Dissenting opinion of Vice-President Weeramantry

Document Number
105-19990602-ORD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
105-19990602-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT
WEERAMANTRY

Unlike the majority of the Court 1 take the view that the Court has
prima facie jurisdiction in this case. As for the issue of provisional
measures, it is a case where "circumstances so require" (Article 41 of the

Statute).
1view this case as one of such seminal importance as to necessitate a
somewhat extended statement of my views, despite the extreme con-
straints of time within which this opinion has had to be prepared.
The situation complained of is one where livesare being lost daily, vast
numbers of people including women, children, the aged and the infirm
are continuously exposed to physical danger and suffering, and property
damage on a most extensive scale is a regular occurrence. Whatever the
reason for the aerial bombing which is now in progress, and however well
intentioned its origin, it involves certain fundamentals of the interna-
tional legalorder - thepeucefu lesolution of disputes, the overarching
authority of the United Nations Charter and the concept of the interna-
tional rule of law. It is upon these fundamental principles that the ensu-

ing opinion is based.

The applicability of these principles, whether individually or in combi-
nation, produces a situation in which at least a prima facie case has been
made out of the existence of circumstances justifying the issue of interim
measures, pending a fuller consideration by the Court of the complex
legal issues involved.
This Application highlights in classic form one of the most ancient and
valued attributes of the judicial process- the power and obligation of a
court to do what lies within its power to promote the peaceful settlement
of disputes by such interim measures as may be necessary pending the
final determination of the case before the Court. It is also a time-
honoured attribute of the judicial mission that courts should, within the

limits of the judicial function, do what they can to prevent the escalation
of the conflict between the litigating parties.

In domestic law a court seeing violence between two litigating parties
relating to the subject-matter of a pending action would, however
righteous be the motive of one or other of the parties, have no hesitation
in issuing an enjoining order restraining such violence. The rationale
for such action is twofold: it is essential that the rights of parties be
preserved intact pending their determination by the Court and it is essen-182 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (DIS. OP. WEERAMANTRY)

tial that there be no escalation of the dispute pending litigation. The

nature of the judicial function is no different when it is transposed into the
international plane, especially when the Court concerned is the principal
judicial organ of the United Nations, functioning under a Charter which
ranks the peaceful resolution of disputes among its prime Purposes and
Principles.
It is no argument to the contrary that the Court lacks the means to
enforce its measures. The voice of the Court as the principal judicial
organ of the United Nations may well be the one factor which, in certain

situations, can tilt the balance in favour of a solution of disputes accord-
ing to the law.

It is my viewthat the Court should have issued provisional measures
on both Parties to desist from acts of violence of any sort whatsoever,
subject to appropriate safeguards for keeping the peace as suggested later
in this opinion.

This case is one of ten simultaneously filed by Yugoslavia against ten
different NATO Members.

The jurisdictional issues involved in al1 these cases are not the same
and hence the Court's decisions on the various matters involved are not
identical.
In two of the ten cases - those against Spain and the United States -

1 agree with the Court's decision that there is a manifest absence ofjuris-
diction to deal with them. These two cases should therefore be taken off
the Court's register of pending cases, and 1concur in the Court's decision
to this effect.
In four of the remaining eight cases - the cases against France, Ger-
many, Italy and the United Kingdom - while agreeing with the majority
of the Court, 1 have some comments to offer, which 1do in each case in
a declaration.

In the remaining four cases - those against Belgium, Canada, the
Netherlands and Portugal - 1 differ from the majority of my colleagues
in that it is my viewthat provisional measures should be indicated. 1have
hence fileddissenting opinions in these cases. My position is set out in my
dissenting opinion in Yugoslavia v. Belgium, and my opinions in the
other three cases, which are identical mutatis mutandis, refer back to that
opinion.

On the question whether these last eight cases should remain on the
Court's General List 1concur in the Court's decision that they should so
remain, reserving the subsequent procedure for further decision. This case raises human rights issues of the gravest nature on both sides.

On the one hand the Respondents allege against the Applicant the
massacre of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo and the expulsion of ethnic
Albanians from their homes and habitations on a scale that can be
described as truly colossal. What is alleged is no less than the forcible
expulsion of nearly a million persons, the murder of several thousands
and the destruction of innumerable homes and villages in an ongoing
process which is allegedly continuing to this day. Al1this is alleged to be
part of a scheme which is said to be of such magnitude as to attract the
repellent description of "ethnic cleansing".

If the allegations made are substantiated, this would constitute one of
the severest violations of human rights and dignity that have occurred
since the conclusion of World War II. Human rights violations on this
scale are such as to throw upon the world community a grave responsi-
bility to intervene for their prevention and it is well-established legal doc-
trine that such gross denials of human rights anywhere are everyone's
concern everywhere. The concept of sovereignty is no protection against
action by the world community to prevent such violations if they be of
the scale and nature alleged.

On the other hand, however well intentioned the air strikes that have
been launched by the NATO powers as a means of preventing this, there
are assertions by the Applicant that this use of force lacks United
Nations sanction and authority and overlooks express Charter provi-
sions. There are also allegations of violations of the provisions of the
Geneva Convention of 1949 and of the Additional Protocol No. 1 of
1977on the protection of civilians and civilian objects in time of war.

These assertions raise substantial questions of law that need careful
examination. Yugoslavia asserts that there have been over a thousand
deaths of civilians including women and children, the aged and the
infirm, 4,500 cases of serious bodily injuries to civilians, the destruction
of thousands of civilianhouses, the loss of several hundred thousand jobs
and the destruction of industrial enterprises, schools, telecommunica-
tions, airports, hospitals, and cultural institutions, monuments, religious
shrines and historical monuments. One million citizens are said to be
short of water supply and the Applicant also alleges that serious environ-
mental damage has been caused and is continuing to be caused by the
bombing of oil refineries and chemical plants, and the use of bombs con-
taining depleted uranium and that the prohibition against the use of
weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering is violated by the use
of cluster bombs. Such is the background to the matter now before the Court, a situation
which has no precedent in the annals of this Court or indeed of any
other, for the Court is being asked to do no less than to prevent or miti-
gate the severities of a major military operation. This is thus a seminal

moment in judicial history and 1cannot permit it to pass without some
suggestions which, though 1 am in a minority, may still, 1 hope, be of
some utility.

In this case the Applicant requests the Court to issue provisional meas-
ures requiring the Respondent to stop immediately the violation of vari-
ous obligations towards Yugoslavia which Yugoslavia alleges are being
violated.
The Respondent on the other hand claims that its actions are taken
with purely humanitarian intent to prevent gross violations of human
rights extending to genocide which have been perpetrated in Kosovo by
the Applicant and still continue to be perpetrated. In this context it

invokes the "clean hands" principle, a principle of equity and judicial
procedure, well recognized in al1legal systems, by which he who seeksthe
assistance of a court must come to the court with clean hands. He who
seeks equity must do equity.

It is not for the Court to pronounce at this stage upon the merits of the
allegations on eitherside. It is patently clear however that it is a precon-
dition to the granting of any relief to the Applicant that if the Applicant
is engaged on a course of violence relevant to the subject-matter of the
Application, that violence should immediately cease.
It is clear that the Court in indicating provisional measures can indi-
cate measures other than those proposed by the Applicant (S. Rosenne,
The Larv and Practice of the International Court, 1920-1996, 1997,
Vol. III, p. 1457)and that the Court may also issue measures proprio
motu, a practice which excludes the non ultra petita rule (ibid).

Moreover since both Parties are under an implied obligation until the
Court has reached its decision to refrain from any steps which might have
a prejudicial effect on the execution of the Court'secision (Rosenne, op.
cit. p. 1458)the applicant who comes to a court for interim reliefis itself
under a special obligation to desist immediately frorn al1action which has
any semblance of aggravating or extending the dispute.

The Court in this case is entitled to act onthese principles with special
stringency and my view is that it is a strict precondition to any interim
provisions the Court may order against the Respondent that the Appli-cant itself should desist immediately from any act of interference with the
rights of the people of Kosovo. A violation of this precondition in any
shape or form would immediately destroy the basis of any order the

Court may make.

I stress in this context that there can be no affirmative finding of any
sort on thismatter at this stage and that al1that has been said is without
any attempt at prejudgment of any of the issues before the Court.

1 set out at the end of this opinion some thoughts regarding the pro-
visional measures which 1 think the Court could have issued, and which
1 consider appropriate, but 1 would lay down the requisite set out above
as an essential precondition to the continuing applicability of any provi-
sional measures that might be issued in circumstances such as these.

Turning next to the questions of admissibility and jurisdiction of
Yugoslavia's Application, objection has been taken to Yugoslavia's status
to make this Application. This objection is based on Yugoslavia's mem-
bership status in the United Nations.

The majority of the Court have held that the Court need not consider

this question for the purpose of deciding whether or not it can indicate
provisional measures in this case and 1respectfully agree.
1come now to the question of the Court's prima faciejurisdiction.
The jurisdiction necessary for the issue of provisional measures is
based by the Applicant on three grounds - Article 36, paragraph 2, of
the Statute, Article IX of the Genocide Convention and Article 4 of the
Convention of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration, 1930,
between Belgium and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Article 36,paragraph 2, of the Statute is, in my view, sufficient to con-
fer prima faciejurisdiction for thepurposes of provisional measures and
for this reason 1do not think it necessary to examine the other grounds
further.

1 do not share the view of the majority of the Court in regard to the
lack ofjurisdiction under Article 36,paragraph 2, and note that the main
reason why the majority have concluded that prima facie jurisdiction is
not available is that the Yugoslav declaration under Article 36, para-
graph 2, is limited to disputes arising or which may arise after 25 April
1999. (a) Inappropriatenessof Reference Buck to Time of Planning

The question for decision is whether the temporal restriction defeats
the entire declaration, so far as concerns the subject-matter of the present

Application, in view of the fact that the NATO air operations, the sub-
ject-matter of the Applicant's complaint, began on 24 March 1999,thus
pre-dating 25 April, the date specified in Yugoslavia's declaration. 1sthe
declaration thus inoperative in terms of the very restriction that Yugo-
slavia itself laid down?
1think not.
A vast enterprise may be planned and conceived at a particular time
and date but it does not follow that every major operation conducted
within that enterprise over the ensuing months, if it gives rise to a claim
at law, dates back to the conception of the entire enterprise. The cam-
paign may involve several breaches of vastly different State obligations
such as environmental obligations, human rights obligations, obligations
under the Convention against Torture, obligations under Conventions
relating to civilaviation, the law of the sea or conduct in war. All ofhese

operations may have been separately and individually planned on differ-
ent dates. It seems to be difficult to maintain that al1such breaches of
obligation occurred when the initial plan was conceived.

(b) Meaning of'"Dispute"

1wish to say a word here about the meaning of the term "dispute".
A dispute may remain at an abstract level, as where one party alleges
that it has a particular right and the other party disputes it. A dispute
mav on the other hand. as in most instances. assume a ~ractical form. as
where one party causes darnage to another' by some krongful act and
that other party asserts a violation of its rights and makes a claim for
compensation. There is then a dispute as to whether a wrongful act has

been done and a claim to damages exists. Both types of dispute fa11
within the accepted definition in the Court's jurisprudence nan~ely,"a
disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or inter-
ests between parties" (East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgrnent,
I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 99, para. 22).

Clearly the allegations of wrongful acts of the varied descriptions set
out in the Application and the resulting claims based upon them are al1
"disputes" within the meaning of that term in the Court's jurisprudence. (c) Differences in Obligations Breached

When in a bombing campaign a bridge over an international river is
blown up, a chemicals factory destroyed, a prohibited weapon used or a
hospital demolished, each of these acts, if wrongful, would be the subject
of a different dispute and a distinct claim. These claims may involve the
violation of different types of rights and different rules of law - naviga-
tion rights, environmental rights, human rights, humanitarian rules and

rules under the Geneva Conventions.

In this case, as 1 understand it, the Court is faced with a number of
such acts, separately executed and separated in time. In my viewit strains
the rules of legal interpretation to conclude that al1of these constitute
onedispute which was complete when the bombing campaign was decided
upon. Disputes at law are not confined to disputes at such an abstract
and theoretical level. It is of the nature ofjudicial proceedings and litiga-
tion at every level that disputes both abstract and practical are brought
before courts for determination.

It is relevant to note in this connection that the claim as stated in the
Application asserts the violation of different legal obligations in respect
of the different categories ofdamage. Among these are violations of obli-
gations not to use prohibited weapons, obligations not to cause far-
reaching health and environmental damage, obligations respecting the
right to information, obligations to respect freedom of navigation on
international rivers and obligations not to commit any act of hostility
towards historical monuments, works of art or places of worship.

To take some specificexamples the disputes arising from the bombing
of an embassy, from the bombing of a TV station, from the bombing of
a passenger train, a school or a power station al1arise when those acts in
fact take place and not before the acts were done. To hold otherwise
would be unrealistic and contrary to legal principle.

A major campaign may even take years and this does not mean that
every act of wrongdoing that may be committed in the course of that
campaign - even though those acts are years apart - dates back in law

to the time when it was decided to commence hostilities.

(d) Maturation of a Legal Claim

A legal principle well recognized in al1legal systems is that an act of
wrongdoing is completed when the wrong is done, not when it wasplanned. To take an analogy from domestic law, such an act of wrong-
doing would be dated, for purposes of statutes of limitation or otherwise,
as from the date when the wrongful act is committed. Until such commis-
sion the cause of action would not be complete. A plan or an intention to
cause damage does not ripen into ajusticiable claim until the physical act
is done which causes the damage. In the well-known learning of the
Roman law relating to damnum injuria datum, dumnum needs to be
dutum before it grounds a claim at law.

In this view of the matter the fact that the bombing campaign as a
whole was conceived before the material date, namely 25April 1999,can-
not carry the implication that acts of wrongdoing committed and perhaps
even individually planned subsequent to that date must be taken as relat-
ing back in law to the date of conception of the entire scheme. They are
committed in law when they are committed in fact and not when they are
planned, just as any act in law attracts liability not as from the date when
itis conceived but when it is executed.

(e) International Lu~vCommission's Druft Articles
on Srate Responsihilily

The limitation rationr temporis thus does not seem to me to be a satis-
factory basis on which to hold that the Court lacks even prima facie
jurisdiction. The fact that the matter cannot be so simply dealt with as
the Court has chosen to do is borne out also by the International Law
Commission's Draft Articles on State Responsibility dealing with
breaches of State responsibility which are part of a series. Article 25
which deals with the matter points out that the time of commission of a
breach extends over the entire period during which the act continues and
that in the case of aeriesof acts or omissions the breach of international
obligation occurs at the moment when the particular act or omission is

accomplished.

(0 lntention of Author of Reservation

Moreover, the construction adopted does not adequately consider the
intention of theauthor of the reservation, which is an important factor to
be taken into account in construing the overall meaning of a declaration

(see Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spuin v. Canada), Jurisdiction qf the Court,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 454, para. 49). Yugoslavia, in drafting
itsdeclaration, could not have intended to exclude from the Court's juris-
diction the very incidents of which it was complaining and which it had
made the subject-matter of its Application. Such a self-defeating inten-tion can scarcely be imputed to the author of such an important docu-
ment.

(g) The Question of Divisibility
On the question of divisibility, 1 agree with the contention that a dis-
pute is not infinitely divisible into a multitude of separate fragmentary

events such as the firing of every individual bullet. Such analogies are
however totally distinguishable. Fragmentary acts of this nature cannot
be equated to events which are major incidents in themselves such as the
accidental bombing of a train or a hospital or an embassy.

(h) Inudequacy of Temporal Limitation to Defeat
Prima Facie Jurisdiction

In short, whichever way one looks at it, there is certainly a prima facie
case that there isjurisdictionratione temporis. At the very least the mat-
ter is debatable, and hence there is no adequate reason for refusing to
consider this matter on the basis of a lack of prima faciejurisdiction.
In reaching this conclusion 1 apply the tests which are well recognized
in the jurisprudence of the Court. The Court should be able to hold
"should it be only provisionally, that it was competent to hear the case
on the merits" (Rosenne, op. cit., p. 1444).

Enough has been said to indicate that the prima facie jurisdiction
which is sufficient to support anorder for provisional measures does exist
in this case. It is clearly not a case where could be assumed apriori that
the claims of Yugoslavia "fall completely outside the purview of the
Court's jurisdiction" (Nuclear Tests (Au.stralia v. France), Interim Pro-
tection, Order of 22 June 1973, 1.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 103, para. 23;
Nuclear Tests (New Zeuland v. France), Interim Protection, Order of
22 June 1973, 1.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 140, para. 24; Rosenne, op. cit.,
p. 1448).

Granted then that the Application is admissible and that the Court has
prima facie jurisdiction 1 move now to a consideration of the appropri-
ateness of the issue of provisional measures in this case.

(a) Urgency

A prerequisite to the issue of provisional measures is urgency.
The circumstances of this case leave no doubt regarding the satisfac-
tion of this condition.All over Yugoslavia lives are being lost every day,
people are seriously injured and maimed and property loss of various
descriptions is being sustained. This Court acts urgently when the circumstances require it and this
case is one such.
The Court is so sensitive to considerations of urgency especially where
they concern the possible loss of human life that it has moved within
a week ( Vienna Convention on Consulur Relations (Puruguay v. United
States oJ Americu)) or indeed within a day (LaGrand (Germuny
v. United Stutes of America)) to issue provisional measures where a
single human life was involved. Witho~it needing to elaborate upon the
factual details of the deaths and damage alleged by the Applicant to
have been causedbythe bombing of Yugoslavia byNATO forcesand with-
out elaborating on the allegations of continuing human rights violations
committed and continuing to be committed by the Applicant in Kosovo

as alleged by the Respondent, it is clear that great urgencies exist in the
present case. These urgently cal1for the issue of appropriate provisional
measures preserving the rights of both Parties, preventing the escalation
of the disputes and allaying the human suffering referred to in the alle-
gations of both Parties. 1 do not think that the complexity of the issues
takes away from the need to act with urgency in a matter of urgency -
particularly where the urgencies areas telling as in the matter now before
the Court.

(b) Seminul Nature of the Issues Involved

This case raises certain issues which reach through to the core of the
United Nations Charter. They will of course corne up for determination
at the appropriate stage. At this provisional measures stage one needs to
go no further than to determine whether an arguable issue exists. This
criterion is more than satisfied in the present case.
One such issue is whether, assuming the entirely laudable nature of
NATO's object of protecting the refugees from Kosovo, that intention
could be given effect otherwise than in conformity with the provisions of
the United Nations Charter.
There are Charter provisions which have a direct bearing on this sub-
ject namely Article 2 (3),Article 2 (4)and Article 53 (1). They contain a
clear rule that international disputes should be settled by peaceful means,
a clear prohibition of the use of force against the territorial integrity of
any State and a clear prohibition of enforcement action without the

authorization of the Security Council.

The Respondent has not been heard upon these matters and if the
Court finds affirmatively that it has jurisdiction to hear this Application
it will consider them. All that is necessary at the present stage of provi-
sional measures is to determine whether there is a justiciable issue within
the Court's prima faciejurisdiction that awaitsdetermination. Indeed the
Court indicates no less when in its Judgment it refers to the complex
issues relating to legality that arise in connection with the military actions
of NATO.191 LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (DISSO . P.WEERAMANTRY)

This issue is a serious one going to the roots of international order, for
disregard of the Charter, if such indeed be the case, can have long-term
effects on the stability of the international community itself and on the
international rule of law. It is an arguable one and lies at the heart of the
dispute before the Court. There are also issues relating to the alleged and
continuing violation of the Geneva Convention of 1949,the Additional
Protocol No. 1 of 1949relating to the protection of civilians and civilian
objects in time of war and of the rules against the use of prohibited weap-
ons and of the laws of war. Al1these are principles so important to inter-
national order that their alleged violations involve a special degree of

urgency. They are thus additional factors indicative of the appropriate-
ness of provisional measures if the Court should have prima facie
jurisdiction.

Issues have thus been raised which are so serious as, granted jurisdic-
tion, would warrant the issue of provisional measures pending their
determination.

(c) Centrality of the Notion of Peacqful Resolution of Disputes

The peaceful resolution of disputes is a cornerstone of the United
Nations Charter. 1do not need to elaborate on this point. It ranks high
among the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations and finds its
place at the very forefront of the United Nations Charter in Article 1(1).
War, its antithesis,is mentioned in the very firstpreambular paragraph of
the Charter as the scourgefrom which the peoples of the United Nations
are determined to save succeeding generations.

