Dissenting opinion by Judge Vereshchetin

Document Number
105-19990602-ORD-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
105-19990602-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE VERESHCHETIN

The extraordinary circumstances in which Yugoslavia made its request
for interim measures of protection imposed a need to react immediately.
TheCourt should have promptly expressed its profound concern over the
unfolding human misery, loss of life and serious violations of interna-
tional law which by the time of the request were already a matter of pub-
lic knowledge. It is unbecoming for the principal judicial organ of the
United Nations, whose very raison d'être is the peaceful resolution of
international disputes, to maintain silence in such a situation. Even if
ultimately the Court may come to the conclusion that, due to constraints
in its Statute, it cannot indicate fully fledged provisional measures in

accordance with Article 41 of the Statute in relation to one or another of
the respondent States, the Court is inherently empowered, at the very
least, immediately to cal1 upon the Parties neither to aggravate nor to
extend the conflict and to act in accordance with their obligations under
the Charter of the United Nations. This power flows from its responsi-
bility for the safeguarding of international law and from major consid-
erations of public order. Such an authoritative appeal by the "World
Court", which would also be consistent with Article 41 of its Statute and
Article 74, paragraph 4, and Article 75, paragraph 1,of its Rules, could
have a sobering effect on the Parties involved in the military conflict, un-
precedented in European history since the end of the Second World War.

The Court was urged to uphold the rule of law in the context of large-
scale gross violations of international law, including of the Charter of the

United Nations. Instead of acting expeditiously and, if necessary,proprio
motu, in its capacity as "the principal guardian of international law", the
majority of the Court, more than one month after the requests were
made, rejected them in a sweepingway in relation to al1the cases brought
before the Court, including those where, in my view, the prima faciejuris-
diction of the Court could have been clearly established. Moreover, this
decision has been taken in a situation in which deliberate intensification
of bombardment of the most heavily populated areas iscausingunabated
loss of lifeamongst non-combatants and physical and mental harm to the
population in al1parts of Yugoslavia.

For the foregoing reasons, 1 cannot concur with the inaction of the
Court in this matter, although 1 concede that in some of the cases insti-tuted by the Applicant the basis of the Court's jurisdiction, at this stage
of the proceedings, is open to doubt, and in relation to Spain and the
United States is non-existent.

Apart from the considerations set out in the preceding general state-
ment, 1 would like to clarify my position with regard to the Applications

by Yugoslavia instituted against Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands and
Portugal.
1have no doubt that theprima faciejurisdiction under Article 36,para-
graph 2, of the Statute of the Court does exist in respect of these States
and, as far as Belgiumand the Netherlands are concerned, the Court also
has prima facie jurisdiction under the Agreements signed between Bel-
gium and Yugoslavja on 25 March 1930 and between the Netherlands
and Yue"slavia on ---March 1931.
The arguments to the contrary advanced by the respondent States and
upheld in the Orders of the Court rest upon two cornerstone proposi-
tions. The first concerns al1of the four States recognizing the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court, the second relates only to Belgium and the

Netherlands. The first proposition is that the text of the Yugoslav decla-
ration accepting thejurisdiction of the Court, and in particular the word-
ing of the rutionr rempurisreservation contained therein, allegedly does
not grant prima faciejurisdiction to theCourt.The second proposition is
that the timing of the presentation by Yugoslavia of the additional bases
for jurisdiction allegedlydoes not allow the Court to conclude that it has
prima faciejurisdiction in respect of the cases instituted against Belgium
and the Netherlands. 1 cannot give my support to either of the above
basic propositions, for the following reasons.

As concerns the interpretation of the Yugoslav declaration of accept-

ance of the Court's jurisdiction, the reasoning of the Court centres upon
the time-limit in the reservation to the above declaration, which stipu-
lates that Yugoslavia recognizes thejurisdiction of the Court "in al1dis-
putes arising or which may arise after the signature of the present Dec-
laration, with regard to the situations or facts subsequent to this
signature". The wording of this reservation is said to exclude even the
prima facie jurisdiction of the Court over the disputes submjtted for the
Court's resolution. since the disputes in question, as well as the situations
and facts generating the disputes, arose at least one month before the
filing of the Applications. It is also suggested that the text of the Yugo-
slav reservation deprives the Court of the plausible consensual element in

the declarations made by the Applicant and by the Respondents which
is indispensable forthe indication of provisional measures. 1cannot agree
with such an interpretation of the Yugoslav declaration, on a number of
grounds.
It has to be admitted that the wording of the Yugoslav declaration is211 LEGALITYOF USE OF FORCE (DISS O.P. VERESHCHETIN)

not without ambiguity and, strictly speaking, it excludes from the Court's
consideration disputes, situations and facts which occurred before the so-
called "critical date", i.e.. 25 April 1999,when the declaration was signed.
On this basis one cannot, however, conclude that each and every dispute
presented for resolution by the Court in the separate Applications of
Yugoslavia must be viewed by the Court as a single dispute or disputes
which existed before 25 April 1999 or, for that matter, that the Court
cannot consider situations and facts relating to these disputes which
arose after that date.

After the beginning of the bombardment of Yugoslavia by the NATO

military alliance the dispute as a whole was treated andis being treated at
various political levels, including the United Nations Security Council, as
a dispute between Yugoslavia and NATO or as a dispute between Yugo-
slavia and al1the 19member States of NATO. The resolution of this gen-
eral political dispute transcends the scope of the Court's competence. The
Court is dealing with the specific legal disputes of Yugoslavia with the
individual respondent States. Each of these separate disputes may have
the same origin but they became distinct bilateral legal disputes between
individual States only after they had been presented as "the claim of one
party . . .positively opposed by the other" (South West Africa, Prelinqi-
nary Objections, Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). In the cases
under consideration, it coincided with the filing of the Applications by
Yugoslavia against ten individual States. This individualization of the

disputes, which occurred after "the critical date", was recognized by the
Court when it affirmed the right of those respondent States whose
nationals were not permanently represented on the bench to appoint
judges ad hoc.

From a different perspective, even after "the critical date" Yugoslavia
has, with good reason, complained of a number of new major breaches of
international law by the NATO States. Each of these alleged new major
breaches, whose existence was denied by the NATO States, may be seen
as constituting specificdisputes between the Parties concerned, disputes
which clearly occurred after 25 April 1999.

