) Milenko KRECA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge ad hoc Kreca

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