Separate opinion by Judge Kooijmans

Document Number
105-19990602-ORD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
105-19990602-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOOIJMANS

1. 1have voted in favour of the Court's decision that the request for
the indication of provisional measures submitted by the Federal Republic

of Yugoslavia must be rejected. 1also agree with the Court's finding that
Article IX of the Genocide Convention does not constitute a basis of
jurisdiction, even prima facie.
Moreover, 1 share the Court's opinion that the additional ground for
its jurisdiction based upon the bilateral Treaty between the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia and the Kingdom of Belgium of 25 March 1930,which was
invoked by Yugoslavia only during the second round of the oral argu-
ment, cannot be taken into consideration in the present stage of the pro-
ceedings. (Order, para. 44.)
2. 1 do not agree, however, with the Court's view that Yugoslavia's
declaration of acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court of
25 April 1999cannot provide a basis of jurisdiction in the present case,
even prima facie, because of the limitation ratione temporis contained
in it.
It is my opinion that in this respect the Court's reasoning is flawed
from a logical point of viewand is, therefore, inconsisten1.therefore feel
compelled to set out my arguments which are based on the following fac-
tual and legal considerations.
3. In its Application the Government of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia invoked Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute as a legal

ground for the Court's jurisdiction. It may be recalled that on 25 April
1999Yugoslavia recognized the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by
depositing a declaration of acceptance with the Secretary-General of the
United Nations. This declaration contains a limitation ratione temporis;
the jurisdiction of the Court is only recognized with regard to disputes
"arising or which may arise after the signature of the present Declara-
tion, with regard to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature".

4. During the oral hearings the Respondent, which also has accepted
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, contended that the Court lacks prima facie jurisdiction
and that, consequently, the conditions for the indication of interimmeas-
ures of protection are not met. With regard to the declaration of accept-
ance of 25 April 1999the Respondent maintained that it is invalid since
Yugoslavia is not a Member of the United Nations and therefore not a
party to the Statute, whereas Article 36, paragraph 2, explicitly States
that declarations under that provision can only be made by States which
are party to the Statute. 5. In this respect it is relevant to recall that at the time of the procla-
mation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia a declaration was adopted
by its parliamentary organs in which it isstated that the "Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia, continuing the State, international, legal and political

personality of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, shall strictly
abide by al1 the commitments that the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia assumed internationally".

6. After a note, containing a virtually identical statement, had been
submitted by the Yugoslav Permanent Mission in New York to the Sec-
retary-General of the United Nations and had been circulated to the
member States, the Security Council decided that a presidential statement
be issued in which it was noted that the Council members were of the
opinion that the Yugoslav communication did not prejudge decisions
that might be taken by appropriate United Nations bodies.

7. Such decisions were taken fivemonths later. On 19September 1992
the Security Council adopted resolution 777 (1992); the relevant parts
read as follows:

" The Security Council,
.............................
Consideringthat the State formerly known as the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia has ceased to exist,
.............................

1. Considersthat the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of
the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United
Nations; and therefore recommends to the General Assembly that it
decide that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Mon-
tenegro) should apply for membership in the United Nations and
that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly;

2. Decides to consider the matter again before the end of the
main part of the forty-seventh session of the General Assembly."

8. Three days later, on 22 September 1992, the General Assembly
adopted resolution 4711,which reads as follows:
"The Gcneral Assemhl.~,

Having received the recommendation of the Security Council of
19September 1992that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia
and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the United
Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General
Assembly.
1. Considersthat the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of the
former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations; and therefore decides that the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia (Serbia and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the
United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the
General Assembly ;
2. Takvs note of the intention of the Security Council to consider
the matter again before the end of the main part of the forty-seventh
session of the General Assembly."

It may be observed that the resolution of the General Assembly does
not reiterate the Security Council's consideration that "the State formerly
known as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has ceased to
exist".
9. On 29 September 1992 the Under-Secretary-General and Legal
Counsel of the United Nations addressed a letter to the Permanent Rep-
resentatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina and of Croatia in which he
expressed "the considered view ofthe United Nations Secretariat regard-
ing the practical consequences of the adoption by the General Assembly
of resolution 4711".

In this letter the Legal Counsel said that

"General Assembly resolution 4711deals with a membership issue
which is not foreseen in the Charter of the United Nations, namely,
the consequences for purposes of membership in the United Nations
of the disintegration of a Member State on which there is no agree-
ment among the immediate successors of that State or among the
membership of the Organization at large."

He gave as his view that "the only practical consequence that the resolu-
tion draws is that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Mon-

tenegro) shall not purfiripate in the work of the General Assembly".
He added that
"the resolution neither terminates nor suspends Yugoslavia's mem-
bership in the Organization. Consequently, the seat and nameplate
remain as before, but in Assembly bodies representatives of the Fed-
eral Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot sit
behind the sign 'Yugoslavia' .. .The resolution does not take away
the right of Yugoslavia to participate in the work of organs other
than Assembly bodies. The admission to the United Nations of a
new Yugoslavia under Article 4 of the Charter will terminate the
situation created by resolution 4711."

10. On 5 May 1993the General Assembly in resolution 471229decided
that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia would not participate in the
work of the Economic and Social Council either. No follow-up was ever
given to these resolutions of the appropriate organs.
11. The Court was already confronted with the question whether ornot the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is a Member of the United
Nations and as such a party to the Statute when it dealt with the request
for the indication of provisional measures in the case concerning the
Application of'the Convention on the Prevention und Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide.
The Court, however, was of the opinion that at that stage of the pro-
ceedings there was no need to determine definitively Yugoslavia's status.

In what certainly must be called an understatement the Court called "the
solution adopted [by the General Assembly in resolution 47/11 . .. not
free from legal difficulties"(Application of the Convention on the Preven-
tion and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Provisional Measures.
Order of8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 14,para. 18).

12. In the Genocidecase the Court's view that it was not necessary to
deal with the issue of Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations
was understandable and even logical since the Court had in any event
prima faciejurisdiction under Article IX of the Genocide Convention.

In the present case, however, the Court has found that the acts imputed
by Yugoslavia to the Respondent are not capable of coming intothepro-
visions of the GenocideConvention and that, consequently, Article IX of
the Convention cannot constitute a basis on which the jurisdiction of the
Court could prima facie be founded. (Order, para. 41 .)