These matters of highest concern to the international community are
the bedrock on which the Charter is built and the Court ispar excellence
the judicial institution which has been structured, in furtherance of these
resolves, for the peaceful resolution of disputes. Fashioned as an embodi-
ment of the rule of law which was to replace force as the arbiter of inter-
national disputes, the Court is charged with the highest responsibilities in
upholding the peaceful resolution of disputes, and the judicial implemen-
tation of the principles of the Charter. Where there is an allegation of a
violation of this basic principle there is an issue which awaits theerious
and urgent consideration of the Court thus making out a further reason
for the issue of provisional measures until this matter is resolved.

Article 2, paragraph 3, sets out as a fundamental principle that al1
Members shall settle their disputes by peaceful means in such a manner
that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
Authoritative treatises on the Charter characterize the principle of the
peaceful settlement of disputes as a cornerstone of the contemporary
world order (Bruno Simma, The Charter of the United Nations, A Corn-
tnentury, 1994,p. 99). Article 2, paragraph 3,has been described as by no

means a mere recommendatory provision compliance with which would192 LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (DISS .P. WEERAMANTRY)

be within the discretion of States, but rather as a principle which gives
rise to a legal obligation (Simma, op. cit., p. 101). Indeed "the peaceful
settlement of disputes is the cornerstone of the edificewhose main pillar
is constituted by the prohibition of the use of force" (ihid., p. 100).

So well accepted was the principle embodied in Article 2 (3) that, as a
writer on the topic has observed (Hans Blix, "The Principle of Peaceful
Settlement of Disputes", in Legal Principles Governing FrirndlyReb-
fions und Co-operation among States, 1966, p. 51), the principle laid
down in Article 2, paragraph 3, "was echoed" in many other interna-

tional documents of the time both multilateral and bilateral. Among the
documents he mentions are the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and
Mutual Assistance of 1955 (the Warsaw Treaty), the North Atlantic
Treaty, 1949,and the Bandung Declaration, 1955.The first two embody
this principle in their very first article'.

Reference should also be made in this context to the primacy accorded

to the prohibition of force and the peaceful settlement of disputes in the
Declaration of Friendly Relations and Co-operation amongst States in
Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations adopted by acclama-
tion in the General Assembly on the 25th Anniversary of the Organiza-
tion. Marking the culmination of ten years of deliberations on the basic
principles of international law and the Charter, this declaration under-
scored the importance attached to these principles by the community of
nations. An allegation of non-compliance with these principles and of

resulting loss of life and damage on a continuing basis cannot but mark
out such a case as appropriate for the issue of provisional measures,
granted of course that the Court has prima faciejurisdiction2.

' Article 1of the Warsaw Treaty reads as follows:
"The Contracting Parties undertake. in accordance with the Charter of the United
Nations. . to settle their international disputes by peaceful means." (UNTS, Vol.219,
p. 26.)
Article 1 of the North Atlantic Treaty reads as follows:

"The Parties undertake, as setrth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle
any international dispute in which they may be involved by peaceful in such a
refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner
inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations." (UNTS. Vol. 34, p. 244:
NATO basic documents. 1981. p. IO.)

principles see further V. S. Mani, BPrincip1e.of Modorri Ititernurionul Law. 1993. these The principle of peaceful settlement thus enshrined in the Charter and
widely accepted by the international community, acquires its binding
character in international law not merely by virtue of its embodiment in
the Charter but also because it is binding on every State as a rule of cus-
tomary international law (Simma, op. cit., p. 100; H. Blix, "The Principle
of the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes", in The Legal Principles Govern-
ing Friendly Re1ation.sand Co-operation among States, 1966,p. 45; The
International Socieryas a Legal Community, 1980,p. 227; H. Thierry et
al., Droit internutional public, 1984, p. 570). This view has also the
endorsement of this Court in the Nicuragua case (Military and Paramili-
tary Activities in und against Nicurugua (Nicaruguu v. United Srares of
America), Merits, Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 145,para. 291).

So pivota1 is the peaceful settlement of international disputes to the
international legal order that a distinguished former judge of this Court

has observed that :
"The settlement of disputes is the key factor in deciding whether
international society is functioning as a community governed by the
rule of law." (H. Mosler, The International Society as a Legal Com-
muniry, 1980,p. xvi.)

The settlement of disputes within the legal framework of international
society is thus elevated to the level of a hall-mark of the existence of the
international rule of law. The Applicant's assertions thus place us in the
presence of an issue which is fundamental to the existence of an ordered
international society. A corollary to this proposition is that in the absence
of an ordered mode of settlement there is here a justiciable issue of car-
dinal importance and its violation for however brief a period can work
lasting damage to the fabric of that society. This itself makes attention to
this problem of staying the present violence on both sides a matter of
great urgency.

It is not necessary to elaborate on theother Charter provisions referred
to, except to stress their centrality to the matters which the Court will
have to consider at the appropriate stage, and that they raise issues of
considerable complexity as the Court itself has stressed. They are not
issueswhich are easily decided but sincethey go to the heart of the Appli-
cant's claims cannot at this stage be discounted when the Court is con-
sidering the appropriateness of provisional measures.

Against so strong a legal background relating to the peaceful settle-
ment of disputes, when the Court is confronted with a case involving the
use of force, where continuing events of a major nature involving loss of
human life and other serious damage occur from day to day the need for
provisional measures becomes evermore compelling until the legal issues
are resolved. Till such time the course dictated by thejurisprudence of the centuries,
where human tragedy and loss of life are involved, is for the Court to
issue provisional measures preserving the rights of the parties and pre-
venting the escalation of the conflict. Such a course would also be in
accordance with the primordial principles underlying the Charterand the
Statute.

Whatever the genesis of the present matter, 1think it would be inap-
propriate for the Court to respond negatively when its jurisdiction is
invoked in such a situation.
It may be that for jurisdictional reasons the Court is totally unable to
respond in the majority of the ten cases that have been brought before it.
But in the cases where the Court can respond - be it in only one -
1believe it should, because the issues involved are central to international
order and the international rule of law, and when defined and applied by
the Court will have their influence beyond the confines of the particular
case.

(d) Involvement of a Political Element

1 wish to deal here with the argument that the Court must not per-
mit itself to be "politicized" or used as a political instrument - an
argument which was addressed to the Court at some length. This is an
argument which has been addressed to the Court in some other cases
as well and 1 believe it is necessary to record some thoughts on the
subject.
It should be clear that many, if not the vast majority, of the cases that
are brought before the Court involve a political element. The fact that a

political element is involved does not mean that there are no legal ele-
ments involved. Where legal elements are involved it is in my view inap-
propriate to suggest that merely because a political element is also
involved, the pressure of that political element would in some manner
deprive the Court of its right and indeed its duty to consider the legal
element of a dispute which is rightly brought before it in its capacity as
the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. If parties cannot bring
such a dispute before the Court merely because a political element is
involved they would be deprived of an essential right and relief which
they enjoy under the United Nations system.

Making orders and delivering opinions in legal matters is the proper

function and judicial responsibility of the Court and when the Court
properly discharges its obligations in this regard the Court's determina-
tion will naturally have its repercussions in many spheres including the
political.
Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, in referring to the distinction between legal
and political disputes, has observed that it has become an obstacle in the
way of legal progress and that "the doctrine is untenable in theory andharmful in practice" (The Function of Law in the International Commu-
nity, 1929,p. 435.)

1 wish to place on record my rejection of the contention that the
involvement of a political element in the dispute somehow causes the
legal elements therein to vanish from the vision of the Court or in some
way to become irrelevant. Involvement with a political element does not
represent a vanishing point of the jurisdiction of the Court.
Once jurisdiction is established even prima facie, and the urgency and
importance of the matter are apparent. it seems to me to follow inexor-
ably that this is an appropriate case for the issue of provisional measures
if ever there was one.

(f) Luck of a Specific Allegation ugainst the Respondent

It is true that there is no single specificallegation of any act for which
the respondent State is directly responsible. Yet it is on the basis of the
joint and several responsibility of the member States of NATO for the
actions of NATO that this Application has been filed.

The absence of any facts specificallyimputed to the Respondent is thus
no legal barrier to the present Application.

Having reached the conclusion that the Court should issue provisional
measures in terms of the Rules of Court relating to interim protection

(Arts. 73-78), 1 now proceed to consider the scope of those provisional
measures, and what sort of orders it would be within the Court's jurisdic-
tion to make.
It is my view that the Court should in this case go beyond the mere
issue of provisional measures. Such a course is eminently within the func-
tion of a court faced with circumstances of this nature, where loss of life
has become a daily feature of the ongoing dispute.

(a) Complementarity of the Court ivith Other Organs of the
United Nations in Relution to Peuceful Settlement

Apart from such specific provisions as may be contained in the Rules
of Court relating to provisional measures, the Court also has an inherent
jurisdiction arising from itsjudicial function, tolend such assistance as it
can towards the process of peaceful settlement. The Court is the principal
judicial organ of the United Nations whose purposes as set out in the
very first article of its Charter include:196 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (DISS. OP. WEERAMANTRY)

"to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the prin-
ciples of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of
international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of
the peace".
The Security Council has special responsibilities in this regard but so
has the Court, within the parameters of the judicial function; and assist-

ing parties to this end is an inherent part of that function. One recalls in
this connection the words of Judge Lachs in his separate opinion in the
Aegean Sea ContinerztulShelfcase (Judgignzent ,.C.J. Reports 1978, p. 53)
regarding the "compatibility and complementarity of al1means of peace-
ful settlement as enumerated in Article 33 of the Charter of the United
Nations".

(b) Role of the Court in Fucilitating Negotiation hetic'eenthe Parfies

As early as 1929in the Free Zones case the Permanent Court under the
presidency of Judge Anzilotti gave expression to this concept of the
Court's judicial function when it observed

"Whereas the judicial settlement of international disputes, with a
view to which the Court has been established, is simply an alterna-
tive to the direct and friendly settlement of such disputes between
the Parties; as consequently it isfor the Court to Jucilifute, so Jur
as is compatible ritith the Statute, such direct and Jriendly settle-
ment." (Free Zones qf Upper Suvoy und the District of Gex, Order
of 19 August 1929, P.C. 1J., Series A, No. 22, p. 13 ; emphasis
added.)

This aspect of the Court's functions has been highlighted and used in
the subsequent jurisprudence of the Court (see for example the reference
to this passage in the case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkinu
FusolRepuhlic of Mali) (1C.J. Reports 1986, p. 577, para. 46).
In Pu.ssage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmurk) (1.C.J.
Reports 1991, p. 20, para. 35), this passage was cited and used for the
purpose of encouraging a settlement between the parties, although the
Court declined to issue provisional measures. The Court there observed

that "pending a decision of the Court on the merits, any negotiation
between the Parties with a view to achieving a direct and friendly settle-
ment is to be welcomed".
The provisional measures were refused and just over a year later the
Court made an Order incorporating a message from the Agent of one of
the Parties, which referred to the Court's earlier Order and informed the
Court that a settlement of the disputes between the Parties had been
attained. This was a practical illustration of the value ofch an approach.

Apart from practical applications such as those cited above, this
approach to the Court's role in aiding the peaceful settlement of disputeshas eminent judicial support from a conceptual point of view. In his sepa-
rate opinion in the United States Diplornatic and Consulur Staff in

Tehran case, Judge Lachs observed

"1 can only repeat the deep-rooted conviction 1have expressed on
other occasions, that, while the Court is not entitled to oblige parties
to enter into negotiations, its Judgment should where appropriate
encourage them to do so, in consonance with its role as an institu-
tion devoted to the cause of peaceful settlement." (1. C.J. Reports

1980, p. 49.)
1 recite these circumstances in order to substantiate the principle that
the Court can lend its good offices and encouragement towards the
settlement of a dispute by the Parties themselves. Such procedure also
has a proven value, as indicated above. This assumes great practical
significance especiallyin the context of a dispute involving the daily loss
of lifewhere at thesame time diplomatic initiatives areafoot for the settle-

ment of the dispute.

(c) Inherent Poivers of the Court to Assist the Parties toit>urd.s
Peaceful Settlement und Peace

When Article 41 of the Statute gave the Court power to indicate pro-
visional measures it did not do so to the exclusion of universal principles
relating to powers which are inherent in judicial proceedings. As a
learned writer on provisional measures has observed, regarding the indi-
cation by the Permanent Court in the Electricity Company of Soja and
Bulgaria case (P.C.1.J., Serirs AIB, No. 79, p. 199),

"The last provision is thus presented by the Permanent Court as
an aspect of a universal principle of which the Statute is an appli-
cation, so it may be regarded either as a restatement of something
which in the Permanent Court's view was inherent in judicial pro-
cedures, or as something which was implied in Article 41 of the
Statute."(H. W. A. Thirlway, "The Indication of Provisional Meas-
ures by the International Court of Justice", in R. Bernhard (ed.),
Interim Measures Indicated by International Courts, 1993,p. 13.)

Possessed as it is of such inherent jurisdiction, the Court can indeed go
further and indicate some guidelines relating to the applicable law, which
may provide a framework within which the Parties can negotiate. This
can be of assistance to both Parties, and was the mode resorted to in the
Guhtikovo-Nagymaros case. Disputes hitherto considered intractable can
be considerably assisted towards settlement in this fashion.

A recent case in which, for humanitarian reasons, the Court went
beyond the traditional framework of an advisory opinion was the Advi-sory Opinion concerning the Threut or Use of Nuclear Weapot~s(I.C.J.
Reports 1986, p. 226). In that Opinion the Court spoke of the obligation
of States to pursue and to conclude negotiations in good faith in regard
to nuclear disarmament (ihid., p. 264, para. 99) - advice which went
beyond the traditional scope of an advisory opinion regarding the legality
of such weapons. This the Court was clearly entitled to do as an organi-
zation functioning within the framework of the United Nations and pur-
suing the common aim of peace. Here again was a clear illustration of the
Court acting in its inherent jurisdiction in pursuit of the ideal of peace.

The case concerning the GabCikovo-NugymurosProject (1.CJ. Reports
1997, p. 76) is indeed a recent example par excellence of this wider view
of the Court's rule.
In that case the Court settled certain disputed questions of law that
were involved in the case as for example by holding that a Treaty of 1977
was still in force and governed the relationship between the Parties. But
within the legal guidelines laiddown by the Court, it left it open to the
Parties to negotiate between themselves and indeed encouraged them to
do so. For example it encouraged the Parties to look afresh at the effects
on the environment of the power plant in question and in particular
encouraged them to find a satisfactory solution for the release of water

into the old bed of the Danube and its side-arms (ibid., para. 141). In
view of the fact that bilateral negotiations were to be held after thedeliv-
ery of the Judgment it left (ihid., para. 143)it open to the Parties to agree
otherwise, suggested the restoration of a certain régimefor the works on
the river (ibid., para. 144).It suggested the establishment of co-operative
administration of what remained of the Project as an indication of what
the Parties might do, suggesting certain possibilities that were open to
them (para. 150).
1may add that the fact that a particular method of assistance towards
peaceful settlement is not referred to or provided for in the Rules of
Court is no argument against resort to such a method, for this is part of
the inherent jurisdiction of the Court, following from the terms of the
United Nations Charter and the Court's Statute, and the purposes of the

United Nations as stated in this composite of documents. Nowhere in the
Charter or Statute or indeed in the Rules of Court is such a procedure
prohibited or indicated to be inappropriate and indeed such helpfulness
towards the parties in achieving their own settlement is, as indicated
above, part of the inherent attributes of the judicial process as well as a
part of the jurisprudence of the Court.

1reinforce this further by observing that the International Court of
Justice, constituted as it is to embody the representation of the main
forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world'. is

Statuteof the Court, Ar9.
78heir to the judicial traditions of many civilizations, and that the concept
ofjudicial assistance towards the peaceful resolution of disputes is heav-
ily embedded in these traditions. 1 note in particular that in the philoso-
phies of the East, as in the Buddhistic tradition, the peaceful resolution of

disputes lies at the heart of the judicial function as understood in those
cultures4.This is based inter alia on the rationale that peaceful resolution
averts the rancour and the lasting bitterness of victory and defeat, which
breed animosities against the winner and frustrations for the loser, and
lead eventually to violence, further disputes, escalating violence and
wars5. This teaching, which has particular relevance to the world of inter-

national relations, comes from one of the world's major cultural tradi-
tions relating to peace, which can significantlyenrich thejurisprudence of
this Court6.

For al1these reasons 1am of the viewthat the Court, drawing upon the
richness and variety of the powers available to it and in consequence of

its complementarity, in the cause of peaceful settlement, to al1the organs
of the United Nations, should have issued provisional measures and that
such measures should have been so worded as to encourage negotiations
between the Parties and to provide some legal guidelines towards this
end.

In my dissenting opinions in the provisional measures requests in the
cases concerning Questionsof Interpretation und Application of the 1971
Montreul Convention arising from the Aerial Incident ut Lockerbie
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom) (Libyan Arab Jumahir-
iya v. United States of America), 1made the following observation:

"A great judge once observed that the laws are not silent amidst
the clash of arms. In our age we need also to assert that the laws are

See J. Wigmore. A Punorumu of the World's Legr11Systrms. 1928, Vol. 2. pp. 489 et
seq.;K. N. Jayetilleke, "The Principles of International Law in Buddhist Doctrine",
Recueil des cours (1967), Vol. 120, p.447: LN.Perera, Buddhism und Humun Rights,
1991,pp. 40-41.
See Dhummupudu, verse 201 ;Kunülu JCtuku, The Jütuku, Vol. V, pp. 412-414. The
conceptualbasisof this Buddhist stress on peaceful settlement isencapsulated in verse201
of the Dhummupudu:
"One who defeats others creates enemies for himself
One who is defeatedby others feels sad and frustrated
One who defeats the inner need to defeat others remains happy and satisfied at al1
times."

Law", in Boutros Boufros-Ghrrli; Anzicorum Dis(~ipulorumqueLiber, 1999,pp. 775, 804-
805. not powerless to prevent the clash of arms. The entire law of the
United Nations has been built up around the notion of peace and
the prevention of conflict. The Court, in an appropriate case, where
possible conflict threatens rights that are being litigated befores

not powerless to issue provisional measures conserving those rights
by restraining an escalation of the dispute and the possible resort to
force.That would be entirely within its mandate and in total con-
formity with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations and
international law. Particularly when situations are tense, with danger
signals flashing al1around, it seems that this Court should make a
positive response withsuch measures asare within itsjurisdiction. If
the conservation of rights which are sub judice comes within the
jurisdiction of the Court, as 1 have no doubt it does, an order
restraining damage to those rights through conflict must also lie
within that province.If international law is to grow and serve the
cause of peace as it is meant to do, the Court cannot avoid that
responsibility in an appropriate case."I.C.J. Reports 1992,pp. 70

and 180-181.)

1 repeat those observations here with the added emphasis that in the
present case there is not merely a possible resort to force but an actual
and continuing use of force. In a world legalorder based upon the pur-
suit of peace and peaceful settlement, the message that law can and

should be used for avoiding the use of force is one which reverberates
with special strength.
In situations where force is already being used there is always apar-
ticular danger of escalation, with resulting damage to the rights of both
parties.
1 believe the responsibility lies very heavily upon the Court in such a
situation to takesuch steps as it can within its legal powers to halt the
continuance of violence and the escalation of the conflict. This casers
the occasion pur excellence for the Court so to act, in accordance with
the principles1have outlined earlier in this opinion.

PROVISIONA MLEASURE RSEQUIRED BY THE PRESENS TITUATION

While there are some elements of the Court'sOrder with which 1 read-
ily agree, such as that the Parties should take care not to aggravate or
extend the dispute, 1believe it does not go far enough to complete the
mission of the Court as an international court and more particularly as
the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and upper guardian of
the legal norms underpinning the structure of the international commu-
nity.

1 believe the correct resolution of the legal problems presented to the
Court in this case would have required the use of a balanced formuladesigned to terminate as speedily as possible the use of force on either
side and the return of refugees to Kosovo. The Court's power to act pro-
prio motu gives it the authority to take into consideration the situation
alleged to be occurring in Kosovo.
Without any finding whatsoever at this stage on any of the substantive
matters awaiting determination at the merits phase of the case, 1believe
the Court would be entitled to draw the attention of the Applicant to the
need for the immediate cessation of al1 action by the security forces
affecting the civilian population in Kosovo as contemplated by resolution
1199 of 1998 of the Security Council. Likewise the Court would be
entitled to draw the attention of the Respondent to the requirements
of the United Nations Charter and the need, pending the fuller considera-
tion of the issues involved, for the cessation of the use of force within the
territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The attention of both Parties should also have been drawn to the rele-

vant provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
related human rights instruments and to the importance of compliance
with them in al1actions related to the present crisis.