The possibility ofdistinguishing between a"dispute of a general nature"
on the one hand, and "specific disputes" on the other, was admitted by
the Court in one of its recent cases (Questions of lnterpretation and
Application of' the 1971 Montreul Convention arising from the Aerial
Incident ut Lockerbie (Libjlan Arab Jamuhiriya v. United Kingciom),
Preliminary Objections, Judgrnent, 1. C.J. Reports 1998, p. 21, para. 29).
Nothing in the jurisprudence of the Court justifies the suggestion that a
specific legal dispute between the Parties may not be considered by theCourt solely on the ground that it is linked with, or part of, a dispute
excluded from the Court's jurisdiction.
Another ground on which 1disagree with the majority is their complete
disregard of the clear intention of Yugoslavia. Quite recently the Court
had occasion to reiterate its position on the necessityto takeinto account
the intention of a Statemaking a declaration. In the FisheriesJurisdiction
(Spuin v. Cunudu) case the Court interpreted the relevant words of the
declaration in question "having due regard to the intention of the State
concerned at the time when it accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court" (Judgrnent, 1.C.J. Rvporrs 1998, p. 454, para. 49; seealso Temple
of Preuh Viheur, I.C.J. report.^ 1961,p. 31).

In its Orders in the present cases, the Court, by refusing to take into
account the clear intention of Yugoslavia. has taken an approach to the
Yugoslav declaration which could lead to the absurd conclusion that
Yugoslavia intended by its declaration of acceptance of the Court's juris-
diction to exclude thejurisdiction of the Court over its Applications insti-

tuting proceedings against the Respondents.

In relation to Belgiumand the Netherlands, apart from the jurisdiction
under Article 36,paragraph 2, of theCourt's Statute, Yugoslavia invoked
additional grounds of jurisdiction, namely the Convention on Concilia-
tion, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration signed on 25 March 1930 by
Yugoslavia and Belgium and the Treaty of Judicial Settlement, Arbitra-
tion and Conciliation signed on 11 March 1931by Yugoslavia and the
Netherlands.
Both instruments provide for the right of the parties, under certain
conditions, to apply unilaterally to the Permanent Court of International
Justice for the resolution of their disputes. Moreover, the Agreements
stipulate that if the question on which the parties differ arises out of acts
already committed or on the point of being committed, the Permanent
Court of International Justice "shall indicate within the shortest possible
time the provisional measures to be adopted" (Art. 30 of the Convention
between Belgium and Yugoslavia; Art. 20 of the Treaty between the

Netherlands and Yugoslavia). Also, significantly, the Agreements pro-
vide that they "shall beapplicable between the High Contracting Parties
even though a third power has an interest in the dispute" (Art. 35 and
Art. 21 respectively). Finally, the Agreements contain a clause whereby
disputes relating to their interpretation shall be submitted to the Perma-
nent Court of International Justice (Art. 36 and Art. 22 respectively).

In the course of the hearings, a number of objections were raised by
the respondent States against reliance on these agreements by the Court
in order to establish itsjurisdiction. 1propose to deal only with the prin-
cipal objection finally upheld by the majority of the Court. It concerns
the timing of the invocation by Yugoslavia of the additional bases of
jurisdiction. It will be noted that, in filing its Applications. Yugoslavia reserved the
right to amend and supplement them. Such a reservation to an applica-

tion instituting proceedings is standard, and in relation to grounds of
jurisdiction has for a long time been interpreted by the Court as permit-
ting the addition of a basis of jurisdiction, provided that the Applicant
makes it clear that it intends to proceed upon that basis, and also pro-
vided that the result is not to transform the dispute brought before the
Court by the Application into another dispute, different in character. The
above approach to the additional grounds of jurisdiction is clearly
expressed in the following pronouncements of the Court.
In the Judgment of 26 November 1984 in the Nicuraguu case, the
Court observed that :

"The Court considers that the fact that the 1956Treaty was not
invoked in the Application as a title of jurisdiction does not in itself
constitute a bar to reliance being placed upon it in the Memorial.
Since the Court must always be satisfied that it has jurisdiction
before proceeding to examine the merits of a case, it is certainly
desirable that 'the legal grounds upon which the jurisdiction of the
Court is said to be based' should be indicated atan early stage in the
proceedings, and Article 38 of the Rules of Court therefore provides
for these to be specified 'as far as possible' in the application. An
additional ground of jurisdiction may however be brought to the
Court's attention later, and the Court may take it into account pro-
vided the Applicant makes it clear that it intends to proceed upon

that basis (Certuin Norivegiun Loans, 1.C.J. Reports 1957. p. 25),
and provided also that the result is not to transform the dispute
brought before the Court by the application into another dispute
which is different in character (Sociétt:Con~merciulede Belgique,
P.C.I.J., Series AIB, No. 78, p. 173)." (Militury und Purumilitary
Activities in and uguinst Nicaragua (Nicuragua v. United States
of Arnericu), Jurisdiction und Admi.ssihility, I.C.J. Reports 1984,
pp. 426-427, para. 80.)

In itsOrder dated 13 September 1993in the Genocidecase, the Court
pointed out that :
"Whereas the Applicant cannot, simply by reserving 'the right to
revise, supplement or amend' its Application or requests for provi-
sional measures, confer on itself a right to invokeadditional grounds

ofjurisdiction, not referred to in the Application instituting proceed-
ings; whereas it will be for the Court, at an appropriate stage of the
proceedings, to determine, if necessary, the validity of such claims;
whereas however, as the Court has recognized, 'An additional ground
ofjurisdiction may .. .be brought to the Court's attention' after the
filing of the Application,
'and the Court may take it into account provided the Applicant
makes it clear that it intends to proceed upon that basis . . and214 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (DISS.OP. VERESHCHETIN)

provided also that the result is not to transform the dispute
brought before the Court by the application into another dispute
which is different in character .. .' (Military und Parainilitury
Activitirs in and uguinst Nicaragua (Nicarugua v. United States
of America). Jurisdiction and Arinzissibilitp, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1984, p. 427. para. 80):

whereas the Court thus concludes that. for the purposes of a request
for indication of provisional measures, it should therefore not exclude
apriori such additional bases of jurisdiction from consideration, but
that it should consider whether the texts relied on may, in al1the cir-
cumstances, including the considerations stated in the decision

quoted above, afford a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court
to entertain the Application might prima facie be established."
(Application of the Convention onthe Prevention and Punishmeiztof
the Crime of Genocide,I.C.J. Reports 1993. pp. 338-339, para. 28.)

