Separate opinion by Judge Oda

Document Number
105-19990602-ORD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
105-19990602-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

TABLEOF CONTENTS

Pur

II. THESTATU SF THEFEDERARLEPUBLI CFYUCOSLAV -IAA PRELI-
MINARY ISSUE

III.ACK OF THE COURT'S JURISDICTIOUNDER ARTICLE36, PARA-
GRAPH 2,OF THESTATUT AND ARTICLE38, PARAGRAP S,OF THE
RULES OFCOURT

(1) No "legal dispute" within the meaning of Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute exists between the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia and the respondent State
(2) Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court

(3) Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court
(4) The optional clause

IV.LACK OF THECOURT'JSURISDICTIOUNDER THE 1930CONVENTION
BETWEENBELGIUM ANDYUGOSLAV AND THE 1931TREATYBETWEEN
THE NETHERLAN AND YUGOSLAVIA

V. LACKOF THECOURT'JSURISDICTIUNNDER THGENOCIDC EONVEN-
TION
(1) Preliminary observations

(2) No disputes relating to the Genocide Convention exist
between the Parties
(3) General character of the Genocide Convention
(4) Concluding observations

VI. INTHEPRESENCTIRCUMSTAN CESREQUEST FOR THEINDICATION
OF PROVISIONMALEASURE AREINADMISSIBLE

VII. REMOVA OLF THECASESFROM THE GENERAL LISTOF THECOURT
DUE TO THELACK OF JURISDICTION 1. 1entirely support the decision of the Court in dismissing the requests
for the indication of provisional measures submitted on 29 April 1999
by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against ten respondent States -

Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal,
Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.
While favouring subparagraph (2) of the operative paragraph in which
the Court ordered that the case be removed from the General List of the
Court in the cases of Spain and the United States, 1voted against sub-
paragraph (2) of the operative paragraph in the other eight cases in which
the Court ordered that it "(rleserves the subsequent procedure for
further decision" because 1 believe that those eight cases should also be
removed from the General List of the Court.
2. 1differ from the Court's reasoning on some aspects of the cases, not

only on matters concerning the dismissal of the requests but also on some
other matters relating to the Applications filed in the Registry of the
Court by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on the same day, namely
29 April 1999. It is difficult, even impossible, for me to give a sufficient
explanation of my position in the extremely limited time - if 1may Say
so, an unreasonably short period of time, too short todo proper justice
to the cases- that has been made available to the judges for preparing
their opinions.1 very much regret that this lack of time has given me no
choice but to cover al1ten cases in a single opinion. Certain parts of this
opinion may thus not be relevant to a particular case.

II. THESTATU S F THE FEDERAL REPUBLI CF
YUGOSLAV -IAA PRELIMINAR IYSLIE
3. 1consider that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is not a Member
of the United Nations and thus not a party to the Statute of the Inter-

national Court of Justice.
Following the unrest in Yugoslavia in the early 1990sand the dissolu-
tion of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. some of its former
Republics achieved independence and then applied for membership of
the United Nations. On 22 May 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia
and Slovenia became Members of the United Nations, followed on
8 April 1993by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. However,
the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Monte-
negro) to continue automatically the membership in the United Nations of
the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was not recognized.

On 22 September 1992 the General Assembly, pursuant to Security
Council resolution 757(1992)of 30 May 1992and Security Council reso-
lution 777 (1992) of 19September 1992.adopted resolution 4711stating
that
"the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) can- not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations"
and decided that it "should apply for membership in the United Nations'".
The letter addressed to the Permanent Representatives of Bosnia and
Herzegovina and Croatia dated 29 September 1992 from the Under-
Secretary-General, the Legal Counsel of the United Nations, stated that

while the above-mentioned General Assembly resolution neither termi-
nated nor suspended Yugoslavia's membership in the Organization,
"the General Assembly has stated unequivocally that the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot automati-
callycontinue the membership of the former Socialist Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations".

In fact, there seems to have been an understanding that this rather
exceptional situation would be resolved by the admission of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia to the United Nations as a new Member. How-
ever, no further developments have occurred and the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia has not been admitted to the United Nations, as a "peace-

loving State[s] which accept[s] the obligations contained in the [United
Nations] Charter" (United Nations Charter, Art. 4).
4. The Court is open to the States parties to its Statute (Art. 35). Only
States parties to theatute are allowed to bring cases before the Court.
It thereforeollows, in my view,that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,
not being a Member of the United Nations and thus not a State party to
the Statute of the Court, has no standing before the Court as an appli-
cant State. The Applications presented by the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia should therefore be declared inadmissible for this reason and

should be removed from the General List of the Court.
However, if 1 am not correct on this, and assuming, for the sake of
argument, that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia does in fact have
standing before the Court,1shall now go on to discuss whether the Fed-
eral Republic of Yugoslavia can bring the present Applications on the
basis of certain provisions of thetute and of the Rules of Court, of the
1930and 193 1instruments in the cases of Belgium and the Netherlands,
and of the 1948Genocide Convention.

III. LACK OF THE COURT'S JURISD~CTIO UNDER ARTICLE 36,
PARAGRAPH 2,OF THE STATUT END ARTICLE 38, PARAGRAP5H ,
OF THE RULES OF COURT

(1) No "Legal Dispute" within the Meaning of Article 36,
Parugraph 2,of the Statute Exists hetiveen the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia and the Respondent State

5. The Applications of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refer to the
acts of the ten respondent States by which the Federal Republic of Yugo-slavia alleges that they have violated certain obligations as listed in
the section of each Application entitled "Subject of the Dispute". The
acts which are listed in the section of each Application entitled "Claim"
may have occurred, but the fact alone that a State allegedly committed
these acts or actions as described in the section "Facts upon Which
the Claim is Based" cannot constitute the existence of a "legal dispute"
between two States within the meaning of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute.
The question of whether certain acts of a State which may infringe
upon the rights and interests of another State should be considered as
justifiableunder international law may well be a legitimate issue to be
raised, but not as a "legal dispute" in which both sides are to present

arguments concerning their respective rights and duties under interna-
tional law in their relations with each other. Certainly such a "legal dis-
pute" between Yugoslavia and the respondent States had not existed
when the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia filed the Applications to insti-
tute the proceedings in these cases. What did exist on 29 April 1999was
simply the action of bombing or armed attacks conducted by the NATO
armed forces in which the military powers of each of the respondent
States were alleged to have participated. The issues - but not the "legal
disputes" - concerning the bombing and armed attacks should properly
be dealt with by the Security Council under Chapters V, VI, VI1and VI11
of the Charter or, in some cases, by the General Assembly under Chap-
ter IV. For this reason alone, the Application should, on the basis of
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute be declared inadmissible.

However, for the sake of argument, 1shall proceed on the assumption
that there exists between the Parties a "legal dispute" within the meaning
of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.

(2) Article 38, Paragraph 5, of the
Rules of Court

6. In its Applications against France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the
United States,the Federal Republicof Yugoslavia invokes Article 38,para-
graph 5, of the Rules of Court, in the hope that consent to the jurisdic-
tion of the Court might be given by those States. However, France, Ger-

many, Italy, Spain and the United States have given no such consent to
the Court's jurisdiction and it is clear from their arguments in the oral
hearings that they will not give it. There is thus no room for the Court to
entertain these fiveApplications on the basis of Article 38, paragraph 5,
of the Rules of Court. The concept of forum prorogatum does not apply
in these five cases. (3) Article 36, Paragraph 2,of the Statute of the Court

7. On 25 April 1999the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia registeredwith
the Secretariat of the United Nations its declaration recognizingthe com-
pulsory jurisdictionof the Court in accordancewith Article36,paragraph 2,
of theStatute. The main point to beconsidered,evenon the assumptionthat
the registration of the declaration by the Federal Republicof Yugoslaviaon
25 April 1999was valid, is whether this declaration is valid in connection
with the Applications of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against six
respondent States (Belgium,Canada, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spainand
the United Kingdom) whichhave acceptedthe Court's compulsoryjurisdic-
tion in their respectivedeclarations under the sameprovision of the Statute.
8. The cases of Spain and the United Kingdom are different from the
other four cases. In its declaration of 29 October 1990, Spain expressly
excluded from the Court's jurisdiction "disputes in regard to which the
other party or parties have accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court less than 12months prior to the filing of the application bringing

the dispute before the Court" and the United Kingdom in its declaration
of 1 January 1969 similarly excluded certain disputes from the Court's
jurisdiction:
"where the acceptance of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction on
behalf of any other Party to the dispute was deposited or ratified less
than twelvemonths prior to the filingof the application bringing the

dispute before the Court".
It is crystalclear that the Court cannot exercisejurisdiction to entertain
these two Applications, one against Spain and the other against the
United Kingdom, on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.

9. Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands and Portugal have accepted the
compulsoryjurisdiction of the Court in their respectivedeclarations, depos-

ited by Belgiumon 17June 1958,by Canada on 10May 1994,bythe Neth-
erlands on 1 August 1956and by Portugal on 19 December 1955.As no
reservation directly relevant to the present issues has been included in the
declarations of the four States mentioned above, it might beargued that the
exercise ofthe Court'sjurisdiction isjustifiedunder Article 36,paragraph 2,
of the Statute in the cases of the Applications addressed to those four
States. Literally interpreted, the declaration of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (assumingthat the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is indeed a
party to the Statute of the Court and that the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia's declaration was legitimately registered)may be claimed as being
valid in relation to other States which have made a similar declaration.
However, 1 hold the viewthat acceptanceby the Federal Republicof Yugo-
slavia of the Court's jurisdiction only a matter of days before it filedits
Applications with the Court in these cases is not an act done in good faith
and iscontrary to the proper concept of acceptance of thecompulsoryjuris-
diction of the Court under the "optional clause" inthe Statute. (4) The Optionul Cluuse

10. Provisions equivalent to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of
the International Court of Justice were first introduced in 1920when the
Permanent Court of International Justice was being planned. In the view
of the Council of the League of Nations, which initiated the drafting of
the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1920,the
time was not yet ripe for the international community to accept a general
obligation to be bound by the judicial settlement of disputes. In fact, the
consent of each State to accept such an obligation was deemed to be
absolutely necessary. The arguments surrounding that problem during
the preparation of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International
Justice clearly reflected the still prevalent concept of national sovereignty
as dominant in the international community. It was in that context that
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute was drafted as one of the corner-

stones of the Permanent Court of International Justice. The International
Court of Justice, operating under the United Nations system, inherited it
as what is still Article 36, paragraph 2, now of the Statute of the present
Court.