13. Thus, the only remaining title for the Court's jurisdiction, invoked
by Yugoslavia, is that of the mutual acceptance of the compulsory juris-
diction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute. One
would expect, therefore, that the Court would no longer be able to avoid
the rather thorny question of Yugoslavia's membership of the United

Nations and, therefore, of that of the legal validity of its declaration of
acceptance.
14. In its present Order, however, the Court again - like in 1993 -
takes the position that it need not consider this question for the purpose
of decidingwhether or not it can indicate provisional measures in viewof
its finding that the dispute between the Parties arose well before 25 April
1999,the date on which Yugoslavia accepted the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court with the explicit proviso that it accepted that jurisdiction in
respect only of disputes arising or which may arise after the signature of
its declaration, with regard to situations or facts subsequent to that sig-
nature. (Paras. 28 and 29.)

15. In this respect the Court relies upon what it said in its Judgment of

11 June 1998 in the case concerning the Land und Maritime Boundary
hetiveen Cumeroon und Nigeria :

"[als early as 1952,it held in the case concerning Anglo-Iraniun Oil 19. This quotation indicates the correct order in which decisions must
be taken. The Court first has to establish the existence of an instrument
which prima facie is capable of conferring jurisdiction upon the Court;
it is only after this has been established that the question becomes rele-
vant whether such instruments, emanating from the parties to the dis-
pute, contain reservations which manifestly exclude the Court's jurisdic-
tion.
20. 1 am, therefore, of the opinion that the Court should not have
avoided the question of Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations
and the ensuing validity or invalidity of its declaration of acceptance, but
should have dealt with it as a preliminary issue. Only after having estab-
lished that this declaration is capable of providing the Court with a prima
facie basis for itsjurisdiction could the Court have considered in aean-
ingful way whether reservations made in either of the declarations obvi-
ously exclude itsjurisdiction. For if the Court would have concluded that
the Yugoslav declaration is not capable of conferring this prima facie
jurisdiction, the latter question becomes irrelevant.

21. Not for a moment do 1 contend that the Court already at the

present stage of the proceedings should have taken a definitive stand on
what 1 called earlier a thorny question. The dossier on the controversy
with regard to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's continuation of the
international personality of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
is full of legal snags. The decisions taken by the appropriate United
Nations bodies are without precedent and raise a number of as yet un-
solved questions. Neither should it be forgotten, however, thatthese deci-
sions have been taken by the organs which according to the Charter have
the exclusiveauthority in questions of membership. Their decisions there-
fore, cannot easily be overlooked or ignored, even if the interpretations
given to them by the member States which have participated in the deci-
sion-making process are widely divergent.

22. The factual and legal background of this question necessitates a
thorough analysis and a careful evaluation by the Court when it deals
with itsjurisdiction on the merits at alater stage. What the Court should
have done, however, in the present stage of the proceedings, is to deter-

mine whether the doubts, raised by the decisions of the competent United
Nations bodies with regard to the continued membership of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, are serious enough to bar the Court from
assuming that it has prima faciejurisdiction to entertain the case brought
by Yugoslavia on the basis of its declaration of acceptance.

23. In this respect it is, in my opinion, of primordial importance that
both the Security Council and the General Assembly expressed the view
that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia cannot continue automatically
the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslaviaand therefore (emphasis added) that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
should apply for membership.

Security Council resolution 777 (1992) and General Assembly resolu-
tion 4711seem to establish a causal link between the requirement of an
application of membership and the issue of the continuation of the mem-
bership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This
"causal link" seems to be a breeding-ground of inconsistencies, both
legally and otherwise. Nevertheless it cannot be fully ignored.

24. In this respect it is worthwhile touote once more from the letter
of 29 September 1992of the United Nations Legal Counsel, referred to in
paragraph 9 above. The Legal Counsel wrote that "the admission to the
United Nations of a new Yugoslavia under Article 4 of the Charter will

terminate the situation created by resolution4711" .

During the debate in the General Assembly on the draft resolution
which was finally adopted as resolution 4711 (22 September 1992) the
then Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia said: "1here-
with formally request membership in the United Nations on behalf of the
new Yugoslavia, whose Government 1 represent." The United Nations,
however, never received any written document as a follow-up to that
statement.

25. Against this background 1 come to the conclusion that there are
strong reasons for doubt as to whether the Federal Republic of Yugosla-
via is a full-fledged, fully qualified Member of the United Nations and as
such capable of accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court as a
party to the Statute.
That means that there is a probability, which is far from negligible,
that the Court after a thorough analysis of the legal issues involved will

find that is withoutjurisdiction because of the invalidity of Yugoslavia's
declaration of acceptance.

26. The disputed validity of that declaration touches the very basis of
the Court'sjurisdiction and, therefore, takes precedence over other issues,
like, for example, limitations ratione temporis, ratione materiue and
rationepersonae. In view of the doubts and the controversies with regard
to this question the Court would have found itself on safe ground if it
had concluded that the uncertainties about the validity of Yugoslavia's
declaration prevent it from assuming that it has jurisdiction, even prima
facie.
27. In their dissenting opinion in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case
(interim measures of protection) Judges Winiarski and Badawi Pasha
stressed the importance of the consent of the Parties in the context of
Article 41 of theStatute. They went on to say: "the Court ought not to indicate interim measures of protection
unless its competence, in the event of this being challenged, appears
to the Court nevertheless reu.sonahlyprobable" (emphasis added).

And they concluded:
"if there exist weighty arguments in îavour of the challenged juris-
diction, the Court may indicate interim measures of protection; if
there existserious doubts or weighty arguments against this jurisdic-
tion such measures cannot be indicated" (I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 97).

It is my considered view that because of the thick clouds which have
packed around Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations, the
ensuing uncertainty of the validity of its declarationoes not pass the test
of "reasonable probability".

28. There have been earlier occasions when the Court shied awayfrom
thorny questions and chose to decide a case on other grounds which were

judicially preferable albeit not logically defensible. The most famous
example is the Interhandel case where the Court first rejected three of
four preliminary objectionsregarding theCourt's jurisdiction, then upheld
a preliminary objection on admissibility and ultimately decided that there
was no need to consider the fourth obiection on iurisdiction. This order
of dealing with preliminary objections has been criticized and for good
reasons but it is at least comprehensible as the various objections were
completely different in character.