In my view, the conditions set out by Article 38 of the Rules of Court
and in its jurisprudence are fully satisfied in the present cases. The juris-
prudence of the Court clearly shows thatfir thepurposes of u reyuestfi)r
indicationof proili.sionu1ineusures additional grounds of jurisdiction may

be brought to the Court's attention after filing of the Application. In such
a case, the Court should be primarily concerned with determining objec-
tively whether the additional grounds of jurisdiction "afford[s] a basis on
which the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain the Application might
prima facie be established".

The legitimate concern of the Court over the observance of "the prin-

ciple of procedural fairness and the sound administration of justice" can-
not be stretched to such an extent as to exclude a priori the additional
basis of jurisdiction from its consideration, solely because the respondent
States have not been given adequate time to prepare their counter-
arguments. Admittedly. it cannot be considered normal for a new basis
of jurisdiction to be invoked in the second round of the hearings. How-

ever, the respondent States were given the possibility of presenting their
counter-arguments to the Court, and they used this possibility to make
various observations and objections to the new basis of jurisdiction. If
necessary, they could have asked for the prolongation of the hearings. In
turn, the Applicant may reasoriably claim that the belated invocation of
the new titles of jurisdiction was caused by the extraordinary situation in
Yugoslavia, in which the preparation of the Applications had been

carried out under conditions of daily aerial bombardment by the Res-
pondents. It will also be recalled that it is for the Court to determine
the validity of the new basis of jurisdiction, which at this stage of the
proceedings may not and should not be decided conclusively.

The refusal of the majority to take into consideration the new bases of
jurisdiction clearly goes contrary to Article 38 of the Rules of Court and215 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (DISSO. P.VERESHCHETIN)

its jurisprudence. The refusal to have due regard to the intention of a
State making a declaration of acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction is
also incompatible with the case-law of the Court and customary rules of
interpreting legal instruments. In my view, al1the requirements for the
indication of provisional measures, flowingfrom Article1 of the Court's

Statute and from its well-establishedjurisprudence, have been met, and
the Court should undoubtedly have indicated such measures so far as the
above four States are concerned.

(Signed) Vladlen S. VERESHCHETIN.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE VERESHCHETIN

The extraordinary circumstances in which Yugoslavia made its request
for interim measures of protection imposed a need to react immediately.
TheCourt should have promptly expressed its profound concern over the
unfolding human misery, loss of life and serious violations of interna-
tional law which by the time of the request were already a matter of pub-
lic knowledge. It is unbecoming for the principal judicial organ of the
United Nations, whose very raison d'être is the peaceful resolution of
international disputes, to maintain silence in such a situation. Even if
ultimately the Court may come to the conclusion that, due to constraints
in its Statute, it cannot indicate fully fledged provisional measures in

accordance with Article 41 of the Statute in relation to one or another of
the respondent States, the Court is inherently empowered, at the very
least, immediately to cal1 upon the Parties neither to aggravate nor to
extend the conflict and to act in accordance with their obligations under
the Charter of the United Nations. This power flows from its responsi-
bility for the safeguarding of international law and from major consid-
erations of public order. Such an authoritative appeal by the "World
Court", which would also be consistent with Article 41 of its Statute and
Article 74, paragraph 4, and Article 75, paragraph 1,of its Rules, could
have a sobering effect on the Parties involved in the military conflict, un-
precedented in European history since the end of the Second World War.

The Court was urged to uphold the rule of law in the context of large-
scale gross violations of international law, including of the Charter of the

United Nations. Instead of acting expeditiously and, if necessary,proprio
motu, in its capacity as "the principal guardian of international law", the
majority of the Court, more than one month after the requests were
made, rejected them in a sweepingway in relation to al1the cases brought
before the Court, including those where, in my view, the prima faciejuris-
diction of the Court could have been clearly established. Moreover, this
decision has been taken in a situation in which deliberate intensification
of bombardment of the most heavily populated areas iscausingunabated
loss of lifeamongst non-combatants and physical and mental harm to the
population in al1parts of Yugoslavia.

For the foregoing reasons, 1 cannot concur with the inaction of the
Court in this matter, although 1 concede that in some of the cases insti- OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. VERESHCHETIN

[Traduction]

Les circonstances extraordinaires dans lesquelles la Yougoslavie a
déposésa requêteen indication de mesures conservatoires imposaient de
réagirimmédiatement. La Cour aurait dû aussitôt exprimer son inquié-
tude profonde face aux multiples drames humains, aux pertes en vies

humaines et aux violations graves du droit international qui, au moment
du dépôt de la requête, étaient d'oreset déjàdu domaine public. Il est
inélégantde la part de l'organe judiciaire principal de l'organisation des
Nations Unies, dont la raison d'êtremême estde présiderau règlement
pacifique des différends internationaux, de garder le silence en pareille
situation. Mêmesi, finalement, la Cour aboutit àla conclusion que, sous
l'effetde contraintes figurant dans son Statut, ellene peut pas indiquer de
mesures conservatoires au sens plein, conformément à l'article 41 de ce
Statut,à l'égardde l'un ou l'autre des Etats défendeurs,la Cour est dotée
à tout le moins, par définition,du pouvoir d'en appeler immédiatement
aux parties pour qu'elles s'abstiennent d'aggraver ou d'étendrele conflit
et qu'elles respectent les obligations qui leur incombent en vertu de la
Charte des Nations Unies. Ce pouvoir découlede la responsabilité qui lui
a étéimpartie de préserverle droit international et aussi de considéra-