It is essential to the balance of this formula that the rights of the Kos-
ovo Albanians and al1who live in Kosovo to remain without let or hin-
drance in their homes and habitations should be strictly respected and the
rights of refugees from Kosovo and al1displaced persons to return un-
hindered and resettle in their homes and habitations should likewise be
strictly respected and should be facilitated in terms of Security Council
resolution 1199of 1998.

Such an indication would be incomplete without a recognition also of
the rights of the people of Kosovo and al1 returning refugees and dis-
placed persons to international safeguards, under the auspices of the
United Nations, for their continuing protection, and an indication of the
need for arrangements to be set in train immediately for the provision of
such safeguards.

In the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case (Interim Protection, Order of 5 July
1951, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 89), the Court in issuing provisional meas-

ures went further than merely indicating that parties should not take
action prejudicing the rights of either party or extending or aggravating
the dispute but laid down arrangements for a provisional régimefor the
oil industry in Iran. It specified how a board of supervision should be
established and what its duties should be. In the present case, in my view,
it would have been within the competence of the Court, if it had issued
provisional measures, to make some specific provisions relating to the
return of the refugeesand their continuing protection after their return. It
is not for the Court to set out these details but for the Parties to work out
an acceptable arrangement to this end, and the Parties should, in my
view, have been encouraged to negotiate the necessary working arrange-202 LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (DISS . P. WEERAMANTRY)

ments towards achieving this objective. As Sir Hersch Lauterpacht has
observed (The Development of International Laiv by the International
Court, 1982,p. 256)it is within the province of the Court, while issuing
provisional measures, to indicate the substance of those measures. Atten-
tion could in this regard have been drawn to the relevant provisions of
Security Council resolutions relating to thismatter.

The Court would have jurisdiction to direct both Parties to take al1
measures necessary to prevent an aggravation of the situation and for the
restoration and maintenance of international peace and security in the
region.
TheCourt would also have significantlyadvanced the complementarity
of itsjudicial role to that ofl1the other organs of the United Nations in
seeking the peaceful settlement of disputesif it had in the concluding part
of such an order also indicated that the measures prescribed are guide-
lines laid down within the law applicable and that the Parties are urged to
negotiate towards the immediate cessation of al1uses of force in al1parts
of Yugoslavia and that the guidelines are interlinked and to be of simul-
taneous application.

The concluding part of such an order could also indicate that the meas-
ures prescribed are interlinked and to be given simultaneous application.

The Court was entitled further to encourage the Parties to pursue al1
efforts through diplomatic channels and otherwise to achieve a speedy
settlement of the dispute within the legal guidelines indicatedbove. Fur-
nishing such an indication would be well within the jurisprudence of this
Court and the traditional attributes of the judicial process. The good
offices of the Court would continue to be available to facilitate thispro-
cess.
Having outlined these areas of dissent 1associate myself completely
with the reference in the Court's Order to the deep concern felt by the
Court with the human tragedy, the heavy loss of life and the suffering in

Kosovo which form the background to this dispute and with the continu-
ing loss of life and human suffering in al1 parts of Yugoslavia. 1 also
respectfully endorse the Court's observation that the use of force in
Yugoslavia raises under the present circumstances very serious issues of
international law.

1 express my concern, in common with the Court that al1 parties
appearing before the Court should act in conformity with their obliga-
tions under international law including humanitarian law.
In common with the Court 1am mindful of the Court's own responsi-
bilities for the maintenance of peace and security. 1 venture to observe
here that there is an intimate conceptual linkage between the notions of
peace and international law. Peace is not merely a moral idea but a legalone. In Lauterpacht's felicitous words (Lauterpacht, The Function of
Law in the International Community, op. cit., p. 438), "Peace is pre-emi-
nently a legal postulate. Juridically it is a metaphor for the unity of the
legal system." The Court's responsibilities in relation to peace arethus of
a particularly onerous nature.

It is in regard to this last aspect th1tfeel the Court should have gone
further than it has done and issued provisional measures on the lines
indicated above.
It is my view that even if the Court did not order provisional measures
it was within its power to have issued an appropriate communication to
both Parties on the lines indicated above - a procedure envisaged by
Judge Lachs in his separate opinion in the Aegean Sea Continental Sheij"
case. Judge Lachs there observed

"The Court does not, to my way of thinking, arrogate any powers
excluded by its Statute when, otherwise than by adjudication, it
assists, facilitates or contributes to the peaceful settlement of dis-
putes between States, if offered the occasion at any stage of the pro-
ceedings.

While it would not be proper specifically to advise Greece and
Turkey 'asto the various courses' they should follow (I.C.J. Reports
1951, p. 83), the Court, acting proprio motu, should, even while not
indicating interim measures, have laid greater stress on, in particu-
lar. the need for restraint on the Dart of both States and the ~ossible
cohsequences of any deterioratik or extension of the conflict. In
going further than it has, the Court, with al1the weight of itsjudicial
office, could have made its own constructive, albeit indirect, contri-
bution, helping to pave the way to the friendly resolution of a
dangerous dispute. This would have been consonant with a basic
role of the Court within the international community." (Aegean Sea
Continental Shelf; Interim Protection, Order of 11 September 1976,
1.C.J. Reports 1976, p. 20.)

My views as stated above are based on a conception of the judicial
function which has been recognized in thejurisprudence of the Court and
indeed in the time-honoured conception of the judicial function in the
world's main forms of civilization and principal legal systems as more
fully explained earlier in this opinion.
This role requires the Court to do al1within its power in accordance
with the law for the peaceful settlement of disputes and for assistance to
and guidance of that process. This dovetails into the principle of peaceful
resolution of disputes already referred to as a cornerstone of the United
Nations Charter and the Statute of the International Court of Justice.204 LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (DISS. OP. WEERAMANTRY)

Needless to say, al1 that has been said in this opinion in no way
involves any views whatsoever upon the merits (see Lund and Maritime

Boundary beti.ileenCameroon und Nigeria, Proi~i.sionaM1 eu.sures, Order
of 15 Murch 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 23, paras. 43, 44) and
"the indication of such measures in no way prejudges the question of
the jurisdiction of the Court todeal with the merits of the case and

leaves unaffected the right of the Respondent to submit arguments
against such jurisdiction" (Anglo-Irunian Oil Co., Interim Protec-
tion,Order of5 Julj>1951, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 93).

Within these limitations the Court would then have played a positive
role in strengthening and stabilizing the international rule of law through

the exercise of the judicial function a role for which, of al1the organs
of the United Nations, the Court alone was pre-eminently designed.

(Signed) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT
WEERAMANTRY

Unlike the majority of the Court 1 take the view that the Court has
prima facie jurisdiction in this case. As for the issue of provisional
measures, it is a case where "circumstances so require" (Article 41 of the

Statute).
1view this case as one of such seminal importance as to necessitate a
somewhat extended statement of my views, despite the extreme con-
straints of time within which this opinion has had to be prepared.
The situation complained of is one where livesare being lost daily, vast
numbers of people including women, children, the aged and the infirm
are continuously exposed to physical danger and suffering, and property
damage on a most extensive scale is a regular occurrence. Whatever the
reason for the aerial bombing which is now in progress, and however well
intentioned its origin, it involves certain fundamentals of the interna-
tional legalorder - thepeucefu lesolution of disputes, the overarching
authority of the United Nations Charter and the concept of the interna-
tional rule of law. It is upon these fundamental principles that the ensu-

ing opinion is based.

The applicability of these principles, whether individually or in combi-
nation, produces a situation in which at least a prima facie case has been
made out of the existence of circumstances justifying the issue of interim
measures, pending a fuller consideration by the Court of the complex
legal issues involved.
This Application highlights in classic form one of the most ancient and
valued attributes of the judicial process- the power and obligation of a
court to do what lies within its power to promote the peaceful settlement
of disputes by such interim measures as may be necessary pending the
final determination of the case before the Court. It is also a time-
honoured attribute of the judicial mission that courts should, within the

limits of the judicial function, do what they can to prevent the escalation
of the conflict between the litigating parties.

In domestic law a court seeing violence between two litigating parties
relating to the subject-matter of a pending action would, however
righteous be the motive of one or other of the parties, have no hesitation
in issuing an enjoining order restraining such violence. The rationale
for such action is twofold: it is essential that the rights of parties be
preserved intact pending their determination by the Court and it is essen- OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. WEERAMANTRY,
VICE-PRÉSIDENT

[Traduction)

A la différencede la majoritédes membres de la Cour, je suis d'avis
que la Cour a, en l'espèce,compétence prima facie. Quant à l'indication
de mesures conservatoires, il s'agit bien d'une affaire où ((les circons-
tances l'exigent))(art.41 du Statut).
Cette affaire est mon avis extrêmementimportante et si riche que je
me dois d'exposer mes vues assezlonguement, bien que le temps imparti

à cette rédaction ait étéextraordinairement bref.
La situation qui fait l'objet de la plainte est marquée touslesjours par
des pertes en vies humaines; un trèsgrand nombre d'individus, dont des
femmes, des enfants, des personnes âgées, des infirmes,sont constam-
ment exposés à des risques pour leur personne et à des souffrances, et les
dommages causésaux biens sont souvent énormes.Quel que soit le motif
dont procèdent les bombardements aériens qui ont lieu actuellement,
mêmesi ce motif s'inspire de la meilleure intention du monde, il met en
jeu certains fondements de l'ordrejuridique international - le règlement
pacijique des différends, l'autorité suprême dela Charte des Nations
Unies et la primauté du droit à l'échelleinternationale. Ce sont ces prin-

cipes fondamentaux qui sont la source de mes réflexions.
L'applicabilitéde ces principes, pris chacun un par un ou globalement,
crée une situation permettant de conclure, prima facie en tout cas, a
l'existencede circonstances qui justifient l'indication de mesures conser-
vatoires en attendant que la Cour examine plus avant les questions juri-
diques complexes qui sont en jeu.
La requête introductive d'instance met en relief sous forme classique
l'un des attributs les plus vénérables,considéré commel'un des plus pré-
cieux, de la fonction judiciaire la facultéet l'obligation pour un tribu-
nal de faire tout en son pouvoir pour promouvoir le règlement pacifique
des différends au moyen des mesures conservatoires qui peuvent être

nécessairesavant que la Cour se prononce définitivement. C'est aussiun
attribut vénérablede la mission judiciaire que les tribunaux soient tenus,
dans les limites de ladite fonction judiciaire, de faire tout en leur pouvoir
pour empêcher l'escaladedu conflit entre les parties en litige.
Dans le droit interne, le tribunal qui constate que deux parties en litige
se livrent à la violence autour de ce qui fait l'objet d'une action portée
devant lui n'éprouverait aucune hésitation,aussi justifiéeque soit l'une
ou l'autre des parties, prescrire de mettre un frein a cette violence. Cette
attitude obéità deux raisons: ilest essentiel de préserverintégralementles
droits des parties pendant que le tribunal saisi cherche la solution et il est182 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (DIS. OP. WEERAMANTRY)

tial that there be no escalation of the dispute pending litigation. The

nature of the judicial function is no different when it is transposed into the
international plane, especially when the Court concerned is the principal
judicial organ of the United Nations, functioning under a Charter which
ranks the peaceful resolution of disputes among its prime Purposes and
Principles.
It is no argument to the contrary that the Court lacks the means to
enforce its measures. The voice of the Court as the principal judicial
organ of the United Nations may well be the one factor which, in certain

situations, can tilt the balance in favour of a solution of disputes accord-
ing to the law.

It is my viewthat the Court should have issued provisional measures
on both Parties to desist from acts of violence of any sort whatsoever,
subject to appropriate safeguards for keeping the peace as suggested later
in this opinion.

This case is one of ten simultaneously filed by Yugoslavia against ten
different NATO Members.

The jurisdictional issues involved in al1 these cases are not the same
and hence the Court's decisions on the various matters involved are not
identical.
In two of the ten cases - those against Spain and the United States -

1 agree with the Court's decision that there is a manifest absence ofjuris-
diction to deal with them. These two cases should therefore be taken off
the Court's register of pending cases, and 1concur in the Court's decision
to this effect.
In four of the remaining eight cases - the cases against France, Ger-
many, Italy and the United Kingdom - while agreeing with the majority
of the Court, 1 have some comments to offer, which 1do in each case in
a declaration.

In the remaining four cases - those against Belgium, Canada, the
Netherlands and Portugal - 1 differ from the majority of my colleagues
in that it is my viewthat provisional measures should be indicated. 1have
hence fileddissenting opinions in these cases. My position is set out in my
dissenting opinion in Yugoslavia v. Belgium, and my opinions in the
other three cases, which are identical mutatis mutandis, refer back to that
opinion.

On the question whether these last eight cases should remain on the
Court's General List 1concur in the Court's decision that they should so
remain, reserving the subsequent procedure for further decision.essentiel aussi qu'il n'y ait pas d'escalade du différendpendant que l'ac-
tion se déroule.La fonction judiciaire a le mêmecaractère quand elle est
transposée sur le plan international, d'autant que la Cour, en l'occur-
rence, est l'organe judiciaire principal des Nations Unies, mandaté par
une Charte qui met le règlement pacifique des différendsau nombre de

ses tout premiers buts et principes.
On n'est pas fondé a rejeter cette façon de voir parce que la Cour n'a
pas les moyens d'assurer l'exécution des mesures qu'elleprend. La voix
de la Cour en sa qualitéd'organe judiciaire principal des Nations Unies
peut très bienêtre l'uniqueélémentqui, dans certaines situations, va faire
pencher la balance en faveur d'un règlement du différendconforme au
droit.
Je pense que la Cour aurait dû indiquer des mesures conservatoires a
l'intention des deux Parties pour qu'elles s'abstiennent de tous actes de
violence de quelque type que ce soit, sous réservede mesures appropriées
pour sauvegarder le maintien de la paix, dont je vais parler plus loin.

QUELQUES OBSERVATIONS DE CARACTÈRE GÉNERAL

L'affaire qui nous occupe ici est l'une des dix affaires que la Yougo-
slavie a introduites simultanément a l'encontre de dix pays membres de
l'OTAN.
Les questions juridictionnelles en cause ne sont pas les mêmesdans les
dix affaires et la Cour ne s'est donc pas prononcée de la mêmefaçon à
leur sujet.
Dans deux affaires sur dix, soit les instances dirigéescontre l'Espagne
et contre les Etats-Unis, je suis du même avisque la Cour quand elle
décide qu'elle n'a manifestementpas compétencepour en connaître. Il y

a donc lieu de rayer ces deux affaires du rôle de la Cour etje souscris a la
décisionque la Cour a prise en ce sens.
Sur les huit affaires restantes, il y en a quatre celles qui concernent
l'Allemagne, la France, l'Italie et le Royaume-Uni - dans lesquelles,
tout en partageant l'avis de la majoritédes membres de la Cour, j'ai quel-
ques observations a formuler, ce que je fais chaque fois dans une déclara-
tion.
Dans lesquatre dernièresaffaires - concernant la Belgique,leCanada,
les Pays-Bas et le Portugal -je m'écartede la majoritéde mes collèges
car j'estime qu'il aurait fallu indiquer des mesures conservatoires. Je pré-
sente donc une opinion dissidente dans ces affaires: j'expose ma position
dans l'affaire Yougoslavie c. Belgique, et je me contente dans les trois

autres affaires, au sujet desquelles mon opinion est mututis mutandis
identique, de renvoyer à l'opinion publiée dans l'affaire Yougoslavie
c. Belgique.
Sur la question de savoir si ces huit autres affaires doivent rester ins-
crites au rôle de la Cour, je suis, comme la Cour le décide,d'avis que tel
est le cas et qu'il faut réserver lasuite de la procédure. This case raises human rights issues of the gravest nature on both sides.

On the one hand the Respondents allege against the Applicant the
massacre of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo and the expulsion of ethnic
Albanians from their homes and habitations on a scale that can be
described as truly colossal. What is alleged is no less than the forcible
expulsion of nearly a million persons, the murder of several thousands
and the destruction of innumerable homes and villages in an ongoing
process which is allegedly continuing to this day. Al1this is alleged to be
part of a scheme which is said to be of such magnitude as to attract the
repellent description of "ethnic cleansing".

If the allegations made are substantiated, this would constitute one of
the severest violations of human rights and dignity that have occurred
since the conclusion of World War II. Human rights violations on this
scale are such as to throw upon the world community a grave responsi-
bility to intervene for their prevention and it is well-established legal doc-
trine that such gross denials of human rights anywhere are everyone's
concern everywhere. The concept of sovereignty is no protection against
action by the world community to prevent such violations if they be of
the scale and nature alleged.

On the other hand, however well intentioned the air strikes that have
been launched by the NATO powers as a means of preventing this, there
are assertions by the Applicant that this use of force lacks United
Nations sanction and authority and overlooks express Charter provi-
sions. There are also allegations of violations of the provisions of the
Geneva Convention of 1949 and of the Additional Protocol No. 1 of
1977on the protection of civilians and civilian objects in time of war.

These assertions raise substantial questions of law that need careful
examination. Yugoslavia asserts that there have been over a thousand
deaths of civilians including women and children, the aged and the
infirm, 4,500 cases of serious bodily injuries to civilians, the destruction
of thousands of civilianhouses, the loss of several hundred thousand jobs
and the destruction of industrial enterprises, schools, telecommunica-
tions, airports, hospitals, and cultural institutions, monuments, religious
shrines and historical monuments. One million citizens are said to be
short of water supply and the Applicant also alleges that serious environ-
mental damage has been caused and is continuing to be caused by the
bombing of oil refineries and chemical plants, and the use of bombs con-
taining depleted uranium and that the prohibition against the use of
weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering is violated by the use
of cluster bombs. LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. DISS.WEERAMANTRY) 183

La présente affairesoulèvede part et d'autre des questions portant sur
les droits de I'homme qui revêtentune gravité extrême.
D'un côté,les défendeursfont état à l'encontre du demandeur du mas-
sacre d'Albanais de souche au Kosovo et de l'expulsion d'Albanais de
souche, chassésde leur foyer et de leurs habitations, phénomène quirevê-
tirait une ampleur véritablement colossale. Les allégations portent sur
l'expulsion par la force de près d'unmillion de personnes, sur le meurtre
de plusieurs milliers de personnes, sur la destruction d'innombrables mai-
sons d'habitation et de villages sous une forme ininterrompue qui se pro-
longerait encore aujourd'hui. Tout cela ferait partie d'un plan d'une telle
ampleur qu'il mériteraitla qualification odieuse de ((nettoyageethnique)).
Si ces allégationssont prouvées,il y aurait là l'une des violations des

droits de l'homme et de la dignitéhumaine les plus graves qui se seraient
produites depuis la conclusion de la seconde guerre mondiale. Des viola-
tions des droits de I'homme revêtantcette ampleur sont de nature à
imposer a la communauté mondiale la lourde responsabilitéd'une inter-
vention à caractérepréventifet la doctrine est bien établieen droit que de
telles atteintes flagrantes aux droits de I'homme, n'importe où, sont
l'affaire de chacun d'entre nous, partout. Le principe de souveraineténe
peut nullement être opposéa l'action de la communauté mondiale visant
à empêcherces violations quand celles-ci revêtentl'ampleur et le carac-
tèrequi sont allégués.
D'un autre côté,les frappes aérienneslancéespar les pays membres de
l'OTAN ont beau avoir pour intention louable d'empêchercesviolations,
le demandeur affirme que ce recours à la force n'a pas étéapprouvé ni

autorisé par l'organisation des Nations Unies et qu'il constitue une
infractionà certaines dispositions expresses de la Charte. Le demandeur
fait aussi étatd'atteintes aux dispositions de la convention de Genèvede
1949et de son protocole additionnel no 1de 1977relatif a la protection
des civils et des biens de caractère civil en temps de guerre.
Ces affirmations souléventd'importantes questions juridiques de fond
qu'il faut examiner avec attention. La Yougoslavie affirme que plus de
mille civils ontététués,dont des femmes et des enfants, des personnes
âgéeset des infirmes,quatre mille cinqcents civils sérieusement blessés, des
milliersd'habitations détruites,que plusieursmilliersd'emploisont été per-
dus et qu'il a édétruitdes entreprises industrielles,des écoles,des moyens
de télécommunication,des aéroports,des hôpitaux, de mêmeque des ins-
titutions culturelles, des monuments, des lieux de culte et des monuments

historiques. Un million de ressortissants seraient privésd'alimentation en
eau et le demandeur soutient en outreque des dommages graves ont été
causésà l'environnement et sont toujours causés a l'environnement par
le bombardement de raffineries de pétrole et d'usines chimiques, ainsi
que par l'emploi de bombes contenant de l'uranium appauvri, et que
l'interdiction d'utiliser des armes conçues pour causer des souffrances
inutiles n'est pas respectée puisqu'il estfait usage de bombes en grappe. Such is the background to the matter now before the Court, a situation
which has no precedent in the annals of this Court or indeed of any
other, for the Court is being asked to do no less than to prevent or miti-
gate the severities of a major military operation. This is thus a seminal

moment in judicial history and 1cannot permit it to pass without some
suggestions which, though 1 am in a minority, may still, 1 hope, be of
some utility.