29. The present case, however, is different. The issue of the declara-
tion's validity is preconditional for that of the applicability of the reser-
vations and time limitations. The latter issue is completely dependent
upon the former. In particular with regard to the limitation vatione tem-

povis in Yugoslavia's own declaration this becomes relevant. If the major-
ity of the Court would have Soundthat this limitation did not act as a bar
to the Court's prima facie jurisdiction, the Court could no longer have
avoided to take up the question of the declaration's validity. This shows
that that finding would have been wholly conditioned by this threshold
question.
30. Finally, let me state that1 find the Court's view that the temporal
limitation contained in Yugoslavia's declaration prevents the Court from
assuming that it has prima faciejurisdiction persuasive, although it does
not fully satisfy me. In my view, however, that finding would have been
superfluous if the Court had based its negative conclusion on the ques-
tion of the validity of Yugoslavia's declaration.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOOIJMANS

1. 1have voted in favour of the Court's decision that the request for
the indication of provisional measures submitted by the Federal Republic

of Yugoslavia must be rejected. 1also agree with the Court's finding that
Article IX of the Genocide Convention does not constitute a basis of
jurisdiction, even prima facie.
Moreover, 1 share the Court's opinion that the additional ground for
its jurisdiction based upon the bilateral Treaty between the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia and the Kingdom of Belgium of 25 March 1930,which was
invoked by Yugoslavia only during the second round of the oral argu-
ment, cannot be taken into consideration in the present stage of the pro-
ceedings. (Order, para. 44.)
2. 1 do not agree, however, with the Court's view that Yugoslavia's
declaration of acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court of
25 April 1999cannot provide a basis of jurisdiction in the present case,
even prima facie, because of the limitation ratione temporis contained
in it.
It is my opinion that in this respect the Court's reasoning is flawed
from a logical point of viewand is, therefore, inconsisten1.therefore feel
compelled to set out my arguments which are based on the following fac-
tual and legal considerations.
3. In its Application the Government of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia invoked Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute as a legal

ground for the Court's jurisdiction. It may be recalled that on 25 April
1999Yugoslavia recognized the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by
depositing a declaration of acceptance with the Secretary-General of the
United Nations. This declaration contains a limitation ratione temporis;
the jurisdiction of the Court is only recognized with regard to disputes
"arising or which may arise after the signature of the present Declara-
tion, with regard to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature".

4. During the oral hearings the Respondent, which also has accepted
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, contended that the Court lacks prima facie jurisdiction
and that, consequently, the conditions for the indication of interimmeas-
ures of protection are not met. With regard to the declaration of accept-
ance of 25 April 1999the Respondent maintained that it is invalid since
Yugoslavia is not a Member of the United Nations and therefore not a
party to the Statute, whereas Article 36, paragraph 2, explicitly States
that declarations under that provision can only be made by States which
are party to the Statute. OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. KOOIJMANS

[Traduction]

1. J'ai votépour la décisionpar laquelle la Cour estime devoir rejeter
la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentéepar la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie. Je souscris également à la décision
de la Cour quand celle-ci dit que l'article de la convention sur le géno-
cide ne constitue pas une base de juridiction, fût-cerimafacie.
En outre, je partage l'avisde la Cour quand celle-ci dit ne pas pouvoir
prendre en considération le chef supplémentairede compétence constitué
par le traité bilatéral conclu entre le Royaume de Yougoslavie et le
Royaume de Belgique le 25 mars 1930,que la Yougoslavie n'a invoqué
que lors du second tour de plaidoirie. (arrêt,par. 44).

2. En revanche, je n'accepte pas l'idéeretenue par la Cour que la
déclaration d'acceptation delajuridiction obligatoire de la Cour faite par
la Yougoslavie le 25 avril 1999ne peut pas constituer de base de juridic-
tion en l'espèce,fût-ceprimu facie, à cause de la limitation ratione trm-
poris qui y figure.
A mon sens, c'est àcet égard quele raisonnement de la Cour me paraît
manquer de logique et qu'il ne tient donc pas. C'est pourquoi j'estime
devoir exposer mon propre raisonnement qui s'appuie sur les considéra-
tions de fait et de droit ci-après.
3. Dans sa requête,le Gouvernement de la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie invoque l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut, pour fonde-
ment juridique de la compétence dela Cour. On sait que le 25 avril 1999,
la Yougoslavie a reconnu la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en dépo-
sant une déclaration d'acceptation auprès du Secrétaire général des

Nations Unies. Cette déclaration comprend une limitation rationr tem-
poris: la juridiction de la Cour n'est reconnue qu'en ce qui concerne les
différends((surgissant ou pouvant surgir après la signature de la présente
déclaration, qui ont trait à des situations ou à des faits postérieursà
ladite signature)).
4. Lors de la procédure orale, le défendeur,qui a également accepté la
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en vertu de l'article 36, paragraphe2,
du Statut, a soutenu que la Cour n'est pas compétente prima fucie et
que, par conséquent, les conditions a remplir aux fins de l'indication de
mesures conservatoires ne sont pas réunies.Au sujet de la déclaration
d'acceptation du 25 avril 1999, le défendeurdit qu'elle n'est pas valable
puisque la Yougoslavie n'est pas membre des Nations Unies et n'est par
conséquent pas partie au Statut, alors que l'article 36, paragraphe 2,
dispose expressémentque les déclarations faites en vertu de cette dispo-
sition ne peuvent l'êtreque par des Etats parties au Statut. 5. In this respect it is relevant to recall that at the time of the procla-
mation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia a declaration was adopted
by its parliamentary organs in which it isstated that the "Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia, continuing the State, international, legal and political

personality of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, shall strictly
abide by al1 the commitments that the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia assumed internationally".

6. After a note, containing a virtually identical statement, had been
submitted by the Yugoslav Permanent Mission in New York to the Sec-
retary-General of the United Nations and had been circulated to the
member States, the Security Council decided that a presidential statement
be issued in which it was noted that the Council members were of the
opinion that the Yugoslav communication did not prejudge decisions
that might be taken by appropriate United Nations bodies.

7. Such decisions were taken fivemonths later. On 19September 1992
the Security Council adopted resolution 777 (1992); the relevant parts
read as follows:

" The Security Council,
.............................
Consideringthat the State formerly known as the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia has ceased to exist,
.............................

1. Considersthat the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of
the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United
Nations; and therefore recommends to the General Assembly that it
decide that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Mon-
tenegro) should apply for membership in the United Nations and
that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly;

2. Decides to consider the matter again before the end of the
main part of the forty-seventh session of the General Assembly."