11. By 1974, the year of the appeal by the United Nations General
Assembly for the revitalization of the Court (United Nations doc. AIRESI
3232 (XXIX)), 45 out of 141 States parties to the Statute had accepted
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under the "optional clause".
Sincethen, the number of accepting States has not increased significantly,
despite the increased number of States parties to the Statute. As of July
1998, the States parties to theStatute numbered 187. However, only 60
States out of that 187have declared their acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court. The number of States accepting the compulsory
jurisdiction has never exceeded one-third of the total number of States
that might have at any one time accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of
the Court.

It is also a remarkable fact that, with the exception ofthe United King-
dom, no permanent member of the Security Council has, at the present
time, accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court. In fact, in Octo-
ber 1985,on the occasion of the loss of its case against Nicaragua (at the
jurisdictional phase), the United States proceeded to withdrawthe accept-
ance which it had maintained ever since the Court was set up in 1946.
Earlier, France had withdrawn its acceptance, just after being brought
before the Court by AustraliaINew Zealand in connection with its nuclear
tests in the atmosphere in the South Pacific in 1973.

12. The making of a declaration is a unilateral act, which, far from
being in the nature of a concession, is in fact to the State's advantage, in
that itconfers a right of action against States in a similar position. How-
ever, as the making of the declaration functions in the same way as anoffer to conclude an agreement and depends on reciprocity, the practical
effectiveness of the system depends on the number of States which are
willing to participate in it and on the relative breadth of the obligations
which they are prepared to accept thereunder. The acceptance is com-
monly hedged with reservations and exclusions.

The United Kingdom in its 1958declaration (revised in 1963and 1969)
excluded disputes

"where the acceptance of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction on
behalf of any other Party to the dispute was deposited or ratified less
than twelve months prior to the filing of the application bringing the
dispute before the Court".

A similar 12-month exclusion clause is found in the following declara-
tions: Hungary (1992), India (1974), Malta (1966), Mauritius (1968),
New Zealand (1977),Philippines (1972), Poland (1996),Somalia (1963),
Spain (1990). Cyprus has a six-month exclusion clause in its declaration
(1988).
Itis obvious that these States would, thanks to either a 12-month or a
six-month exclusion clause, be in a position to withdraw their acceptance
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court if faced with an application
that they considered lacking in bona fides.
The United Kingdom's 1958 declaration also had a clause excluding

"disputes in respect of which any other Party to the dispute has accepted
the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice only in
relation to or for the purpose of the dispute". A similar clause is also now
to be found in New Zealand's 1977declaration.

13. The "optional clause" in effect plays a double role: one positive, in
that it may on occasion enable a unilateral application to succeed, and
the other negative, in that it may sometimes result in a respondent being
brought to the Court against its will. Thus a State, by declaring its
acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, may seek to
acquire locus standii n a case in which the odds are in its favour, but on
the other hand it may, where it feels placed at a disadvantage, try to
release itself from the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by the termi-

nation or amendment of its declaration.

It has always been the desire of States, when faced with an application
that in their viewclearly lacks bona fides, to escape from their acceptance
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court. The fact remains - and this
is what 1 want to stress - that the judicial settlement of international
disputes still remains in the hands of those States that are genuinely
willing to defer to the International Court of Justice.
14. Al1of these facts indicate that some States accept the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court out of their good will but on the understanding
that other States have the same good intentions. If this good faith is lack-ing, the system of acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court
cannot work in the manner in which the drafters of theatute intended.

Past practice reveals, cases brought unilaterally in which preliminary
objections made by the respondent States were overcome, that there have
been only a fewcases in which thejudgments on the merits were properly
complied with. This indicates the reality ofudicial settlement in the
world community. If States are brought to the Court against their will,
then no real settlement of the dispute will follow. 1 feel that, even if a
12-month or similar exclusion clause is not included in a State'sra-

tion, al1States should have the right to refuse to be drawn into a case that
is obviously not brought bona fide.

15. Generally speaking, 1also believethat there should be some means
of excluding from the Court's jurisdiction applications which may not
have bona fide intentions or motives and that some provision should be
made for such exclusion in the basic concept of the declaration of accept-
ance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, para-

graph 2, of the Statute. It should be noted that, as a basic concept of
international judiciary, the cornerstone of the granting by sovereign
States ofjurisdiction to the International Court of Justice in a dispute has
always been the consent ofthose States.

16. In my view, it would be extremely odd to have a situation where
the Court apparently has prima facie jurisdiction only forhose States
(Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands and Portugal) that have simply failed
to include in their declarations an exclusion clause protecting their
ests, while Spain and the United Kingdom are, because of their exclusion

clauses, released from the Court's jurisdiction in the present cases (which
in fact cover exactly theme subject)1 accordingly consider, in the light
my finding in paragraph 9 above as to Yugoslavia's lackof good faith,
that the Applications instituting proceedings againsthese four States
also (namely, Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands and Portugal) should
likewise be found inadmissible.

IV. LACK OF THE COURT'S JURISDICTIO NNDER THE 1930 CONVENTION

BETWEEN BELGIUM AND YUGOSLAV AIND THE 1931TREATY BETWEEN THE
NETHERLAND ASD YUGOSLAVIA

17. As late as the second round of oral hearings, which took place on
12 May 1999, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia supplemented its
Applications against Belgium and the Netherlandsby invoking as addi-
tional grounds of jurisdiction of the Court. respectively, Article 4 of the
1930 Convention of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitrationbetween Yugoslavia and Belgium, and Article 4 of the 1931 Treaty of
Judicial Settlement, Arbitration and Conciliation between Yugoslavia
and the Netherlands. Irrespective of the question of whether these instru-
ments still remain valid in the present-day relations between Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia and the two respondent States, and whether the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is entitled to invoke them as a basis of
jurisdiction at such a late stage,1have to say that in my viewthe reliance

on these instruments by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is totally
unfounded.

18. These two instruments were among a number of treaties of a simi-
lar character concluded between a great number of States in the period
after the establishment of the League of Nations; they were intended to
bring together the various means of peaceful settlement of international
disputes, namely judicial settlement, arbitration, conciliation, and other
methods, into a systematized scheme of precedence among these various
procedures. However, these treaties did not impose any new obligations
on the States which became parties to them. Hence, the 1930and 1931
instruments imposed no new obligations on the Contracting Parties in
connection with the judicial settlement of disputes, over and above resort
to the Permanent Court of International Justice provided for in its Stat-
ute, to which the Contracting Parties of the 1930and 1931instruments,
respectively, were already signatories. (Belgium, the Netherlands, and

Yugoslavia had, in their respective declarations, already accepted the
compulsory jurisdiction of that Court.)

The provisions of Article 4 of these two instruments have never been
interpreted as granting compulsory jurisdiction to the then existing Per-
manent Court of International Justice in addition to what had already
been provided for in its Statute. It is also to be noted that, in both of
these instruments, resort to any of the prescribed means of settlement of
disputescould be had only after a dispute had failed to be settled through
the normal diplomatic channels (cf. Article 1 of the respective instru-
ments).

(1) Pv~liminary Obsrrvations

19. The Court's Statute provides in Article 36,paragraph 1,that "[tlhe
jurisdiction of the Court comprises .. . al1 matters specially provided
for . . in treaties and conventions in force". The 1948Genocide Conven-
tion is one of these "treaties and conventions in force" and its Article IX
provides that

"[dlisputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpre- tation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention .. .shall
be submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of
any of the parties to the dispute".

In al1 ten of its Applications, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,
referring to the alleged breach of the obligation contained in the Geno-
cide Convention, invoked Article IX of that Convention as a legal ground
for jurisdiction of the Court.

1will not deal here with the question of whether the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia is now a party to the Genocide Convention and whether a

State which is not a State party to the Statute isentitled to locus stundi by
relying on Article 36, paragraph 1, as quoted at the beginning of this
paragraph.
1note that Portugal became a party to the Genocide Convention with
effect from 10 May 1999. 1 also note that Spain and the United States
have properly made their respective reservations in respect of Article IX
of the Genocide Convention. Thus the applications of the Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia invoking that Convention should - from the outset -
be dismissed in the cases of Portugal, Spain and the United States.

(2) No Disputes reluting to the Genocide ConilenfionExist het~veen
the Purtie.~

20. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in spite of enumerating vari-
ous claims, did not establish any violation of the Genocide Convention
for which any one of the ten respondent States could be held responsible
as a party to that Convention and indicated no element of genocide as
defined in Article II of the Genocide Convention in the bombing or mili-
tary attacks in Yugoslavia by the NATO armed forces. The question in
general as to whether or not the bombing or the military attack in the
territory of Yugoslavia by the NATO armed forces does in fact constitute

a violation of international law may well be an issue but is irrelevant
when dealing with the Genocide Convention.

21. Even if acts of genocide for which the respondent States may be
deemed to be responsible under the Genocide Convention had taken
place in Yugoslavia, that would not mean that there were disputes
between the applicant State and the respondent States concerning the
interpretation, application or fulfilment of the Convention. The Appli-
cant did not indicate the existence of such a dispute which might be sub-
mitted obligatorily to the Court by application of the Genocide Conven-
tion.
1have previously stated my interpretation of the meaning of the words
"a dispute concerning the interpretation, application or fulfilment of theConvention" in the declaration 1appended to the Court's Judgment in
the Genocidecase and 1repeat it here:

"If any dispute were to be unilaterally submitted to the Court by
one of the Contracting Parties to a treaty pursuant to the compro-
missory clause of that treaty, this would mean in essence that the
dispute had arisen because of (i) the allegedfuilure of another Con-
tracting Party to fuljïl the obligations irnposed by thut treaty - a
failure for which it is responsible - and (ii) the infringement of the
rights bestowed UpOnthejbrmer State hy that treaty due to that fail-
ure. The failure of the other State is itself a violation of the treaty
but such a violation alone cannot be interpreted as constituting a
dispute between the applicant State and the respondent State relat-
ing to that treaty unless it can be shown to have infringed such rights
of the former State as are protected thereby." (Application of the

Convention on the Prevention and Puni.yhmentof the Crime of Geno-
cide, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II),
pp. 625-626.)