In this case the Applicant requests the Court to issue provisional meas-
ures requiring the Respondent to stop immediately the violation of vari-
ous obligations towards Yugoslavia which Yugoslavia alleges are being
violated.
The Respondent on the other hand claims that its actions are taken
with purely humanitarian intent to prevent gross violations of human
rights extending to genocide which have been perpetrated in Kosovo by
the Applicant and still continue to be perpetrated. In this context it

invokes the "clean hands" principle, a principle of equity and judicial
procedure, well recognized in al1legal systems, by which he who seeksthe
assistance of a court must come to the court with clean hands. He who
seeks equity must do equity.

It is not for the Court to pronounce at this stage upon the merits of the
allegations on eitherside. It is patently clear however that it is a precon-
dition to the granting of any relief to the Applicant that if the Applicant
is engaged on a course of violence relevant to the subject-matter of the
Application, that violence should immediately cease.
It is clear that the Court in indicating provisional measures can indi-
cate measures other than those proposed by the Applicant (S. Rosenne,
The Larv and Practice of the International Court, 1920-1996, 1997,
Vol. III, p. 1457)and that the Court may also issue measures proprio
motu, a practice which excludes the non ultra petita rule (ibid).

Moreover since both Parties are under an implied obligation until the
Court has reached its decision to refrain from any steps which might have
a prejudicial effect on the execution of the Court'secision (Rosenne, op.
cit. p. 1458)the applicant who comes to a court for interim reliefis itself
under a special obligation to desist immediately frorn al1action which has
any semblance of aggravating or extending the dispute.

The Court in this case is entitled to act onthese principles with special
stringency and my view is that it is a strict precondition to any interim
provisions the Court may order against the Respondent that the Appli- LICEITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. DISS.WEERAMANTRY) 184

Voilà le contexte dans lequel s'inscrit l'affaireportée devant la Cour,
situation qui est sans précédentdans les annales de la Cour actuelle
comme elle l'est d'ailleurs pour n'importe quelle cour, puisqu'on lui

demande rien moins que d'empêcherou d'atténuer les rigueurs d'une
grande opération militaire.Il s'agit donc d'un tournant de l'histoire judi-
ciaire que je ne peux laisser passer sans formuler quelques suggestions
qui. mêmesije suis dans la minorité,pourront peut-être encore,du moins
je l'espère,êtrede quelque utilité.

Le demandeur prie la Cour d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires
imposant au défendeur de mettre un terme àla violation de diverses obli-

gations à l'égard dela Yougoslavie dont celle-ci prétend qu'elles sont
actuellement violées.
Le défendeur, de son côté,dit que ses actions ont une fin purement
humanitaire, consistant a empêcher desviolations flagrantes des droits
de l'homme allant jusqu'au génocidequi ont étécommises au Kosovo
par le demandeur et qui y sont toujours commises aujourd'hui. Dans ce
contexte, le défendeur invoque le principe des «mains propres)), principe
d'équitéet de procédurejudiciaire parfaitement admis dans tous les sys-
tèmesde droit, en vertu duquel celui qui demande son aideà un tribunal
doit se présenter devant lui les mains propres. Qui veut l'équitédoit la
pratiquer.

Il n'incombe pasà la Cour de se prononcer à ce stade quant au fond
sur lesallégations d'aucunedes parties. Mais il est éminemmentclair que,
pour qu'il soit possiblede faire droit d'une manière ou d'une autre sa
requête,le demandeur, s'il se livreà des violences touchant ce qui fait
l'objet mêmede sa requête,doit y mettre fin immédiatement.
Il est clair aussi qu'en indiquant des mesures conservatoires, la Cour
peut adopter des mesures autres que celles que propose le demandeur
(S. Rosenne, Tlle Law and Practicc of the International Court, 1920-
1996, 1997,vol. III, p. 1457)et que la Cour peut également prescrire des
mesures proprio motu, pratique qui exclut de s'en tenirà la règle non
ultra petita (ihid.).

En outre, comme les deux parties sont implicitement tenues de s'abs-
tenir jusqu'au moment où la Cour se prononce de toutes mesures qui
pourraient avoir un effet préjudiciable à l'exécutionde cette décision
(Rosenne, op. cit., p. 1457), le demandeur qui saisit le tribunal d'une
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires a lui-mêmel'obligation
particuliére de mettre immédiatementun terme à toute action qui pour-
rait sembler de près ou de loin être denature à aggraver ou étendrele
différend.
En l'espèce,la Cour est habilitéea donner effet à ces principes avec
une rigueur particuliére et c'esà mon sens un préalable strictà toutes
mesures conservatoires que la Cour pourrait indiquer à l'encontre ducant itself should desist immediately from any act of interference with the
rights of the people of Kosovo. A violation of this precondition in any
shape or form would immediately destroy the basis of any order the

Court may make.

I stress in this context that there can be no affirmative finding of any
sort on thismatter at this stage and that al1that has been said is without
any attempt at prejudgment of any of the issues before the Court.

1 set out at the end of this opinion some thoughts regarding the pro-
visional measures which 1 think the Court could have issued, and which
1 consider appropriate, but 1 would lay down the requisite set out above
as an essential precondition to the continuing applicability of any provi-
sional measures that might be issued in circumstances such as these.

Turning next to the questions of admissibility and jurisdiction of
Yugoslavia's Application, objection has been taken to Yugoslavia's status
to make this Application. This objection is based on Yugoslavia's mem-
bership status in the United Nations.

The majority of the Court have held that the Court need not consider

this question for the purpose of deciding whether or not it can indicate
provisional measures in this case and 1respectfully agree.
1come now to the question of the Court's prima faciejurisdiction.
The jurisdiction necessary for the issue of provisional measures is
based by the Applicant on three grounds - Article 36, paragraph 2, of
the Statute, Article IX of the Genocide Convention and Article 4 of the
Convention of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration, 1930,
between Belgium and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Article 36,paragraph 2, of the Statute is, in my view, sufficient to con-
fer prima faciejurisdiction for thepurposes of provisional measures and
for this reason 1do not think it necessary to examine the other grounds
further.

1 do not share the view of the majority of the Court in regard to the
lack ofjurisdiction under Article 36,paragraph 2, and note that the main
reason why the majority have concluded that prima facie jurisdiction is
not available is that the Yugoslav declaration under Article 36, para-
graph 2, is limited to disputes arising or which may arise after 25 April
1999.défendeur que le demandeur lui-même doives'abstenir immédiatement
de toute ingérencedans l'exercice des droits du peuple kosovar. En-
freindre ce préalable sous quelque forme que ce soit détruirait immédia-
tement le fondement mêmede toute ordonnance que la Cour pourrait
adopter.
Je tiensà souligner dans ce contexte qu'à ce stade il ne s'agit pas de
formuler la moindre conclusion dans un sens ou un autre et que rien,
dans tout ce qui précède, nevise à préjuger l'unequelconque des ques-

tions que la Cour doit trancher.
A la fin de mon exposé,j'avance quelques idéesconcernant les mesures
conservatoires qu'à mon avis la Cour aurait pu prescrire et que j'estime
justifiées, maisje tiens égalemenà préciserqu'il est indispensable de res-
pecter le préalable ci-dessus pour pouvoir appliquer durablement les
mesures conservatoires qui pourraient êtreprescrites dans des circons-
tances comme celles-ci.

Nous en venons ensuite aux questions de recevabilitéet de juridiction
que soulève la requête introductive d'instance de la Yougoslavie; nous

constatons que l'on a refusé à la Yougoslavie le statut voulu pour pré-
senter cette requête.L'objection porte sur sa qualité d'Etat Membre de
l'organisation des Nations Unies.
La majoritéde ses membres ont décidéque la Cour n'avait pas besoin
d'examiner la question aux fins de décidersi ellepeut ou non indiquer des
mesures conservatoires en l'espèceet je partage leur avis.
J'en arriveà la question de la compétenceprima facie de la Cour.
Le demandeur fonde la compétence nécessaire iil'indication de me-
sures conservatoires sur trois bases: l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du
Statut, l'articleX de la convention sur le génocide et l'articleIV de la
convention de conciliation, de règlement judiciaire et d'arbitrage signée
en 1930entre la Belgique et le Royaume de Yougoslavie.
J'estime que l'article 36, paragraphe2, du Statut, suffàtconférer com-

pétence prima facir à la Cour aux fins d'indiquer des mesures conserva-
toires et je ne crois donc pas indispensable d'étudierplus avant les autres
chefs de compétence.

Je ne partage pas lesvues de la majoritédes membres de la Cour quand
ils estiment n'avoir pas compétenceau titre de l'article 36, paragraphe 2,
etje note que si la majorité aconclu en ce sens, c'est principalement parce
que la déclaration d'acceptation delajuridiction faite en vertu de l'article
36, paragraphe 2, par la Yougoslavie est limitéeaux différendssurgissant
ou pouvant surgir postérieurement au 25 avril 1999. (a) Inappropriatenessof Reference Buck to Time of Planning

The question for decision is whether the temporal restriction defeats
the entire declaration, so far as concerns the subject-matter of the present

Application, in view of the fact that the NATO air operations, the sub-
ject-matter of the Applicant's complaint, began on 24 March 1999,thus
pre-dating 25 April, the date specified in Yugoslavia's declaration. 1sthe
declaration thus inoperative in terms of the very restriction that Yugo-
slavia itself laid down?
1think not.
A vast enterprise may be planned and conceived at a particular time
and date but it does not follow that every major operation conducted
within that enterprise over the ensuing months, if it gives rise to a claim
at law, dates back to the conception of the entire enterprise. The cam-
paign may involve several breaches of vastly different State obligations
such as environmental obligations, human rights obligations, obligations
under the Convention against Torture, obligations under Conventions
relating to civilaviation, the law of the sea or conduct in war. All ofhese

operations may have been separately and individually planned on differ-
ent dates. It seems to be difficult to maintain that al1such breaches of
obligation occurred when the initial plan was conceived.

(b) Meaning of'"Dispute"

1wish to say a word here about the meaning of the term "dispute".
A dispute may remain at an abstract level, as where one party alleges
that it has a particular right and the other party disputes it. A dispute
mav on the other hand. as in most instances. assume a ~ractical form. as
where one party causes darnage to another' by some krongful act and
that other party asserts a violation of its rights and makes a claim for
compensation. There is then a dispute as to whether a wrongful act has

been done and a claim to damages exists. Both types of dispute fa11
within the accepted definition in the Court's jurisprudence nan~ely,"a
disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or inter-
ests between parties" (East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgrnent,
I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 99, para. 22).

Clearly the allegations of wrongful acts of the varied descriptions set
out in the Application and the resulting claims based upon them are al1
"disputes" within the meaning of that term in the Court's jurisprudence. a) Il n'estpas justijïé de revenir au momenr
ou l'opérationa étéplanifiée

La question à trancher est de savoir si la restriction d'ordre temporel
Ôtetout effet à la déclaration pour ce qui concerne l'objet de la présente

requête,parce que les opérations aériennesde l'OTAN, qui font l'objet
de la plainte du demandeur, ont commencéle 24 mars 1999,soit anté-
rieurement au 25 avril, qui est la date indiquéedans la déclaration de la
Yougoslavie. La déclaration est-elle ainsi dépourvued'effet en raison de
la restriction que la Yougoslavie a définie elle-même?
Je ne le Dense Das.
Une vaste entreprise peut êtreplanifiéeet conçue a un moment et àune
date déterminésmais il ne s'ensuit pas que toute opération importante
menéedans le cadre de ladite entreprise pendant les mois qui suivent,
si elle donne lieuà une réclamation en justice, remonte à la conception
mêmede toute l'entreprise. La campagne peut se traduire par plusieurs
violations d'obligations étatiques profondément différentes,par exemple
des obligations écologiques, des obligations en matière de droits de

l'homme, des obligations découlant de la convention contre la torture,
des obligations découlant de conventions relatives à l'aviation civile,au
droit de la mer ou à la conduite de la guerre. Toutes ces opérations ont
peut-êtreété planifiéed se façon distincte, individuellement,à des dates
différentes. 11me paraît difficile de soutenir que toutes ces infractions
à des obligations se sont produites au moment de la conception du
plan initial.

b) Le sens du terme «différend»

Je tiens a dire ici un mot au sujet du sens du terme «différend».
Il arrive qu'un différendse situe à un niveau abstrait, quand une des
parties allègue qu'elle estdotée d'un certaindroit et que l'autre partie le
conteste. Un différendpeut en revanche, comme c'est le cas dans la plu-
part des instances judiciaires, revêtir uneforme concrète, c'est-à-dire

qu'une partie cause des dommages a l'autre partie sous l'effet d'un acte
illiciteet cette autre partie affirme alors que ses droits ont été violéest elle
demande réparation. Il existe alors un différendsur le point de savoir s'il
a étécommis un acte illicite et si la victime est fondéede réclamer des
dommages et intérêtsL . es deux types de différendentrent dans le cadre
de la définition admisepar la Cour dans sa jurisprudence, à savoir qu'il
s'agit d'«un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, un conflit, une
opposition de thèsesjuridiques ou d'intérêtsentre des parties)) (Timor
orietztal(Portugal c.Austrulir), arrêt,C.I.J. Recuei1995, p. 99, par. 22).
Manifestement, les allégationsd'actesillicitesrépondantà diverses des-
criptions dans la requêteet les demandes correspondantes découlant de
ces actes sont toutes des «différends» au sens que ce terme revêtdans la
jurisprudence de la Cour. (c) Differences in Obligations Breached

When in a bombing campaign a bridge over an international river is
blown up, a chemicals factory destroyed, a prohibited weapon used or a
hospital demolished, each of these acts, if wrongful, would be the subject
of a different dispute and a distinct claim. These claims may involve the
violation of different types of rights and different rules of law - naviga-
tion rights, environmental rights, human rights, humanitarian rules and

rules under the Geneva Conventions.

In this case, as 1 understand it, the Court is faced with a number of
such acts, separately executed and separated in time. In my viewit strains
the rules of legal interpretation to conclude that al1of these constitute
onedispute which was complete when the bombing campaign was decided
upon. Disputes at law are not confined to disputes at such an abstract
and theoretical level. It is of the nature ofjudicial proceedings and litiga-
tion at every level that disputes both abstract and practical are brought
before courts for determination.

It is relevant to note in this connection that the claim as stated in the
Application asserts the violation of different legal obligations in respect
of the different categories ofdamage. Among these are violations of obli-
gations not to use prohibited weapons, obligations not to cause far-
reaching health and environmental damage, obligations respecting the
right to information, obligations to respect freedom of navigation on
international rivers and obligations not to commit any act of hostility
towards historical monuments, works of art or places of worship.

To take some specificexamples the disputes arising from the bombing
of an embassy, from the bombing of a TV station, from the bombing of
a passenger train, a school or a power station al1arise when those acts in
fact take place and not before the acts were done. To hold otherwise
would be unrealistic and contrary to legal principle.

A major campaign may even take years and this does not mean that
every act of wrongdoing that may be committed in the course of that
campaign - even though those acts are years apart - dates back in law

to the time when it was decided to commence hostilities.

(d) Maturation of a Legal Claim

A legal principle well recognized in al1legal systems is that an act of
wrongdoing is completed when the wrong is done, not when it was c) Les infractions à des obligations ne sont pas les mêmes

Quand, à l'occasion d'une campagne de bombardements, un pont
enjambant un cours d'eau international saute, qu'une usine de produits

chimiques est détruite,qu'une arme interdite est utiliséeou qu'un hôpital
est démoli,chacun de ces actes, s'ilest illicite, fera l'objet d'un différend
distinct et d'une réclamationégalement distincte.Ces demandes répon-
dent à la violation de différents typesde droits et de différentes règles:
des droits intéressant la navigation, des droits intéressant I'environne-
ment, des droits de l'homme, des règleshumanitaires et des règlesappli-
cables en vertu des conventions de Genève.
En l'espèce,la Cour est Amon avis face à un certain nombre d'actes de
cette sorte, exécutésséparémentet séparésaussi dans le temps. C'est à
mon avis un abus des règlesde l'interprétation juridique que de conclure
que tous ces actes ne constituent qu'un seul et même différend parfaite-

ment constituéau moment où il a étédécidé de mener cette campagne de
bombardements. Les différendsd'ordre juridique ne sont pas limités à
des différends revêtantun aspect aussi abstrait et aussi théorique. Par
nature, les procéduresjudiciaires et les procès portenta tous les niveaux
sur des différends a la fois abstraits et concrets dont les tribunaux ont a
connaître.
Il y a lieu de noteà cet égardque la demande telle qu'elleest énoncée
dans la requête faitétat de la violation d'obligations juridiques diffé-
rentes concernant différentes catégoriesde dommages. Il y a notamment
violation de l'obligation de ne pas recourir à des armes interdites, de
I'obligation de ne pas causer a la santéet à l'environnement des dom-

mages assortis d'effets considérables,de l'obligation de respecter le droit
Al'information, de l'obligation de respecter la libertéde navigation sur
les cours d'eau internationaux et de I'obligation de s'abstenir de tout
acte d'hostilité l'égarddes monuments historiques, des Œuvresd'art ou
des lieux de culte.
Pour prendre quelques exemples précis,les différendsqui surgissent à
la suite du bombardement d'une ambassade, du bombardement d'une
station de télévision.du bombardement d'un train de passagers, d'une
écoleou d'une centrale électrique surgissenttous quand lesdits actes se
produisent effectivement et non pas avant que ces actes soient commis.
Toute autre conclusion serait peu réaliste etcontraire au principe de droit

en cause.
Une campagne de grande ampleur peut mêmeprendre des années etcela
ne veut pas dire que chacun des actes illicitesqui pourront êtrecommis au
cours de cette campagne - même s'il s'écoule daensnéesentre cesactes -
remonte en droit au moment où il a étédécidé d'entamer les hostilités.

d) Maturation d'unedemande au sensjuridique

Dans tous les systèmesde droit, il existe un principe bien établi quiest
qu'un acte illiciteest effectivement commis quand le mal est fait, non pasplanned. To take an analogy from domestic law, such an act of wrong-
doing would be dated, for purposes of statutes of limitation or otherwise,
as from the date when the wrongful act is committed. Until such commis-
sion the cause of action would not be complete. A plan or an intention to
cause damage does not ripen into ajusticiable claim until the physical act
is done which causes the damage. In the well-known learning of the
Roman law relating to damnum injuria datum, dumnum needs to be
dutum before it grounds a claim at law.

In this view of the matter the fact that the bombing campaign as a
whole was conceived before the material date, namely 25April 1999,can-
not carry the implication that acts of wrongdoing committed and perhaps
even individually planned subsequent to that date must be taken as relat-
ing back in law to the date of conception of the entire scheme. They are
committed in law when they are committed in fact and not when they are
planned, just as any act in law attracts liability not as from the date when
itis conceived but when it is executed.

(e) International Lu~vCommission's Druft Articles
on Srate Responsihilily

The limitation rationr temporis thus does not seem to me to be a satis-
factory basis on which to hold that the Court lacks even prima facie
jurisdiction. The fact that the matter cannot be so simply dealt with as
the Court has chosen to do is borne out also by the International Law
Commission's Draft Articles on State Responsibility dealing with
breaches of State responsibility which are part of a series. Article 25
which deals with the matter points out that the time of commission of a
breach extends over the entire period during which the act continues and
that in the case of aeriesof acts or omissions the breach of international
obligation occurs at the moment when the particular act or omission is

accomplished.