8. Three days later, on 22 September 1992, the General Assembly
adopted resolution 4711,which reads as follows:
"The Gcneral Assemhl.~,

Having received the recommendation of the Security Council of
19September 1992that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia
and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the United
Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General
Assembly.
1. Considersthat the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of the
former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United 5. A ce sujet, il est bon de rappeler qu'au moment où a été proclamée
la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, ses organes parlementaires ont
adopté une déclaration dans laquelle il est dit quela Républiquefédé-
rale de Yougoslavie, assurant la continuité de'Etatet de la personnalité
juridique et politique internationale de la Républiquefédérativesocialiste
de Yougoslavie, respectera strictement tous lesengagements que la Répu-
blique fédérativesocialiste de Yougoslavie a prisà l'écheloninternatio-
nalD.

6. Après que la mission permanente de la Yougoslavie auprès des
Nations Unies à New York eut adresséau Secrétairegénéraldes Nations
Unies une note contenant une déclaration pratiquement identique qui
fut distribuéeaux Etats Membres, le Conseil de sécurité a décidéde pu-
blier une déclaration présidentielledans laquelle il était indiquéque les
membres du Conseil étaient d'avisque cette communication de la Yougo-
slavie ne préjugeait pasles décisionsque pourraient prendre les organes
compétentsdes Nations Unies.
7. Des décisionsont effectivement étéprises cinq mois plus tard. Le
19 septembre 1992, le Conseil de sécurité aadopté la résolution 777
(1992) dont les extraits pertinents sont les suivants:

«Le Conseil de sécurité,

Considérant que 1'Etat antérieurement connu comme la Répu-
blique fédérativesocialiste de Yougoslavie a cessé d'exister,

1. Considèreque la République fédérative de Yougoslavie (Serbie
et Monténégro)ne peut assurer automatiquement la continuité de la

qualité de Membre de l'ex-République fédérativseocialiste de You-
goslavieà l'organisation des Nations Unies et par conséquentrecom-
mande à l'Assembléegénéralede déciderque la République fédéra-
tive de Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro) devraitprésenter une
demande d'admission à l'organisation des Nations Unies et qu'elle
ne participera pas aux travaux de l'Assembléegénérale;
2. Décidede réexaminerla question avant la fin de la partie prin-
cipale de la quarante-septième session de l'Assembléegénérale.

8. Trois jours plus tard, le 22 septembre 1992,l'Assembléegénérale a
adopté sa résolution4711,qui se lit comme suit:
((L'Assembléegénérale,
Ayant reçu la recommandation du Conseil de sécurité,en date du

19 septembre 1992,selon laquelle la Républiquefédérativede You-
goslavie (Serbie et Monténégro) devrait présenter une demande
d'admission à l'organisation des Nations Unies et ne participera pas
aux travaux de l'Assemblée générale,
1. Considèreque la Républiquefédérativede Yougoslavie (Serbie
et Monténégro)ne peut pas assumer automatiquement la qualité de
Membre de l'organisation des Nations Unies àla place de l'ancienne Nations; and therefore decides that the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia (Serbia and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the
United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the
General Assembly ;
2. Takvs note of the intention of the Security Council to consider
the matter again before the end of the main part of the forty-seventh
session of the General Assembly."

It may be observed that the resolution of the General Assembly does
not reiterate the Security Council's consideration that "the State formerly
known as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has ceased to
exist".
9. On 29 September 1992 the Under-Secretary-General and Legal
Counsel of the United Nations addressed a letter to the Permanent Rep-
resentatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina and of Croatia in which he
expressed "the considered view ofthe United Nations Secretariat regard-
ing the practical consequences of the adoption by the General Assembly
of resolution 4711".

In this letter the Legal Counsel said that

"General Assembly resolution 4711deals with a membership issue
which is not foreseen in the Charter of the United Nations, namely,
the consequences for purposes of membership in the United Nations
of the disintegration of a Member State on which there is no agree-
ment among the immediate successors of that State or among the
membership of the Organization at large."

He gave as his view that "the only practical consequence that the resolu-
tion draws is that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Mon-

tenegro) shall not purfiripate in the work of the General Assembly".
He added that
"the resolution neither terminates nor suspends Yugoslavia's mem-
bership in the Organization. Consequently, the seat and nameplate
remain as before, but in Assembly bodies representatives of the Fed-
eral Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot sit
behind the sign 'Yugoslavia' .. .The resolution does not take away
the right of Yugoslavia to participate in the work of organs other
than Assembly bodies. The admission to the United Nations of a
new Yugoslavia under Article 4 of the Charter will terminate the
situation created by resolution 4711."

10. On 5 May 1993the General Assembly in resolution 471229decided
that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia would not participate in the
work of the Economic and Social Council either. No follow-up was ever
given to these resolutions of the appropriate organs.
11. The Court was already confronted with the question whether or Républiquefédérativesocialiste de Yougoslavie et, par conséquent,
décideque la Républiquefédérativede Yougoslavie (Serbie et Mon-
ténégro) devraitprésenter unedemande d'admission àl'organisation
et qu'elle neparticipera pas auxtravaux de l'Assembléegénérale;
2. Prendacte de l'intention du Conseil de sécuritéde reconsidérer

la question avant la fin de la partie principale de la quarante-
septiéme sessionde l'Assembléegénérale .)
Il y a lieu de noter que, dans sa résolution, l'Assemblée généraln ee
reprend pas le considérant du Conseil de sécurité suivantlequel ((I'Etat
antérieurementconnu comme la République fédérativs eocialiste de You-
goslavie a cesséd'exister)).
9. Le 29 septembre 1992,le Secrétaire généraaldjoint aux affairesjuri-

diques et conseiller juridique de l'organisation des Nations Unies a
adresséaux représentants permanents de la Bosnie-Herzégovineet de la
Croatie auprèsdes Nations Unies une lettre dans laquelle il leur commu-
niquait «la position réfléchidu Secrétariatdes Nations Unies en ce qui
concerne les conséquencespratiques de l'adoption par l'Assemblée géné-
rale de la résolution4711».
Le conseiller juridique disait notamment dans sa lettre:

(<Larésolution4711de l'Assembléegénéraleporte sur une ques-
tion d'appartenance à l'organisation qui n'est pas prévue par la
Charte des Nations Unies, à savoir les conséquencessur le plan de
l'appartenance à l'organisation de la désintégration d'un Etat
Membre s'il n'ya pas d'accord A ce sujet entre les successeurs im-
médiatsde cet Etat ou entre les autres Etats Membres de I'Organi-
sation.))

