Separate opinion by Judge Kooijmans

Document Number
111-19990602-ORD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
111-19990602-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOOIJMANS

1. 1 have voted in favour of the Court's decision that the request for

the indication of provisional measures submitted by the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia must be rejected. 1also agree with the Court's finding that
Article IX of the Genocide Convention does not constitute a basis of
jurisdiction, even prima facie.
2. 1 do not agree, however, with the Court's view that Yugoslavia's
declaration of acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court of
25 April 1999 cannot provide a basis of jurisdiction in the present case,

even prima facie, because of the limitation ratione temporis contained
in it.
Itis my opinion that in this respect the Court's reasoning is flawed
from a logical point of view and is, therefore, inconsistent. 1therefore feel
compelled to set out my arguments which are based on the following fac-
tual and legal considerations.
3. In its Application the Government of the Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia invoked Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute as a legal
ground for the Court's jurisdiction. It may be recalled that on 25 April
1999 Yugoslavia recognized the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by
depositing a declaration of acceptance with the Secretary-General of the
United Nations. This declaration contains a limitation ratione temporis;
the jurisdiction of the Court is only recognized with regard to disputes

"arising or which may arise after the signature of the present Declara-
tion, with regard to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature".

4. During the oral hearings the Respondent, which also has accepted
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, contended that the Court lacks prima facie jurisdiction
and that, consequently, the conditions for the indication of interim mea-

sures of protection are not met. With regard to the declaration of accept-
ance of 25 April 1999 the Respondent maintained that it is invalid since
Yugoslavia is not a Member of the United Nations and therefore not a
party to the Statute, whereas Article 36, paragraph 2, explicitly states
that declarations under that provision can only be made by States which
are party to the Statute. Portugal further argued that in view of the tem-
poral limitation in Yugoslavia's declaration the dispute which underlies

the request for provisional measures is not covered by its Optional Clause
declaration.

5. In this respect it is relevant to recall that at the time of the procla-
mation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia a declaration was adoptedby its parliamentary organs in which it is stated that the "Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia, continuing the State, international, legal and political
personality of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, shall strictly
abide by al1 the commitments that the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia assumed internationally".

6. After a note, containing a virtually identical statement, had been
submitted by the Yugoslav Permanent Mission in New York to the Sec-
retary-General of the United Nations and had been circulated to the
member States, the Security Council decided that a presidential statement
be issued in which it was noted that the Council members were of the
opinion that the Yugoslav communication did not prejudge decisions

that might be taken by appropriate United Nations bodies.

7. Such decisions were taken fivemonths later. On 19September 1992
the Security Council adopted resolution 777 (1992); the relevant parts
read as follows:
"The Security Council,
.............................

Consideringthat the State formerly known as the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia has ceased to exist,
.............................
1. Considers that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of
the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United
Nations; and therefore recommends to the General Assembly that it
decide that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Mon-
tenegro) should apply for membership in the United Nations and
that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly;

2. Decides to consider the matter again before the end of the
main part of the forty-seventh session of the General Assembly."

8. Three days later, on 22 September 1992, the General Assembly
adopted resolution 4711,which reads as follows:
"The General Assembly,

Huving received the recommendation of the Security Council of
19September 1992that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia
and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the United
Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General
Assembly.
1. Considers that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of the
former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United
Nations; and therefore decides that the Federal Republic of Yugo-

slavia (Serbia and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the
General Assembly ;

2. Takes note of the intention of the Security Council to consider
the matter again before the end of the main part of the forty-seventh
session of the General Assembly."

It may be observed that the resolution of the General Assembly does
not reiterate the Security Council's consideration that "the State formerly
known as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has ceased to
exist".
9. On 29 September 1992 the Under-Secretary-General and Legal
Counsel of the United Nations addressed a letter to the Permanent Rep-
resentatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina and of Croatia in which he
expressed "the considered view of the United Nations Secretariat regard-
ing the practical consequences of the adoption by the General Assembly
of resolution 4711".
In this letter the Legal Counsel said that

"General Assembly resolution 4711deals with a membership issue
which is not foreseen in the Charter of the United Nations, namely,
the consequences for purposes of membership in the United Nations
of the disintegration of a Member State on which there is no agree-
ment among the immediate successors of that State or among the
membership of the Organization at large".

He gave as his view that "the only practical consequence that the resolu-
tion draws is that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Mon-
tenegro) shall not participatr in the work of the General Assembly".
He added that
"the resolution neither terminates nor suspends Yugoslavia's mem-
bership in the Organization. Consequently, the seat and nameplate
remain as before, but in Assembly bodies representatives of the Fed-
eral Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot sit
behind the sign 'Yugoslavia' .. .The resolution does not take away

the right of Yugoslavia to participate in the work of organs other
than Assembly bodies. The admission to the United Nations of a
new Yugoslavia under Article 4 of the Charter will terminate the
situation created by resolution 4711."

10. On 5 May 1993the General Assembly in resolution 471229decided
that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia would not participate in the
work of the Economic and Social Council either. No follow-up was ever
given to these resolutions of the appropriate organs.
11. The Court was already confronted with the question whether or
not the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is a Member of the United

Nations and as such a party to the Statute when it dealt with the requestfor the indication of provisional measures in the case concerning the
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide.
The Court, however, was of the opinion that at that stage of the pro-

ceedings there was no need to determine definitively Yugoslavia's status.
In what certainly must be called an understatement the Court called "the
solution adopted [by the General Assembly in resolution 47/11 . . .not
free from legal difficulties"(Applicution of the Convention on the Preven-
tion and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Provisionul Mrasures,
Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 14, para. 18).

12. In the Genocide case the Court's view that it was not necessary to
deal with the issue of Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations
was understandable and even logical since the Court had in any event
prima facie jurisdiction under Article IX of the Genocide Convention.

In the present case, however, the Court has found that the acts imputed
by Yugoslavia to the Respondent are not capable of coming into the pro-
visions of the Genocide Convention and that, consequently, Article IX of
the Convention cannot constitute a basis on which the jurisdiction of the
Court could prima facie be founded. (Order, para. 40.)
13. The other and only remaining title for the Court's jurisdiction,
invoked by Yugoslavia, is that of the mutual acceptance of the compul-
sory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute. One would expect, therefore, that the Court would no longer be

able to avoid the rather thorny question of Yugoslavia's membership
of the United Nations and, therefore, of that of the legal validity of its
declaration of acceptance.
14. In its present Order, however, the Court again - like in 1993 -
takes the position that it need not consider this question for the purpose
of deciding whether or not it can indicate provisional measures in viewof
its finding that the dispute between the Parties arose well before 25 April
1999,the date on which Yugoslavia accepted the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court with the explicit proviso that it accepted that jurisdiction in
respect only of disputes arising or which may arise after the signature of
its declaration, with regard to situations or facts subsequent to that sig-
nature. (Paras. 27 and 28.)