(0 lntention of Author of Reservation

Moreover, the construction adopted does not adequately consider the
intention of theauthor of the reservation, which is an important factor to
be taken into account in construing the overall meaning of a declaration

(see Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spuin v. Canada), Jurisdiction qf the Court,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 454, para. 49). Yugoslavia, in drafting
itsdeclaration, could not have intended to exclude from the Court's juris-
diction the very incidents of which it was complaining and which it had
made the subject-matter of its Application. Such a self-defeating inten-quand il a été envisagé A. des fins de comparaison, voyons ce que fait le
droit interne: l'actey sera daté,des finsde prescription par exemple, du
moment où le mal aura été commis. Jusqu'à ce moment-la, une action en

justice n'est pas vraiment justifiée.Le projet ou I'intention de causer un
dommage ne va pas mûrir au point de fonder une demande de réparation
en justice tant que I'acte physique qui provoque le dommage n'est pas
réalisé.Le droit romain nous l'enseigne: quand il dit dumnum injuria
dutum, il faut que durnnumsoit dutum avant de motiver une demande de
réparation en droit.
Dans cette optique, le fait que la campagne de bombardements dans
son ensemble a étéconçue avant la date critique, c'est-à-dire avant le
25 avril 1999, ne peut pas signifier implicitement que les actes illicites
commis et peut-êtremême planifiés individuellementpostérieurement à
cette date doivent s'entendre comme remontant en droit à la date de
conception du plan global. Ces actes sont commis en droit au moment où
ils sont commis en fait et non pas quand ils sont planifiés,tout comme

n'importe quel acte, en droit, engage la responsabiliténon pasà compter
de la date à laquelle il a étéconçu mais à compter du moment où il est
exécuté.

e) Le projet d'articles de la Commis.siondu droit international
sur lu responsabilitédeteEtats

La limitation ratione temporis ne me semble donc pas autoriser de
façon satisfaisanteà conclure que la Cour n'est pas compétente, fût-ce
primafacie. La Commission du droit international confirme le fait que la
question ne peut pas se résoudreaussi facilement que la Cour a choisi de
le faire; ellele confirme dans son projet d'articles sur la responsabilitédes
Etats qui traite des infractionscette responsabilité, lesquellesfont partie
de toute une série.Dans son projet d'article25, qui porte sur la question,
la Commission ditque le temps de perpétration dela violation s'étendsur
la période entièredurant laquelle ce fait continue et que, s'agissant d'un
fait composé d'uneséried'actions ou omissions, la violation d'une obli-
gation internationale se produit au moment où est réalisI'acteou I'omis-
sion considérée.

f) L'intention de l'auteur de la réserve

En outre, l'interprétation de la déclaration du demandeur qui a été
retenue ne prend pas bien en compte I'intention de l'auteur de la réserve,
qui est pourtant fort utile pour interpréter globalement une déclaration
(voir Compétence en matière depêcheries,(Espagne c. Canada), compé-
tence de lu Cour,urrêt, C.I.J. Recueil1998,p. 454, par. 49). En rédigeant

sa déclaration, la Yougoslavie ne peut pas avoir voulu exclure du champ
de compétence de la Cour les incidents mêmesdont elle se plaint et sur
lesquels elle fait porter saequète. Une intention qui irait a ce point àtion can scarcely be imputed to the author of such an important docu-
ment.

(g) The Question of Divisibility
On the question of divisibility, 1 agree with the contention that a dis-
pute is not infinitely divisible into a multitude of separate fragmentary

events such as the firing of every individual bullet. Such analogies are
however totally distinguishable. Fragmentary acts of this nature cannot
be equated to events which are major incidents in themselves such as the
accidental bombing of a train or a hospital or an embassy.

(h) Inudequacy of Temporal Limitation to Defeat
Prima Facie Jurisdiction

In short, whichever way one looks at it, there is certainly a prima facie
case that there isjurisdictionratione temporis. At the very least the mat-
ter is debatable, and hence there is no adequate reason for refusing to
consider this matter on the basis of a lack of prima faciejurisdiction.
In reaching this conclusion 1 apply the tests which are well recognized
in the jurisprudence of the Court. The Court should be able to hold
"should it be only provisionally, that it was competent to hear the case
on the merits" (Rosenne, op. cit., p. 1444).

Enough has been said to indicate that the prima facie jurisdiction
which is sufficient to support anorder for provisional measures does exist
in this case. It is clearly not a case where could be assumed apriori that
the claims of Yugoslavia "fall completely outside the purview of the
Court's jurisdiction" (Nuclear Tests (Au.stralia v. France), Interim Pro-
tection, Order of 22 June 1973, 1.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 103, para. 23;
Nuclear Tests (New Zeuland v. France), Interim Protection, Order of
22 June 1973, 1.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 140, para. 24; Rosenne, op. cit.,
p. 1448).

Granted then that the Application is admissible and that the Court has
prima facie jurisdiction 1 move now to a consideration of the appropri-
ateness of the issue of provisional measures in this case.

(a) Urgency

A prerequisite to the issue of provisional measures is urgency.
The circumstances of this case leave no doubt regarding the satisfac-
tion of this condition.All over Yugoslavia lives are being lost every day,
people are seriously injured and maimed and property loss of various
descriptions is being sustained.l'encontre du but recherchépeut difficilementêtre imputée à l'auteur d'un
texte aussi important.

g) La question de la divisibilité

Sur la question de la divisibilité,je souscris à l'idéequ'un différend
n'est pas divisible l'infini enune multitude d'événementsfragmentaires

distincts se ramenant, à la limite, au fait de tirer une balle. Mais il est
facile de faire la distinction entre ces comparaisons. Les actes fragmen-
taires de cette nature ne peuvent pas équivaloir des événementsqui sont
des incidents majeurs en soi, tels le bombardement accidentel d'un train,
d'un hôpital ou d'une ambassade.

h) Une limitation temporelle ne suffit pas a ôter
toute compétence prima facie

Bref, de quelque point de vue que l'observateur se place, il faut incon-
testablement admettre prima facie qu'il y a compétenceratione temporis.
Tout au moins la question prête à débat, et il n'est donc pas justifiéde
refuser de l'examiner faute de compétence prima facie.

En concluant de cette façon,j'applique lescritères qui sont bien établis
dans la jurisprudence de la Cour. Celle-ci doit pouvoir soutenir que,((ne
serait-ce qu'à titre provisoire, elle est compétente pour connaître de
l'affaire au fond» (Rosenne, op. cit., p. 1444).
J'en aidit assez pour montrer que la compétence prima facie qui suffit
à autoriser l'indication de mesures existe bien en la présente espèce. Ce
n'est manifestement pas une affaire ou l'on peut tenirpour acquisà priori
que les demandes de la Yougoslavie ((échappentcomplètement à la juri-
diction de la Cour» (Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France), mesures
conservatoires. ordonnancedu 22 juin 1973, C.I.J. Recueil 1973, p. 103,
par. 23; Essais nucléaires(Nouvelle-Zélandec. France), mesures conser-
vatoires. ordonnancedu 22juin 1973, C.I.J. Recueil 1973, p. 140,par. 24;
Rosenne, op. cit., p. 1448).

Considérant donc que la requêteest recevable et que la Cour a com-
pétenceprima fuci~, j'en viens à examiner s'il est justifiéd'indiquer des
mesures conservatoires en l'espèce.

a) L'urgence

Pour indiquer des mesures conservatoires, il faut qu'ily ait urgence.
Les circonstances de l'espècene permettent pas de douter que cette
condition soit remplie. Partout en Yougoslavie, des vies humaines sont
perdues tous lesjours, des personnes sont gravement blesséeset mutilées
et l'on enregistre aussi des pertes de biens, ceux-ci étant de divers types. This Court acts urgently when the circumstances require it and this
case is one such.
The Court is so sensitive to considerations of urgency especially where
they concern the possible loss of human life that it has moved within
a week ( Vienna Convention on Consulur Relations (Puruguay v. United
States oJ Americu)) or indeed within a day (LaGrand (Germuny
v. United Stutes of America)) to issue provisional measures where a
single human life was involved. Witho~it needing to elaborate upon the
factual details of the deaths and damage alleged by the Applicant to
have been causedbythe bombing of Yugoslavia byNATO forcesand with-
out elaborating on the allegations of continuing human rights violations
committed and continuing to be committed by the Applicant in Kosovo

as alleged by the Respondent, it is clear that great urgencies exist in the
present case. These urgently cal1for the issue of appropriate provisional
measures preserving the rights of both Parties, preventing the escalation
of the disputes and allaying the human suffering referred to in the alle-
gations of both Parties. 1 do not think that the complexity of the issues
takes away from the need to act with urgency in a matter of urgency -
particularly where the urgencies areas telling as in the matter now before
the Court.

(b) Seminul Nature of the Issues Involved

This case raises certain issues which reach through to the core of the
United Nations Charter. They will of course corne up for determination
at the appropriate stage. At this provisional measures stage one needs to
go no further than to determine whether an arguable issue exists. This
criterion is more than satisfied in the present case.
One such issue is whether, assuming the entirely laudable nature of
NATO's object of protecting the refugees from Kosovo, that intention
could be given effect otherwise than in conformity with the provisions of
the United Nations Charter.
There are Charter provisions which have a direct bearing on this sub-
ject namely Article 2 (3),Article 2 (4)and Article 53 (1). They contain a
clear rule that international disputes should be settled by peaceful means,
a clear prohibition of the use of force against the territorial integrity of
any State and a clear prohibition of enforcement action without the

authorization of the Security Council.

The Respondent has not been heard upon these matters and if the
Court finds affirmatively that it has jurisdiction to hear this Application
it will consider them. All that is necessary at the present stage of provi-
sional measures is to determine whether there is a justiciable issue within
the Court's prima faciejurisdiction that awaitsdetermination. Indeed the
Court indicates no less when in its Judgment it refers to the complex
issues relating to legality that arise in connection with the military actions
of NATO. LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. DISS. WEERAMANTRY) 190

La Cour agit de toute urgence quand les circonstances l'exigent, ettel
est le cas en l'espèce.
La Cour est sensible aux considérationsd'urgence, surtout quand il y a

risque de pertes de vies humaines, au point qu'il ne lui a fallu qu'une
semaine (Convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires(Paruguay
c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique)), voire un seul jour (LaGrand (Allemagne c.
Etats-Unis d'Amérique))pour indiquer des mesures conservatoires alors
que la vie d'une seule personne étaitenjeu. Sans avoir à entrer dans le dé-
tail concret des morts et des dommages qui sont, d'après les allégations
du demandeur, dus au bombardement de la Yougoslavie par les forces
de I'OTAN et sans m'étendre non plus sur les violations des droits de
l'homme qui seraient commises en permanence et continueraient de l'être
par le défendeur au Kosovo, comme le demandeur l'allègue,il est clair
que I'urgence est véritablement pressante en l'espèce.D'où la nécessité

d'indiquer de toute urgence des mesures conservatoires du droit de cha-
cun qui soient adaptées, qui empêchent l'escalade des différends eq tui
allègent les souffrances dont les deux Parties font état. Je ne pense pas
que la complexité desquestions en jeu atténue la nécessitéd'agir avec
I'urgence requisequand celle-cis'impose - d'autant plus quand I'urgence
est aussi manifeste quelle l'estdans la question portée aujourd'hui devant
la Cour.

b) Caractèrefonrlamentui des questions en cause

La présente espèce soulèvecertaines questions qui touchent au cŒur
mêmede la Charte des Nations Unies. Il faudra naturellement statuer à
leur sujet en temps opportun. Aujourd'hui, au stade des mesures conser-
vatoires, ily a simplement lieu d'établirqu'il y a matière à débat. Cette
condition ne saurait êtremieux remplie.
Une des questions qui se posent est de savoir si, à supposer que la
volonté de I'OTAN de protégerles réfugiés du Kosovo soit intégralement

louable, il étaitpossible de donner effet cette intention autrement qu'en
accord avec les dispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies.
Certaines dispositions de la Charte intéressentdirectement la question:
le paragraphe 3 de l'article 2, le paragraphe 4 de l'article 2 et le para-
graphe 1de l'article 53. Ces règlesdisposent clairement que les différends
internationaux sont résoluspar des moyens pacifiques, interdisent claire-
ment l'emploi de la force contre l'intégritéterritoriale de tout Etat, et
interdisent clairement que soient prises des mesures coercitives sansl'auto-
risation du Conseil de sécurité.
Le défendeurn'a pas étéentendu sur ces différents points et si la Cour
conclut à sa compétencepour connaître de la requête,elle les examinera.
Au stade actuel des mesures conservatoires, il faut simplement établirsi

une question litigieuse entrant dans le champ de la compétence prima
furie de la Cour doit être tranchée.D'ailleurs, la Cour ne dit pas autre
chose quand elle évoque dans sa décision les questions complexes de
licéitéqui se posent au sujet des actions militaires de I'OTAN.191 LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (DISSO . P.WEERAMANTRY)

This issue is a serious one going to the roots of international order, for
disregard of the Charter, if such indeed be the case, can have long-term
effects on the stability of the international community itself and on the
international rule of law. It is an arguable one and lies at the heart of the
dispute before the Court. There are also issues relating to the alleged and
continuing violation of the Geneva Convention of 1949,the Additional
Protocol No. 1 of 1949relating to the protection of civilians and civilian
objects in time of war and of the rules against the use of prohibited weap-
ons and of the laws of war. Al1these are principles so important to inter-
national order that their alleged violations involve a special degree of

urgency. They are thus additional factors indicative of the appropriate-
ness of provisional measures if the Court should have prima facie
jurisdiction.

Issues have thus been raised which are so serious as, granted jurisdic-
tion, would warrant the issue of provisional measures pending their
determination.

(c) Centrality of the Notion of Peacqful Resolution of Disputes

The peaceful resolution of disputes is a cornerstone of the United
Nations Charter. 1do not need to elaborate on this point. It ranks high
among the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations and finds its
place at the very forefront of the United Nations Charter in Article 1(1).
War, its antithesis,is mentioned in the very firstpreambular paragraph of
the Charter as the scourgefrom which the peoples of the United Nations
are determined to save succeeding generations.

These matters of highest concern to the international community are
the bedrock on which the Charter is built and the Court ispar excellence
the judicial institution which has been structured, in furtherance of these
resolves, for the peaceful resolution of disputes. Fashioned as an embodi-
ment of the rule of law which was to replace force as the arbiter of inter-
national disputes, the Court is charged with the highest responsibilities in
upholding the peaceful resolution of disputes, and the judicial implemen-
tation of the principles of the Charter. Where there is an allegation of a
violation of this basic principle there is an issue which awaits theerious
and urgent consideration of the Court thus making out a further reason
for the issue of provisional measures until this matter is resolved.

Article 2, paragraph 3, sets out as a fundamental principle that al1
Members shall settle their disputes by peaceful means in such a manner
that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
Authoritative treatises on the Charter characterize the principle of the
peaceful settlement of disputes as a cornerstone of the contemporary
world order (Bruno Simma, The Charter of the United Nations, A Corn-
tnentury, 1994,p. 99). Article 2, paragraph 3,has been described as by no

means a mere recommendatory provision compliance with which would La question est importante et plonge aux racines mêmes de l'ordre inter-
national, car passer outreà la Charte, si c'est effectivement ce qu'ilfaut
constater, peut serépercuterdurablement sur la stabilitéde la communauté
internationale elle-même etsur l'étatde droit l'échelleinternationale. La
question prête à débat etse situe au cŒur du différenddont la Cour est
saisie. Se posent aussi les questions de savoir ce qu'ilen est de la violation
alléguée etconstante des conventions de Genève de 1949, du protocole
additionnel no 1 de 1949relatif à la protection des civilset des biens de
caractèrecivilen temps de guerre ainsi que des réglesprohibant l'utilisation
d'armes interditeset des régles relativesaux lois de la guerre. Ce sont tous
là des principessiimportants pour l'ordreinternational que la violation qui

en est alléguéedonne à l'affaire un degré particulier d'urgence.Il existe
donc ainsi des élémentsadditionnels justifiant l'indication de mesures
conservatoires au cas où la Cour auraiticet égard compétenc erimafacie.
En somme, les questions qui ont étéposéessont si graves qu'une fois la
compétence établie,elles justifieraient I'indication de mesures conserva-
toires tant que la Cour n'aurait pas statué sur lesdites questions.

c) Le principe du règlement puciJique des diff6rend.s est capital

Le règlement puciJique des différends est une pierre angulaire de la
Charte des Nations Unies. Je n'ai pas besoin de m'étendresur ce point.
La notion tient une place éminente parmi les buts et principes des
Nations Unies et se situe au premier rang de la Charte, au paragraphe 1

de l'article 1. Par antinomie, la guerre est évoquéeau premier alinéadu
préambule comme étantle fléaudont les peuples des Nations Unies sont
résolus à préserverles générations futures.
Ces questions du plus haut intérêp tour la communauté internationale
constituent les fondations de la Charte et la Cour est par excellencel'ins-
titution judiciaire qui a été conçuepour traduire concrétement ces réso-
lutions, c'est-à-dire en vuedu réglementpuciJiquedes différends.Conçue
pour incarner l'étatde droit destinéà remplacer la force dans l'arbitrage
des différendsinternationaux, la Cour est investie des plus hautes respon-
sabilités pour faire prévaloir le règlement pacifique des différends et
l'application judiciaire des principes de la Charte. Dès qu'il est allégué
que ce principe fondamental est violé,il y a une questionàtrancher qu'il

s'impose à la Cour d'examiner sérieusement,de toute urgence, ce qui est
encore une raison justifiant I'indication de mesures conservatoires tant
que la question n'est pas résolue.
A l'article 2, paragraphe 3, la Charte énonceun principe fondamental
qui est que les Membres de l'organisation règlentleurs différendspar des
moyens pacifiques, de telle manière que la paix et la sécuritéinternatio-
nales ainsi que la justice ne soient pas mises en danger. Les études
publiéessur la Charte qui font autorité qualifient ce principe du règle-
ment pacifique des différends de pierre angulaire de l'ordre mondial
contemporain (Bruno Simma, The Charter of the United Nations, A
Commentury, 1994,p. 99.) On a dit de ce paragraphe 3de l'article 2 que192 LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (DISS .P. WEERAMANTRY)

be within the discretion of States, but rather as a principle which gives
rise to a legal obligation (Simma, op. cit., p. 101). Indeed "the peaceful
settlement of disputes is the cornerstone of the edificewhose main pillar
is constituted by the prohibition of the use of force" (ihid., p. 100).

So well accepted was the principle embodied in Article 2 (3) that, as a
writer on the topic has observed (Hans Blix, "The Principle of Peaceful
Settlement of Disputes", in Legal Principles Governing FrirndlyReb-
fions und Co-operation among States, 1966, p. 51), the principle laid
down in Article 2, paragraph 3, "was echoed" in many other interna-

tional documents of the time both multilateral and bilateral. Among the
documents he mentions are the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and
Mutual Assistance of 1955 (the Warsaw Treaty), the North Atlantic
Treaty, 1949,and the Bandung Declaration, 1955.The first two embody
this principle in their very first article'.

Reference should also be made in this context to the primacy accorded

to the prohibition of force and the peaceful settlement of disputes in the
Declaration of Friendly Relations and Co-operation amongst States in
Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations adopted by acclama-
tion in the General Assembly on the 25th Anniversary of the Organiza-
tion. Marking the culmination of ten years of deliberations on the basic
principles of international law and the Charter, this declaration under-
scored the importance attached to these principles by the community of
nations. An allegation of non-compliance with these principles and of

resulting loss of life and damage on a continuing basis cannot but mark
out such a case as appropriate for the issue of provisional measures,
granted of course that the Court has prima faciejurisdiction2.