De l'avisdu conseillerjuridique, ((l'uniqueconséquencepratique de cette
résolution est que la République fédérativede Yougoslavie (Serbie et
Monténégro)ne participera pas aux travaux de l'Assembléegénérale)).
II ajoutait que:
«La résolutionne met pas fin àI'appartenancr de la Yougoslavie à

l'organisation et ne la suspend pas. En conséquence,le siège etla
plaque portant le nom de la Yougoslavie subsistent mais dans les
organes de l'Assembléeles représentants de la Républiquefédérative
de Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)ne peuvent occuper la place
réservéeà la «Yougoslavie» ... La résolutionn'enlèvepas à la You-
goslavie le droit de participer aux travaux des organes autres que
ceux de l'Assemblée.L'admission à l'organisation des Nations Unies
d'une nouvelle Yougoslavie en vertu de l'article4 de la Charte met-
tra finà la situation crééepar la résolution4711.))

10. Le 5 mai 1993, dans sa résolution 471229,l'Assemblée généralae
décidéque la République fédéralede Yougoslavie ne participerait pas
non plus aux travaux du Conseil économiqueet social. II n'a jamais été
donnésuite à ces résolutions desorganes compétents.
11. La Cour s'est déjà trouvéeface à la question de savoir si la Répu-not the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is a Member of the United
Nations and as such a party to the Statute when it dealt with the request
for the indication of provisional measures in the case concerning the
Application of'the Convention on the Prevention und Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide.
The Court, however, was of the opinion that at that stage of the pro-
ceedings there was no need to determine definitively Yugoslavia's status.

In what certainly must be called an understatement the Court called "the
solution adopted [by the General Assembly in resolution 47/11 . .. not
free from legal difficulties"(Application of the Convention on the Preven-
tion and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Provisional Measures.
Order of8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 14,para. 18).

12. In the Genocidecase the Court's view that it was not necessary to
deal with the issue of Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations
was understandable and even logical since the Court had in any event
prima faciejurisdiction under Article IX of the Genocide Convention.

In the present case, however, the Court has found that the acts imputed
by Yugoslavia to the Respondent are not capable of coming intothepro-
visions of the GenocideConvention and that, consequently, Article IX of
the Convention cannot constitute a basis on which the jurisdiction of the
Court could prima facie be founded. (Order, para. 41 .)

13. Thus, the only remaining title for the Court's jurisdiction, invoked
by Yugoslavia, is that of the mutual acceptance of the compulsory juris-
diction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute. One
would expect, therefore, that the Court would no longer be able to avoid
the rather thorny question of Yugoslavia's membership of the United

Nations and, therefore, of that of the legal validity of its declaration of
acceptance.
14. In its present Order, however, the Court again - like in 1993 -
takes the position that it need not consider this question for the purpose
of decidingwhether or not it can indicate provisional measures in viewof
its finding that the dispute between the Parties arose well before 25 April
1999,the date on which Yugoslavia accepted the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court with the explicit proviso that it accepted that jurisdiction in
respect only of disputes arising or which may arise after the signature of
its declaration, with regard to situations or facts subsequent to that sig-
nature. (Paras. 28 and 29.)

15. In this respect the Court relies upon what it said in its Judgment of

11 June 1998 in the case concerning the Land und Maritime Boundary
hetiveen Cumeroon und Nigeria :

"[als early as 1952,it held in the case concerning Anglo-Iraniun Oil LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP.IND. KOOIJMANS) 176

blique fkdéralede Yougoslavie est ou non Membre des Nations Unies et,
à ce titre, partie au Statut quand elle a été said'une demande en indi-
cation de mesures conservatoires dans l'affaire relative l'Applicationcfe
lu conventionpour la préventionet lu répressiondu crime de génocide.

La Cour a toutefois estiméqu'à ce stade de la procédure elle n'avait
pas à statuer définitivementsur la qualité dela Yougoslavie à cet égard.
En formulant ce qui mérite certainement le nom de litote, la Cour a dit
alors que «la solution adoptée))par l'Assemblée généraldeans sa résolu-
tion 4711 «ne laiss[ait]pas de susciter des difficultésjuridiques)) (Applica-
tion de lu convention pour lu prévention et lu répressiondu crime de
génocide. mesures conservutoires, ordonnunce du 8 avril 1993, C.I.J.
Rrczreil1993, p. 14, par. 18).
12. Mais, dans cette affaire relativà la Convention .surle génocide,il
était compréhensibleque la Cour n'estimât pas indispensable de se pro-
noncer sur la question de savoir si la Yougoslavie étaitou non Membre
des Nations Unies, et c'était même logique puisqulea Cour avait de toute

façon compétence primujucie en vertu de l'article IX de la convention sur
le génocide.
En l'espèce,toutefois, la Cour a considéréque les actes que la You-
goslavie impute au défendeurne sont pas susceptibles d'entrer dans les
prévisions de la convention sur le génocide et que, par conséquent,
l'articleX de ladite convention ne constitue pas une base sur laquelle la
compétence de la Cour pourrait priw~u,facie être fondée(ordonnance,
par. 41).
13. Dans ces conditions, le seul chefde compétence dela Cour qui sub-
siste et qu'invoque la Yougoslavie est celui de l'acceptation de part et
d'autre de lajuridiction obligatoire de la Cour en vertu de l'article36,para-
graphe 2, du Statut. On s'attend par conséquentà ce que la Cour ne puisse

plus échapper à la question assez épineuse de savoirsi la Yougoslavie est
ou non Membre des Nations Unies ni, par suite, à la question de savoir si
sa déclarationd'acceptation de la juridiction est ou non valable en droit.
14. Dans l'ordonnance qu'elle rend aujourd'hui, toutefois, la Cour,
de nouveau, comme en 1993, adopte pour position qu'elle n'a pas lieu
d'examiner cette question aux fins de décidersi elle peut ou non indi-
quer des mesures conservatoires, puisqu'elle constate que le différend
entre les Partiesa surgi bien avant le 25 avril 1999, date à laquelle la
Yougoslavie a acceptéla juridiction obligatoire de la Cour sous réserve
d'une condition expresse, qui est qu'elle n'accepte cette juridiction
qu'en ce qui concerne les différendsqui ont surgi ou qui pourraient sur-
gir après la signature de sa déclaration et qui ont traità des situations

ou des faits postérieursà ladite signature (par. 28-29).
15. Sur ce point, la Cour s'appuie sur ce qu'elle a déjàdit dans son
arrêtdu Il juin 1998 en l'affaire de la Frontiéreterrestre et rnuritime
enlre le Cameroun et le Nig6ria:

«[d]ès1952,ellea jugédans l'affaire de 1'Anglo-IruniarzOil Co. que, lorsque des déclarations sont faites sous condition de réciprocité,
((compétenceest conférée à la Cour seulement dans la mesure où
elles[les deux déclarations] coïncident pour la lui conférer)) (C.1.J.
Recueil 1952, p. 103)))(C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 298, par. 43 ;les ita-
liques sont de moi).