15. In this respect the Court relies upon what the Permanent Court of
International Justice said in the case concerning Phosphates in Morocco:

"As aconsequenceofthe condition of reciprocity stipulated inpara-
graph 2 of Article 36 of the Statute, it is recognized that this limita-
tion (made by France) holds good as between the Parties." (Phos-
phates in Morocco, Judgment, 1938, P.C.I.J., Series AIB, No. 74,
p. 16.)(Para. 29.) 16. With al1due respect, 1find this reasoning puzzling if not illogical
and inconsistent. How can the Court say that there is no need to consider
the question of the validity of Yugoslavia's declaration whereas at the
same time it concludes that this declaration, taken together with that of
the Respondent, cannot constitute a basis of jurisdiction? This conclu-
sion surely is based on the presumption of the validity of Yugoslavia's
declaration, at least for the present phase of the proceedings. If such a
presumption does not exist, the Court should at least have said that it

accepts that validity purely urguendo since, even if it had been valid, it
would not have had the capability to confer jurisdiction on the Court in
view of the limitation rutione temporis in the Applicant's declaration.

17. In this respect 1must confess that the reference to the Phosphates
in Morocco case (although correctly made in the context as framed by the
Court) does not seem to be particularly wellchosen, for in that case - as
in most other cases which have come before the Court under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute - it was not the validity of the Applicant's
declaration which was in issue but the question whether a temporal limi-
tation made by the Respondent was applicable.
18. In his separate opinion joined to the Court's Order on interim
measures of protection in the Interhandel case, Judge Hersch Lauter-
pacht said the following:

"The Court may properly act under the terms of Article 41 pro-
vided that there is in existence an instrument such as a Declaration
of Acceptance of the Optional Clause, emanating from the Parties to
the dispute, which prima facie confers jurisdiction upon the Court
and which incorporates no reservations obviously excluding its juris-
diction." (I.C.J. Reports 1957, pp. 118-119; emphasis added.)

19. This quotation indicates the correct order in which decisions must
be taken. The Court first has to establish the existence of an instrument
which prima facie is capable of conferring jurisdiction upon the Court; it
is only after this has been established that the question becomes relevant
whether such instruments, emanating from the parties to the dispute,
contain reservations which manifestly exclude the Court's jurisdiction.

20. 1 am, therefore, of the opinion that the Court should not have
avoided the question of Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations
and the ensuing validity or invalidity of its declaration of acceptance, but
should have dealt with it as a preliminary issue. Only after having estab-
lished that thisdeclaration is capable of providing the Court with a prima
facie basis for itsjurisdiction could the Court have considered in a mean-
ingful way whether reservations made in either of the declarations obvi-
ously exclude itsjurisdiction. For if the Court would have concluded that
the Yugoslav declaration is not capable of conferring this prima facie
jurisdiction, the latter question becomes irrelevant. 21. Not for a moment do 1contend that the Court already at the
present stage of the proceedings should have taken a definitive stand on
what 1called earlier a thorny question. The dossier on the controversy
with regard to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's continuation of the
international personality of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
is full of legal snags. The decisions taken by the appropriate United
Nations bodies are without precedent and raise a number of as yet un-
solved questions.Neither should it be forgotten, however, that these deci-
sions have been taken by the organs which according to the Charter have
the exclusiveauthority in questions of membership. Their decisions there-
fore, cannot easily be overlooked or ignored, even if the interpretations
given to them by the member States which have participated in the deci-
sion-making process are widely divergent.

22. The factual and legal background of this question necessitates a
thorough analysis and a careful evaluation by the Court when it deals
with itsjurisdiction on the merits at a later stage. What the Court should
have done, however, in the present stage of the proceedings, is to deter-
mine whether the doubts, raised by the decisions of the competent United
Nations bodies with regard to the continued membership of the Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia, are serious enough to bar the Court from
assuming that it has prima faciejurisdiction to entertain the case brought
by Yugoslavia on the basis of its declaration of acceptance.

23. In this respect it is, in my opinion, of primordial importance that
both the Security Council and the General Assembly expressed the view
that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia cannot continue automatically
the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
and therefore (emphasis added) that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
should apply for membership.

Security Council resolution 777 (1992) and General Assembly resolu-
tion 4711seem to establish a causal link between the requirement of an
application of membership and the issue of the continuation of the mem-
bership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This
"causal link" seems to be a breeding-ground of inconsistencies, both
legally and otherwise. Nevertheless it cannot be fully ignored.

24. In this respect it is worthwhile to quote once more from the letter
of 29 September 1992of the United Nations Legal Counsel, referred to in
paragraph 9 above. The Legal Counsel wrote that "the admission to the
United Nations of a new Yugoslavia under Article 4 of the Charter will

terminate the situation created by resolution 4711" .

During the debate in the General Assembly on the draft resolution
which was finally adopted as resolution 4711 (22 September 1992) thethen Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia said: "1here-
with formally request membership in the United Nations on behalf of the
new Yugoslavia, whose Government 1 represent." The United Nations,
however, never received any written document as a follow-up to that
statement.

25. Against this background 1come to the conclusion that there are
strong reasons for doubt as to whether the Federal Republic of Yugosla-
via is a full-fledged, fully qualified Member of the United Nations and as
such capable of accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court as a

party to the Statute.
That means that there is a probability, which is far from negligible,
that the Court after a thorough analysis of the legal issues involved will
find that is without jurisdiction because of the invalidity of Yugoslavia's
declaration of acceptance.

26. The disputed validity of that declaration touches the very basis of
the Court's jurisdiction and, therefore, takes precedence over other issues,
like, for example, limitations ratione temporis, ratione muteriae and
ratione personae. In view of the doubts and the controversies with regard
to this question the Court would have found itself on safe ground if it
had concluded that the uncertainties about the validity of Yugoslavia's
declaration prevent it from assuming that it has jurisdiction, even prima
facie.
27. In their dissenting opinion in the Anglo-lranian Oil Co. case

(interim measures of protection) Judges Winiarski and Badawi Pasha
stressed the importance of the consent of the Parties in the context of
Article 41 of the Statute. They went on to say:

"the Court ought not to indicate interim measures of protection
unless its cornpetence, in the event of this being challenged, appears

to the Court nevertheless reusonably probable" (emphasis added).
And they concluded :

"if there exist weighty arguments in favour of the challenged juris-
diction, the Court may indicate interim measures of protection; if
there existserious doubts or weighty arguments against this jurisdic-
tion such measures cannot be indicated" (I.C.J. Reports 1951,
p. 97).