tions primordiales d'ordre public. Cet appel, fort de l'autoritéqui émane
de la «Cour mondiale)), compatible de surcroît avec l'article 41 de son
Statut et avec l'article4, paragraphe 4 et l'article 75, paragraphe 1, de
son Règlement, pourrait donner a réfléchiraux Parties à ce conflit mili-
taire, lequel est sans précédentdans l'histoire deEurope depuis la finde
la seconde guerre mondiale.
La Cour a étépriéede défendre l'étatde droit face à des violations
flagrantes du droit international qui sont d'une portée considérablecar
elles atteignent aussi la Charte des Nations Unies. Au lieu d'agir avec
diligence et au besoin de sa propre initiative, en sa qualité de ((gardien
principal du droit international)), la majorité des membres de la Cour,
plus d'un mois aprèsle dépôtdes requêtes,lesa rejetéessans nuance pour
la totalitédes affaires qui lui étaientsoumises,compris cellesou, iimon

avis, la compétence prima jacir de la Cour aurait pu êtretrèsclairement
établie. En outre, cette décision a été prisedans une situation dans
laquelle une intensification délibérée desbombardements des zones les
plus peuplées cause des pertes envies humaines toujours aussi lourdes
chez les non-combattants et cause également, physiquement et menta-
lement, des dommages à la population de toutes les régionsde Yougo-
slavie.
Pour les motifs ci-dessus, je ne peux pas m'associer a l'inaction de la
Cour en l'occurrence, mêmesi j'admets que, dans certaines des affairestuted by the Applicant the basis of the Court's jurisdiction, at this stage
of the proceedings, is open to doubt, and in relation to Spain and the
United States is non-existent.

Apart from the considerations set out in the preceding general state-
ment, 1 would like to clarify my position with regard to the Applications

by Yugoslavia instituted against Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands and
Portugal.
1have no doubt that theprima faciejurisdiction under Article 36,para-
graph 2, of the Statute of the Court does exist in respect of these States
and, as far as Belgiumand the Netherlands are concerned, the Court also
has prima facie jurisdiction under the Agreements signed between Bel-
gium and Yugoslavja on 25 March 1930 and between the Netherlands
and Yue"slavia on ---March 1931.
The arguments to the contrary advanced by the respondent States and
upheld in the Orders of the Court rest upon two cornerstone proposi-
tions. The first concerns al1of the four States recognizing the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court, the second relates only to Belgium and the

Netherlands. The first proposition is that the text of the Yugoslav decla-
ration accepting thejurisdiction of the Court, and in particular the word-
ing of the rutionr rempurisreservation contained therein, allegedly does
not grant prima faciejurisdiction to theCourt.The second proposition is
that the timing of the presentation by Yugoslavia of the additional bases
for jurisdiction allegedlydoes not allow the Court to conclude that it has
prima faciejurisdiction in respect of the cases instituted against Belgium
and the Netherlands. 1 cannot give my support to either of the above
basic propositions, for the following reasons.

As concerns the interpretation of the Yugoslav declaration of accept-

ance of the Court's jurisdiction, the reasoning of the Court centres upon
the time-limit in the reservation to the above declaration, which stipu-
lates that Yugoslavia recognizes thejurisdiction of the Court "in al1dis-
putes arising or which may arise after the signature of the present Dec-
laration, with regard to the situations or facts subsequent to this
signature". The wording of this reservation is said to exclude even the
prima facie jurisdiction of the Court over the disputes submjtted for the
Court's resolution. since the disputes in question, as well as the situations
and facts generating the disputes, arose at least one month before the
filing of the Applications. It is also suggested that the text of the Yugo-
slav reservation deprives the Court of the plausible consensual element in

the declarations made by the Applicant and by the Respondents which
is indispensable forthe indication of provisional measures. 1cannot agree
with such an interpretation of the Yugoslav declaration, on a number of
grounds.
It has to be admitted that the wording of the Yugoslav declaration is LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. DISS. VERESHCHETIN) 210

introduites par le demandeur, à ce stade-ci de la procédure, la Cour n'est

peut-êtrepas compétente, et qu'elle ne l'est pas du tout dans le cas de
l'Espagne et ni dans celui des Etats-Unis.

Mises à part les considérations qui font l'objet de la déclaration de

caractère généralci-dessus, je voudrais préciser ma position en ce qui
concerne les requêtes déposéep sar la Yougoslavie contre la Belgique, le
Canada, les Pays-Bas et le Portugal.
Il ne fait pas de doute pour moi qu'en ce qui concerne ces Etats, la
Cour a bien compétence prima facie en vertu de l'article 36, para-
graphe 2, de son Statut, et, qu'en ce qui concerne en outre la Belgique et

les Pays-Bas, elle est également compétente primu facir en vertu de
l'accord signéentre la Belgique et la Yougoslavie le 25 mars 1930 et de
l'accord signéentre les Pays-Bas et la Yougoslavie le 11 mars 1931.
Les thèsesen sens contraire qu'ont plaidéesles Etats défendeurs et que
la Cour a retenues dans ses ordonnances reposent sur deux propositions
qui ont caractère de pierre angulaire. La première proposition intéresse

les quatre Etats, lesquels reconnaissent la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour, la seconde proposition n'intéresseque la Belgique et les Pays-Bas.
La première proposition est que le texte de la déclaration yougoslave
acceptant lajuridiction de la Cour, et en particulier l'énoncéde la réserve
rationae temporis qui y figure, ne conférerait pas compétenceprima furie
à la Cour. La seconde proposition est que le moment où la Yougoslavie

a présentéles chefs de compétence supplémentaires ne permettrait pas à
la Cour de conclure qu'elle est compétenteprima fucie pour connaître des
affaires introduites contre la Belgique et contre les Pays-Bas. Je ne peux
souscrire à aucune des propositions fondamentales ci-dessus pour les rai-
sons que je vais exposer.
En ce qui concerne l'interprétation de la déclaration yougoslave

d'acceptation de sa juridiction, la Cour place au centre de son raisonne-
ment le délaidéfinidans la réserveà ladite déclaration, réserveaux termes
de laquelle la Yougoslavie reconnaît la juridiction de la Cour ((pour tous
les différends. surgissant ou pouvant surgir après la signature de la pré-
sente déclaration, qui ont trait à des situations ou à des faits postérieurs
ladite signature». Le libelléde cette réserve ôterait mêmeà la Cour