(3) Generul Charucter of the Genocide Convention

22. The Genocide Convention cannot be regarded as an orthodox type
of international treaty, as orthodox treaties provide for a right on the

part of one State and a corresponding obligation on the part of another
State. 1once described the uniquecharacter of the Genocide Convention.
It may be pertinent to quote my previous writing in this respect:

"4. The Genocide Convention is unique in having been adopted
by the General Assembly in 1948at a time when - due to the suc-
cess of the Nuremburg Trials - the idea prevailed that an interna-
tional criminal tribunal should be established for the punishment of
criminal acts directed against human rights, including genocide; it is
essentially directed not to the rights and obligations of States but to
the protection of rights of individuals and groups of persons which
have become recognized as universal.

To be sure, the Contracting Parties to the Convention defined
genocide as 'a crime under international law' (Art. 1).The Conven-
tion binds the Contracting Parties to punish persons responsible for
those acts, whoever they may be, and is thus directed to the punish-
ment of persons committing genocide and genocidal acts (Art. IV).
The Contracting Parties undertake 'to enact, in accordance with
their respective Constitutions, the necessary legislation to give effect
to the provisions of the present Convention' (Art. V).
As persons committing genocide or genocidal acts may possibly
be 'constitutionally responsible rulers [or] public officials'(Art. IV),155 LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (SEP.OP. ODA)

the Convention contains a specific provision which allows '[alny
Contracting Party [to] cal1upon the competent organs of the United
Nations to take such action under the Charter of the United Nations
as they consider appropriate for the prevention and suppression of

[those acts]' (Art. VIII) and contemplates the establishment of an
international penal tribunal (Art. VI).
Genocide is defined as 'a crime under international law which [the
Contracting Parties] undertake to prevent and punish' (Art. 1).Even
if this general clause (which was subjected to criticism at the Sixth
Committee in 1948when it was felt by some delegates that it should
have been placed in the preamble, but not in the main text) is to be
interpreted as meaning specifically that the Contracting Parties are
obliged 'to prevent and to punish' genocide and genocidal acts, these
legal obligations are borne in a general manner erga omnes by the
Contracting Parties in their relations with al1the other Contracting
Parties to the Convention - or, even, with the international com-
munity as a whole - but are not obligations in relation to any spe-

cificand particular signatory Contracting Party.

The failure of any Contracting Party 'to prevent and to punish'
such a crime may only be rectifiedand remedied through (i) resort to
a competent organ of the United Nations (Art. VIII) or (ii) resort to
an international penal tribunal (Art. VI), but not by invoking the
responsibility of States in inter-State relations before the Interna-
tional Court of Justice. This constitutes a unique character of the
Convention which was produced in the post-war period in parallel
with the emergence of the concept of the protection of human rights
and humanity.

5. In this regard, some explanation of the dispute settlement pro-
vision of the Convention (Art. IX) may be pertinent. It reads as fol-
lows :
'Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the inter-
pretation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention,
including those relating to the responsibility of a State for geno-

cide or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be
submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of
any of the parties to the dispute'
and is unique as compared with the compromissory clauses found in
other multilateral treaties which provide for submission to the Inter-

national Court of Justice of such disputes between the Contracting
Parties as relate to the interpretation or applicution of the treaties in
question.
The construction of Article IX of the Genocide Convention isvery
uncertain as it incorporates specificreferences to '[dlisputes ... relat-
ing to .. .fulfilment of the Convention' and to 'disputes relating to
the responsibility of a State for genocide or [genocidal acts]' - ref-erences which can hardly be understood in any meaningful sense as
a compromissory clause.

The original draft of the Genocide Convention was drawn up by
an Ad Hoc Committee on Genocide in the ECOSOC in April-May
1948, and contained an orthodox type of compromissory clause
(OfJicial Rccord.~of the Economic und Social Council, Third Yeur,
Seventh Session, Supplement No. 61, which read:

'Disputes between the High Contracting Parties relating to the
interpretution or upplicution of this Convention shall be submitted
to the International Court of Justice, provided thut no dispute
shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice involving
an issue which has been referred to and is pending before or has
been passed upon by a competent international criminal tribunal.'
(Emphasis added.)

When this draft was taken up by the Sixth Committee of the Gen-
eral Assembly in its Third Session in October 1948,the addition of
the two aforementioned references was proposed (OfJiciul Records
of the Generul As.semhly, Third Session, Sixth Cornmittee, Annexes,
p. 28: AlC61258)without, in my view, the drafters having a clear
picture of the new type of convention to be adopted. While some
delegates understood that 'fulfilment' wouldnot be different from
'application', aproposal to delete 'fulfilment'from the additions was
rejected by 27 votes to 10, with 8 abstentions. However, another
deletion of the words 'including [disputes] relating to the responsi-
bility of a State for genocide or [genocidal acts]' wasalso rejected
but only by 19votes to 17, with 9 abstentions (Oj$cial Records of

the Generul Assembly, Third Session, Sixth Comrnittee, SR.104,
p. 447). The travaux prkparutoires of the Convention seem to con-
firm that there was some measure of confusion among the drafters,
reflecting in particular the unique nature of their task in therevail-
ing spirit of the times.

How can one then interpret this reference to the 'responsibility of
a State'? As far as1know such a reference has never been employed
in any other treaty thereafter. It seems to bequite natural to assume
that that referencewould not have had any meaningful senseor other-
wise would not have added anything to the clause providing for the
submission to the Court of disputes relating to the interpretution or
application of the Convention, because, in general, any inter-State
dispute covered by a treaty per se always relates to the responsibility
of a State and the singling-out of a reference to the responsibility of
a State does not have any sense with regard to a compromissory
clause." Applicution cf the Convention on the Prevcntion and157 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (SEP.OP. ODA)

Punishment of the Crime uf Genocide, Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), declaration of Judge Oda,

pp. 626-628.)
(4) Concluding Observations

23. In order to seise the Court of the present cases, excepting those
concerning Portugal, Spain and the United States as referred to in para-

graph 19of this opinion, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia would cer-
tainly have had to show that, applying the Genocide Convention to the
situation in the territory of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, thepon-
dent States could indeed have been responsible for the failure of the ful-
filment of the Convention in relation to the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia. But, more particularly, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia would
have to show that the respondent States havebreached the rights of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as a Contracting Party (which bydefini-
tion is a State) entitled to protection under that Convention. This, how-
ever, has not been established in the Applications and in fact the Geno-
cide Convention is not intended to protect the rights of the Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia as a State.

Even if, as alleged, the respondent States are responsible for certain
results of the bombing or armed attacks by NATO armed forces in the
territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, this factne does not
mean that there is a "dispute relating to the interpretation, application or
fulfilment of the Convention", as the respondent States did notviolate
the rights conferred upon the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by the
Convention. What is protected by the Convention is not the particular
rights of any individual State (the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in this

case)but the status of human beings with human rights and the universal
interest of the individual in general.

What the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia did in its Applications was
to point to certain fucts allegedly tantamount to genocide or genocidal
acts and to submit clairn.~alleged to have arisen out of these facts. This
cannot be taken to indicate the existence of an inter-State dispute relating
to the responsibility of a State which could have been made a basis for
the Court'sjurisdiction.
1accordingly conclude that the Applications citing the Genocide Con-
vention as a basis of the Court's jurisdiction should be rejected.

VI. IN THE PRESENC TIRCUMSTANC THES REQUEST FOR THE
INDICATIO OF PROVISIONA ML EASURE SRE INADMISSIBLE

24. Having made observations on the Court's jurisdiction1would like
to make some comments on the institution of provisional measures. Provisional measures which ought to be taken to preserve the respec-
tive rights of either party may be indicated by the Court"fit considers

that the circumstances so require" (Statute, Art. 41, emphasis added).t
thus falls within the discretion of the Court togrant provisional measures
upon the request of the applicant State.
The items concerning the subject-matter of the dispute, the claim and
the legal grounds on which the claim is based, are virtually identical
throughout the Applications filedby the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
against the ten respondent States. If provisional measures were to be
granted, but only in relation to certain of the ten respondent States, for
the reason that there existed a prima facie basis ofjurisdiction, while in
the case of other respondent States the requests were dismissed totally

because of the lack of the Court's jurisdiction to entertain the Applica-
tions. this would lead to an unreasonable result. For this reason alone.
the requests for the indication of provisional measures by the applicant
State are inadmissible throughout the ten cases.

VII. REMOVA LF THE CASES FROM THE GENERAL LISTOF THE COURT
DUE TO THE LACK OF JURISDICTION

25. The Court has reached its decision to dismiss the requests for the
indication of provisional measures inal1ten cases on the sole ground that
it lacks a prima facie basis ofjurisdiction in these cases. If, at the provi-
sional measures stage, the Court finds that it has prima faciejurisdiction,
then it remains free, irrespective of whether or not it grants provisional
measures, to proceed to the next phase.
26. In the past the Court, even after having affirmed that there could
exist a prima facie basis of jurisdiction, still dismissed the requests for
~rovisional measures in some cases for various reasons. In theInterhun-
del case, thPassage tllrough the Greut Beltcase and the case concerning

Questions of Interpretation and Applicution of the 1971 Montreal Con-
vention arisingfrom the Aerial Incident ut Lockerbie, the Court consid-
ered that the circumstances of these cases were not such as to require the
exercise of its power to indicate provisional measures. In thegean Sea
Contit~entulSlirlfcase, the Court did not find such a risk of irreparable
prejudice to rights in issue before it as might require the exercise of its
power to indicate provisional measures. In the 1990case concerning the
Arbitral Aic,ard of31 July 1989, the Court dismissed the request of the
Republic of Guinea-Bissau on the ground that the alleged rights sought
to be made the subject of provisional measures were not the subject of the
proceedings before the Court on the merits of the case.