It is my considered view that because of the thick clouds which have
packed around Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations, the
ensuing uncertainty of the validity ofits declaration does not pass the test
of "reasonable probability".

28. There have been earlier occasions when the Court shied away from
thorny questions and chose to decide a case on othergrounds which werejudicially preferable albeit not logically defensible. The most famous
example is the Interhunu'elcase where the Court first rejected three of
four preliminary objections regarding the Court'sjurisdiction, then upheld
a preliminary objection on admissibility and ultimately decided that there
was no need to consider the fourth objection on jurisdiction. This order
of dealing with preliminary objections has been criticized and for good
reasons but it is at least comprehensible as the various objections were
completely different in character.

29. The present case, however, is different. The issue of the declara-
tion's validity is preconditional for that of the applicability of the reser-
vations and time limitations. The latter issue is completely dependent
upon the former. In particular with regard to the limitation ratione tem-

poris in Yugoslavia's own declaration this becomes relevant. If the major-
ity of the Court would have found that this limitation did not act as a bar
to the Court's prima facie jurisdiction, the Court could no longer have
avoided to take up the question of the declaration's validity. This shows
that that finding would have been wholly conditioned by this threshold
question.
30. Finally, let me state that1 find the Court's view that the temporal
limitation contained in Yugoslavia's declaration prevents the Court from
assuming that it has prima faciejurisdiction persuasive, although it does
not fully satisfy me. In my view, however, that finding would have been
superfluous if the Court had based its negative conclusion on the ques-
tion of the validity of Yugoslavia's declaration.

(Signed) Pieter H. KOOIJMANS.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOOIJMANS

1. 1 have voted in favour of the Court's decision that the request for

the indication of provisional measures submitted by the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia must be rejected. 1also agree with the Court's finding that
Article IX of the Genocide Convention does not constitute a basis of
jurisdiction, even prima facie.
2. 1 do not agree, however, with the Court's view that Yugoslavia's
declaration of acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court of
25 April 1999 cannot provide a basis of jurisdiction in the present case,

even prima facie, because of the limitation ratione temporis contained
in it.
Itis my opinion that in this respect the Court's reasoning is flawed
from a logical point of view and is, therefore, inconsistent. 1therefore feel
compelled to set out my arguments which are based on the following fac-
tual and legal considerations.
3. In its Application the Government of the Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia invoked Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute as a legal
ground for the Court's jurisdiction. It may be recalled that on 25 April
1999 Yugoslavia recognized the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by
depositing a declaration of acceptance with the Secretary-General of the
United Nations. This declaration contains a limitation ratione temporis;
the jurisdiction of the Court is only recognized with regard to disputes

"arising or which may arise after the signature of the present Declara-
tion, with regard to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature".

4. During the oral hearings the Respondent, which also has accepted
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, contended that the Court lacks prima facie jurisdiction
and that, consequently, the conditions for the indication of interim mea-

sures of protection are not met. With regard to the declaration of accept-
ance of 25 April 1999 the Respondent maintained that it is invalid since
Yugoslavia is not a Member of the United Nations and therefore not a
party to the Statute, whereas Article 36, paragraph 2, explicitly states
that declarations under that provision can only be made by States which
are party to the Statute. Portugal further argued that in view of the tem-
poral limitation in Yugoslavia's declaration the dispute which underlies

the request for provisional measures is not covered by its Optional Clause
declaration.

5. In this respect it is relevant to recall that at the time of the procla-
mation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia a declaration was adopted OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. KOOIJMANS

1. J'ai votépour la décisionpar laquelle la Cour estime devoir rejeter
la demande en indiciation de mesures conservatoires présentéepar la
RépubliquefédéralecleYougoslavie. Je souscris également à la décision

de la Cour quand ceIl(:-cidit que I'article IX de la convention sur le géno-
cide ne constitue pas une base de juridiction, fût-ceprima facie.
2. En revanche, je n'accepte pas l'idéeretenue par la Cour que la
déclaration d'acceptation de lajuridiction obligatoire de la Cour faite par
la Yougoslavie le 25 alvril1999ne peut pas constituer de base de juridic-
tion en l'espèce,fût-ceprimu fucie, à cause de la limitation ratione tem-
p0ri.squi y figure.
A mon sens, c'està cet égardque le raisonnement de la Cour me paraît
manquer de logique et qu'il ne tient donc pas. C'est pourquoi j'estime
devoir exposer mon propre raisonnement qui s'appuie sur les considéra-
tions de fait et de droit ci-après.
3. Dans sa requête,le Gouvernement de la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie invoque I'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut, pour fonde-
ment juridique de la compétencede la Cour. On sait que le 25 avril 1999,
la Yougoslavie a reconnu la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en dépo-
sant une déclaration d'acceptation auprès du Secrétaire général des
Nations Unies. Cette déclaration comprend une limitation ratione tem-

pori.7:la juridiction de la Cour n'est reconnue qu'en ce qui concerne les
différends((surgissant ou pouvant surgir aprèsla signaturede la présente
déclaration, qui ont trait à des situations ou à des faits postérieurs à
ladite signature ».
4. Lors de la procédure orale, le défendeur,qui a également acceptéla
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en vertu de l'article 36,paragraphe 2,
du Statut, a soutenu que la Cour n'est pas compétenteprima jacie et
que, par conséquent, les conditions à remplir aux fins de l'indication de
mesures conservatoires ne sont pas réunies.Au sujet de la déclaration
d'acceptation du 25 avril 1999,le défendeur ditqu'elle n'estpas valable
puisque la Yougoslavie n'est pas membre des Nations Unies et n'est par
conséquent pas partie au Statut, alors que l'article 36, paragraphe 2,
dispose expressémentque les déclarations faites en vertu de cette dispo-
sition ne peuvent l'êtreque par des Etats parties au Statut. Le Portugal
a soutenu en outre qu'en raison de la limitation temporelle figurant dans
la déclaration de la 'Y'ougoslavie,le différend qui està l'origine de la

demande en indication de mesures conservatoires n'est pas couvert par la
déclaration qu'il a faite au titre de la clause facultative.
5. A ce sujet, il est bon de rappeler qu'au moment ou a été proclamée
la ~é~ubli~uefédéralede Yougoslavie, ses organes parlementaires ontby its parliamentary organs in which it is stated that the "Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia, continuing the State, international, legal and political
personality of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, shall strictly
abide by al1 the commitments that the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia assumed internationally".

6. After a note, containing a virtually identical statement, had been
submitted by the Yugoslav Permanent Mission in New York to the Sec-
retary-General of the United Nations and had been circulated to the
member States, the Security Council decided that a presidential statement
be issued in which it was noted that the Council members were of the
opinion that the Yugoslav communication did not prejudge decisions

that might be taken by appropriate United Nations bodies.