' Article 1of the Warsaw Treaty reads as follows:
"The Contracting Parties undertake. in accordance with the Charter of the United
Nations. . to settle their international disputes by peaceful means." (UNTS, Vol.219,
p. 26.)
Article 1 of the North Atlantic Treaty reads as follows:

"The Parties undertake, as setrth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle
any international dispute in which they may be involved by peaceful in such a
refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner
inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations." (UNTS. Vol. 34, p. 244:
NATO basic documents. 1981. p. IO.)

principles see further V. S. Mani, BPrincip1e.of Modorri Ititernurionul Law. 1993. thesece n'étaitnullement une simple recommandation, dont le respect relève-
rait du pouvoir discrétionnaire de chaque Etat, mais que c'étaitplutôt un
principe se traduisant par une obligation juridique (Simma, op. rit.
p. 101). C'est-à-dire que «le règlement pacifique des différends estla
pierre angulaire de l'édificedont le pilier central est constituépar I'inter-
diction de l'emploi de la force)) (ihid., p. 100).
Le principe ainsi consacréau paragraphe 3 de l'article 2 de la Charte a

étési bien acceptéqu'un auteur s'intéressant à la question (Hans Blix,
«The Principle of Peaceful Settlement of Disputes)), dans Legal Princi-
ples Govrrning Friendly Relations and Co-operationamong States, 1996,
p. 51), fait observer que ce principe du paragraphe 3 de l'article 2 «a
trouvé écho» dans un bon nombre d'autres textes internationaux de
l'époque, quisont des documents tant multilatéraux que bilatéraux. Et
l'auteur fait état du traitéd'amitié, de coopérationet d'assistance réci-

proque de 1955 (le pacte de Varsovie), du traité de l'Atlantique Nord
(1949) et de la déclaration de Bandoung de 1955. Les deux premiers
traités consacrent le principe dèsleur article premier '.
Il convient aussi dans ce cadre d'évoquer l'importance fondamentale
accordée à l'interdiction de l'emploi de la force et au règlement pacifique
des différendsdans la déclaration relative aux principes du droit interna-
tional touchant les relations amicales et la coodration entre les Etats

conformément à la Charte des Nations Unies, déclaration que 1'Assem-
bléegénéralea adoptée par acclamations lors du 25' anniversaire de
l'Organisation. Au terme de dix ans de débats sur ces principes fonda-
mentaux du droit international et sur la Charte, cette déclaration a sou-
lignéI'importance que ces principes revêtentpour la communauté des
nations. Que l'on allègueque ces principes ne soient pas respectés, etque

cette situation provoque constamment des pertes en vies humaines et des
dommages, porte nécessairement à conclure qu'il faut, dans une telle
affaire. indiauer des mesures conservatoires. à condition. bien entendu.
que la Cour soit compétente prima,facie2.

' L'article 1du pacte de Varsovie se lit comme suit:
«Les parties contractantes s'engagent. conformémenà la Charte des Nations
Unies ..à réglerleurs différendsinternationaux par des moyens pacifiques.»(Nations
Unies, Rrcuc~ilclrruités.vol. 219, p. 27).
L'article 1 du traitéde l'Atlantique Nord se lit comme suit:

«Les parties s'engagent. ainsi qu'ilest stipulédans la Charte des Natioàs Unies.
pourraient êtreimpliquées.de telle manière que la paix et la sécurité internationales
ainsi que la justice ne soient pas mises en danis'abstenir dans leurs relations
internationales de recouràrla menace ouà l'emploi de la force de toute manière
incompatible avec les buts des Nations Unies.» (Nations Unies. Rc,curildes trciités,
vol. 34. p. 245: documents de base de l'OTAN. 1981,p. 10.)
' On trouve une analyse des débats qui ont eu lieu à l'Assemblée généralseur
I'importance de ces principes dans V. S. Mani. Busic Prin(g'Modorn Internurionul
Loti.. 1993. The principle of peaceful settlement thus enshrined in the Charter and
widely accepted by the international community, acquires its binding
character in international law not merely by virtue of its embodiment in
the Charter but also because it is binding on every State as a rule of cus-
tomary international law (Simma, op. cit., p. 100; H. Blix, "The Principle
of the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes", in The Legal Principles Govern-
ing Friendly Re1ation.sand Co-operation among States, 1966,p. 45; The
International Socieryas a Legal Community, 1980,p. 227; H. Thierry et
al., Droit internutional public, 1984, p. 570). This view has also the
endorsement of this Court in the Nicuragua case (Military and Paramili-
tary Activities in und against Nicurugua (Nicaruguu v. United Srares of
America), Merits, Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 145,para. 291).

So pivota1 is the peaceful settlement of international disputes to the
international legal order that a distinguished former judge of this Court

has observed that :
"The settlement of disputes is the key factor in deciding whether
international society is functioning as a community governed by the
rule of law." (H. Mosler, The International Society as a Legal Com-
muniry, 1980,p. xvi.)

The settlement of disputes within the legal framework of international
society is thus elevated to the level of a hall-mark of the existence of the
international rule of law. The Applicant's assertions thus place us in the
presence of an issue which is fundamental to the existence of an ordered
international society. A corollary to this proposition is that in the absence
of an ordered mode of settlement there is here a justiciable issue of car-
dinal importance and its violation for however brief a period can work
lasting damage to the fabric of that society. This itself makes attention to
this problem of staying the present violence on both sides a matter of
great urgency.

It is not necessary to elaborate on theother Charter provisions referred
to, except to stress their centrality to the matters which the Court will
have to consider at the appropriate stage, and that they raise issues of
considerable complexity as the Court itself has stressed. They are not
issueswhich are easily decided but sincethey go to the heart of the Appli-
cant's claims cannot at this stage be discounted when the Court is con-
sidering the appropriateness of provisional measures.

Against so strong a legal background relating to the peaceful settle-
ment of disputes, when the Court is confronted with a case involving the
use of force, where continuing events of a major nature involving loss of
human life and other serious damage occur from day to day the need for
provisional measures becomes evermore compelling until the legal issues
are resolved. LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. DISS.WEERAMANTRY) 193

Ce principe du règlement pacifique ainsiconsacrépar la Charte et lar-
gement acceptépar la communauté internationale acquiert son caractère
obligatoire en droit international non pas simplement en vertu de la place
qu'il occupe dans la Charte mais aussi parce qu'il a force obligatoire pour
chaque Etat en tant que règlede droit international coutumier (Simma,
op. cit., p. 100; H. Blix, «The Principles of the Peaceful Settlement of
Disputes)), dans Legal Principles GoverningFriendly Relations and Co-
operation among States, 1966,p. 45; The Internutional Society as a Legal
Community, 1980, p. 227; H. Thierry et al., Droit international public,
1984, p. 570). La Cour actuelle a égalementfait sienne cette idée,dans
l'affaire duicaraguu (Activitésmilitaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua
et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique),fond, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 145, par. 291).

Le règlement pacifique des différendsinternationaux estàce point fon-
damental pour l'ordre juridique international qu'un ancien juge éminent
de la Cour a pu faire observer ceci:
((Le rt?gleinentdes différendsest la cléqui permet de décidersi la
sociétéinternationale est bien régiepar le droit.))H. Mosler, The
International Society as a Legul Community, 1980,p. xvi.)

Dans le cadre juridique de la sociétéinternationale, le règlement des
différends estdonc élevé au rang de signe distinctif permettant de dire si
l'étatde droit existàl'échelleinternationale. Lesaffirmations du deman-
deur nous mettent face à une question autour de laquelle tourne I'exis-
tence mêmed'une sociétéinternationale acquise a l'ordre. Cette proposi-
tion a pour corollaire qu'en l'absenced'un mode de règlement respectueux
de l'ordre, il existe ici une question litigieuse d'importance capitale, et

la violation de l'ordre, aussi brèveque soit la rupture, peut durablement
endommager le tissu de ladite société. Cela suffit donner un caractère
d'urgence extrême A la nécessitéde mettre un terme aux violences ac-
tuelles des deux côtés.
11n'y a pas lieu de s'étendresur les autres dispositions de la Charte qui
ont étécitées,si ce n'est pour souligner qu'elles se situent au centre des
questions que la Cour devra examiner en temps opportun, et qu'elles
soulèvent des problémesd'une complexitéconsidérable dont la Cour a
elle-même conscience. Ce nesont pas des problèmes qu'il est facile de
résoudre mais, comme ils se situent au plus profond des demandes for-
mulées, il n'est pas possible de les écartera ce stade où la Cour examine
s'il est opportun d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires.
Dans cet arrière-plan juridique, le règlement pacifique des différends
occupe une place si solideA un moment où la Cour est face àune affaire
marquée par l'emploi de la force, par des événementsd'une importance
considérablepuisqu'ils se traduisent tous lesjours par des pertes en vies
humaines et d'autres dommages graves, qu'il s'impose d'autant plus

d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires à appliquer jusqu'au moment où
une solution sera trouvée aux problèmesjuridiques. Till such time the course dictated by thejurisprudence of the centuries,
where human tragedy and loss of life are involved, is for the Court to
issue provisional measures preserving the rights of the parties and pre-
venting the escalation of the conflict. Such a course would also be in
accordance with the primordial principles underlying the Charterand the
Statute.

Whatever the genesis of the present matter, 1think it would be inap-
propriate for the Court to respond negatively when its jurisdiction is
invoked in such a situation.
It may be that for jurisdictional reasons the Court is totally unable to
respond in the majority of the ten cases that have been brought before it.
But in the cases where the Court can respond - be it in only one -
1believe it should, because the issues involved are central to international
order and the international rule of law, and when defined and applied by
the Court will have their influence beyond the confines of the particular
case.

(d) Involvement of a Political Element

1 wish to deal here with the argument that the Court must not per-
mit itself to be "politicized" or used as a political instrument - an
argument which was addressed to the Court at some length. This is an
argument which has been addressed to the Court in some other cases
as well and 1 believe it is necessary to record some thoughts on the
subject.
It should be clear that many, if not the vast majority, of the cases that
are brought before the Court involve a political element. The fact that a

political element is involved does not mean that there are no legal ele-
ments involved. Where legal elements are involved it is in my view inap-
propriate to suggest that merely because a political element is also
involved, the pressure of that political element would in some manner
deprive the Court of its right and indeed its duty to consider the legal
element of a dispute which is rightly brought before it in its capacity as
the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. If parties cannot bring
such a dispute before the Court merely because a political element is
involved they would be deprived of an essential right and relief which
they enjoy under the United Nations system.

Making orders and delivering opinions in legal matters is the proper

function and judicial responsibility of the Court and when the Court
properly discharges its obligations in this regard the Court's determina-
tion will naturally have its repercussions in many spheres including the
political.
Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, in referring to the distinction between legal
and political disputes, has observed that it has become an obstacle in the
way of legal progress and that "the doctrine is untenable in theory and LICEITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. DISS. WEERAMANTRY) 194

Jusqu'à ce moment-là, la voie a suivre, que dicte lajurisprudence accu-
mulée pendant des siècles. quand se déroule un drame humain qui
s'exprime par des pertes en vies humaines, consiste pour la Cour à indi-
quer des mesures conservatoires du droit de chacun et à prévenirl'esca-
lade du conflit. Cette voie serait égalementconforme aux principes essen-
tiels dont s'inspirent la Charte et le Statut.
Quelle que soit la genèsede l'affaire,je crois que la Cour ne serait pas
fondée à répondre par la négativequand elle est priéed'exercer sa com-

pétencedans une telle situation.
Il se peut que pour des raisons juridictionnelles, la Cour soit parfaite-
ment incapable de réagirdans la majorité des dix affairesdont elle a été
saisie. Mais dans lesespècesoù la Cour peut réagir - n'yen eût-il qu'une
seuleje crois qu'elledoit le faire, parce que lesproblèmesen cause sont
fondamentaux pour l'ordre international et l'état de droit à l'échelle
internationale, et que lessolutions définieset appliquéespar la Cour exer-
ceront une influence qui ira au-delà des limites de l'affaire particulière
laquelle elles sont liées.

d) II y LIun t.lt.mentpolitique en cause

Je tiensàm'arrêterici sur un argument qui a été plaidé devant la Cour
assez longuement: la Cour ne doit pas se laisser allera la (<politisation»
et ne doit pas non plus servir d'instrument politique. C'est un argument
qui a été développd éevant la Cour dans certaines autres affaires aussi et
j'estime devoir formuler a ce sujet quelques observations.

Il faut bien voir qu'un bon nombre des affaires, sinon leur vaste majo-
rité,dont la Cour est saisie ont un aspect politique. Qu'un élément poli-
tique soit en cause ne signifiepas qu'il n'existe pas d'éléments juridiques.

Or, quand des élémentsjuridiquessont en cause,j'estime injustifié de dire
que, du seul fait qu'un élémentpolitique soit également encause, la pres-
sion exercéepar cet élémentpolitique va en quelque sorte ôter à la Cour
le droit, mêmel'obligation qu'elle a d'examiner l'élémenjturidique d'un
différenddont elle est saisieiijuste titre, parce qu'elle est l'organe judi-
ciaire principal del'organisation des Nations Unies. Si lesparties ne peu-
vent pas saisir la Cour d'un différend simplement parce que celui-ci
contient un élémentpolitique, elles se priveraient d'un droit et d'un
recours essentiels dont elles bénéficientdans le cadre du système des
Nations Unies.

Rendre des ordonnances, rendre des avis en matièrejuridique constitue
le rôle normalement attribué à la Cour ainsi que sa fonctionjudiciaire, et,
quand la Cour s'acquitte normalement de ses obligations àcet égard,sa
décisionva tout naturellement avoir des répercussionsdans beaucoup de
domaines, y compris le domaine politique.
Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, évoquant la distinction entre le différendjuri-
dique et le différendpolitique, a fait observer que cette distinction était
devenue un obstacle sur la voie du progrèsdu droit et que ((cettedoctrineharmful in practice" (The Function of Law in the International Commu-
nity, 1929,p. 435.)

1 wish to place on record my rejection of the contention that the
involvement of a political element in the dispute somehow causes the
legal elements therein to vanish from the vision of the Court or in some
way to become irrelevant. Involvement with a political element does not
represent a vanishing point of the jurisdiction of the Court.
Once jurisdiction is established even prima facie, and the urgency and
importance of the matter are apparent. it seems to me to follow inexor-
ably that this is an appropriate case for the issue of provisional measures
if ever there was one.

(f) Luck of a Specific Allegation ugainst the Respondent

It is true that there is no single specificallegation of any act for which
the respondent State is directly responsible. Yet it is on the basis of the
joint and several responsibility of the member States of NATO for the
actions of NATO that this Application has been filed.

The absence of any facts specificallyimputed to the Respondent is thus
no legal barrier to the present Application.

Having reached the conclusion that the Court should issue provisional
measures in terms of the Rules of Court relating to interim protection

(Arts. 73-78), 1 now proceed to consider the scope of those provisional
measures, and what sort of orders it would be within the Court's jurisdic-
tion to make.
It is my view that the Court should in this case go beyond the mere
issue of provisional measures. Such a course is eminently within the func-
tion of a court faced with circumstances of this nature, where loss of life
has become a daily feature of the ongoing dispute.

(a) Complementarity of the Court ivith Other Organs of the
United Nations in Relution to Peuceful Settlement

Apart from such specific provisions as may be contained in the Rules
of Court relating to provisional measures, the Court also has an inherent
jurisdiction arising from itsjudicial function, tolend such assistance as it
can towards the process of peaceful settlement. The Court is the principal
judicial organ of the United Nations whose purposes as set out in the
very first article of its Charter include:est insoutenable du point de vue théorique et nocive dans la pratique))
(The Function of Lulv in the International Community, 1929,p. 435).
Je tiensà faire savoir ici que je rejette la thèsesuivant laquelle la pré-
sence d'un élémentpolitique dans le cadre du différend fait enquelque
sorte perdre de vue à la Cour les élémentsjuridiquesqu'il contient aussi
ou bien leur ôte en quelque sorte leur pertinence. La présenced'un élé-
ment politique ne fait nullement disparaître la compétencede la Cour.
Une fois la compétence établie, fût-ceprimu fucie, et que l'urgence et

l'importance de la question sont manifestes, la conclusion inexorable,à
mon sens, est que l'affaire justifie véritablement l'indication de mesures
conservatoires.

e) Aucune allégutionparticulière n'est dirigéecontre le déjendeur

Il est vrai qu'il n'est formuléaucune allégationpréciseconcernant un
acte quelconque dont I'Etat défendeur serait directement responsable.
Pourtant, la requête a été déposé suer la base de la responsabilité soli-
daire qu'engagent les Etats membres de l'OTAN quand l'OTAN mène
une action.
L'absence de faits quelconques imputés en particulier au défendeur
n'est par conséquent pas un obstacle juridique à la présentation de la

requête.

PORTÉE DES POUVOIRS DE LA COUR EN CE QUI CONCERNE

LES MESURES CONSERVATOIRES

Après avoir abouti à la conclusion que la Cour doit indiquer des
mesures conservatoires conformément aux dispositions de son Règle-
ment qui ont trait aux mesures conservatoires (art. 73-78),j'en viens à
présent à examiner quelle portéeil faudrait donnerà ces mesures conser-
vatoires et quelle sorte d'ordonnance serait de la compétencede la Cour.
Je suis d'avis qu'en l'espèce,la Cour ne devrait pas se contenter d'indi-
quer des mesures conservatoires. Cette voie lui est éminemmentouverte,
comme il en serait pour tout tribunal face à des circonstances de cette
nature, quand les pertes en vies humaines sont devenues un élémenq t uo-
tidien du différendtoujours à l'ceuvre.

a) Au.~Jin.sd'un règlement pucijïque, l'uctio~zde lu Cour complète celle
d'autres organes des Nutions Unies

En sus des dispositions particulières qui peuvent exister dans son
Règlementau sujet de l'indication de mesures conservatoires, la Cour est
également investie d'une compétence propre découlant de sa fonction
judiciaire, qui se traduit par le concours qu'elle peut apporter au proces-
sus de règlement pacifique.La Cour est l'organe judiciaire principal des
Nations Unies dont les buts, qui sont définisdèsle premier article de la
Charte. consistent notamment à:196 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (DISS. OP. WEERAMANTRY)

"to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the prin-
ciples of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of
international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of
the peace".
The Security Council has special responsibilities in this regard but so
has the Court, within the parameters of the judicial function; and assist-

ing parties to this end is an inherent part of that function. One recalls in
this connection the words of Judge Lachs in his separate opinion in the
Aegean Sea ContinerztulShelfcase (Judgignzent ,.C.J. Reports 1978, p. 53)
regarding the "compatibility and complementarity of al1means of peace-
ful settlement as enumerated in Article 33 of the Charter of the United
Nations".

(b) Role of the Court in Fucilitating Negotiation hetic'eenthe Parfies

As early as 1929in the Free Zones case the Permanent Court under the
presidency of Judge Anzilotti gave expression to this concept of the
Court's judicial function when it observed

"Whereas the judicial settlement of international disputes, with a
view to which the Court has been established, is simply an alterna-
tive to the direct and friendly settlement of such disputes between
the Parties; as consequently it isfor the Court to Jucilifute, so Jur
as is compatible ritith the Statute, such direct and Jriendly settle-
ment." (Free Zones qf Upper Suvoy und the District of Gex, Order
of 19 August 1929, P.C. 1J., Series A, No. 22, p. 13 ; emphasis
added.)

This aspect of the Court's functions has been highlighted and used in
the subsequent jurisprudence of the Court (see for example the reference
to this passage in the case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkinu
FusolRepuhlic of Mali) (1C.J. Reports 1986, p. 577, para. 46).
In Pu.ssage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmurk) (1.C.J.
Reports 1991, p. 20, para. 35), this passage was cited and used for the
purpose of encouraging a settlement between the parties, although the
Court declined to issue provisional measures. The Court there observed

that "pending a decision of the Court on the merits, any negotiation
between the Parties with a view to achieving a direct and friendly settle-
ment is to be welcomed".
The provisional measures were refused and just over a year later the
Court made an Order incorporating a message from the Agent of one of
the Parties, which referred to the Court's earlier Order and informed the
Court that a settlement of the disputes between the Parties had been
attained. This was a practical illustration of the value ofch an approach.

Apart from practical applications such as those cited above, this
approach to the Court's role in aiding the peaceful settlement of disputes ((réaliser,par des moyens pacifiques, conformémentaux principes de
la justice et du droit international, l'ajustement ou le règlement de
différendsou de situations, de caractère international, susceptibles
de mener à une rupture de la paix)).
Le Conseil de sécuritéa des responsabilités particulières à cet égard,
mais ilen va de mêmepour la Cour,dans le cadre des paramètres propres

2 la fonction judiciaire; et, par définition, cette fonction consiste notam-
ment àapporter le concours de l'organejudiciaire aux parties. Il convient
de rappeler rice propos que, dans l'opinion individuellejointe àla déci-
sion rendue dans l'affaire du Platecrucontinental de lu mer Egée(arrêt.
C.I.J. Recueil 1978.p. 53), M. Lachs constatait que «tous les moyens de
règlement pacifique énumérés à l'article 33 de la Charte des Nations
Unies sont compatibles et complémentaires. ))

b) Lu Cour u pour rôledefaciliter la négociationentre les purties

Dès 1929,dans l'affaire desZones franc~l7e.s l, Cour permanente, sous
la présidencede M. Anzilotti, interprétait dans ce sens-la la fonctionjudi-
ciaire de la Cour en observant ceci:

((Considérant que le règlement judiciaire des conflitsinternatio-
naux, en vue duquel la Cour est instituée,n'est qu'un succédanéau
règlementdirect et amiable de ces conflits entre les Parties; que, dès
lors, il appartient la Cour defaciliter, dans toute la mesure com-
patible uvec son Stutut, pureil règlement direct etamiable.» (Zones
,franches de lu Haute-Savoie et du Pays de Gex, ordonnance du
19 août 1929. C.P.J.I. sérieA no22, p. 13;lesitaliques sont de moi.)