Where the Court finds that there is a prima facie basis of jurisdiction,
this does not, of course, necessarily lead it to determine that it eventually
has jurisdiction in the case. In thenglo-Iraniun Oil Co. case and theInterhandel case, the Court, after granting provisional measures, ulti-
mately found that it had no jurisdiction to be seised of these cases.

27. In its past jurisprudence the Court has always found, as in those
cases mentioned above and in spite of its ultimately negative response to
the request for provisional measures, that there existed a prima facie
basis of jurisdiction. There has been no previous case in which the Court
did not recognize even a prima facie basis ofjurisdiction, and the present
cases concerning Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Nether-
lands, Portugal and the United Kingdom are the first in the Court'sjuris-
prudence in which the Court has dismissed a request for the indication of
provisional measures due to the lack of prima faciejurisdiction.

The Court's findings at this stage of the present cases that there is not
even a prima facie basis ofjurisdiction in al1eight of the cases mentioned

above should be interpreted as a ruling that it has no jurisdiction what-
soever to entertain the Applications, without leaving any room to retain
these cases and to deal with the issue of jurisdiction in the future.

28. In its Orders in the cases of Spain and the United States, the Court
finds that the cases against them should be removed from the General
List, as the Court manifestly lacks jurisdiction to entertain these two
Applications. The Court concludes, however, that it should remain seised
of the other eight cases on the ground that its finding that it lacks juris-
diction prima facie to entertain the respective Applications instituting
proceedings against Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Neth-
erlands,Portugal and the United Kingdom in no way prejudges the ques-
tion of jurisdiction in those eight cases.
It is my firm beliefthat, foral1the reasons given above concerning the
Court's lack ofjurisdiction under (i) Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Stat-
ute, (ii) the provisions of the instruments of 1930 and 1931 between
Yugoslavia and Belgium and the Netherlands, respectively, and (iii) the

provisions of the Genocide Convention, and due to my interpretation of
the Court's finding concerning the lack of prima faciebasis ofjurisdiction
in the eight cases, as stated in the last sentence of paragraph 27 of this
opinion, the Applications in not only the two cases but in al1ten cases
should be removed from the General List.

It would be contrary tojudicial propriety to make a distinction between
two groups of States, in what is essentially one case dealing with the same
subject throughout, solely because of the difference in attitudes taken by
the States towards the relevant documents which givethe Court jurisdic-
tion.
29. In conclusion 1 would like to express my sincere hope that the
present situation in the territory of Yugoslavia, in the settlement of which
the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the160 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (SEP. OP. ODA)

United Nations has no role to play, will be resolved peacefully and in a
way that satisfiesal1humanitarian aspects raised by this case.

(Signed) Shigeru ODA

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

TABLEOF CONTENTS

Pur

II. THESTATU SF THEFEDERARLEPUBLI CFYUCOSLAV -IAA PRELI-
MINARY ISSUE

III.ACK OF THE COURT'S JURISDICTIOUNDER ARTICLE36, PARA-
GRAPH 2,OF THESTATUT AND ARTICLE38, PARAGRAP S,OF THE
RULES OFCOURT

(1) No "legal dispute" within the meaning of Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute exists between the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia and the respondent State
(2) Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court

(3) Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court
(4) The optional clause

IV.LACK OF THECOURT'JSURISDICTIOUNDER THE 1930CONVENTION
BETWEENBELGIUM ANDYUGOSLAV AND THE 1931TREATYBETWEEN
THE NETHERLAN AND YUGOSLAVIA

V. LACKOF THECOURT'JSURISDICTIUNNDER THGENOCIDC EONVEN-
TION
(1) Preliminary observations

(2) No disputes relating to the Genocide Convention exist
between the Parties
(3) General character of the Genocide Convention
(4) Concluding observations

VI. INTHEPRESENCTIRCUMSTAN CESREQUEST FOR THEINDICATION
OF PROVISIONMALEASURE AREINADMISSIBLE

VII. REMOVA OLF THECASESFROM THE GENERAL LISTOF THECOURT
DUE TO THELACK OF JURISDICTION OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. ODA

[Traduction]

II. UNEQUESTION PRELIMINAIR LE:STATUT DE LA RÉPUBLIQU FEDÉ-

RALE DEYOUGOSLAVIE
III. LA COUR N'A PAS COMPÉTENCE EN VERTU DE L'ARTICLE36, PARA-
GRAPHE 2,DE SONSTATU TI DE L'ARTIC38, PARAGRAPHE 5,DE SON

RÈGLEMENT
1) IIn'existepas entre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie et

1'Etatdéfendeur«de différendd'ordre juridique)) au sens de
l'article 36,paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour
2) Article 38, paragraphe5, du Règlementde la Cour
3) Article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour
4) La clause facultative

IV. LACOUR N'A PAS COMPETENCE EN VERTU DE LA CONVENTION D1930
ENTRE LABELGIQU ET LA YOUGOSLAV NIEN VERTU DU TRAITE DE
1931 ENTRE LESPAYS-BA ST LAYOUGOSLAVIE

V. LACOUR N'A PACOMPETENC EEVERTU DE LA CONVENTION SUR LE
GENOCIDE

I) Observations préliminaires
2) Il n'existe pas entre les Parties de différend relàtla
convention sur le génocide

3) Caractère généralde la convention sur le génocide
4) Conclusions
VI. DANS LES CIRCONSTANCES DEL'ESPEC EES DEMANDES EN INDICATION

DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES SONT IRRECEVABLES
VII. LE MANQUE DE COMPÉTENCE IMPOSE DE RAYER LES AFFAIRES DU ROLE

DE LACOUR 1. 1entirely support the decision of the Court in dismissing the requests
for the indication of provisional measures submitted on 29 April 1999
by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against ten respondent States -

Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal,
Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.
While favouring subparagraph (2) of the operative paragraph in which
the Court ordered that the case be removed from the General List of the
Court in the cases of Spain and the United States, 1voted against sub-
paragraph (2) of the operative paragraph in the other eight cases in which
the Court ordered that it "(rleserves the subsequent procedure for
further decision" because 1 believe that those eight cases should also be
removed from the General List of the Court.
2. 1differ from the Court's reasoning on some aspects of the cases, not

only on matters concerning the dismissal of the requests but also on some
other matters relating to the Applications filed in the Registry of the
Court by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on the same day, namely
29 April 1999. It is difficult, even impossible, for me to give a sufficient
explanation of my position in the extremely limited time - if 1may Say
so, an unreasonably short period of time, too short todo proper justice
to the cases- that has been made available to the judges for preparing
their opinions.1 very much regret that this lack of time has given me no
choice but to cover al1ten cases in a single opinion. Certain parts of this
opinion may thus not be relevant to a particular case.

II. THESTATU S F THE FEDERAL REPUBLI CF
YUGOSLAV -IAA PRELIMINAR IYSLIE
3. 1consider that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is not a Member
of the United Nations and thus not a party to the Statute of the Inter-

national Court of Justice.
Following the unrest in Yugoslavia in the early 1990sand the dissolu-
tion of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. some of its former
Republics achieved independence and then applied for membership of
the United Nations. On 22 May 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia
and Slovenia became Members of the United Nations, followed on
8 April 1993by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. However,
the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Monte-
negro) to continue automatically the membership in the United Nations of
the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was not recognized.

On 22 September 1992 the General Assembly, pursuant to Security
Council resolution 757(1992)of 30 May 1992and Security Council reso-
lution 777 (1992) of 19September 1992.adopted resolution 4711stating
that
"the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) can- LICEITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP.IND. ODA) 145

1. Je souscris sans réserveà la décisionde la Cour quand celle-ci
rejette la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentéele
29 avril 1999par la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie contre dix Etats
défendeursqui sont les suivants: Belgique, Canada, France, Allemagne,
Italie, Pays-Bas, Portugal, Espagne, Royaume-Uni et Etats-Unis.
J'ai voté pour le paragraphe 2 du dispositif dans lequel la Cour

ordonne que l'affaire soit rayéedu rôle quand il s'agit de l'Espagne et des
Etats-Unis, mais j'ai voté contre ce paragraphe dans les huit autres
affaires, dans lesquelles la Cour«[v]Pserv la suite de la procédure)),
parce qu'à mon avis, elle aurait dû égalementrayer ces huit affaires du
rôle.

2. Je m'écarte aussidu raisonnement suivi par la Cour sur certains
aspects des affaires, non pas seulement sur des questions ayant trait au
rejet desdemandes mais égalementsur certaines autres questions concer-
nant les requêtes déposéeasu Greffe de la Cour par la Républiquefédé-
rale de Yougoslavie le mêmejour, à savoir le 29 avril 1999. Il m'est

difficile,voire impossible, d'exposer comme il convient ma position dans
le délaiextrêmementlimitéqui nous a étéimparti pour préparer nos
opinions, et je me permettrai de dire que ce délaifut déraisonnablement
bref, trop bref pour traiter ces affaires comme il aurait fallu. Je regrette
beaucoup que ce manque de temps m'ait contraint de traiter les dix
affaires dans une seule et même opinion. Il est donc possible que cer-
tains passages ne se rapportent pasàtelle ou telle autre affaire.