7. Such decisions were taken fivemonths later. On 19September 1992
the Security Council adopted resolution 777 (1992); the relevant parts
read as follows:
"The Security Council,
.............................

Consideringthat the State formerly known as the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia has ceased to exist,
.............................
1. Considers that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of
the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United
Nations; and therefore recommends to the General Assembly that it
decide that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Mon-
tenegro) should apply for membership in the United Nations and
that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly;

2. Decides to consider the matter again before the end of the
main part of the forty-seventh session of the General Assembly."

8. Three days later, on 22 September 1992, the General Assembly
adopted resolution 4711,which reads as follows:
"The General Assembly,

Huving received the recommendation of the Security Council of
19September 1992that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia
and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the United
Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General
Assembly.
1. Considers that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of the
former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United
Nations; and therefore decides that the Federal Republic of Yugo-

slavia (Serbia and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP.IND. KOOIJMANS) 706

adopté une déclaration dans laquelle il est dit que «la République fédé-
rale de Yougoslavie, assurant la continuité de 1'Etat et de la personna-
litéjuridique et politique internationale de la Républiquefédérative socia-
liste de Yougoslavie, respectera strictement tous les engagements que la

République fédérativesocialiste de Yougoslavie a pris à l'écheloninter-
national >).
6. Après que la mission permanente de la Yougoslavie auprès des
Nations Unies iiNew York eut adresséau Secrétaire général deN s ations
Unies une note contenant une déclaration pratiquement identique qui
fut distribuéeaux Etats Membres, le Conseil de sécurité a décidé de pu-
blier une déclaration présidentielledans laquelle il était indiqué queles
membres du Conseil étaientd'avis quecettecommunication de la Yougo-
slavie ne préjugeaitp,asles décisionsque pourraient prendre les organes
compétentsdes Nations Unies.
7. Des décisionsont effectivement étéprises cinq mois plus tard. Le

19 septembre 1992, le Conseil de sécurité aadopté la résolution 777
(1992) dont les extraits pertinents sont les suivants:
«Le Conseil di. sécurité,
.............................
Considérant que 1'Etat antérieurement connu comme la Répu-

blique fédérativesocialiste de Yougoslavie a cesséd'exister,
.............................
1. Consid6re que la Républiquefédérativede Yougoslavie (Serbie
et Monténégro)rie peut assurer automatiquement la continuité de la
qualitéde Membre de l'ex-République fédérativs eocialiste de You-
goslaviea l'Organisation des Nations Unies et par conséquent recom-
mande a l'Assembléegénéralede déciderque la République fédéra-
tive de Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)devrait présenter une
demande d'admission à l'organisation des Nations Unies et qu'elle

ne participera pas aux travaux de l'Assembléegénérale;
2. Dkcide de rtfexaminer la question avant la fin de la partie prin-
cipale de la quariante-septième sessionde l'Assembléegénérale. ))
S. Trois jours plus tard, le 22 septembre 1992,l'Assembléegénérale a
adopté sa résolution 4711,qui se lit comme suit:

«L'Assemblée gknérale,
Ayant reçu la recommandation du Conseil de sécurité,en date du
19 septembre 1992,selon laquelle la République fédérativede You-
goslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)devrait présenter une demande

d'admission a l'Organisation des Nations Unies et ne participera pas
aux travaux de l'Assembléegénérale,
1. Considère que la République fédérative de Yougoslavie (Serbie
et Monténégro)rie peut pas assumer automatiquement la qualité de
Membre de l'organisation des Nations Unies à la place de l'ancienne
République fédérativesocialiste de Yougoslavie et, par conséquent,
décideque la Républiquefédérativede Yougoslavie (Serbie et Mon- United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the
General Assembly ;

2. Takes note of the intention of the Security Council to consider
the matter again before the end of the main part of the forty-seventh
session of the General Assembly."

It may be observed that the resolution of the General Assembly does
not reiterate the Security Council's consideration that "the State formerly
known as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has ceased to
exist".
9. On 29 September 1992 the Under-Secretary-General and Legal
Counsel of the United Nations addressed a letter to the Permanent Rep-
resentatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina and of Croatia in which he
expressed "the considered view of the United Nations Secretariat regard-
ing the practical consequences of the adoption by the General Assembly
of resolution 4711".
In this letter the Legal Counsel said that

"General Assembly resolution 4711deals with a membership issue
which is not foreseen in the Charter of the United Nations, namely,
the consequences for purposes of membership in the United Nations
of the disintegration of a Member State on which there is no agree-
ment among the immediate successors of that State or among the
membership of the Organization at large".

He gave as his view that "the only practical consequence that the resolu-
tion draws is that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Mon-
tenegro) shall not participatr in the work of the General Assembly".
He added that
"the resolution neither terminates nor suspends Yugoslavia's mem-
bership in the Organization. Consequently, the seat and nameplate
remain as before, but in Assembly bodies representatives of the Fed-
eral Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot sit
behind the sign 'Yugoslavia' .. .The resolution does not take away

the right of Yugoslavia to participate in the work of organs other
than Assembly bodies. The admission to the United Nations of a
new Yugoslavia under Article 4 of the Charter will terminate the
situation created by resolution 4711."

10. On 5 May 1993the General Assembly in resolution 471229decided
that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia would not participate in the
work of the Economic and Social Council either. No follow-up was ever
given to these resolutions of the appropriate organs.
11. The Court was already confronted with the question whether or
not the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is a Member of the United

Nations and as such a party to the Statute when it dealt with the request LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP.IND.KOOIJMANS) 707

ténégro) devrait présenterune demande d'admission à I'Organisa-
tion et qu'elle ne participera pas aux travaux de l'Assemblée géné-
rale;

2. Prend acte 'del'intention du Conseil de sécuritéde reconsidérer
la question avant la fin de la partie principale de la quarante-
septième sessionde l'Assemblée général» e.
IIy a lieu de noter que, dans sa résolution, l'Assemblée généraln ee
reprend pas le considérant du Conseil de sécuritésuivant lequel «l'Etat
antérieurement connuicomme la Républiquefédérative socialistede You-

goslavie a cessé d'exister)).
9. Le 29septembre 1992,le Secrétairegénéraladjoint aux affairesjuri-
diques et conseiller juridique de I'Organisation des Nations Unies a
adresséaux représentants permanents de la Bosnie-Herzégovine etde la
Croatie auprès des Nations Unies une lettre dans laquelle il leur commu-
niquait «la position réfléchiedu Secrétariatdes Nations Unies en ce qui
concerne les conséqut:ncespratiques de l'adoption par l'Assemblée géné-
rale de la résolution4711 D.
Le conseiller juridique disait notamment dans sa lettre:

«La résolution4711de l'Assemblée générap leorte sur une question
d'appartenance à1I'Organisation qui n'est pas prévuepar la Charte
des Nations Unies, à savoir les conséquencessur le plan de I'appar-
tenance à l'organisation de la désintégrationd'un Etat Membre
s'il n'y a pas d'accorda ce sujet entre les successeurs immédiats de
cet Etat ou entre les autres Etats Membres de I'Organisation. ))

De l'avisdu conseillerjuridique, «l'unique conséquencepratique de cette
résolution est que la République fédérativede Yougoslavie (Serbie et
Monténégro)ne participera pas aux travaux de l'Assembléegénérale)).
Il ajoutait que:

«La résolutionne met pas fin a I'appurtenunce de lu Yougoslaviea
l'organisation et ne la suspend pas. En conséquence, le siègeet la
plaque portant le nom de la Yougoslavie subsistent mais dans les
organes de l'Assembléeles représentants dela Républiquefédérative
de Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)ne peuvent occuper la place
réservéeà la «Yougoslavie» ...La résolutionn'enlèvepas a la You-
goslavie le droit de participer aux travaux des organes autres que
ceux de l'Assemblée. L'admission àI'Organisation des Nations Unies
d'une nouvelle Yougoslavie en vertu de l'article 4 de la Charte met-
tra finà la situation crééepar la résolution4711.))

10. Le 5 mai 1993.,dans sa résolution 471229,l'Assemblée générala e
décidéque la République fédéralede Yougoslavie ne participerait pas
non plus aux travaux du Conseil économiqueet social. Il n'a jamais été
donnésuite aces résolutionsdes organes compétents.
11. La Cour s'est déjàtrouvéeface à la question de savoir si la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie est ou non Membre des Nations Unies et,
à ce titre, partie au Statut quand elle a étésaisie d'une demande en indi-for the indication of provisional measures in the case concerning the
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide.
The Court, however, was of the opinion that at that stage of the pro-

ceedings there was no need to determine definitively Yugoslavia's status.
In what certainly must be called an understatement the Court called "the
solution adopted [by the General Assembly in resolution 47/11 . . .not
free from legal difficulties"(Applicution of the Convention on the Preven-
tion and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Provisionul Mrasures,
Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 14, para. 18).

12. In the Genocide case the Court's view that it was not necessary to
deal with the issue of Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations
was understandable and even logical since the Court had in any event
prima facie jurisdiction under Article IX of the Genocide Convention.

In the present case, however, the Court has found that the acts imputed
by Yugoslavia to the Respondent are not capable of coming into the pro-
visions of the Genocide Convention and that, consequently, Article IX of
the Convention cannot constitute a basis on which the jurisdiction of the
Court could prima facie be founded. (Order, para. 40.)
13. The other and only remaining title for the Court's jurisdiction,
invoked by Yugoslavia, is that of the mutual acceptance of the compul-
sory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute. One would expect, therefore, that the Court would no longer be

able to avoid the rather thorny question of Yugoslavia's membership
of the United Nations and, therefore, of that of the legal validity of its
declaration of acceptance.
14. In its present Order, however, the Court again - like in 1993 -
takes the position that it need not consider this question for the purpose
of deciding whether or not it can indicate provisional measures in viewof
its finding that the dispute between the Parties arose well before 25 April
1999,the date on which Yugoslavia accepted the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court with the explicit proviso that it accepted that jurisdiction in
respect only of disputes arising or which may arise after the signature of
its declaration, with regard to situations or facts subsequent to that sig-
nature. (Paras. 27 and 28.)

15. In this respect the Court relies upon what the Permanent Court of
International Justice said in the case concerning Phosphates in Morocco:

"As aconsequenceofthe condition of reciprocity stipulated inpara-
graph 2 of Article 36 of the Statute, it is recognized that this limita-
tion (made by France) holds good as between the Parties." (Phos-
phates in Morocco, Judgment, 1938, P.C.I.J., Series AIB, No. 74,
p. 16.)(Para. 29.)cation de mesures conservatoires dans l'affaire relativeà l'Application de
la convention pour laprévention et lu répressiondu crime de génocide.

La Cour a toutefois estiméqu'a ce stade de la procédure elle n'avait
pas a statuer définitivementsur la qualité dela Yougoslavie a cet égard.
En formulant ce qui méritecertainement le nom de litote, la Cour a dit
alors que «la solution adoptée))par l'Assemblée généraldeans sa résolu-
tion 4711«ne laiss[ait]pas de susciter des difficultésjuridiques)(Applica-

tion de la convention pour la prkvention et la répression du crime de
génocide, mesures c~.>nservatoireso .rdonnance du 8 avril 1993, C. I.J.
Rer-ueil1993, p. 14, Ipar. 18).
12. Mais, dans cette affaire relative a laConvention sur le génocide, il
étaitcompréhensible que la Cour n'estimât pas indispensable de se pro-
noncer sur la question de savoir si la Yougoslavie étaitou non Membre
des Nations Unies, et c'étaitmême logique puisque laCour avait de toute
façon compétence primu,facie en vertu de l'article IX de la convention sur
le génocide.
En l'espèce,toutefois, la Cour a considéréque les actes que la Yougo-
slavie impute au délendeur ne sont pas susceptibles d'entrer dans les
prévisionsde la convention sur le génocide etque, par conséquent, I'ar-
ticleIXdeladiteconvention neconstituepas unebasesur laquellelacompé-

tence de la Cour pourrait prima furie être fondée (ordonnance, par. 40).
13. Dans ces conditions, le seul chefde compétence dela Cour qui sub-
siste et qu'invoque la Yougoslavie est celui de l'acceptation de part et
d'autre delajuridiction obligatoire de la Cour en vertu de l'article 36,para-
graphe 2, du Statut. On s'attend par conséquent a ce que la Cour ne puisse
plus échapper a la question assez épineuse de savoirsi la Yougoslavie est
ou non Membre des IVationsUnies ni, par suite, a la question de savoir si
sa déclaration d'accelptationde la juridiction est ou non valable en droit.
14. Dans I'ordonriance qu'elle rend aujourd'hui, toutefois, la Cour,
de nouveau, comme en 1993, adopte pour position qu'elle n'a pas lieu
d'examiner cette question aux fins de décidersi elle peut ou non indi-
quer des mesures conservatoires, puisqu'elle constate que le différend
entre les Parties a surgi bien avant le 25 avril 1999, date a laquelle la