Et la Cour conclut en disant que les déclarations faites par les parties
conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut ne constituent
pas une base sur laquelle la compétencede la Cour pourrait primafacie
être fondée dans le cas d'espèce(ordonnance, par. 30).
16. Je me permets de dire que je trouve en l'occurrence le raisonne-
ment étonnant, sinon illogique et incohérent.Comment la Cour peut-elle
dire qu'il n'ya pas lieu d'examiner la question de la validitéde la déclara-
tion de la Yougoslavie et conclure en même tempsque ladite déclaration,
considérée aveccelle du défendeur, ne peut pas constituer une base de

compétence?Pour conclure ainsi, il faut certainement prendre pour hypo-
thèseque la déclaration de la Yougoslavie est valable, tout au moins au
stade actuel de la procédure. Si cette présomption de validitéfait défaut,
la Cour aurait dû tout au moins dire qu'elle accepte cette validitéaux
seules fins du débatpuisque, mêmesi elle avait été valable, cettedéclara-
tion du demandeur n'aurait pas pu conférer compétence à la Cour en rai-
son de la limitation ratione tenzporis qu'elle énonce.
17. Sur ce point, je dois avouer que l'allusion à l'affaireCameroun
c. Nigéria (référencequi se justifie dans le contexte tel que l'établit la
Cour) ne paraît pas particulièrement bien choisie, car dans cette affaire4
comme dans la plupart des autres affaires dont la Cour a eu àconnaître
au titre de l'article 36, paragraphe2, du Statut, ce n'est pas la validitéde

la déclaration du demandeur qui est en question, c'est de savoir si cette
déclaration peut être invoquée à l'encontre du défendeur.C'est pour cette
raison que deux ans plus tôt, dans son ordonnance portant indication de
mesures conservatoires, la Cour pouvait dire «que les déclarations faites
par les Parties conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 de son Sta-
tut constituent prima facie une base sur laquelle sa compétencepourrait
être fondéeen l'espèce))(Frontière terre.rtreet maritime entre le Came-
roun et le Nigéria,ordonnance du 15 mars 1996, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I),
p. 21, par. 31), bien que le Nigériaait soutenu que le Cameroun ne pou-
vait pas s'appuyer sur sa propre déclaration (dont la validité n'étaitpas
contestée) à l'égarddu Nigéria.
18. Dans l'opinion individuellequ'ila jointe a l'ordonnance rendue par

la Cour dans l'affaire de l'lnterhandel, à la suite d'une demande en indi-
cation de mesures conservatoires, sir Hersch Lauterpacht a dit ce qui suit:
«La Cour peut légitimement agir en application de l'article 41,
pourvu qu'il existeun instrument, tel qu'une déclaration d'accepta-
tion de la disposition facultative, émanant des Parties au différend,

conférant à la Cour compétence prima facie et ne contenant aucune
réserveexcluant manifestement cette compétence. ))(C.1.J. Recueil
1957, p. 118-119; les italiques sont de moi.) 19. This quotation indicates the correct order in which decisions must
be taken. The Court first has to establish the existence of an instrument
which prima facie is capable of conferring jurisdiction upon the Court;
it is only after this has been established that the question becomes rele-
vant whether such instruments, emanating from the parties to the dis-
pute, contain reservations which manifestly exclude the Court's jurisdic-
tion.
20. 1 am, therefore, of the opinion that the Court should not have
avoided the question of Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations
and the ensuing validity or invalidity of its declaration of acceptance, but
should have dealt with it as a preliminary issue. Only after having estab-
lished that this declaration is capable of providing the Court with a prima
facie basis for itsjurisdiction could the Court have considered in aean-
ingful way whether reservations made in either of the declarations obvi-
ously exclude itsjurisdiction. For if the Court would have concluded that
the Yugoslav declaration is not capable of conferring this prima facie
jurisdiction, the latter question becomes irrelevant.

21. Not for a moment do 1 contend that the Court already at the

present stage of the proceedings should have taken a definitive stand on
what 1 called earlier a thorny question. The dossier on the controversy
with regard to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's continuation of the
international personality of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
is full of legal snags. The decisions taken by the appropriate United
Nations bodies are without precedent and raise a number of as yet un-
solved questions. Neither should it be forgotten, however, thatthese deci-
sions have been taken by the organs which according to the Charter have
the exclusiveauthority in questions of membership. Their decisions there-
fore, cannot easily be overlooked or ignored, even if the interpretations
given to them by the member States which have participated in the deci-
sion-making process are widely divergent.

22. The factual and legal background of this question necessitates a
thorough analysis and a careful evaluation by the Court when it deals
with itsjurisdiction on the merits at alater stage. What the Court should
have done, however, in the present stage of the proceedings, is to deter-

mine whether the doubts, raised by the decisions of the competent United
Nations bodies with regard to the continued membership of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, are serious enough to bar the Court from
assuming that it has prima faciejurisdiction to entertain the case brought
by Yugoslavia on the basis of its declaration of acceptance.

23. In this respect it is, in my opinion, of primordial importance that
both the Security Council and the General Assembly expressed the view
that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia cannot continue automatically
the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 19. Cette citation donne l'ordre dans lequel il convient de se pronon-
cer. La Cour doit d'abord établirl'existenced'un instrument qui pourrait
primu facie lui conférer compétence;ce n'est qu'une fois cet élément
établi qu'ildevient pertinent de chercher si les instruments en cause qui
émanent des parties au différend contiennent des réserves excluant
manifestement la juridiction de la Cour.