II. UNE QUESTION PRÉLIMINAIRE:
LE STATUT DE LA RÉPUBLIQU FEDERALE DE YOUGOSLAVIE

3. J'estime que la République fédéralede Yougoslavie n'est pas
membre des Nations Unies et n'est donc pas partie au Statut de la Cour
internationale de Justice.
A la suitedes troubles qui ont eu lieu enYougoslavieau début desannées
quatre-vingt-dixet de la dissolutionde la Républiquefédérative sociaeestd
Yougoslavie, certainesde ses anciennes républiquesont accédé l'indépen-
dance et ont présenté ensuite ueemande d'admissionaux Nations Unies.
Le 22mai 1992,la Bosnie-Herzégovinel.a Croatie et la Slovéniesont ainsi
devenuesMembres desNations Unies,suivies,le 8avril 1993,par l'ancienne

Républiqueyougoslave de Macédoine.La Républiquefédérative de You-
goslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)a demandé à prendre automatiquement la
succession.aux Nations Unies, de l'ancienne Républiquefédérative socia-
listede Yougoslavie, maiscette demande n'a pas été reconnue commteelle.
Le 22 septembre 1992, l'Assembléegénérale, à la suite des résolu-
tions 757 (1992) et 777 (1992)adoptéespar le Conseil de sécurleé0mai
1992et le 19septembre 1992respectivement, a adopté la résolution 4711
dans laquelle elle dit que

((La République fédérativede Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monté- not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations"
and decided that it "should apply for membership in the United Nations'".
The letter addressed to the Permanent Representatives of Bosnia and
Herzegovina and Croatia dated 29 September 1992 from the Under-
Secretary-General, the Legal Counsel of the United Nations, stated that

while the above-mentioned General Assembly resolution neither termi-
nated nor suspended Yugoslavia's membership in the Organization,
"the General Assembly has stated unequivocally that the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot automati-
callycontinue the membership of the former Socialist Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations".

In fact, there seems to have been an understanding that this rather
exceptional situation would be resolved by the admission of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia to the United Nations as a new Member. How-
ever, no further developments have occurred and the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia has not been admitted to the United Nations, as a "peace-

loving State[s] which accept[s] the obligations contained in the [United
Nations] Charter" (United Nations Charter, Art. 4).
4. The Court is open to the States parties to its Statute (Art. 35). Only
States parties to theatute are allowed to bring cases before the Court.
It thereforeollows, in my view,that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,
not being a Member of the United Nations and thus not a State party to
the Statute of the Court, has no standing before the Court as an appli-
cant State. The Applications presented by the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia should therefore be declared inadmissible for this reason and

should be removed from the General List of the Court.
However, if 1 am not correct on this, and assuming, for the sake of
argument, that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia does in fact have
standing before the Court,1shall now go on to discuss whether the Fed-
eral Republic of Yugoslavia can bring the present Applications on the
basis of certain provisions of thetute and of the Rules of Court, of the
1930and 193 1instruments in the cases of Belgium and the Netherlands,
and of the 1948Genocide Convention.

III. LACK OF THE COURT'S JURISD~CTIO UNDER ARTICLE 36,
PARAGRAPH 2,OF THE STATUT END ARTICLE 38, PARAGRAP5H ,
OF THE RULES OF COURT

(1) No "Legal Dispute" within the Meaning of Article 36,
Parugraph 2,of the Statute Exists hetiveen the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia and the Respondent State

5. The Applications of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refer to the
acts of the ten respondent States by which the Federal Republic of Yugo- LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. [ND. ODA) 146

négro)ne peut pas assumer automatiquement la qualitéde Membre
de l'organisation des Nations Unies))

et a décidé qu'elldevrait ((présenterune demande d'admission à l'Orga-
nisation)). Dans une lettre adresséele 29 septembre 1992 aux représen-
tants permanents de Bosnie-Herzégovine etde Croatie, le conseiller juri-
dique des Nations Unies dit que la résolution ci-dessus de l'Assemblée
généralene mettait pas fin àl'appartenance de la Yougoslavie à l'Orga-
nisation et ne la suspendait pas non plus, mais que

«l'Assemblée générala e déclarésans équivoqueque la République
fédérativede Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)ne peut pas assu-
mer automatiquement la qualité de Membre de l'Organisation des
Nations Unies Ala place de l'ancienne Républiquefédérative socia-
liste de Yougoslavie».

En fait, ilsemblait entendu que cette situation assezexceptionnelleserait
régléepar l'admission aux Nations Unies de la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie en qualitéde nouvel Etat Membre. Mais aucun autre élé-
ment nouveau n'a été enregistréet la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie
n'a pas étéadmise aux Nations Unies en qualité «d'[Etat] [pacifique]qui
[accepte]les obligations de la Charte» (Charte des Nations Unies, art. 4).

4. La Cour est ouverte aux Etats parties son Statut (art. 35). Seulsles
Etats parties au Statut ont qualitépour saisir la Cour. découlede cette
situation,Amon avis, que la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie, n'étant

pas membre des Nations Unies et n'étantpar conséquent pas partie au
Statut de la Cour, n'a pasqualitépour se présenterdevant la Courà titre
d'Etat demandeur. Les requêtes présentée psar la Républiquefédéralede
Yougoslavie devraient par conséquent, ne serait-ce que pour ce seul
motif, êtredéclarées irrecevableset êtrerayéesdu rôle de la Cour.
Toutefois, sije n'ai pas raison sur ce point, etupposer, pour ne pas
en rester là, que la République fédéralede Yougoslavie a en fait qualité
pour saisir la Cour, je vaisà présent voirsi la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie peut présenterces requêtes ense fondant sur certaines dis-
positions du Statut et du Règlement de la Cour, sur des instruments de

1930 et de 1931 dans les cas de la Belgique et des Pays-Bas, et de la
convention sur le génocidede 1948.

III. LACOUR N'A PAS COMPETENCE EN VERTU DE L'ARTICLE 36,

PARAGRAPHE 2,DE SON STATUT NI DE L'ARTICLE 38, PARAGRAPHE 5,
DE SON RÈGLEMENT

1) Il n'existe pas entre lu République fédéralee Yougoslavie
et I'Etardéjendeur«de dgférendd'ordrejuridique))au sens de l'article36,
parugraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour

5. Dans ses requêtes,la République fédéralede Yougoslavie fait état
d'actes commis par les dix Etats défendeurspar lesquels elle soutient queslavia alleges that they have violated certain obligations as listed in
the section of each Application entitled "Subject of the Dispute". The
acts which are listed in the section of each Application entitled "Claim"
may have occurred, but the fact alone that a State allegedly committed
these acts or actions as described in the section "Facts upon Which
the Claim is Based" cannot constitute the existence of a "legal dispute"
between two States within the meaning of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute.
The question of whether certain acts of a State which may infringe
upon the rights and interests of another State should be considered as
justifiableunder international law may well be a legitimate issue to be
raised, but not as a "legal dispute" in which both sides are to present

arguments concerning their respective rights and duties under interna-
tional law in their relations with each other. Certainly such a "legal dis-
pute" between Yugoslavia and the respondent States had not existed
when the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia filed the Applications to insti-
tute the proceedings in these cases. What did exist on 29 April 1999was
simply the action of bombing or armed attacks conducted by the NATO
armed forces in which the military powers of each of the respondent
States were alleged to have participated. The issues - but not the "legal
disputes" - concerning the bombing and armed attacks should properly
be dealt with by the Security Council under Chapters V, VI, VI1and VI11
of the Charter or, in some cases, by the General Assembly under Chap-
ter IV. For this reason alone, the Application should, on the basis of
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute be declared inadmissible.

However, for the sake of argument, 1shall proceed on the assumption
that there exists between the Parties a "legal dispute" within the meaning
of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.

(2) Article 38, Paragraph 5, of the
Rules of Court

6. In its Applications against France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the
United States,the Federal Republicof Yugoslavia invokes Article 38,para-
graph 5, of the Rules of Court, in the hope that consent to the jurisdic-
tion of the Court might be given by those States. However, France, Ger-

many, Italy, Spain and the United States have given no such consent to
the Court's jurisdiction and it is clear from their arguments in the oral
hearings that they will not give it. There is thus no room for the Court to
entertain these fiveApplications on the basis of Article 38, paragraph 5,
of the Rules of Court. The concept of forum prorogatum does not apply
in these five cases.ces Etats ont violécertaines obligations énuméréesdans chacune des
requêtessous l'intitulé ((Objet du différend)).Les actes ainsi énumérés
dans chacune des requêtessous l'intitulé«Demandes» ont peut-être été
commis, mais le seul fait qu'un Etat aurait commis lesdits actes ou
actions décritssous l'intitulé((Faits sur lesquels la requêteest fondée))ne
peut pas établirl'existenced'un ((différendd'ordre juridique)) entre deux
Etats au sens de l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut.

Il peut être parfaitement justifié de demander si les actes par les-
quels un Etat commet peut-êtredes infractions au droit et aux intérêts

d'un Etat tiers doivent être considéréc somme légitimesen droit inter-
national, mais il ne faut pas présenterle problème comme un ((différend
d'ordre juridique)) dans le cadre duquel les deux parties devront dire
comment elles conçoivent leurs droits et leurs obligations en vertu du
droit international dans leurs rapports l'une avec l'autre. Incontes-
tablement, il n'existait pas de ((différendd'ordre juridique))entre la You-
goslavie et les Etats défendeursau moment où,dans lesprésentes affaires,
la République fédéralede Yougoslavie a déposéses requêtesintroduc-
tives d'instance. Ce qui existait le 29 avril 1999, c'étaient purement et
simplement des bombardements ou des attaques arméesmenéespar les
forces arméesde l'OTAN, auxquels l'arméede chacun des Etats défen-
deurs aurait participé. Quant aux questions qui se posent au sujet de
ces bombardements et des ces attaques armées - mais il ne s'agit pas de

((différendd'ordre juridique)) - c'est au Conseil de sécurité qu'ialppar-
tient de s'en saisir au titre des chapitres V, VI, VII, VI11de la Charte,
ou hien, dans certains cas, c'est à l'Assemblée générale, ev nertu du
chapitre IV. Ne serait-ce que pour ce seul motif, les requêtes devraient,
sur la base de l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut, êtredéclarées irrece-
vables.
Toutefois, pour ne pas en rester là,je faisà présentcomme s'ilexistait
bel et bien entre les Parties un ((différendd'ordre juridique)) au sens de
l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut.