Yougoslavie a acceptéla juridiction obligatoire de la Cour sous réserve
d'une condition expresse, qui est qu'elle n'accepte cette juridiction
qu'en ce qui concerne les différendsqui ont surgi ou qui pourraient sur-
gir après la signature de sa déclaration et qui ont trait a des situations
ou des faits postérieurs a ladite signature (par. 27-28).
15. Sur ce point, la Cour s'appuie sur ce qu'a dit la Cour permanente
de Justice internationale dans l'affaire desPhosphates du Maroc:

«[Il1est reconnu que par l'effetde la condition de réciprocité, ins-
crite au paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour, cette limi-
tation [formuléepar la France] fait droit entre les parties.)) (Phos-
phutes du Maroc, arrêt, 1938, C.P.J.I. série AIB no 74, p. 22,
par. 29.) 16. With al1due respect, 1find this reasoning puzzling if not illogical
and inconsistent. How can the Court say that there is no need to consider
the question of the validity of Yugoslavia's declaration whereas at the
same time it concludes that this declaration, taken together with that of
the Respondent, cannot constitute a basis of jurisdiction? This conclu-
sion surely is based on the presumption of the validity of Yugoslavia's
declaration, at least for the present phase of the proceedings. If such a
presumption does not exist, the Court should at least have said that it

accepts that validity purely urguendo since, even if it had been valid, it
would not have had the capability to confer jurisdiction on the Court in
view of the limitation rutione temporis in the Applicant's declaration.

17. In this respect 1must confess that the reference to the Phosphates
in Morocco case (although correctly made in the context as framed by the
Court) does not seem to be particularly wellchosen, for in that case - as
in most other cases which have come before the Court under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute - it was not the validity of the Applicant's
declaration which was in issue but the question whether a temporal limi-
tation made by the Respondent was applicable.
18. In his separate opinion joined to the Court's Order on interim
measures of protection in the Interhandel case, Judge Hersch Lauter-
pacht said the following:

"The Court may properly act under the terms of Article 41 pro-
vided that there is in existence an instrument such as a Declaration
of Acceptance of the Optional Clause, emanating from the Parties to
the dispute, which prima facie confers jurisdiction upon the Court
and which incorporates no reservations obviously excluding its juris-
diction." (I.C.J. Reports 1957, pp. 118-119; emphasis added.)

19. This quotation indicates the correct order in which decisions must
be taken. The Court first has to establish the existence of an instrument
which prima facie is capable of conferring jurisdiction upon the Court; it
is only after this has been established that the question becomes relevant
whether such instruments, emanating from the parties to the dispute,
contain reservations which manifestly exclude the Court's jurisdiction.

20. 1 am, therefore, of the opinion that the Court should not have
avoided the question of Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations
and the ensuing validity or invalidity of its declaration of acceptance, but
should have dealt with it as a preliminary issue. Only after having estab-
lished that thisdeclaration is capable of providing the Court with a prima
facie basis for itsjurisdiction could the Court have considered in a mean-
ingful way whether reservations made in either of the declarations obvi-
ously exclude itsjurisdiction. For if the Court would have concluded that
the Yugoslav declaration is not capable of conferring this prima facie
jurisdiction, the latter question becomes irrelevant. LICÉITÉ DE I.'EMPLO DE LA FORCE (OP.IND.KOOIJMANS) 709

16. Je me permets de dire que je trouve en l'occurrence le raisonne-
ment étonnant, sinon illogique et incohérent.Comment la Cour peut-elle
dire qu'il n'y a pas lieu d'examiner la question de la validitéde la déclara-
tion de laYougos1avi.eet conclure en mêmetemps que ladite déclaration,
considérée avec celledu défendeur, ne peut pas constituer une base de
compétence?Pour conclure ainsi, il faut certainement prendrepour hypo-
thèseque la déclaration dela Yougoslavie est valable, tout au moins au

stade actuel de la procédure. Si cette présomption de validitéfait défaut,
la Cour aurait dû tout au moins dire qu'elle accepte cette validitéaux
seules fins du débatpuisque, mêmesi elle avait été valable,cette déclara-
tion du demandeur n'aurait pas pu conférer compétence àla Cour en rai-
son de la limitation ratione temporis qu'elle énonce.
17. Sur ce point,jedois avouerque l'allusion à l'affaire desPhosphates
du Maroc (référencequi se justifie dans le contexte tel que l'établit la
Cour) ne paraît pas particulièrement bien choisie, car dans cette affaire-là
comme dans la plupart des autres affaires dont la Cour a eu à connaître
au titre de l'article, paragraphe 2, du Statut, ce n'est pas la validitéde
la déclaration du demandeur qui est en question, c'est de savoir si une
limitation temporelle formuléepar le défendeurest applicable.
18. Dans l'opinion individuelle qu'il a jointe à l'ordonnance rendue
par la Cour dans l'affaire de l'lnterhandel,à la suite d'une demande en

indication de mesures conservatoires, sir Hersch Lauterpacht a dit ce qui
suif:
«La Cour peut légitimement agir en application de l'article 41,
pourvu qu'il existe un instrument, tel qu'une déclaration d'accepta-
tion de la disposition facultative, émanant des Parties au différend,
conférant à la Cour compétenceprima facie et ne contenant aucune

réserveexcluant manifestement cette compétence. » (C.1.J. Recueil
1957, p. 118-1 191les italiques sont de moi.)
19. Cette citation donne l'ordre dans lequel il convient de se pronon-
cer. La Cour doit d'abord établirl'existenced'un instrument qui pourrait
prima fucie lui conférer compétence;ce n'est qu'une fois cet élément
établiqu'il devient pertinent de chercher si les instruments en cause qui

émanent des parties au différend contiennent des réserves excluant
manifestement la juriidiction de la Cour.
20. Je suis par conséquentd'avis que la Cour n'aurait pas dû éviterde
se pencher sur la question de savoir si la Yougoslavie est ou non Membre
des Nations Unies et de savoir par conséquentsi sa déclaration d'accep-
tation de la juridiction de la Cour est valable ou non; cette question
aurait dû êtreexaminiée à titre préliminaire. Ce n'estqu'aprèsavoir établi
que ladite déclaration peut servirà la Cour de base de juridiction prima
facie que la Cour aurait pu utilement examiner si des réservesaccompa-
gnant l'une oul'autre des déclarationsexcluent manifestement sa compé-
tence. En effet, si la Cour avait conclu que la déclaration de la Yougo-
slavie ne pouvait pas lui conférer cette compétenceprima facie, la seconde
question perdait toule pertinence. 21. Not for a moment do 1contend that the Court already at the
present stage of the proceedings should have taken a definitive stand on
what 1called earlier a thorny question. The dossier on the controversy
with regard to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's continuation of the
international personality of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
is full of legal snags. The decisions taken by the appropriate United
Nations bodies are without precedent and raise a number of as yet un-
solved questions.Neither should it be forgotten, however, that these deci-
sions have been taken by the organs which according to the Charter have
the exclusiveauthority in questions of membership. Their decisions there-
fore, cannot easily be overlooked or ignored, even if the interpretations
given to them by the member States which have participated in the deci-
sion-making process are widely divergent.