toute compétenceprir?lu,fucic.quant aux différends soumis à la Cour aux
fins de règlement, puisque les différends en question, ainsi que les situa-
tions et les faits qui sonti l'origine des différends, se sont produits un
mois au moins avant le dépôt des requêtes. Le texte de la réservede la
Yougoslavie ôterait en outre à la Cour l'élémentde consensus plausible
qui doit absolument être présentdans la déclaration du demandeur et

dans celle des défendeurs pour que la Cour puisse indiquer des mesures
conservatoires. Je ne peux pas souscrire i cette interprétation de la décla-
ration yougoslave, pour un certain nombre de motifs.
Il faut admettre que le libelléde la déclaration yougoslave n'est pas211 LEGALITYOF USE OF FORCE (DISS O.P. VERESHCHETIN)

not without ambiguity and, strictly speaking, it excludes from the Court's
consideration disputes, situations and facts which occurred before the so-
called "critical date", i.e.. 25 April 1999,when the declaration was signed.
On this basis one cannot, however, conclude that each and every dispute
presented for resolution by the Court in the separate Applications of
Yugoslavia must be viewed by the Court as a single dispute or disputes
which existed before 25 April 1999 or, for that matter, that the Court
cannot consider situations and facts relating to these disputes which
arose after that date.

After the beginning of the bombardment of Yugoslavia by the NATO

military alliance the dispute as a whole was treated andis being treated at
various political levels, including the United Nations Security Council, as
a dispute between Yugoslavia and NATO or as a dispute between Yugo-
slavia and al1the 19member States of NATO. The resolution of this gen-
eral political dispute transcends the scope of the Court's competence. The
Court is dealing with the specific legal disputes of Yugoslavia with the
individual respondent States. Each of these separate disputes may have
the same origin but they became distinct bilateral legal disputes between
individual States only after they had been presented as "the claim of one
party . . .positively opposed by the other" (South West Africa, Prelinqi-
nary Objections, Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). In the cases
under consideration, it coincided with the filing of the Applications by
Yugoslavia against ten individual States. This individualization of the

disputes, which occurred after "the critical date", was recognized by the
Court when it affirmed the right of those respondent States whose
nationals were not permanently represented on the bench to appoint
judges ad hoc.

From a different perspective, even after "the critical date" Yugoslavia
has, with good reason, complained of a number of new major breaches of
international law by the NATO States. Each of these alleged new major
breaches, whose existence was denied by the NATO States, may be seen
as constituting specificdisputes between the Parties concerned, disputes
which clearly occurred after 25 April 1999.

The possibility ofdistinguishing between a"dispute of a general nature"
on the one hand, and "specific disputes" on the other, was admitted by
the Court in one of its recent cases (Questions of lnterpretation and
Application of' the 1971 Montreul Convention arising from the Aerial
Incident ut Lockerbie (Libjlan Arab Jamuhiriya v. United Kingciom),
Preliminary Objections, Judgrnent, 1. C.J. Reports 1998, p. 21, para. 29).
Nothing in the jurisprudence of the Court justifies the suggestion that a
specific legal dispute between the Parties may not be considered by the LICEITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP.DISS. VERESHCHETIN)211

dépourvu d'ambiguïté et, à strictement parler, ce libelléôtà la Cour la
possibilitéde connaître de différends,de situations et de faits qui seraient
antérieurs à ce qu'on appelle la «date critique)). c'est-à-dire le 25 avril
1999,date à laquelle la déclarationa étésignée.On ne peut toutefois pas
en déduire que les différendsportés devant la Cour par la Yougoslavie
dans des requêtes distinctesdoivent êtreconsidéréscomme ne consti-
tuant qu'un seul et même différend ou bien comme constituant des diffé-
rends existant antérieurement au 25 avril 1999, ni en déduire non plus

que la Cour ne peut pas, en raison de cette exclusion, examiner des situa-
tions et des faits ayant traitces différendss'ilssont postérieursi ladite
date.
Postérieurement au début des bombardements de la Yougoslavie par
l'alliance militairedel'OTAN, le différenddans son ensemble a ététraité
et est toujours traité divers échelons politiques,y compris le Conseil de
sécuritédesNations Unies, comme un différendopposant la Yougoslavie
et I'OTAN ou bien comme un différendopposant la Yougoslavie et la
totalité desdix-neuf Etats membres de I'OTAN. La solution de ce diffé-
rend politique de caractère général transcendele champ de compétence
de la Cour. Celle-ci sepenche sur les différendsd'ordre juridique oppo-

sant la Yougoslavie àchacun des Etats défendeurs. Ces divers différends
peuvent avoir chacun la mêmeorigine mais ils ne sont devenus des dif-
férendsd'ordre juridique bilatéraux distincts entre Etats considérésindi-
viduellement qu'une fois présentéscomme (<laréclamation de l'une des
parties seheurt[ant] àl'opposition manifeste de l'autre)(Sud-Ouest ufri-
cain, e.uception.spréliminaires, arrêtC.I.J. Recueil 1962. p. 328). Dans
lesaffairesà l'examen,cela a coïncidé avecle dépôtpar la Yougoslavie de
requêtes dirigées contre dix Etats pris individuellement. La Cour a
reconnu qu'il y avait ainsi individualisation des différends, laquelle est
postérieure à la «date critique)), quand elle a affirméque les Etats défen-
deurs non représentésen permanence sur le siègeavaient le droit de dési-

gner un juge ud hoc.
Considérant la situation sous un autre angle, la Yougoslavie s'est très
justement, mêmepostérieurement à «la date critique)), plainte d'un cer-
tain nombre de nouvelles violations flagrantes du droit international par
les Etats membres de l'OTAN. Chacune de ces nouvelles violations fla-
grantes alléguéesd, ont les Etats membres de I'OTAN ont niél'existence,
peut êtreconsidéréecomme constituant un différendparticulier entre les
parties intéressées,différendsqui ont manifestement surgi postérieure-
ment au 25 avril 1999.
Dans une affaire récente,la Cour a admis qu'il étaitpossible de faire
une distinction entre un ((différendde nature générale)d)'une part et, de