La Cour actuelle a mis en évidencecet aspect de ses fonctions et s'en
est servi dans sajurisprudence ultérieure(voir, par exemple, la citation de
ce mêmeextrait dans l'affaire du Différend frontalier (Burkinu Fusol
Républiquedu Muli) (C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 577, par. 46)).
Dans l'affaire duPussagepar le Grand-Belt (Finlande c. Danemark),
(C.I.J. Recueil 1991, p. 20, par. 35), le mêmeextrait a étécité pour
encourager les Parties a négocierun règlement bienque la Cour refusât
d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires. La Cour a fait observer qu'«en
attendant une décisionde la Cour sur le fond, toute négociationentre les

Parties en vue de parvenir A un règlement directet amiable serait la bien-
venue >).
Dans cette affaire, les mesures conservatoires ont donc étérefuséeset,
un an plus tard à peine, la Cour a rendu une ordonnance qui citait un
message dans lequel l'agent de l'une des Parties faisait état de la précé-
dente ordonnance de la Cour et informait celle-cique les différendsentre
les Parties venaient de faire l'objet d'un règlement.On peut y voire I'illus-
tration de l'intérêqtui s'attacheà cette approche.
Indépendamment des exemples concrets tels que ceux que je viens de
citer, cette conception du rôle de la Cour, prêtantainsi son concours auhas eminent judicial support from a conceptual point of view. In his sepa-
rate opinion in the United States Diplornatic and Consulur Staff in

Tehran case, Judge Lachs observed

"1 can only repeat the deep-rooted conviction 1have expressed on
other occasions, that, while the Court is not entitled to oblige parties
to enter into negotiations, its Judgment should where appropriate
encourage them to do so, in consonance with its role as an institu-
tion devoted to the cause of peaceful settlement." (1. C.J. Reports

1980, p. 49.)
1 recite these circumstances in order to substantiate the principle that
the Court can lend its good offices and encouragement towards the
settlement of a dispute by the Parties themselves. Such procedure also
has a proven value, as indicated above. This assumes great practical
significance especiallyin the context of a dispute involving the daily loss
of lifewhere at thesame time diplomatic initiatives areafoot for the settle-

ment of the dispute.

(c) Inherent Poivers of the Court to Assist the Parties toit>urd.s
Peaceful Settlement und Peace

When Article 41 of the Statute gave the Court power to indicate pro-
visional measures it did not do so to the exclusion of universal principles
relating to powers which are inherent in judicial proceedings. As a
learned writer on provisional measures has observed, regarding the indi-
cation by the Permanent Court in the Electricity Company of Soja and
Bulgaria case (P.C.1.J., Serirs AIB, No. 79, p. 199),

"The last provision is thus presented by the Permanent Court as
an aspect of a universal principle of which the Statute is an appli-
cation, so it may be regarded either as a restatement of something
which in the Permanent Court's view was inherent in judicial pro-
cedures, or as something which was implied in Article 41 of the
Statute."(H. W. A. Thirlway, "The Indication of Provisional Meas-
ures by the International Court of Justice", in R. Bernhard (ed.),
Interim Measures Indicated by International Courts, 1993,p. 13.)

Possessed as it is of such inherent jurisdiction, the Court can indeed go
further and indicate some guidelines relating to the applicable law, which
may provide a framework within which the Parties can negotiate. This
can be of assistance to both Parties, and was the mode resorted to in the
Guhtikovo-Nagymaros case. Disputes hitherto considered intractable can
be considerably assisted towards settlement in this fashion.

A recent case in which, for humanitarian reasons, the Court went
beyond the traditional framework of an advisory opinion was the Advi- LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP.DISS.WEERAMANTRY) 197

règlement pacifiquedes différends, estéminemment solide du point de
vue de la doctrine. Dans l'opinion individuelle qu'il a rédigée dans
l'affaire duPersonnel diplomatique et consulaire des Etats-Unis a Téhé-
ran, M. Lachs faisait observer ceci:

cJe ne puis qu'exprimer, comme je l'ai fait en d'autres occasions,
ma profonde conviction selon laquelle, si la Cour n'a pas le pouvoir
d'obliger les partiesà engager des négociations, son arrêtdevrait,
dans la mesure convenable, les y encourager, conformément à son
rôle d'institution consacréeau règlement pacifiquedes différends. ))
(C.I.J. Recueil 1980, p. 49.)

Sije rappelle ainsi ces exemples, c'est pour étayerl'idéeque, par prin-
cipe, la Cour peut prêterses bons offices et sesencouragements pour faci-
liter le règlementd'un différendpar les parties elles-mêmes.Cette procé-
dure présenteun intérêr téel,comme le montrent les exemples ci-dessus.
Cela est d'autant plus vrai, concrètement, quand le différend estla cause
de pertes quotidiennesen vies humaines et qu'en même temps,l'initiative

diplomatique est déjàmobiliséeaux fins de ce règlement.

C) Le pouvoirfondamental de la Cour d'aider lesparties
a réaliser lerèglementpacijique et la paix

Quand l'article 41 du Statut a donné à la Cour le pouvoir d'indiquer
des mesures conservatoires, il n'a pas exclu pour autant les principes uni-
versels régissantles pouvoirs conférésfondamentalement à toute procé-
dure judiciaire. Comme le fait observer un auteur éminentsur les mesures
conservatoires en s'arrêtantsur celles que la Cour permanente a indi-
quéesdans l'affaire de la Compagnie d'électricité de Soja et de Bulgarie

(C.P.J.I. sérieAIB no 79,p. 199),
«La dernièredisposition est ainsi présentépar la Cour permanente
comme un aspect du principe universeldont le Statut est l'application,
et peut donc êtreconsidérée soictomme réitérantun élémenq tui, de

I'avis de la Cour permanente, appartient en propre à la procédure
judiciaire, soit comme un élément implicitd ee l'article41 du Statut.
(H. W. A. Thirlway, «The Indication of Provisional Measures by the
International Court of Justice)), inR. Bernhard, dir. publ., Interim
Mea.~uresIndicated hy International Courts, 1993, p. 13.)

Etant ainsi investie de cette compétencequi lui est propre, la Cour peut
effectivement aller plus loin et donner quelques idéesdirectrices concer-
nant le droit applicable, ce qui constituera peut-êtreun cadre dans lequel
les parties peuvent négocier. Celapeut réellementêtreutile aux deux
parties, et c'est le moyen qui a étéutilisé dans l'affaire GuhCikovo-
Nagymaros. Le règlement de différends considérés jusqu'alorscomme
insolubles peut êtrede cette manière considérablementfacilité.
Dans une affaire récente,la Cour est, pour des raisons humanitaires,
alléeau-delà du cadre classique de l'avis consultatif qui étaitsollicité:ilsory Opinion concerning the Threut or Use of Nuclear Weapot~s(I.C.J.
Reports 1986, p. 226). In that Opinion the Court spoke of the obligation
of States to pursue and to conclude negotiations in good faith in regard
to nuclear disarmament (ihid., p. 264, para. 99) - advice which went
beyond the traditional scope of an advisory opinion regarding the legality
of such weapons. This the Court was clearly entitled to do as an organi-
zation functioning within the framework of the United Nations and pur-
suing the common aim of peace. Here again was a clear illustration of the
Court acting in its inherent jurisdiction in pursuit of the ideal of peace.

The case concerning the GabCikovo-NugymurosProject (1.CJ. Reports
1997, p. 76) is indeed a recent example par excellence of this wider view
of the Court's rule.
In that case the Court settled certain disputed questions of law that
were involved in the case as for example by holding that a Treaty of 1977
was still in force and governed the relationship between the Parties. But
within the legal guidelines laiddown by the Court, it left it open to the
Parties to negotiate between themselves and indeed encouraged them to
do so. For example it encouraged the Parties to look afresh at the effects
on the environment of the power plant in question and in particular
encouraged them to find a satisfactory solution for the release of water

into the old bed of the Danube and its side-arms (ibid., para. 141). In
view of the fact that bilateral negotiations were to be held after thedeliv-
ery of the Judgment it left (ihid., para. 143)it open to the Parties to agree
otherwise, suggested the restoration of a certain régimefor the works on
the river (ibid., para. 144).It suggested the establishment of co-operative
administration of what remained of the Project as an indication of what
the Parties might do, suggesting certain possibilities that were open to
them (para. 150).
1may add that the fact that a particular method of assistance towards
peaceful settlement is not referred to or provided for in the Rules of
Court is no argument against resort to such a method, for this is part of
the inherent jurisdiction of the Court, following from the terms of the
United Nations Charter and the Court's Statute, and the purposes of the

United Nations as stated in this composite of documents. Nowhere in the
Charter or Statute or indeed in the Rules of Court is such a procedure
prohibited or indicated to be inappropriate and indeed such helpfulness
towards the parties in achieving their own settlement is, as indicated
above, part of the inherent attributes of the judicial process as well as a
part of the jurisprudence of the Court.

1reinforce this further by observing that the International Court of
Justice, constituted as it is to embody the representation of the main
forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world'. is

Statuteof the Court, Ar9.
78s'agit de l'affaire de la Licéité delu menace ou de l'emploi d'armes nu-
cléaires(C.I.J. Recueil 1996, p. 226). Dans cet avis, la Cour a parlé de

l'obligation pour les Etats de poursuivre des négociationsde bonne foi en
vue d'un désarmementnucléaireet de les conclure (ibid., p. 264, par. 99)
- avis aui allait au-delà de la ~ortéehabituelle d'un avis consultatif rela-
tifà la licéité desarmes nucléaires.La Cour avait manifestement le pou-
voir d'agir ainsi en sa qualité d'institution faisant partie du système des
Nations Unies dont tous les organismes ont pour vocation commune de
réaliserla paix. Une fois encore, c'est làun exemple manifeste de la Cour
exerçant la compétencequi lui est propre à la recherche de l'idéalde paix
qui est son objectif.
L'affaire relative aurojet GabCikovo-Nugymaros(C.I.J. Recueil 1997,
p. 76) apporte d'ailleurs un exemple récentde cette conception plus large

du rôle im~arti à la Cour et cet exem~leest ~arfait.
Dans cette affaire, la Cour a réglé certains points de droit contestésen
décidant, par exemple, qu'un traitéde 1977étaittoujours en vigueur et
régissaitles relations entre les parties. Mais dans le cadre des principes
directeurs qu'elle retenait sur le plan du droit, la Cour laissait aux Parties
le champ libre pour négocierentre elles et les incitait d'ailleurs le faire.
Par exemple, la Cour a incitéles Parties à considérersous un autrejour
leseffets que la centrale électriqueviséeproduirait sur l'environnement et
en particulier lesa incitées trouver une solution satisfaisante concernant
l'eau àdéverserdans l'ancien lit du Danubeet dans les bras situésde part
et d'autre du fleuve (ibid., par. 140).Comme des négociations bilatérales

étaientprévues une fois l'arrêrtendu (ihicl.,par. 143),et que les Parties
pouvaient donc en disposer autrement, la Cour a suggéréde rétablir un
certain régimepour les ouvrages situéssur le fleuve (ihid, par. 144). La
Cour a suggéré en particulier aux Parties d'organiser une gestion conjointe
de ce qui restait du projet en leur donnant quelques idéessur les moda-
litésde cette coopération (par. 150).
J'ajouterai que si le Règlement de la Cour ne fait pas étatd'une cer-
taine méthode à utiliser pour faciliter un règlement pacifiqueou ne la
prescrit pas. cela n'autorise nullement à plaider contre le recours à
pareille méthode, car cela fait partie de la juridiction propre de la Cour
telle qu'elle estdéfiniedans la Charte des Nations Unies et le Statut de la

Cour ainsi que dans lesbuts des Nations Unies tels qu'ils sont définis éga-
lement dans cet ensemble de documents. Nulle part dans la Charte ni
dans le Statut ni, du reste, dans le Règlement, cette façon de procéder
n'est interdite ni qualifiéed'inadaptéeet d'ailleurs, l'aide ainsi apportée
aux parties lorsqu'elles recherchent un règlementest au nombre, comme
nous l'avons dit plus haut, des attributs normaux du processus judiciaire
de mêmequ'elle constitue un élémentde la jurisprudence de la Cour.
Me permettant d'insister, j'observerai en outre que la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice qui est constituéede façon àreprésenterles grandes
formes de civilisation etlesprincipaux systèmesjuridiques du monde', est

' Statut de Cour. art. 9.heir to the judicial traditions of many civilizations, and that the concept
ofjudicial assistance towards the peaceful resolution of disputes is heav-
ily embedded in these traditions. 1 note in particular that in the philoso-
phies of the East, as in the Buddhistic tradition, the peaceful resolution of

disputes lies at the heart of the judicial function as understood in those
cultures4.This is based inter alia on the rationale that peaceful resolution
averts the rancour and the lasting bitterness of victory and defeat, which
breed animosities against the winner and frustrations for the loser, and
lead eventually to violence, further disputes, escalating violence and
wars5. This teaching, which has particular relevance to the world of inter-

national relations, comes from one of the world's major cultural tradi-
tions relating to peace, which can significantlyenrich thejurisprudence of
this Court6.

For al1these reasons 1am of the viewthat the Court, drawing upon the
richness and variety of the powers available to it and in consequence of

its complementarity, in the cause of peaceful settlement, to al1the organs
of the United Nations, should have issued provisional measures and that
such measures should have been so worded as to encourage negotiations
between the Parties and to provide some legal guidelines towards this
end.

In my dissenting opinions in the provisional measures requests in the
cases concerning Questionsof Interpretation und Application of the 1971
Montreul Convention arising from the Aerial Incident ut Lockerbie
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom) (Libyan Arab Jumahir-
iya v. United States of America), 1made the following observation:

"A great judge once observed that the laws are not silent amidst
the clash of arms. In our age we need also to assert that the laws are

See J. Wigmore. A Punorumu of the World's Legr11Systrms. 1928, Vol. 2. pp. 489 et
seq.;K. N. Jayetilleke, "The Principles of International Law in Buddhist Doctrine",
Recueil des cours (1967), Vol. 120, p.447: LN.Perera, Buddhism und Humun Rights,
1991,pp. 40-41.
See Dhummupudu, verse 201 ;Kunülu JCtuku, The Jütuku, Vol. V, pp. 412-414. The
conceptualbasisof this Buddhist stress on peaceful settlement isencapsulated in verse201
of the Dhummupudu:
"One who defeats others creates enemies for himself
One who is defeatedby others feels sad and frustrated
One who defeats the inner need to defeat others remains happy and satisfied at al1
times."

Law", in Boutros Boufros-Ghrrli; Anzicorum Dis(~ipulorumqueLiber, 1999,pp. 775, 804-
805.l'héritièredes traditions judiciaires d'un grand nombre de civilisations et
que ces traditions consacrent solidement le principe du concours que la
justice doit apporter au règlement pacifiquedes différends.Je note en
particulier que dans les philosophies de l'orient, celle de la tradition
bouddhiste en particulier, le règlement pacifiquedes différendsse situe au
centre mèmede la fonction judiciaire telle que ces cultures l'entendent4.

L'une des principales raisons du phénomèneest que le règlement paci-
fique fait échecà la rancŒur et B l'amertume profonde liées à la victoire
et à la défaite,qui nourrissent l'inimitiéB l'encontre du vainqueur et la
frustration chez le vaincu, pour aboutir finalement a la violence, à de
nouveaux différends, à l'escalade de la violence et à la guerre5. Cette
leçon, qui s'applique particulièrement bien au monde des relations inter-
nationales, nous vient de l'une des grandes cultures de paix, et elle peut

nettement enrichir la jurisprudence de notre Cour6.
Pour toutes ces raisons, j'estime que la Cour, puisant dans la richesse
et la diversitédes pouvoirs dont elle est dotée, et parceque son action en
faveur du règlement pacifiquecomplète celle de tous les autres organes
des Nations Unies, aurait dû indiquer des mesures conservatoires et
j'estime en outreque cesmesures auraient dû êtrelibelléesde façon ë inci-
ter les Partiesà négocieret àleur apporter a cette fin quelques principes

directeurs de caractère juridique.

LES NOTIONS DE PAIX ET DE PREVENTION DES CONFLITS
SONT PRIMORDIALES

Dans l'opinion dissidente que j'ai jointe à la décisionrendue dans les
affaires de mesures conservatoires relatives à des Questions d'interpréta-
tion et d'application dela conventionde MontrPulde 1971 résultantde l'ac-
cident uérien de Lockerbie (Jum~zl~iriya arabe libyenne c. Royaume-Uni
et Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique)j'ai écritceci :

«Un juge illustre a fait observerjadis que les lois negardent pas le
silence au milieu du fracas des armes. A notre époque, nous avons

Voir J. Wigmore.A Punortrmuof thc World'sLegal Systems. 1928.vol. 2, p. 489 et
suiv.: K. N. Jayetilleke, «The Principles of International Law in Buddhist Doctrine)).
Recueil des cours1967.vol. 120.p. 447; L. P. N. Perera, Btrddhismand Human Rights.
1991, p. 40-41.
Voir le Dhurnmapudu.verset 201; Kunülu Jütuku, The Jüruk~, vol. V, p. 412-414. Le
principe de cet élogebouddhiste du règlement pacifique fait l'objetdu verset 201 du
Dhummupudu:
«Celui qui triomphe d'autrui se crée desennemis
Celui qui est vaincu par autrui éprouve de la tristesse et de la frustration
Celui qui triomphe du besoin intérieur de triompher d'autrui est toujours heureux.
toujours satisf))t.
Woir sur un plan généralC. G. Weeramantry. ~Some Buddhist Perspectives on
International Law». in Bourros Boutros-Glruli; Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber, 1999.
p. 775. 804-805. not powerless to prevent the clash of arms. The entire law of the
United Nations has been built up around the notion of peace and
the prevention of conflict. The Court, in an appropriate case, where
possible conflict threatens rights that are being litigated befores

not powerless to issue provisional measures conserving those rights
by restraining an escalation of the dispute and the possible resort to
force.That would be entirely within its mandate and in total con-
formity with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations and
international law. Particularly when situations are tense, with danger
signals flashing al1around, it seems that this Court should make a
positive response withsuch measures asare within itsjurisdiction. If
the conservation of rights which are sub judice comes within the
jurisdiction of the Court, as 1 have no doubt it does, an order
restraining damage to those rights through conflict must also lie
within that province.If international law is to grow and serve the
cause of peace as it is meant to do, the Court cannot avoid that
responsibility in an appropriate case."I.C.J. Reports 1992,pp. 70

and 180-181.)

1 repeat those observations here with the added emphasis that in the
present case there is not merely a possible resort to force but an actual
and continuing use of force. In a world legalorder based upon the pur-
suit of peace and peaceful settlement, the message that law can and

should be used for avoiding the use of force is one which reverberates
with special strength.
In situations where force is already being used there is always apar-
ticular danger of escalation, with resulting damage to the rights of both
parties.
1 believe the responsibility lies very heavily upon the Court in such a
situation to takesuch steps as it can within its legal powers to halt the
continuance of violence and the escalation of the conflict. This casers
the occasion pur excellence for the Court so to act, in accordance with
the principles1have outlined earlier in this opinion.

PROVISIONA MLEASURE RSEQUIRED BY THE PRESENS TITUATION

While there are some elements of the Court'sOrder with which 1 read-
ily agree, such as that the Parties should take care not to aggravate or
extend the dispute, 1believe it does not go far enough to complete the
mission of the Court as an international court and more particularly as
the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and upper guardian of
the legal norms underpinning the structure of the international commu-
nity.