22. The factual and legal background of this question necessitates a
thorough analysis and a careful evaluation by the Court when it deals
with itsjurisdiction on the merits at a later stage. What the Court should
have done, however, in the present stage of the proceedings, is to deter-
mine whether the doubts, raised by the decisions of the competent United
Nations bodies with regard to the continued membership of the Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia, are serious enough to bar the Court from
assuming that it has prima faciejurisdiction to entertain the case brought
by Yugoslavia on the basis of its declaration of acceptance.

23. In this respect it is, in my opinion, of primordial importance that
both the Security Council and the General Assembly expressed the view
that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia cannot continue automatically
the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
and therefore (emphasis added) that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
should apply for membership.

Security Council resolution 777 (1992) and General Assembly resolu-
tion 4711seem to establish a causal link between the requirement of an
application of membership and the issue of the continuation of the mem-
bership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This
"causal link" seems to be a breeding-ground of inconsistencies, both
legally and otherwise. Nevertheless it cannot be fully ignored.

24. In this respect it is worthwhile to quote once more from the letter
of 29 September 1992of the United Nations Legal Counsel, referred to in
paragraph 9 above. The Legal Counsel wrote that "the admission to the
United Nations of a new Yugoslavia under Article 4 of the Charter will

terminate the situation created by resolution 4711" .

During the debate in the General Assembly on the draft resolution
which was finally adopted as resolution 4711 (22 September 1992) the LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. IND. KOOIJMANS) 710

21. Je ne soutiens pas une minute que la Cour aurait d'ores et déjàdû,
au stade actuel de la procédure, se prononcer définitivement sur une
question que j'ai plus haut qualifiéed'épineuse. Le dossier consacré à
cette question controversée de savoir si la République fédéralede You-
goslavie héritede la personnalité internationale de la République fédéra-
tive socialiste de Yougoslavie est plein de piègesjuridiques. Les décisions
adoptéespar les organes compétents des Nations Unies sont sans précé-

dent et soulèvent un certain nombre de questions qui sont toujours sans
réponse. Mais il ne faut pas non plus oublier que ces décisionsont été
adoptéespar les organes qui, aux termes de la Charte, ont le dernier mot
en matière d'appartenance àl'organisation. On ne peut donc pas passer
facilement outre à ces décisions,ni les laisser de côté,mêmesi les Etats
Membres qui ont pris part à leur adoption en donnent des interprétations
largement divergentes.
22. Les faits et les considérations juridiques qui entourent cette ques-
tion imposent à la Cour de les analyser et de les évaluer defaçon appro-
fondie, avec beaucoup d'attention, quand elle cherchera par la suite à
déterminersi elle est compétenteau fond. Ceque la Cour aurait dû néan-

moins faire au stade actuel de la procédure,c'est établirsi les interroga-
tions suscitéespar l'esdécisions des organes compétents des Nations
Unies au sujet de la qualité de Membre de l'organisation que la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie continue ou non d'avoir, sont assez
sérieusespour empêcherla Cour de présumer qu'ellea compétenceprima
fucir pour connaître de l'affaire introduite par la Yougoslavie sur la base
de sa déclaration d'acceptation dela juridiction obligatoire.
23. Sur ce point, il estmon sens d'une importance primordiale que le
Conseil de sécuritéet l'Assemblée généralaeient l'un et l'autre été d'avis
que la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie ne peut pas assurer automa-
tiquement la continuité de la qualité de Membre de l'ancienne Répu-
blique fédérative sociialistede Yougoslavie a l'organisation des Nations

Unies et que par cons6quent la République fédéralede Yougoslavie
devrait présenterune demande d'admission iil'organisation.
La résolution777 (1992)du Conseil de sécuritéet la résolution4711de
l'Assemblée généralpearaissent établir un lien de causalitéentreI'obliga-
tion de solliciter l'admission et la question de la continuité de la qualité
de Membre de l'ancienne République fédérative socialistede Yougosla-
vie. Ce «lien de causalité))semble êtresource d'incohérences,tant sur le
plan juridique qu'à d'autres points de vue. Mais il n'est pas pour autant
possible d'en faire totalement abstraction.
24. Sur le même]point, il est intéressant de citer une fois encore la
lettre du 29 septembre 1992émanant du conseiller juridique des Nations
Unies viséeau paragraphe 9 ci-dessus. Le conseiller juridique écritque

«l'admission a l'Organisation des Nations Unies d'une nouvelle Yougo-
slavie en vertu de l'article4 de la Charte mettra fina situation créépar
la résolution 4711».
Au cours du débat à l'Assembléegénéralesur le projet de résolution
qui a été finalement étaédoptésous la forme de la résolution4711(22 sep-then Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia said: "1here-
with formally request membership in the United Nations on behalf of the
new Yugoslavia, whose Government 1 represent." The United Nations,
however, never received any written document as a follow-up to that
statement.

25. Against this background 1come to the conclusion that there are
strong reasons for doubt as to whether the Federal Republic of Yugosla-
via is a full-fledged, fully qualified Member of the United Nations and as
such capable of accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court as a

party to the Statute.
That means that there is a probability, which is far from negligible,
that the Court after a thorough analysis of the legal issues involved will
find that is without jurisdiction because of the invalidity of Yugoslavia's
declaration of acceptance.

26. The disputed validity of that declaration touches the very basis of
the Court's jurisdiction and, therefore, takes precedence over other issues,
like, for example, limitations ratione temporis, ratione muteriae and
ratione personae. In view of the doubts and the controversies with regard
to this question the Court would have found itself on safe ground if it
had concluded that the uncertainties about the validity of Yugoslavia's
declaration prevent it from assuming that it has jurisdiction, even prima
facie.
27. In their dissenting opinion in the Anglo-lranian Oil Co. case

(interim measures of protection) Judges Winiarski and Badawi Pasha
stressed the importance of the consent of the Parties in the context of
Article 41 of the Statute. They went on to say:

"the Court ought not to indicate interim measures of protection
unless its cornpetence, in the event of this being challenged, appears

to the Court nevertheless reusonably probable" (emphasis added).
And they concluded :

"if there exist weighty arguments in favour of the challenged juris-
diction, the Court may indicate interim measures of protection; if
there existserious doubts or weighty arguments against this jurisdic-
tion such measures cannot be indicated" (I.C.J. Reports 1951,
p. 97).