2) Article 38, puragruphe 5. du Règlement
de lu Cour

6. Dans les requêtesqu'elle déposecontre l'Allemagne, l'Espagne, les
Etats-Unis, la France et l'Italie, la République fédéralede Yougoslavie
invoque l'article 38,paragraphe 5,du Règlementde la Cour,dans l'espoir
que lesdits Etats accepteront la compétencede la Cour. Toutefois, 1'Alle-
magne, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, la France et l'Italie n'ont pas donnéce
consentement et leurs plaidoiries, au cours de la procédure orale, indi-
quent clairement qu'ils ne le donneront pas. La Cour ne peut donc pas
connaitre de cescinq requêtesen se fondant sur l'article 38, paragraphe 5,
de son Règlement.La doctrine duforum prorogutum n'est pas applicable
à ces cinq-affaires. (3) Article 36, Paragraph 2,of the Statute of the Court

7. On 25 April 1999the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia registeredwith
the Secretariat of the United Nations its declaration recognizingthe com-
pulsory jurisdictionof the Court in accordancewith Article36,paragraph 2,
of theStatute. The main point to beconsidered,evenon the assumptionthat
the registration of the declaration by the Federal Republicof Yugoslaviaon
25 April 1999was valid, is whether this declaration is valid in connection
with the Applications of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against six
respondent States (Belgium,Canada, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spainand
the United Kingdom) whichhave acceptedthe Court's compulsoryjurisdic-
tion in their respectivedeclarations under the sameprovision of the Statute.
8. The cases of Spain and the United Kingdom are different from the
other four cases. In its declaration of 29 October 1990, Spain expressly
excluded from the Court's jurisdiction "disputes in regard to which the
other party or parties have accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court less than 12months prior to the filing of the application bringing

the dispute before the Court" and the United Kingdom in its declaration
of 1 January 1969 similarly excluded certain disputes from the Court's
jurisdiction:
"where the acceptance of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction on
behalf of any other Party to the dispute was deposited or ratified less
than twelvemonths prior to the filingof the application bringing the

dispute before the Court".
It is crystalclear that the Court cannot exercisejurisdiction to entertain
these two Applications, one against Spain and the other against the
United Kingdom, on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.

9. Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands and Portugal have accepted the
compulsoryjurisdiction of the Court in their respectivedeclarations, depos-

ited by Belgiumon 17June 1958,by Canada on 10May 1994,bythe Neth-
erlands on 1 August 1956and by Portugal on 19 December 1955.As no
reservation directly relevant to the present issues has been included in the
declarations of the four States mentioned above, it might beargued that the
exercise ofthe Court'sjurisdiction isjustifiedunder Article 36,paragraph 2,
of the Statute in the cases of the Applications addressed to those four
States. Literally interpreted, the declaration of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (assumingthat the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is indeed a
party to the Statute of the Court and that the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia's declaration was legitimately registered)may be claimed as being
valid in relation to other States which have made a similar declaration.
However, 1 hold the viewthat acceptanceby the Federal Republicof Yugo-
slavia of the Court's jurisdiction only a matter of days before it filedits
Applications with the Court in these cases is not an act done in good faith
and iscontrary to the proper concept of acceptance of thecompulsoryjuris-
diction of the Court under the "optional clause" inthe Statute. LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. IND. ODA) 148

3) Article 36,paragraphe 2, du Statut de lu Cour

7. Le 25avril 1999,la Républiquefédérale de Yougoslavie a déposé au
Secrétariatdes Nations Unies une déclaration danslaquelleellereconnaît la
juridiction obligatoire de laCour conformément a l'article36,paragraphe 2,
du Statut. A supposer mêmeque l'enregistrementde la déclarationde la
Républiquefédérale de Yougoslavie,le 25 avril 1999,soit valable, le point
essentiela examiner est de savoir si cette déclarationest valable pour les
requêtesprésentées par la Républiquefédérale de Yougoslavie à l'encontre
de six Etats défendeurs(Belgique,Canada, Espagne, Pays-Bas,Portugal et
Royaume-Uni) qui ont acceptélajuridiction obligatoire de la Cour dans la
déclaration qu'ils ont faiteau titre de la mêmedisposition du Statut.

8. Le cas de l'Espagne et celui du Royaume-Uni diffèrent des quatre
autres cas. Dans sa déclaration du 29 octobre 1990, l'Espagne a exclu
expressémentde la juridiction de la Cour ((les différendsdans lesquels
l'autre partie ou les autres parties en cause ont accepté lajuridiction obli-
gatoire de la Cour moins de douze mois avant la date de présentation de
la requêteécriteintroduisant l'instance devant la Cour)) et, de même,le
Royaume-Uni, dans sa déclarationdu premier janvier 1969,a exclu de la
juridiction de la Cour certains différends:

((lorsque l'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour au
nom d'une autre partie au différenda été déposéoeu ratifiéemoins
de douze mois avant la date du dépôtde la requêtepar laquelle la
Cour est saisie du différend».

11est clair, sans l'ombre d'un moindre doute, que la Cour ne peut pas être
compétente sur la base de l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut, pour
connaître des deux reqdtes déposées,l'une contre l'Espagne et l'autre,
contre le Royaume-Uni.
9. La Belgique, le Canada, les Pays-Bas et le Portugal ont acceptéla
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour dans les déclarations qu'ils ont faites
respectivement, la Belgique le 17juin 1958,le Canada le 10 mai 1994,les
Pays-Bas le 1" août 1956et le Portugal le 19décembre1955.Comme ces
quatre Etats n'ont formulédans leur déclaration aucune réservequi soit
directement pertinente pour les questions à résoudreici, on pourrait pen-
ser que la Cour est fondée à exercer sa juridiction au titre de l'article 36,
paragraphe 2, de son Statut, dans les affaires introduites par les requêtes

dirigéescontre ces quatre Etats. A l'interpréter littéralement,on pourrait
soutenir que la déclaration de la République fédéralede Yougoslavie
(toujours à supposer que celle-ci soit bien partie au Statut de la Cour et
que sa déclaration ait étédûment enregistrée) est valable a l'égard des
Etats tiers qui ont fait une déclaration analogue. Toutefois, j'estime qu'en
acceptant la juridiction de la Cour quelques jours à peine seulement
avant de la saisir de ses requêtesdans lesprésentesaffaires, la République
fédéralede Yougoslavie n'agit pas de bonne,foi et qu'elle agit contraire-
ment au principe mêmed'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour au titre de la «clause facultative» du Statut. (4) The Optionul Cluuse

10. Provisions equivalent to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of
the International Court of Justice were first introduced in 1920when the
Permanent Court of International Justice was being planned. In the view
of the Council of the League of Nations, which initiated the drafting of
the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1920,the
time was not yet ripe for the international community to accept a general
obligation to be bound by the judicial settlement of disputes. In fact, the
consent of each State to accept such an obligation was deemed to be
absolutely necessary. The arguments surrounding that problem during
the preparation of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International
Justice clearly reflected the still prevalent concept of national sovereignty
as dominant in the international community. It was in that context that
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute was drafted as one of the corner-

stones of the Permanent Court of International Justice. The International
Court of Justice, operating under the United Nations system, inherited it
as what is still Article 36, paragraph 2, now of the Statute of the present
Court.

11. By 1974, the year of the appeal by the United Nations General
Assembly for the revitalization of the Court (United Nations doc. AIRESI
3232 (XXIX)), 45 out of 141 States parties to the Statute had accepted
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under the "optional clause".
Sincethen, the number of accepting States has not increased significantly,
despite the increased number of States parties to the Statute. As of July
1998, the States parties to theStatute numbered 187. However, only 60
States out of that 187have declared their acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court. The number of States accepting the compulsory
jurisdiction has never exceeded one-third of the total number of States
that might have at any one time accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of
the Court.

It is also a remarkable fact that, with the exception ofthe United King-
dom, no permanent member of the Security Council has, at the present
time, accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court. In fact, in Octo-
ber 1985,on the occasion of the loss of its case against Nicaragua (at the
jurisdictional phase), the United States proceeded to withdrawthe accept-
ance which it had maintained ever since the Court was set up in 1946.
Earlier, France had withdrawn its acceptance, just after being brought
before the Court by AustraliaINew Zealand in connection with its nuclear
tests in the atmosphere in the South Pacific in 1973.

12. The making of a declaration is a unilateral act, which, far from
being in the nature of a concession, is in fact to the State's advantage, in
that itconfers a right of action against States in a similar position. How-
ever, as the making of the declaration functions in the same way as an LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. IND. ODA) 149

4) La clausefacultativr

10. L'idéed'adopter une disposition équivalant à l'article 36, para-
graphe 2, du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, apparaît pour la
première fois en 1920,à l'époqueoù on envisage de créer laCour perma-
nente deJusticeinternationale. Quand leConseil de la Sociétédes Nations
met en train, en 1920, le travail de rédaction du Statut de la Cour per-
manente, la communauté internationale n'étaitpas encore prête àaccep-

ter l'obligation généralede se soumettre au règlement judiciaire des dif-
férends.En fait, on estimait absolument indispensable que chaque Etat
consente expressément à êtreliépar ce type d'obligation. Les débats que
le problème a suscitéspendant l'élaborationdu Statut de la Cour perma-
nente montrent clairement que le principe de la souveraineté nationale
régnait encore sans partage au sein de la communauté internationale.
C'est dans ce contexte que fut mis au point l'article 36,paragraphe 2, du
Statut, l'une des pierres angulaires de la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale. La Cour internationale de Justice, qui fait partie, quant
elle, du système des Nations Unies, a héritécette disposition sous la
forme de ce qui est toujours l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la
Cour actuelle.
II. En 1974, l'année où l'Assembléegénérale desNations Unies a
lancéson appel en faveur de la revitalisation de la Cour (Nations Unies,