l'autre, des «différend[s] spécifique[s]» (Questions cl'intrrprétution et
d'uppli<.utionde la conventionde Montréal de 1971 résultantde l'incident
aérien deLockerbie (Jarnuhiriyu urahe libyenne c. Roj~aurne-Uni), excep-
tions pri.1iminaire.s.urrêC. I.J. Recueil 1998,p. 21, par. 29). Rien dans
sa jurisprudence ne justifie l'idéeque la Cour serait empêchée de con-
naître d'un différendd'ordre juridique spécifiqueentre les partiesnique-Court solely on the ground that it is linked with, or part of, a dispute
excluded from the Court's jurisdiction.
Another ground on which 1disagree with the majority is their complete
disregard of the clear intention of Yugoslavia. Quite recently the Court
had occasion to reiterate its position on the necessityto takeinto account
the intention of a Statemaking a declaration. In the FisheriesJurisdiction
(Spuin v. Cunudu) case the Court interpreted the relevant words of the
declaration in question "having due regard to the intention of the State
concerned at the time when it accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court" (Judgrnent, 1.C.J. Rvporrs 1998, p. 454, para. 49; seealso Temple
of Preuh Viheur, I.C.J. report.^ 1961,p. 31).

In its Orders in the present cases, the Court, by refusing to take into
account the clear intention of Yugoslavia. has taken an approach to the
Yugoslav declaration which could lead to the absurd conclusion that
Yugoslavia intended by its declaration of acceptance of the Court's juris-
diction to exclude thejurisdiction of the Court over its Applications insti-

tuting proceedings against the Respondents.

In relation to Belgiumand the Netherlands, apart from the jurisdiction
under Article 36,paragraph 2, of theCourt's Statute, Yugoslavia invoked
additional grounds of jurisdiction, namely the Convention on Concilia-
tion, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration signed on 25 March 1930 by
Yugoslavia and Belgium and the Treaty of Judicial Settlement, Arbitra-
tion and Conciliation signed on 11 March 1931by Yugoslavia and the
Netherlands.
Both instruments provide for the right of the parties, under certain
conditions, to apply unilaterally to the Permanent Court of International
Justice for the resolution of their disputes. Moreover, the Agreements
stipulate that if the question on which the parties differ arises out of acts
already committed or on the point of being committed, the Permanent
Court of International Justice "shall indicate within the shortest possible
time the provisional measures to be adopted" (Art. 30 of the Convention
between Belgium and Yugoslavia; Art. 20 of the Treaty between the

Netherlands and Yugoslavia). Also, significantly, the Agreements pro-
vide that they "shall beapplicable between the High Contracting Parties
even though a third power has an interest in the dispute" (Art. 35 and
Art. 21 respectively). Finally, the Agreements contain a clause whereby
disputes relating to their interpretation shall be submitted to the Perma-
nent Court of International Justice (Art. 36 and Art. 22 respectively).

In the course of the hearings, a number of objections were raised by
the respondent States against reliance on these agreements by the Court
in order to establish itsjurisdiction. 1propose to deal only with the prin-
cipal objection finally upheld by the majority of the Court. It concerns
the timing of the invocation by Yugoslavia of the additional bases of
jurisdiction. LICEITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. DISS.VERESHCHETIN) 212

ment parce que ce différendse rattache à un différendexclu de sa juridic-
tion ou qu'il en fait partie.

Je m'écarte aussi de la majorité quand celle-ci décidede ne tenir stric-
tement aucun compte de l'intention manifeste de la Yougoslavie. Très
récemment, la Cour a eu l'occasion de dire une fois de plus qu'il fallait
tenir compte de l'intention de 1'Etat qui fait une déclaration d'accepta-
tion de la juridiction de la Cour. Dans l'affaire de la Compétenceen
mutil.re de pi?cherie.s(Espugne c. Canudu), la Cour a interprétéle libellé

pertinent de la déclaration en question «en tenant dûment compte de
l'intention de 1'Etatconcernéà l'époqueoù ce dernier a accepté lajuridic-
tion obligatoire de la Cour)) (urrct, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 454, par. 49,
voir également Temple de Pr6uh Vihéur,C.I.J. Recueil 1961, p. 3 1).
Dans les ordonnances qu'elle rend dans les présentes affaires, la Cour,
en refusant de prendre en compte I'intention que la Yougoslavie a clai-

rement manifestée, adopte vis-à-vis de la déclaration yougoslave une
approche susceptible de déboucher sur une conclusion absurde: la You-
goslavie aurait, par sa déclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction de la
Cour, voulu exclure cettejuridiction en ce qui concerne les requêtesintro-
ductives d'instance dirigéescontre les défendeurs.
Pour la Belgique et les Pays-Bas, en sus de la juridiction conféréepar

l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statutde la Cour, la Yougoslavie a invoqué
des chefs supplémentaires de compétence, à savoir la convention de
conciliation, de règlement judiciaire et d'arbitrage signéele 25 mars 1930
par la Yougoslavie et la Belgique, et, par ailleurs, le traité de règlement
judiciaire, d'arbitrage et de conciliation signél11 mars 1931par la You-
goslavie et les Pays-Bas.

Les deux instruments habilitent les parties, sous réservede certaines
conditions, à porter unilatéralement leurs différends devant la Cour per-
manente de Justice internationale. En outre, les accords en question sti-
pulent que, dans tous les cas où la question au sujet de laquelle les parties
sont divisées résulte d'actes déjà effectués ou sur le point de l'être,la
Cour permanente de Justice internationale ((indiquera dans le plus bref

délaipossible)) les mesures provisoires qui doivent êtreprises)) (article 33
de la convention passéeentre la Belgique et la Yougoslavie; article 20 du
traité conclu entre les Pays-Bas et la Yougoslavie). Et les accords dis-
posent de surcroît, ce qui est important, qu'ils seront«applicable[s] entre
les Hautes Parties contractantes encore qu'une tierce puissance ait un
intérêtdans le différend)) (articles 35 et 21 respectivement). En dernier

lieu, les accords en question comprennent une disposition prévoyant de
soumettre à la Cour permanente de Justice internationale les différends
relatifs à leur interprétation (articles 36 et 22 respectivement).
Au cours des audiences, les Etats défendeurs ont soulevé un certain
nombre d'objections tendant à empêcherla Cour de fonder sa compé-
tence sur les accords en question. Je vais simplement évoquer la princi-

pale de ces objections, celle que la majorité des membres de la Cour ont
finalement retenue. Il s'agit du moment où la Yougoslavie a invoqué ces
chefs supplémentaires de compétence. It will be noted that, in filing its Applications. Yugoslavia reserved the
right to amend and supplement them. Such a reservation to an applica-

tion instituting proceedings is standard, and in relation to grounds of
jurisdiction has for a long time been interpreted by the Court as permit-
ting the addition of a basis of jurisdiction, provided that the Applicant
makes it clear that it intends to proceed upon that basis, and also pro-
vided that the result is not to transform the dispute brought before the
Court by the Application into another dispute, different in character. The
above approach to the additional grounds of jurisdiction is clearly
expressed in the following pronouncements of the Court.
In the Judgment of 26 November 1984 in the Nicuraguu case, the
Court observed that :