20. Je suis par conséquentd'avis que la Cour n'aurait pas dû éviterde

se pencher sur la question de savoir si la Yougoslavie est ou non Membre
des Nations Unies et de savoir par conséquentsi sa déclaration d'accep-
tation de la juridiction de la Cour est valable ou non; cette question
aurait dû êtreexaminée a titre préliminaire.Ce n'est qu'après avoir établi
que ladite déclaration peut servir a la Cour de base de juridiction prima
facie que la Cour aurait pu utilement examiner si des réservesaccompa-
gnant l'une ou l'autre des déclarationsexcluent manifestement sa compé-
tence. En effet, si la Cour avait conclu que la déclaration de la Yougo-
slaviene pouvait pas lui conférer cette compétence primu facie, la seconde
question perdait toute pertinence.
21. Je ne soutiens pas une minute que la Cour aurait d'ores et déjàdû,
au stade actuel de la procédure, se prononcer définitivement sur une
question que j'ai plus haut qualifiée d'épineuse.Le dossier consacré a

cette question controversée de savoir si la République fédéralede You-
goslavie héritede la personnalité internationale de la République fédéra-
tive socialiste de Yougoslavie est plein de piègesjuridiques. Les décisions
adoptéespar les organes compétents des Nations Unies sont sans précé-
dent et soulèvent un certain nombre de questions qui sont toujours sans
réponse. Mais il ne faut pas non plus oublier que ces décisionsont été
adoptées par les organes qui, aux termes de la Charte, ont le dernier mot
en matière d'appartenance a l'organisation. On ne peut donc pas passer
facilement outre a ces décisions,ni les laisser de côté,mêmesi les Etats
Membres qui ont pris part a leur adoption en donnent des interprétations
largement divergentes.
22. Les faits et les considérations juridiques qui entourent cette ques-
tion imposent à la Cour de les analyser et de les évaluerde façon appro-
fondie, avec beaucoup d'attention, quand elle cherchera par la suite à

déterminersi elleest compétenteau fond. Ceque la Cour aurait dû néan-
moins faire au stade actuel de la procédure,c'est établirsi les interroga-
tions suscitéespar les décisions des organes compétents des Nations
Unies au sujet de la qualité de Membre de l'organisation que la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie continue ou non d'avoir, sont assez
sérieusespour empêcherla Cour de présumer qu'ellea compétence prima
jacic pour connaître de l'affaire introduite par la Yougoslavie sur la base
de sa déclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire.
23. Sur ce point, il esà mon sens d'une importance primordiale que le
Conseil de sécurité et l'Assemblée généra aent l'un et l'autre été d'avis
que la République fédéralede Yougoslavie ne peut pas assurer automa-
tiquement la continuité de la qualité de Membre de l'ancienne Répu-and therefore (emphasis added) that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
should apply for membership.

Security Council resolution 777 (1992) and General Assembly resolu-
tion 4711seem to establish a causal link between the requirement of an
application of membership and the issue of the continuation of the mem-
bership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This
"causal link" seems to be a breeding-ground of inconsistencies, both
legally and otherwise. Nevertheless it cannot be fully ignored.

24. In this respect it is worthwhile touote once more from the letter
of 29 September 1992of the United Nations Legal Counsel, referred to in
paragraph 9 above. The Legal Counsel wrote that "the admission to the
United Nations of a new Yugoslavia under Article 4 of the Charter will

terminate the situation created by resolution4711" .

During the debate in the General Assembly on the draft resolution
which was finally adopted as resolution 4711 (22 September 1992) the
then Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia said: "1here-
with formally request membership in the United Nations on behalf of the
new Yugoslavia, whose Government 1 represent." The United Nations,
however, never received any written document as a follow-up to that
statement.

25. Against this background 1 come to the conclusion that there are
strong reasons for doubt as to whether the Federal Republic of Yugosla-
via is a full-fledged, fully qualified Member of the United Nations and as
such capable of accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court as a
party to the Statute.
That means that there is a probability, which is far from negligible,
that the Court after a thorough analysis of the legal issues involved will

find that is withoutjurisdiction because of the invalidity of Yugoslavia's
declaration of acceptance.

26. The disputed validity of that declaration touches the very basis of
the Court'sjurisdiction and, therefore, takes precedence over other issues,
like, for example, limitations ratione temporis, ratione materiue and
rationepersonae. In view of the doubts and the controversies with regard
to this question the Court would have found itself on safe ground if it
had concluded that the uncertainties about the validity of Yugoslavia's
declaration prevent it from assuming that it has jurisdiction, even prima
facie.
27. In their dissenting opinion in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case
(interim measures of protection) Judges Winiarski and Badawi Pasha
stressed the importance of the consent of the Parties in the context of
Article 41 of theStatute. They went on to say: LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. [ND.KOOIJMANS) 179

blique fédérativesocialiste de Yougoslavie à l'organisation des Nations
Unies et que par conséquent la République fédéralede Yougoslavie
devrait présenter unedemande d'admission a l'organisation.
La résolution777 (1992)du Conseil de sécuritéet la résolution4711de
l'Assembléegénérale paraissentétablirun lien de causalitéentre l'obliga-
tion de solliciter l'admission et la question de la continuité de la qualité
de Membre de l'ancienne République fédérativesocialiste de Yougosla-
vie. Ce «lien de causalité))semble êtresource d'incohérences,tant sur le
plan juridique qu'a d'autres points de vue. Mais il n'est pas pour autant
possible d'en faire totalement abstraction.

24. Sur le mêmepoint, il est intéressant de citer une fois encore la
lettre du 29 septembre 1992émanant du conseiller juridique des Nations
Unies viséeau paragraphe 9 ci-dessus. Le conseiller juridique écritque
«l'admission à l'organisation des Nations Unies d'une nouvelle Yougo-
slavieen vertu de l'article4 de la Charte mettra finla situation crépar
la résolution4711 D.
Au cours du débat à l'Assemblée généralseur le projet de résolution
qui a étéfinalement étéadoptésous la forme de la résolution4711(22 sep-
tembre 1992),le premier ministre de la République fédérativede Yougo-
slavie de l'époquea dit:«Je fais ici officiellement une demande d'admis-
sion aux Nations Unies au nom de la nouvelle Yougoslavie, dont je
représentele gouvernement. » L'Organisation des Nations Unies n'a tou-
tefoisjamais reçu le moindre document écrit faisant suitea cette déclara-
tion.