doc. AIRes13232(XXIX)), sur cent quarante et un Etats parties au Statut,
quarante-cinq avaient accepté la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour au
titre de la «clause facultative)). Depuis, le nombre'Etats acceptant de
manifester ainsi leur consentement n'a pas sensiblement augmenté,bien
que le nombre d'Etats parties au Statut ait, quant à lui, augmenté.
En juillet 1998, on dénombrait cent quatre-vingt-sept Etats parties au
Statut. Or, soixante d'entre eux seulement ont déclaré accepterla juridic-
tion obligatoire de la Cour. Le nombre d'Etats qui font cette déclaration
d'acceptation n'a jamais étésupérieurau tiers du nombre total d'Etats
qui ont à un moment quelconque ou à un autre acceptéla juridiction
obligatoire.
Il y a également lieu de relever, car il est extraordinaire, le fait qu'à
l'exception du Royaume-Uni, aucun membre permanent du Conseil de

sécurité n'aactuellement acceptéla juridiction obligatoire de la Cour. En
fait, en octobre 1985,ayant perdu contre le Nicaragua (lors de la phase
relativea la compétence), les Etats-Unis ont retiré l'acceptation qu'ils
avaient régulièrement renouvelée depuis la création dela Cour en 1946.
Précédemment, laFrance avait retiréson acceptation, peu de temps après
avoir été citée comparaître devant la Cour par l'Australie et la Nouvelle-
Zélande en raison des essais nucléairesauxquels elle procédait dans le
Pacifique Sud, en 1973.
12. Faire une déclaration d'acceptation est un acte unilatéral, lequel,
loin de s'apparenter a une concession, sert en réalité l'intérêdt 1'Etat
auteur de la déclaration puisqu'il lui confère le droit de poursuivre des
Etats se trouvant dans une situation similaire. Toutefois, comme le dépôtoffer to conclude an agreement and depends on reciprocity, the practical
effectiveness of the system depends on the number of States which are
willing to participate in it and on the relative breadth of the obligations
which they are prepared to accept thereunder. The acceptance is com-
monly hedged with reservations and exclusions.

The United Kingdom in its 1958declaration (revised in 1963and 1969)
excluded disputes

"where the acceptance of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction on
behalf of any other Party to the dispute was deposited or ratified less
than twelve months prior to the filing of the application bringing the
dispute before the Court".

A similar 12-month exclusion clause is found in the following declara-
tions: Hungary (1992), India (1974), Malta (1966), Mauritius (1968),
New Zealand (1977),Philippines (1972), Poland (1996),Somalia (1963),
Spain (1990). Cyprus has a six-month exclusion clause in its declaration
(1988).
Itis obvious that these States would, thanks to either a 12-month or a
six-month exclusion clause, be in a position to withdraw their acceptance
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court if faced with an application
that they considered lacking in bona fides.
The United Kingdom's 1958 declaration also had a clause excluding

"disputes in respect of which any other Party to the dispute has accepted
the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice only in
relation to or for the purpose of the dispute". A similar clause is also now
to be found in New Zealand's 1977declaration.

13. The "optional clause" in effect plays a double role: one positive, in
that it may on occasion enable a unilateral application to succeed, and
the other negative, in that it may sometimes result in a respondent being
brought to the Court against its will. Thus a State, by declaring its
acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, may seek to
acquire locus standii n a case in which the odds are in its favour, but on
the other hand it may, where it feels placed at a disadvantage, try to
release itself from the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by the termi-

nation or amendment of its declaration.

It has always been the desire of States, when faced with an application
that in their viewclearly lacks bona fides, to escape from their acceptance
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court. The fact remains - and this
is what 1 want to stress - that the judicial settlement of international
disputes still remains in the hands of those States that are genuinely
willing to defer to the International Court of Justice.
14. Al1of these facts indicate that some States accept the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court out of their good will but on the understanding
that other States have the same good intentions. If this good faith is lack- LICÉITEDE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. IND. ODA) 150

d'une déclarationa le même effetqu'une offre d'accord et qu'il esttribu-
taire de la réciprocité, l'efficaéu systèmedans la pratique est fonction
du nombre d'Etats souhaitant entrer dans le système etde l'étenduerela-

tive des obligations qu'ils sont disposés accepter en vertu de ce système.
Les Etats entourent fréquemmentleur acceptation de réserveset d'exclu-
sions.
C'est ainsi que, dans sa déclaration de 1958 (révisée en1963 et en
1969),le Royaume-Uni a exclu les différends
«lorsque l'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour au

nom d'une autre partie au différenda été déposé oeu ratifiéemoins
de douze mois avant la date du dépôt de la requêtepar laquelle la
Cour est saisie du différend)).
On trouve une clause voisine d'exclusion de douze mois dans les décla-
rations de l'Espagne (1990), de la Hongrie (1992), de l'Inde (1974), de
Malte (1966), de Maurice (1968),de la Nouvelle-Zélande(l977), des Phi-

lippines (1972),de la Pologne (1996),de la Somalie (1963).Chypre (1988)
formule dans sa déclaration une clause d'exclusion de six mois.
IIest clair que lesdits Etats seraient, grâceette clause d'exclusion de
douze mois ou de six mois, en mesure de retirer leur acceptation de la
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour dès lors qu'ils seraient face à une
requête à laquelle,à leur avis, la bonne foi ferait défaut.
Le Royaume-Uni, dans sa déclaration de 1958, formulait aussi une
clause excluant «les différendsà l'égard desquelstoute autre partie en
cause a accepté lajuridiction obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Jus-
tice uniquement en ce qui concerne lesdits différendsou aux fins de ceux-
ci». On trouve actuellement une clause analogue dans la déclarationde la
Nouvelle-Zélandede 1977.
13. La «clause facultative)) aboutit à jouer un rôle double: l'un est

positif, en ce sens qu'elle permet parfois qu'une requête unilatéraleabou-
tisse et le second rôle est négatif,en ce sens que la déclarationrisque par-
fois de faire comparaître devant la Cour un Etat défendeur contre sa
volonté. C'est-à-dire qu'un Etat peut, en déclarant accepterla juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour, chercher a avoir qualité pour porter devant la
Cour une cause qu'il a des chances de gagner, mais, par ailleurs, quand il
estime risquer de perdre, le mêmeEtat peut essayer de se délierde lajuri-
diction obligatoire de la Cour en mettant fin a la validitéde sa déclara-
tion ou en amendant celle-ci.
Face à une requête à laquelle,à leur avis, la bonne foi fait manifeste-
ment défaut, les Etats ont toujours éprouvél'envie de revenir sur leur
acceptation de lajuridiction obligatoire de la Cour. Le fait demeure- et
c'est ce que je veux souligner que le règlement judiciaire des différends
internationaux est toujours aux mains des Etats qui sont véritablement

disposés a s'en remettre a la Cour internationale de Justice.
14. Ces faits indiquent tous que certains Etats acceptent la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour sous l'effet de leur bonne volonté,étant entendu
toutefois que les autres Etats doivent êtreanimés des mêmesbonnesing, the system of acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court
cannot work in the manner in which the drafters of theatute intended.

Past practice reveals, cases brought unilaterally in which preliminary
objections made by the respondent States were overcome, that there have
been only a fewcases in which thejudgments on the merits were properly
complied with. This indicates the reality ofudicial settlement in the
world community. If States are brought to the Court against their will,
then no real settlement of the dispute will follow. 1 feel that, even if a
12-month or similar exclusion clause is not included in a State'sra-

tion, al1States should have the right to refuse to be drawn into a case that
is obviously not brought bona fide.

15. Generally speaking, 1also believethat there should be some means
of excluding from the Court's jurisdiction applications which may not
have bona fide intentions or motives and that some provision should be
made for such exclusion in the basic concept of the declaration of accept-
ance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, para-

graph 2, of the Statute. It should be noted that, as a basic concept of
international judiciary, the cornerstone of the granting by sovereign
States ofjurisdiction to the International Court of Justice in a dispute has
always been the consent ofthose States.

16. In my view, it would be extremely odd to have a situation where
the Court apparently has prima facie jurisdiction only forhose States
(Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands and Portugal) that have simply failed
to include in their declarations an exclusion clause protecting their
ests, while Spain and the United Kingdom are, because of their exclusion

clauses, released from the Court's jurisdiction in the present cases (which
in fact cover exactly theme subject)1 accordingly consider, in the light
my finding in paragraph 9 above as to Yugoslavia's lackof good faith,
that the Applications instituting proceedings againsthese four States
also (namely, Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands and Portugal) should
likewise be found inadmissible.

IV. LACK OF THE COURT'S JURISDICTIO NNDER THE 1930 CONVENTION

BETWEEN BELGIUM AND YUGOSLAV AIND THE 1931TREATY BETWEEN THE
NETHERLAND ASD YUGOSLAVIA

17. As late as the second round of oral hearings, which took place on
12 May 1999, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia supplemented its
Applications against Belgium and the Netherlandsby invoking as addi-
tional grounds of jurisdiction of the Court. respectively, Article 4 of the
1930 Convention of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitrationintentions. Quand cette bonne foi fait défaut,ce systèmed'acceptation de
la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour ne peut pas fonctionner comme le
voulaient les auteurs du Statut.
Dans les affaires introduites par voie unilatérale dans lesquelles les
exceptions préliminaires soulevéepar 1'Etatdéfendeur n'ont pasété rete-
nues, la pratique révèleque l'arrêt prononcé sle fond est rarement exé-
cuté comme il convient. On voit par là ce que représente réellementle
règlement judiciaire pour la communauté mondiale. Si les Etats doivent
se présenterdevant la Cour contre leur volonté,il ne faut pas s'attendre

à un véritable règlementdu différend. A mon sens, mêmesi 1'Etat
n'incorpore pas à sa déclaration de clause d'exclusion de douze mois ou
de clause voisine, les Etats devraient avoir tous ledroit de refuser de com-
paraître quand la demande n'est manifestement pas présentéede bonne
foi.
15. D'ailleurs, j'estime égalementqu'en règlegénérale,il devrait être
possible d'exclure de lajuridiction de la Cour les requêtesdont l'intention
ou la motivation ne paraît pas empreinte de bonne foi et qu'il faudrait
envisager une exclusion de ce type dans la conception mêmede la décla-
ration d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en vertu de

l'article 36, paragraphe, du Statut. 11ne faut pas oublier que, dans les
principes mêmesde la justice internationale, la pierre angulaire par
laquelle les Etats souverains donnent compétence à la Cour internatio-
nale de Justice pour connaître d'un différenda toujours étéle consente-
ment de ces mêmesEtats.
16.A mon sens, il serait extrêmementbizarre que la Cour ait appa-
remment compétence prima ,fucie en ce qui concerne les seuls Etats (la
Belgique, le Canada, les Pays-Bas et le Portugal) qui ont tout simplement
omis de faire figurer dans leur déclaration une clause d'exclusion pro-

tégeant leursintérêts, tandis quel'Espagne et le Royaume-Uni, parce
qu'ils ont prévucette clause d'exclusion, n'ont pasà se soumettre à la
juridiction de la Cour en l'espéce(alors que la cause porte exactement
sur le mêmeobjet). Comme je constate au paragraphe 9 ci-dessus un
défautde bonne foi chez la Yougoslavie, j'estime par conséquentque les
requêtesintroductives d'instance à l'encontre de ces quatre Etats (la
Belgique, le Canada, les Pays Bas et le Portugal) doivent, elles aussi, être
déclarées irrecevables.