"The Court considers that the fact that the 1956Treaty was not
invoked in the Application as a title of jurisdiction does not in itself
constitute a bar to reliance being placed upon it in the Memorial.
Since the Court must always be satisfied that it has jurisdiction
before proceeding to examine the merits of a case, it is certainly
desirable that 'the legal grounds upon which the jurisdiction of the
Court is said to be based' should be indicated atan early stage in the
proceedings, and Article 38 of the Rules of Court therefore provides
for these to be specified 'as far as possible' in the application. An
additional ground of jurisdiction may however be brought to the
Court's attention later, and the Court may take it into account pro-
vided the Applicant makes it clear that it intends to proceed upon

that basis (Certuin Norivegiun Loans, 1.C.J. Reports 1957. p. 25),
and provided also that the result is not to transform the dispute
brought before the Court by the application into another dispute
which is different in character (Sociétt:Con~merciulede Belgique,
P.C.I.J., Series AIB, No. 78, p. 173)." (Militury und Purumilitary
Activities in and uguinst Nicaragua (Nicuragua v. United States
of Arnericu), Jurisdiction und Admi.ssihility, I.C.J. Reports 1984,
pp. 426-427, para. 80.)

In itsOrder dated 13 September 1993in the Genocidecase, the Court
pointed out that :
"Whereas the Applicant cannot, simply by reserving 'the right to
revise, supplement or amend' its Application or requests for provi-
sional measures, confer on itself a right to invokeadditional grounds

ofjurisdiction, not referred to in the Application instituting proceed-
ings; whereas it will be for the Court, at an appropriate stage of the
proceedings, to determine, if necessary, the validity of such claims;
whereas however, as the Court has recognized, 'An additional ground
ofjurisdiction may .. .be brought to the Court's attention' after the
filing of the Application,
'and the Court may take it into account provided the Applicant
makes it clear that it intends to proceed upon that basis . . and Il faut se rappeler qu'en déposant ses requêtes, la Yougoslavies'est
réservéle droit de les modifier et de les compléter.Cette réserve,dans le
cadre d'une requête introductive d'instance,est courante, et, s'agissant de
chefs de compétence,la Cour l'interprète depuis fort longtemps comme
autorisant le demandeur à en ajouter un, à condition que le demandeur
indique bien qu'il va procéderde cette façon, et à condition également
que la démarchen'ait pas pour résultatde transformer le différendporté
devant la Cour par la requêteen un autre différendqui n'aurait plus le
mêmecaractère. La Cour a clairement définil'approche qu'elle adopte

ainsià l'égard deschefs supplémentairesde compétence.
Par exemple, la Cour Sait observer dans l'arrêt rendule 26 novembre
1984dans l'affairedes Activités militaireset puramilitaires au Nicurugua:
«La Cour considèreque le fait de ne pas avoir invoquéle traitéde
1956comme titre de compétencedans la requêten'empêchepas en

soi de s'appuyer sur cet instrument dans lemémoire. LaCour devant
toujours s'assurer de sa compétenceavant d'examiner une affaire au
fond, il est certainement souhaitable que «les moyens de droit sur
lesquels le demandeur prétend fonder la compétence de la Cour»
soient indiquésdans les premiers stades de la procédure, etl'article
38 du Règlement spécifiequ'ils doivent l'être((autant que possible))
dans la requête.Un autre motif de compétence peutnéanmoins être
portéultérieurement à l'attention de la Cour, et celle-cipeut en tenir
compte à condition que ledemandeur aitclairement manifestél'inten-
tion de procédersur cette base(Certainsemprunts norvégiens,C. IJ.
Rccueil 19.57,p. 25),àcondition aussi que le différendporté devant
la Cour par requêtene se trouve pas transformé en un autre diffé-

rend dont le caractère ne serait pas le mêmeSociétécommerciale de
Belgique, C.P.J.I. sérieAIB no 78, p. 173).» (Activitésmilituires et
paramilitaires au Nicuruguu et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etufs-
Unis d'Amérique), compétenceet recevabilité,C.I.J. Recueil 1984,
p. 426-427, par. 80.)

Dans l'ordonnance qu'elle a rendue le 13septembre 1993dans l'affaire
relativeà la Convention sur le génocide,la Cour a fait observer ceci:
((Considérant que le demandeur ne saurait, en se réservant «le
droit de réviser,compléterou modifier))sa requêteou ses demandes

en indication de mesures conservatoires, se donner par la mêmeun
droit d'invoquer desbases supplémentairesde compétencenon men-
tionnéesdans la requête introductived'instance; et qu'il appartien-
dra à la Cour, au stade approprié de la procédure,de se prononcer
éventuellementsur la validitéde telles prétentions; considérant tou-
tefois qu'un motif de compétencenon spécifié dans la requête peut,
ainsi que la Cour l'a reconnu,
«êtreportéultérieurement à l'attention de la Cour, et [que]celle-ci

peut en tenir compte à condition que le demandeur ait clairement214 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (DISS.OP. VERESHCHETIN)

provided also that the result is not to transform the dispute
brought before the Court by the application into another dispute
which is different in character .. .' (Military und Parainilitury
Activitirs in and uguinst Nicaragua (Nicarugua v. United States
of America). Jurisdiction and Arinzissibilitp, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1984, p. 427. para. 80):

whereas the Court thus concludes that. for the purposes of a request
for indication of provisional measures, it should therefore not exclude
apriori such additional bases of jurisdiction from consideration, but
that it should consider whether the texts relied on may, in al1the cir-
cumstances, including the considerations stated in the decision

quoted above, afford a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court
to entertain the Application might prima facie be established."
(Application of the Convention onthe Prevention and Punishmeiztof
the Crime of Genocide,I.C.J. Reports 1993. pp. 338-339, para. 28.)