1 believe the correct resolution of the legal problems presented to the
Court in this case would have required the use of a balanced formula LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. DISS. WEERAMANTRY) 200

aussi besoin d'affirmer que les lois ne sont pas privéesdu pouvoir
d'empêcherle fracas des armes. Tout l'édificedu droit de I'Organisa-

tion des Nations Unies s'appuie sur la notion de la paix et de la pré-
vention des conflits. S'ily a lieu, si lerisque d'un conflit menace des
droits contestés devant elle, la Cour n'est pas privéedu pouvoir
d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires pour sauvegarder cesdroits en
emdchant l'escalade du différend et eut-êtrele recours à la force.
Cela relèverait entièrement de sa mission et s'accorderait en totalité
avec les buts et principes de l'organisation des Nations Unies et du
droit international. Particulièrement en période de tensions, alors
que les signaux de danger lancent partout des éclairs, la Cour,

semble-t-il, devrait réagirde façon positive en prenant les mesures
qui reléventde sa compétence.Si la Cour a compétencepour pro-
téger desdroits qui font l'objet d'une action en suspens - et cela
est imon avis indubitable - une ordonnance interdisant de porter at-
teinte à ces droits par un conflit doit aussi relever de sa compétence.
Si l'on veut que le droit international se développe et servela cause
de la ~aix comme il est censéle faire. la Cour ne Deut se dérober
devan; une telle responsabilitéquand l'occasion de l'assumer se pré-
sente.>)(C. 1J. Recueil 1992, p. 70 et p. 180-181 .)

Je réitèreici les mêmesobservations, en soulignant de surcroît qu'en la
présenteinstance, il ne s'agit pas simplement d'un éventuelrecours à la
force, l'emploi de la force est bien réelet il se prolonge. Quand l'ordre
juridique du monde s'appuie sur la recherche de la paix et du règlement
pacifique, le message qui nous dit que le droit peut et doit servir à éviter

l'emploi de la force lance des échos particulièrementsonores.
Dans les situations ou l'emploi de la force est d'ores et déjà un fait
acquis, le risque d'escalade esttoujours particulièrement fort, et le risque
d'atteinte aux droits des deux parties existe aussi.
Je crois que la Cour est trèsfortement investie de l'obligation, dans une
telle situation, de prendre des mesures relevant de sa compétencepour
mettre fin à la violence et 2 l'escalade du conflit. La présente instance
offre par excellence à la Cour l'occasion d'agir, conformément auxprin-
cipes que j'ai déjàdéfinis plushaut.

Je souscris sans hésiterà certains élémentsde l'ordonnance rendue par

la Cour,quand elledit par exempleque les Parties doivent veiller a ne pas
aggraver ni étendrele différend,maisje pense que la Cour ne va pas assez
loin pour mener à bien sa mission de tribunal international et plus par-
ticuliérementd'organe judiciaire principal de l'organisation des Nations
Unies et de gardien suprême des principes juridiques constituant les
piliers de la communauté internationale.
Pour réglercomme il convient les problèmes de droit qui sont posés à
la Cour en l'espèce,il aurait fallu trouver une formule équilibréeconçuedesigned to terminate as speedily as possible the use of force on either
side and the return of refugees to Kosovo. The Court's power to act pro-
prio motu gives it the authority to take into consideration the situation
alleged to be occurring in Kosovo.
Without any finding whatsoever at this stage on any of the substantive
matters awaiting determination at the merits phase of the case, 1believe
the Court would be entitled to draw the attention of the Applicant to the
need for the immediate cessation of al1 action by the security forces
affecting the civilian population in Kosovo as contemplated by resolution
1199 of 1998 of the Security Council. Likewise the Court would be
entitled to draw the attention of the Respondent to the requirements
of the United Nations Charter and the need, pending the fuller considera-
tion of the issues involved, for the cessation of the use of force within the
territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The attention of both Parties should also have been drawn to the rele-

vant provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
related human rights instruments and to the importance of compliance
with them in al1actions related to the present crisis.

It is essential to the balance of this formula that the rights of the Kos-
ovo Albanians and al1who live in Kosovo to remain without let or hin-
drance in their homes and habitations should be strictly respected and the
rights of refugees from Kosovo and al1displaced persons to return un-
hindered and resettle in their homes and habitations should likewise be
strictly respected and should be facilitated in terms of Security Council
resolution 1199of 1998.

Such an indication would be incomplete without a recognition also of
the rights of the people of Kosovo and al1 returning refugees and dis-
placed persons to international safeguards, under the auspices of the
United Nations, for their continuing protection, and an indication of the
need for arrangements to be set in train immediately for the provision of
such safeguards.

In the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case (Interim Protection, Order of 5 July
1951, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 89), the Court in issuing provisional meas-

ures went further than merely indicating that parties should not take
action prejudicing the rights of either party or extending or aggravating
the dispute but laid down arrangements for a provisional régimefor the
oil industry in Iran. It specified how a board of supervision should be
established and what its duties should be. In the present case, in my view,
it would have been within the competence of the Court, if it had issued
provisional measures, to make some specific provisions relating to the
return of the refugeesand their continuing protection after their return. It
is not for the Court to set out these details but for the Parties to work out
an acceptable arrangement to this end, and the Parties should, in my
view, have been encouraged to negotiate the necessary working arrange- LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. DISS.WEERAMANTRY) 201

pour mettre fin aussi rapidement que possible à l'emploi de la force des
deux côtés et autoriser le retour des réfugiésau Kosovo. Le pou-
voir d'agir de sa propre initiative dont elle est dotéeautorise la Cour
prendre en considération la situation qui est censée régnerau Kosovo.

Sans rien direà ce stade au sujet d'aucune des questions de fond sur
lesquelles elle devra statuer précisémentau stade de l'examen au fond, la
Cour à mon avis serait fondéea appeler l'attention du demandeur sur la
nécessitéde mettre immédiatement fin àtoutes les actions des forces de
sécuritétouchant la population civile au Kosovo, comme l'envisage la
résolution 1199de 1998du Conseil de sécurité. De même, lC aour serait
fondée à appeler I'attention du défendeursur lesobligations définiesdans
la Charte des Nations Unies et sur la nécesside mettre fin, pour que les
problèmes puissent êtreexaminésde façon plus approfondie, à l'emploi
de la force sur le territoire de la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie.
Il aurait également fallurappeler aux deux Parties les dispositions per-

tinentes de la Déclaration universelledes droits de l'homme et desinstru-
ments connexes en matière de droits de l'homme et leurrappeler en outre
combien il importe de respecter ces dispositions dans le cadre de toutes
les actions menéesqui ont traità la crise actuelle.
Pour que cette formule soit équilibrée,il est indispensable de respecter
strictement le droit des Albanais du Kosovo et de tous ceux qui vivent au
Kosovo àdemeurer sans la moindre entrave chez eux, dans leurs habita-
tions, et de respecter strictement aussi le droit des réfugiésdu Kosovo et
de toutes les personnes déplacéesde rentrer sans entrave pour se réins-
taller chez eux, dans leurs habitations, et l'exercicede ce droit devrait leur
êtrefacilitéconformément à la résolution 1199 de 1998 du Conseil de

sécurité.
Les mesures ainsi indiquées seraient incomplètessi la Cour ne recon-
naissait pas aussi le droit de la population du Kosovo et de tous les réfu-
giéset toutes les personnes déplacéesretournant au Kosovo àbénéficier
de garanties internationales, sous les auspices des Nations Unies, pour
ètre protégésen permanence, et il faudrait faire état de la nécessitéde
mettre immédiatement en train l'établissementd'un dispositif établissant
ces garanties.
Dans l'affaire de 1'Anglo-luaniun Oil Co., me.vures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 5juillet 1951 (C.1.J. Recueil 1951, p. 89), la Cour, en indi-
quant des mesures conservatoires, ne s'est pas contentée de dire que les

Parties devraient veiller chacuneà empêchertout acte qui pourrait pré-
juger les droits de l'autre Partie et empêchertout acte de nature à
aggraver ou étendrele différend,elle est allée plusloin et elle a définiun
dispositif mettant en place un régime transitoire pour l'industrie pétro-
lièreiranienne. Elle a prévu la création d'un organe de surveillance en
précisant quelles seraientses fonctions. En l'espèce,j'estime qu'il aurait
été dela compétencede la Cour, si elle avait indiquédes mesures conser-
vatoires, de prescrire des dispositions particulières ayant trait au retour
des réfugiéset à la protection qu'il faut continuer après ce retour. Il
n'appartient pas àla Cour d'arrêterles détailà ce sujet, c'est aux Parties202 LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (DISS . P. WEERAMANTRY)

ments towards achieving this objective. As Sir Hersch Lauterpacht has
observed (The Development of International Laiv by the International
Court, 1982,p. 256)it is within the province of the Court, while issuing
provisional measures, to indicate the substance of those measures. Atten-
tion could in this regard have been drawn to the relevant provisions of
Security Council resolutions relating to thismatter.

The Court would have jurisdiction to direct both Parties to take al1
measures necessary to prevent an aggravation of the situation and for the
restoration and maintenance of international peace and security in the
region.
TheCourt would also have significantlyadvanced the complementarity
of itsjudicial role to that ofl1the other organs of the United Nations in
seeking the peaceful settlement of disputesif it had in the concluding part
of such an order also indicated that the measures prescribed are guide-
lines laid down within the law applicable and that the Parties are urged to
negotiate towards the immediate cessation of al1uses of force in al1parts
of Yugoslavia and that the guidelines are interlinked and to be of simul-
taneous application.

The concluding part of such an order could also indicate that the meas-
ures prescribed are interlinked and to be given simultaneous application.

The Court was entitled further to encourage the Parties to pursue al1
efforts through diplomatic channels and otherwise to achieve a speedy
settlement of the dispute within the legal guidelines indicatedbove. Fur-
nishing such an indication would be well within the jurisprudence of this
Court and the traditional attributes of the judicial process. The good
offices of the Court would continue to be available to facilitate thispro-
cess.
Having outlined these areas of dissent 1associate myself completely
with the reference in the Court's Order to the deep concern felt by the
Court with the human tragedy, the heavy loss of life and the suffering in

Kosovo which form the background to this dispute and with the continu-
ing loss of life and human suffering in al1 parts of Yugoslavia. 1 also
respectfully endorse the Court's observation that the use of force in
Yugoslavia raises under the present circumstances very serious issues of
international law.

1 express my concern, in common with the Court that al1 parties
appearing before the Court should act in conformity with their obliga-
tions under international law including humanitarian law.
In common with the Court 1am mindful of the Court's own responsi-
bilities for the maintenance of peace and security. 1 venture to observe
here that there is an intimate conceptual linkage between the notions of
peace and international law. Peace is not merely a moral idea but a legald'élaborerun dispositif acceptable ë cette fin mais il aurait faàlmon
sens. inciter les Partieségocierledispositif concreà mettreen place en
vue de cet objectif. Comme l'a fait observer sir Hersch LauterpachtThe
Development of Internufionul Law by the Internutional Court, 1982,
p. 256), il est du ressort de la Cour, quand elle indique des mesures
conservatoires, d'en définirla teneur. La Cour aurait puà cet égardap-
peler l'attention des Parties sur les dispositions pertinentes des résolu-
tions du Conseil de sécuritérelatives cette question.
La Cour aurait étécompétentepour ordonner aux deux Parties d'adop-
ter toutes les mesures indispensables afin de ne pas aggraver la situation
et de rétablir et préserverla paix et la sécuritéinternationales dans la
région.
La Cour aurait égalementaffirménettement la complémentaritéde son

action judiciaire et de celle de tous les autres organes des Nations Unies
quand elle s'emploie avec euxà chercher un règlement pacifiqueaux dif-
férendssielleavait,à la fin de son ordonnance, indiqué égalementque les
mesures prescrites sont des principes directeurs s'inscrivant dans le cadre
du droit applicable, que les Parties étaientpriéesde négocierla cessation
immédiatede l'emploi de la force sous toutes ses formes, dans toutes les
régions de la Yougoslavie, et que les principes directeurs en question
étaientliés lesuns aux autres et devaient êtreappliqués simultanément.
Dans la conclusion de l'ordonnance, la Cour pouvait indiquer en outre
que les mesures prescrites étaientliéesles unes aux autres et devaient être
appliquées simultanément.
La Cour étaiten outre fondée à inciter les Partieàn'épargneraucun
effort, que ce soit par la voie diplomatique ou autrement, pour réaliser un
règlementrapide du différendconformément aux principes directeurs de
caractère juridique évoquésplus haut. L'indication de telles mesures

serait parfaitement conforme à la jurisprudence de la Cour et aux attri-
buts habituels de la fonction judiciaire. La Cour pourrait d'ailleurs
encore prêterses bons officespour faciliter ladite fonction.
Ayant dit sur quels points je m'écartede la majorité,je tiens à dire
aussi combien je partage la profonde inquiétudequ'elle exprime pour le
drame humain, les lourdes pertes en vies humaines, les souffrances que
connaît le Kosovo et qui constituent la toile de fond du présentdifférend
et qu'elle exprime aussi au sujet des victimes etdes souffrances humaines
que l'on déplorede façon continue dans l'ensemblede la Yougoslavie. Je
fais également respectueusement mienne l'observation dans laquelle la
Cour dit que l'emploide la force en Yougoslavie soulévedans lescircons-
tances actuelles des problèmes trèsgraves de droit international.
Je souhaite vivement aussi, tout comme la Cour, que toutes les parties
qui se présentent devant elle agissent conformément à leurs obligations
en vertu du droit international y compris le droit humanitaire.
De mêmeque la Cour également,je garde présentes ë l'esprit les res-

ponsabilitésqui lui incombent dans le maintien de la paix et de la sécu-
rité.Je me permettrai de faire ici observer que c'est un lien théorique
intime qui rattache les notions de paix et de droit international. La paixone. In Lauterpacht's felicitous words (Lauterpacht, The Function of
Law in the International Community, op. cit., p. 438), "Peace is pre-emi-
nently a legal postulate. Juridically it is a metaphor for the unity of the
legal system." The Court's responsibilities in relation to peace arethus of
a particularly onerous nature.

It is in regard to this last aspect th1tfeel the Court should have gone
further than it has done and issued provisional measures on the lines
indicated above.
It is my view that even if the Court did not order provisional measures
it was within its power to have issued an appropriate communication to
both Parties on the lines indicated above - a procedure envisaged by
Judge Lachs in his separate opinion in the Aegean Sea Continental Sheij"
case. Judge Lachs there observed

"The Court does not, to my way of thinking, arrogate any powers
excluded by its Statute when, otherwise than by adjudication, it
assists, facilitates or contributes to the peaceful settlement of dis-
putes between States, if offered the occasion at any stage of the pro-
ceedings.

While it would not be proper specifically to advise Greece and
Turkey 'asto the various courses' they should follow (I.C.J. Reports
1951, p. 83), the Court, acting proprio motu, should, even while not
indicating interim measures, have laid greater stress on, in particu-
lar. the need for restraint on the Dart of both States and the ~ossible
cohsequences of any deterioratik or extension of the conflict. In
going further than it has, the Court, with al1the weight of itsjudicial
office, could have made its own constructive, albeit indirect, contri-
bution, helping to pave the way to the friendly resolution of a
dangerous dispute. This would have been consonant with a basic
role of the Court within the international community." (Aegean Sea
Continental Shelf; Interim Protection, Order of 11 September 1976,
1.C.J. Reports 1976, p. 20.)

My views as stated above are based on a conception of the judicial
function which has been recognized in thejurisprudence of the Court and
indeed in the time-honoured conception of the judicial function in the
world's main forms of civilization and principal legal systems as more
fully explained earlier in this opinion.
This role requires the Court to do al1within its power in accordance
with the law for the peaceful settlement of disputes and for assistance to
and guidance of that process. This dovetails into the principle of peaceful
resolution of disputes already referred to as a cornerstone of the United
Nations Charter and the Statute of the International Court of Justice. LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP.DISS. WEERAMANTRY) 203

n'est pas simplement une idéemorale, c'est aussi un principe de droit.
Comme le disait Lauterpacht avec une formule heureuse (Lauterpacht,
The Function of Law in tlze International Community, op. cit., p. 438),
«La paix est avant tout un postulat de droit. Juridiquement, c'est une

image, qui exprime l'unitéd'un systèmejuridique. ))Les responsabilités
dont la Cour est investie à l'égardde la paix sont donc écrasantes.
C'est à cause de ce dernier élémentau'à mon avis. la Cour aurait dû
aller plus loin et aurait dû indiquer de'smesures conservatoires dans le
sens que je viens d'esquisser.
Et mêmesi elle ne prescrivait pas de mesures conservatoires, la Cour
était fondée, imon avis, à adresser aux deux Parties un message dans le
sens que j'ai indiquéci-dessus, procédure que M. Lachs envisageait dans
l'opinion individuelle qu'ila jointeà la décisionrendue dans l'affaire di1
Pluteau continental de la mer Egée.A cette occasion, M. Lachs a fait
observer :

«La Cour, selon moi, ne s'arroge aucun pouvoir exclu par son
Statut quand, par d'autres moyens que le prononcé d'un arrêt,elle
apporte sa contribution ou son assistance au règlement pacifiquede
différendsentre Etats ou facilite cerèglement,si l'occasion lui en est
offerteà un stade quelconque de la procédure.
.............................

La Cour aurait eu tort de vouloir donner aux parties des conseils
précis((quant aux voies))qu'il conviendrait de suivre (C.I.J. Recueil
1951, p. 83), mais elle aurait dû, de sa propre initiative, et tout en
n'indiquant pas de mesures conservatoires, mettre plus nettement
l'accent enparticulier sur la nécessitde la modération dela part des
deux Etats et sur les conséquences possiblesde toute aggravation ou
extension du conflit. Si elle étaitallée plus loin qu'elle nea fait, la
Cour, avec tout le poids de sa mission judiciaire. aurait pu apporter
sa contribution utile encore qu'indirecte en aidantà frayer la voie au

règlementamical d'un dangereux différend. Une telle attitude eût été
conforme à l'un de ses rôles essentiels au sein de la communauté
internationale.))(Plateau continental de lamer Egée, mesuresconser-
vatoires, ordonnance du Il septembre 1976, C.I.J. Recueil 1976,
p. 20-21).
Les vues que j'ai exposéesici s'inspirent d'une conception de la mission

judiciaire qui est admise dans lajurisprudence de la Cour et du reste dans
la conception vénérablede cette fonction judiciaire selon les grandes
formes de civilisation et les principaux systèmesjuridiques du monde,
ainsi que je l'ai exposé plusen détaildans la présenteopinion.
Ce rôle impose à la Cour de faire tout ce qui est en son pouvoir,
conformément au droit, en vue du règlement pacifique des différends, et
d'apporter à cette fin son aide et son concours. Cela cadre parfaitement
avec le principe du règlement pacifique des différendsdont on a déjàrap-
peléque c'était une pierreangulaire de la Charte des Nations Unies et du
Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice.204 LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (DISS. OP. WEERAMANTRY)

Needless to say, al1 that has been said in this opinion in no way
involves any views whatsoever upon the merits (see Lund and Maritime

Boundary beti.ileenCameroon und Nigeria, Proi~i.sionaM1 eu.sures, Order
of 15 Murch 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 23, paras. 43, 44) and
"the indication of such measures in no way prejudges the question of
the jurisdiction of the Court todeal with the merits of the case and

leaves unaffected the right of the Respondent to submit arguments
against such jurisdiction" (Anglo-Irunian Oil Co., Interim Protec-
tion,Order of5 Julj>1951, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 93).

Within these limitations the Court would then have played a positive
role in strengthening and stabilizing the international rule of law through

the exercise of the judicial function a role for which, of al1the organs
of the United Nations, the Court alone was pre-eminently designed.

(Signed) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY. 11va de soi que tout ce que j'ai dit ici dans la présente opinion

n'exprime rienquant au fond de l'affaire (voir Frontiére terrc.stre muri-
finle entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria, rnesuresconseri1utoirc.s.orclonnancc
du 15 mars 1996, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (l), p. 23, par. 43-44 ) et

<<l'indicationde telles mesures ne préjuge enrien la compétencede la
Cour pour connaître au fond de l'affaire et laisse intact le droit du
défendeurde faire valoir sesmoyens à l'effetde la contester)(Anglo-
Iraniun Oil Co., mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 5 juillet
1951, C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 93).

A l'intérieurde ces limites, la Cour aurait alors joué un rôle positif,

consistant à renforcer et stabiliser l'étatde droià l'échelleinternationale
au moyen de l'exercice de la fonction judiciaire - rôle que, parmi les
organes de l'organisation des Nations Unies, la Cour seule a pleinement
qualitépour exercer.

(Signé) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY.

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Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Vice-President Weeramantry

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