It is my considered view that because of the thick clouds which have
packed around Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations, the
ensuing uncertainty of the validity ofits declaration does not pass the test
of "reasonable probability".

28. There have been earlier occasions when the Court shied away from
thorny questions and chose to decide a case on othergrounds which weretembre 1992),le premier ministre de la Républiquefédérativede Yougo-
slavie de l'époque adit: «Je fais ici officiellement une demande d'admis-
sion aux Nations Unies au nom de la nouvelle Yougoslavie, dont je
représentele gouvernement. » L'Organisation des Nations Unies n'a tou-
tefoisjamais reçu le moindre document écritfaisant suite à cette déclara-
tion.
25. Telle étant la situation, j'en arrive la conclusion qu'il existe de
solides raisons dedouter que la République fédérale de Yougoslavie soit

Membre à part entièrede l'organisation des Nations Unies, jouissant de
toutes les qualitésrequises àcette fin, età ce titreà mêmed'accepter la
juridictionobligatoire: de la Cour en tant que partie au Statut.
Cela veut dire qu'il existe une possibilité,qui est loin d'êtrenégligeable,
que la Cour doive constater après avoir procédé à une analyse approfon-
die des questions de diroitenjeu qu'elle n'estpas compétente parce que la
déclaration d'acceptation de sa juridiction que la Yougoslavie a faite
n'est pas valable.
26. La contestatiori relativà la validitéde ladite déclarationébranlele
fondement mêmede la compétencede la Cour et, par suite, prend le pas
sur d'autres questions comme celle, par exemple, de la présencede limi-
tations ratione temp<oris,ratione muteriae et ratione personue. Vu les
doutes et les controverses qui entourent cette question, la Cour aurait
étéinattaquable si elle avait conclu que I'incertitude régnant au sujet

de la validitéde la dkclaration de la Yougoslavie l'empêchede présumer
qu'elle estcompétente,même prima facie.
27. Dans l'opinion dissidente qu'ils ont jointà la décisionde la Cour
dans l'affaire de I'Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (mesures conservatoires), les
juges Winiarski et Badawi Pasha ont mis en évidencel'importance qui
s'attache au consentement des Parties dans le cadre de l'article 41 du Sta-
tut. Et ils disent ensuite:

«La Cour ne doit indiquer de mesures conservatoires que si sa
compétence, au cas ou elle est contestée, lui paraît néanmoins rai-
sonnablement probable. » (Les italiques sont de moi.)
Et leur conclusion est la suivante:

«s'il existe de fortes raisons en faveur de la compétence contestée,la
Cour peut indiquer des mesures conservatoires; s'ilexiste des doutes
sérieuxou de fortes raisons contre cette compétence,ellene peut pas
les accorder» (C:1.J. Recueil 1951, p. 97).

Tout bien réfléchi, enraison des épais nuagesqui se sont amonceléssur la
question de savoir si la Yougoslavie a ou non la qualité de Membre des
Nations Unies, l'incertitude qui règnede ce fait autour de la validitéde sa
déclaration d'acceptation de lajuridiction de la Cour ne lui permet pas de
franchir ce cap de la ((probabilitéraisonnable)).
28. Il est déjà arrivéque la Cour ne veuille pas affronter certaines
questions épineuseset choisisse de retenir pour statuer d'autres motifsjudicially preferable albeit not logically defensible. The most famous
example is the Interhunu'elcase where the Court first rejected three of
four preliminary objections regarding the Court'sjurisdiction, then upheld
a preliminary objection on admissibility and ultimately decided that there
was no need to consider the fourth objection on jurisdiction. This order
of dealing with preliminary objections has been criticized and for good
reasons but it is at least comprehensible as the various objections were
completely different in character.

29. The present case, however, is different. The issue of the declara-
tion's validity is preconditional for that of the applicability of the reser-
vations and time limitations. The latter issue is completely dependent
upon the former. In particular with regard to the limitation ratione tem-

poris in Yugoslavia's own declaration this becomes relevant. If the major-
ity of the Court would have found that this limitation did not act as a bar
to the Court's prima facie jurisdiction, the Court could no longer have
avoided to take up the question of the declaration's validity. This shows
that that finding would have been wholly conditioned by this threshold
question.
30. Finally, let me state that1 find the Court's view that the temporal
limitation contained in Yugoslavia's declaration prevents the Court from
assuming that it has prima faciejurisdiction persuasive, although it does
not fully satisfy me. In my view, however, that finding would have been
superfluous if the Court had based its negative conclusion on the ques-
tion of the validity of Yugoslavia's declaration.

(Signed) Pieter H. KOOIJMANS. LICÉITÉDE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP.IND. KOOIJMANS) 712

judiciairement préférables mêms e'ils n'étaient pas logiquement défen-
dables. L'exemple le plus célèbre à cet égard est celui de l'affaire de
l'ltzterhandel, dans laquelle la Cour a d'abord rejeté trois exceptions
préliminairessur quatre qui concernaient la compétence dela Cour, puis
a fait droità une exception préliminaireconcernant la recevabilité eta
finalement décidé qu'iln'y avait pas lieu d'examiner la quatrième excep-
tion relativea la compétence.La Cour a étécritiquéepour avoir statué

sur les exceptions préliminairesdans cet ordre et les critiques étaientjus-
tifiées.mais au moins cette facon de faire est-elle com~réhensiblecar les
diverses exceptions étaienttotalement étrangèresl'une à l'autre.
29. Il n'en vapas idemêmedans la présenteespèce.La question de la
validitéde la déclaration conditionne celle de I'applicabilité des réserves
et des limitations de caractère temporel. La seconde question est totale-
ment subordonnée à la première. Cela vaut tout particuliérementpour la
limitation ratione teinporis qui figure dans la propre déclaration de la
Yougoslavie. Si les membres de la Cour avaient majoritairement estimé
que cette limitation ne faisait pas obstaclesa compétenceprima facie, la
Cour n'aurait plus pli éviterde s'intéresseà la validitéde la déclaration.
Cela montre que la conclusion en faveur de la compétenceaurait étéinté-
gralement conditionriéepar cette question liminaire.
30. Je dirai en dernier lieu que je trouve convaincante l'idéeretenue
par la Cour, suivant laquelle la limitation de caractère temporel énoncée

dans la déclaration de la Yougoslavie empêchela Cour de présumer
qu'elle est compétenteprima fucie, encore que cette idéene me donne pas
entière satisfaction.laais je pense que cette conclusion aurait étésuper-
flue si la Cour s'était fondée,pour statuer dans un sens négatif,sur la
question de la validitéde la déclaration de la Yougoslavie.

(Signé) Pieter H. KOOIJMANS.

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Separate opinion by Judge Kooijmans

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