In my view, the conditions set out by Article 38 of the Rules of Court
and in its jurisprudence are fully satisfied in the present cases. The juris-
prudence of the Court clearly shows thatfir thepurposes of u reyuestfi)r
indicationof proili.sionu1ineusures additional grounds of jurisdiction may

be brought to the Court's attention after filing of the Application. In such
a case, the Court should be primarily concerned with determining objec-
tively whether the additional grounds of jurisdiction "afford[s] a basis on
which the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain the Application might
prima facie be established".

The legitimate concern of the Court over the observance of "the prin-

ciple of procedural fairness and the sound administration of justice" can-
not be stretched to such an extent as to exclude a priori the additional
basis of jurisdiction from its consideration, solely because the respondent
States have not been given adequate time to prepare their counter-
arguments. Admittedly. it cannot be considered normal for a new basis
of jurisdiction to be invoked in the second round of the hearings. How-

ever, the respondent States were given the possibility of presenting their
counter-arguments to the Court, and they used this possibility to make
various observations and objections to the new basis of jurisdiction. If
necessary, they could have asked for the prolongation of the hearings. In
turn, the Applicant may reasoriably claim that the belated invocation of
the new titles of jurisdiction was caused by the extraordinary situation in
Yugoslavia, in which the preparation of the Applications had been

carried out under conditions of daily aerial bombardment by the Res-
pondents. It will also be recalled that it is for the Court to determine
the validity of the new basis of jurisdiction, which at this stage of the
proceedings may not and should not be decided conclusively.

The refusal of the majority to take into consideration the new bases of
jurisdiction clearly goes contrary to Article 38 of the Rules of Court and manifestél'intention de procédersur cette base ..à condition aussi
que le différendporté devant la Cour par requête nese trouve pas
transformé en un autre différenddont le caractère ne serait pas le
même ..» (Activités militaires et paramilituires au Nicaragua et
contre celui-ci (Nicaraguu c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique),compétence
et rc.ceiluhilit, rrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 427, par80);

considérant dès lors qu'aux fins d'une demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires la Cour ne doit pas se refuserà priori d'exa-
miner de telles bases supplémentaires de compétence, maisqu'elle
doit se demander si, compte tenu de toutes les circonstances,y com-
pris les considérations énoncéesdans la décision précitéel,es textes
invoquéspourraient constituer une base sur laquelle sa compétence
pour connaître du différendpourrait primafiicie êtrefondée.» (Appli-
cation de lu convention pour ILIpréventionet lu répressiondu crime

de génocide,C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 338-339, par. 28.)
J'estime que les conditions définiespar l'article 38 du Règlement de la
Cour ainsi que dans la jurisprudence y relative sont parfaitement rem-
plies dans les présentes affaires.La jurisprudence de la Cour montre clai-

rement qu'aux jifirzsd'une demande en indication ricmesures conserva-
toires,des chefs supplémentaires de compétence peuvent être portésa
l'attention de la Cour postérieurement au dépôt de la requête. Enpareil
cas, la Cour doit chercher avant tout à établir objectivementsi ces chefs
supplémentaires de compétence ((pourraient constituer une base sur
laquelle sa compétencepour connaître du différendpourrait prima fucie
êtrefondée ».
La Cour tient fort légitimement à garantir le respect du ((principe du
contradictoire et la bonne administration de la justice)) mais elle ne doit
pas cultiver ce souci au point d'exclure à priori de son examen un chef
supplémentairede compétence simplement parceque les Etats défendeurs
n'ont pas eu assez de temps pour préparer leur contre-argumentation.
Certes. il n'est pas normal qu'un nouveau chef de compétence soit

invoqué lors du second tour de plaidoiries. Toutefois, les Etats défen-
deurs ont eu la possibilitéde présenter leur contre-argumentation à la
Cour et ont exploité cettepossibilitépour présenterdiverses observations
et objections à ce nouveau chef de compétence. Ils auraient pu le cas
échéant demanderla prolongation des audiences. De son côté,le deman-
deur peut raisonnablement soutenir que l'invocation tardive des nou-
veaux chefs de compétence s'explique par la situation extraordinaire
qui règne en Yougoslavie, où la mise au point des requêtes adû être
réaliséesous les bombardements quotidiens opéréspar les défendeurs. Il
ne faut pas non plus oublier qu'il appartient à la Cour d'établir si le
nouveau chef de compétence invoquéest valable ou non, et la décision à
cet égard,au stade actuel de la procédure,ne peut pas et ne doit pas être
concluante.

Quand la majoritédes membres de la Cour refuse de prendre en consi-
dération les nouveaux chefs de compétence invoqués,elle va très nette-215 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (DISSO. P.VERESHCHETIN)

its jurisprudence. The refusal to have due regard to the intention of a
State making a declaration of acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction is
also incompatible with the case-law of the Court and customary rules of
interpreting legal instruments. In my view, al1the requirements for the
indication of provisional measures, flowingfrom Article1 of the Court's

Statute and from its well-establishedjurisprudence, have been met, and
the Court should undoubtedly have indicated such measures so far as the
above four States are concerned.

(Signed) Vladlen S. VERESHCHETIN.ment à l'encontre de l'article 38 du Règlement de la Cour et de la juris-
prudence yrelative. Le refus de prendre dûment en considérationI'inten-

tion de I'Etat qui fait une déclaration d'acceptation de lajuridiction de la
Cour est, lui aussi, incompatible avec la pratique de la Cour et avec les
règlescoutumières de l'interprétationdes instruments juridiques. J'estime
pour ma part que toutes les conditions de l'indication de mesures conser-
vatoires découlant de l'article 41 du Statut de la Cour et de la jurispru-
dence y relative qui est parfaitement établieont été réunies eqtue la Cour
aurait incontestablement dû indiquer de telles mesures en cequi concerne
les quatre Etats visés ici.

(Signé) Vladlen S. VERESHCHETIN.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion by Judge Vereshchetin

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