25. Telle étant la situation, j'en arriàela conclusion qu'il existe de
solides raisons de douter que la République fédéralede Yougoslavie soit
Membre a part entièrede l'organisation des Nations Unies, jouissant de
toutes les qualitésrequisesà cette fin, ea,ce titreà mêmed'accepter la
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en tant que partie au Statut.
Cela veut dire qu'il existeune possibilité,qui est loin d'êtrenégligeable,
que la Cour doive constater après avoir procédé à une analyse approfon-
die des questions de droit enjeu qu'elle n'estpas compétenteparce que la
déclaration d'acceptation de sa juridiction que la Yougoslavie a faite
n'est pas valable.
26. La contestation relative a la validitéde ladite déclaration ébranlele
fondement mêmede la compétencede la Cour et, par suite, prend le pas
sur d'autres questions comme celle, par exemple, de la présencede limi-

tations rutione temporis, ratione materiae et rutione personae. Vu les
doutes et les controverses qui entourent cette question, la Cour aurait
étéinattaquable si elle avait conclu que l'incertitude régnant au sujet
de la validitéde la déclaration de la Yougoslavie l'empêche de présumer
qu'elle estcompétente,même prima fucic.
27. Dans l'opinion dissidente qu'ils ont joinàela décision dela Cour
dans l'affaire de 1'Anglo-Iraniun OilCo. (mesures conservatoires), les
juges Winiarski et Badawi Pasha ont mis en évidencel'importance qui
s'attache au consentement des Parties dans le cadre de l'article 41 du Sta-
tut. Et ils disent ensuite: "the Court ought not to indicate interim measures of protection
unless its competence, in the event of this being challenged, appears
to the Court nevertheless reu.sonahlyprobable" (emphasis added).

And they concluded:
"if there exist weighty arguments in îavour of the challenged juris-
diction, the Court may indicate interim measures of protection; if
there existserious doubts or weighty arguments against this jurisdic-
tion such measures cannot be indicated" (I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 97).

It is my considered view that because of the thick clouds which have
packed around Yugoslavia's membership of the United Nations, the
ensuing uncertainty of the validity of its declarationoes not pass the test
of "reasonable probability".

28. There have been earlier occasions when the Court shied awayfrom
thorny questions and chose to decide a case on other grounds which were

judicially preferable albeit not logically defensible. The most famous
example is the Interhandel case where the Court first rejected three of
four preliminary objectionsregarding theCourt's jurisdiction, then upheld
a preliminary objection on admissibility and ultimately decided that there
was no need to consider the fourth obiection on iurisdiction. This order
of dealing with preliminary objections has been criticized and for good
reasons but it is at least comprehensible as the various objections were
completely different in character.

29. The present case, however, is different. The issue of the declara-
tion's validity is preconditional for that of the applicability of the reser-
vations and time limitations. The latter issue is completely dependent
upon the former. In particular with regard to the limitation vatione tem-

povis in Yugoslavia's own declaration this becomes relevant. If the major-
ity of the Court would have Soundthat this limitation did not act as a bar
to the Court's prima facie jurisdiction, the Court could no longer have
avoided to take up the question of the declaration's validity. This shows
that that finding would have been wholly conditioned by this threshold
question.
30. Finally, let me state that1 find the Court's view that the temporal
limitation contained in Yugoslavia's declaration prevents the Court from
assuming that it has prima faciejurisdiction persuasive, although it does
not fully satisfy me. In my view, however, that finding would have been
superfluous if the Court had based its negative conclusion on the ques-
tion of the validity of Yugoslavia's declaration. «La Cour ne doit indiquer de mesures conservatoires que si sa
compétence,au cas ou elle est contestée,lui paraît néanmoins rui-
.sonnublemetltprobable. » (Les italiques sont de moi.)
Et leur conclusion est la suivante:

((s'ilexiste de fortes raisons en faveur de la compétence contestée,la
Cour peut indiquer des mesures conservatoires; s'ilexiste des doutes
sérieuxou de fortes raisons contre cette compétence,elle ne peut pas
les accorder))(C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 97).

Tout bien réfléchie,n raison des épais nuagesqui se sont amonceléssur la
question de savoir si la Yougoslavie a ou non la qualitéde Membre des
Nations Unies, l'incertitude qui règnede ce fait autour de la validitéde sa
déclarationd'acceptation de lajuridiction de la Cour ne lui permet pas de
franchir ce cap de la ((probabilitéraisonnable)).
28. Il est déjà arrivé que la Cour ne veuille pas affronter certaines
questions épineuses et choisisse de retenir pour statuer d'autres motifs
judiciairement préférables même s'ils n'étaient pas logiquement défen-
dables. L'exemple le plus célèbre à cet égard est celui de l'affaire de

l'Intrr/landel, dans laquelle la Cour a d'abord rejeté trois exceptions
préliminaires sur quatre qui concernaient la compétence de la Cour,
puis a fait droit à une exception préliminaire concernant la recevabilité
et a finalement décidéqu'il n'y avait pas lieu d'examiner la quatrième
exception relativeà la compétence.La Cour a été critiquép eour avoir sta-
tuésur les exceptions préliminairesdans cet ordre et les critiques étaient
justifiées,mais au moins cette façon de faire est-elle compréhensiblecar
les diverses exceptions étaient totalement étrangères l'une a l'autre.
29. Il n'en va pas de mêmedans la présente espèce.La question de la
validitéde la déclaration conditionne celle de I'applicabilité des réserves
et des limitations de caractère temporel. La seconde question est totale-
ment subordonnée à la première.cela vaut tout particulièrement pour la

limitation rutionr temporis qui figure dans la propre déclaration de la
Yougoslavie. Si les membres de la Cour avaient majoritairement estimé
que cette limitation ne faisait pas obstacle sa compétenceprimafucie, la
Cour n'aurait plus pu éviterde s'intéresser à la validitéde la déclaration.
Cela montre que la conclusion en faveur dela compétenceaurait été inté-
gralement conditionnée par cette question liminaire.
30. Je dirai en dernier lieu que je trouve convaincante l'idéeretenue
par la Cour, suivant laquelle la limitation de caractère temporel énoncée
dans la déclaration de la Yougoslavie empêche laCour de présumer
qu'elle est compétente prinza,facir, encore que cette idéene me donne pas
entière satisfaction. Mais je pense que cette conclusion aurait été super-
flue si la Cour s'était fondée,pour statuer dans un sens négatif,sur la
question de la validitéde la déclaration de la Yougoslavie.

(Sig&) Pieter H. KOOIJMANS.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion by Judge Kooijmans

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