IV. LACOUR N'A PAS COMPETENCE EN VERTU DE LA CONVENTION DE 1930
ENTRE LA BELGIQU ET LA YOUGOSLAV NIEEN VERTU DU TRAITÉ DE 1931
ENTRE LES PAYS-BA EST LAYOUGOSLAVIE

17. Fort tardivement, lors du second tour de plaidoiries, le 12 mai
1999, la République fédéralede Yougoslavie a complétéles requêtes
qu'elleprésentaitcontre la Belgiqueet les Pays-Bas en invoquant un nou-
veau chef de compétence de la Cour, respectivement l'article 4 de la
convention de conciliation, de règlement judiciaire et d'arbitrage concluebetween Yugoslavia and Belgium, and Article 4 of the 1931 Treaty of
Judicial Settlement, Arbitration and Conciliation between Yugoslavia
and the Netherlands. Irrespective of the question of whether these instru-
ments still remain valid in the present-day relations between Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia and the two respondent States, and whether the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is entitled to invoke them as a basis of
jurisdiction at such a late stage,1have to say that in my viewthe reliance

on these instruments by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is totally
unfounded.

18. These two instruments were among a number of treaties of a simi-
lar character concluded between a great number of States in the period
after the establishment of the League of Nations; they were intended to
bring together the various means of peaceful settlement of international
disputes, namely judicial settlement, arbitration, conciliation, and other
methods, into a systematized scheme of precedence among these various
procedures. However, these treaties did not impose any new obligations
on the States which became parties to them. Hence, the 1930and 1931
instruments imposed no new obligations on the Contracting Parties in
connection with the judicial settlement of disputes, over and above resort
to the Permanent Court of International Justice provided for in its Stat-
ute, to which the Contracting Parties of the 1930and 1931instruments,
respectively, were already signatories. (Belgium, the Netherlands, and

Yugoslavia had, in their respective declarations, already accepted the
compulsory jurisdiction of that Court.)

The provisions of Article 4 of these two instruments have never been
interpreted as granting compulsory jurisdiction to the then existing Per-
manent Court of International Justice in addition to what had already
been provided for in its Statute. It is also to be noted that, in both of
these instruments, resort to any of the prescribed means of settlement of
disputescould be had only after a dispute had failed to be settled through
the normal diplomatic channels (cf. Article 1 of the respective instru-
ments).

(1) Pv~liminary Obsrrvations

19. The Court's Statute provides in Article 36,paragraph 1,that "[tlhe
jurisdiction of the Court comprises .. . al1 matters specially provided
for . . in treaties and conventions in force". The 1948Genocide Conven-
tion is one of these "treaties and conventions in force" and its Article IX
provides that

"[dlisputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpre- LICEITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP.IND. ODA) 152

en 1930 entre la Yougoslavie et la Belgique, et l'article 4 du traité de
règlement judiciaire,d'arbitrage et de conciliation conclu en 1931entre la
Yougoslavie et les Pays-Bas. Indépendammentde la question de savoir si

ces instruments sont toujours en vigueur dans le cadre des relations
actuelles entre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie et les deux Etats
défendeurs, etindépendammentaussi du point de savoir si la République
fédéralede Yougoslavie a le droit,à un stade aussi tardif de la procédure,
de faire de ces deux instruments une base de compétence,je dirai qu'à
mon sens la République fédéralede Yougoslavie n'est strictement pas
fondée à s'appuyer sur ces instruments.
18. Ces deux instruments. en effet. font vartie d'un certain nombre de
traités analogues conclus entre un 'grand nombre d'Etats pendant la
~ériodeaui a suivi la création de la Sociétédes Nations: ces traités
visaient à regrouper les divers moyens de règlement pacifiquedes diffé-

rends internationaux, c'est-à-dire le règlement judiciaire, l'arbitrage, la
conciliation entre autres méthodes, etasystématiser un certain ordre de
préséanceentre ces diverses procédures. Mais les traités en question
n'imposaient aucune obligation nouvelle aux Etats qui y adhéraient. Par
conséquent. ces traités de 1930 et de 1931 n'imposaient aux parties
contractantes aucune obligation nouvelle liéeau règlement judiciaire des
diffkrends en sus de la saisine de la Cour permanente de Justice interna-
tionale prévue dans le Statut de cette dernière, auquel les parties contrac-
tantes des instruments de 1930et 1931étaientd'ores et déjàrespective-
ment signataires. (La Belgique, les Pays-Bas et la Yougoslavie avaient,
dans leur déclaration, d'ores et déjà acceptéla juridiction obligatoire de
la Cour vermanente.)

Les dispositions de l'article 4 des deux instruments en question n'ont
jamais été interprétéecsomme conférantjuridiction obligatoire àla Cour
permanente de Justice internationale de l'époqueen sus de ce que pré-
voyait d'ores et déjàle Statut de ladite Cour. Il convient égalementde
noter que, dans les deux instruments en question, le recoursàl'une quel-
conque des méthodesprescrites de règlement desdifférendsn'est envisagé
que s'ila étéimpossible de réglerle litige par lesvoies diplomatiques nor-
males (cf. l'article de chacun des instruments).

V. LACOUR N'A PAS COMPETENCE EN VERTU DE LA
CONVENTION SUR LE GENOCIDE

19. LeStatut de la Cour dispose àl'article 36, paragraphe 1,que «[l]a
con~pétencede la Cour s'étend ...à tous les cas spécialementprévus...

dans les traitéset conventions en vigueur)).La convention sur le génocide
de 1948fait partie de ces ((traitéset conventions en vigueur)) et dispoàe
l'article IX que
«[Ilesdifférendsentre les Parties contractantes relatàfI'interpréta- tation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention .. .shall
be submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of
any of the parties to the dispute".

In al1 ten of its Applications, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,
referring to the alleged breach of the obligation contained in the Geno-
cide Convention, invoked Article IX of that Convention as a legal ground
for jurisdiction of the Court.

1will not deal here with the question of whether the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia is now a party to the Genocide Convention and whether a

State which is not a State party to the Statute isentitled to locus stundi by
relying on Article 36, paragraph 1, as quoted at the beginning of this
paragraph.
1note that Portugal became a party to the Genocide Convention with
effect from 10 May 1999. 1 also note that Spain and the United States
have properly made their respective reservations in respect of Article IX
of the Genocide Convention. Thus the applications of the Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia invoking that Convention should - from the outset -
be dismissed in the cases of Portugal, Spain and the United States.

(2) No Disputes reluting to the Genocide ConilenfionExist het~veen
the Purtie.~

20. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in spite of enumerating vari-
ous claims, did not establish any violation of the Genocide Convention
for which any one of the ten respondent States could be held responsible
as a party to that Convention and indicated no element of genocide as
defined in Article II of the Genocide Convention in the bombing or mili-
tary attacks in Yugoslavia by the NATO armed forces. The question in
general as to whether or not the bombing or the military attack in the
territory of Yugoslavia by the NATO armed forces does in fact constitute

a violation of international law may well be an issue but is irrelevant
when dealing with the Genocide Convention.

21. Even if acts of genocide for which the respondent States may be
deemed to be responsible under the Genocide Convention had taken
place in Yugoslavia, that would not mean that there were disputes
between the applicant State and the respondent States concerning the
interpretation, application or fulfilment of the Convention. The Appli-
cant did not indicate the existence of such a dispute which might be sub-
mitted obligatorily to the Court by application of the Genocide Conven-
tion.
1have previously stated my interpretation of the meaning of the words
"a dispute concerning the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the tion, l'application ou l'exécutionde la présente convention..seront
soumis à la Cour internationale de Justice,à la requêted'une partie
au différend».

Dans la totalité de ses dix requêtes introductives d'instance,la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie, faisant état de la violation alléguéede
l'obligation ainsi énoncéedans la convention sur le génocide, ainvoqué
l'articleX de ladite convention dont elle fait une base juridique de la
compétencede la Cour.
Je ne m'arrêterai pasici sur la question de savoir si la Républiquefédé-
rale de Yougoslavie est actuellement partie à la convention sur le géno-

cide ni sur le point de savoir si un Etat non partie au Statut a bien qualité
pour agir s'il s'appuie sur son article36, paragraphe 1, que je cite au
débutdu présentparagraphe.
Je constate que le Portugal est devenu partie à la convention sur le
génocide à compter du 10mai 1999.Je constate égalementque deux pays,
l'Espagne et les Etats-Unis, ont dûment formuléchacun leurs réservesen
ce qui concerne l'articleIX de la convention sur le génocide.Par consé-
quent, les demandes de la République fédéralede Yougoslavie par les-
quelles celle-ciinvoque la convention doivent êtrerejetéesd'embléepour
le Portugal, l'Espagne et les Etats-Unis.

2) Il n'existe pas entre les Parties de différend relatifu lu convention
sur le génocide

20. Bien qu'elle énumèredivers griefs, la Républiquefédéralede You-
goslavie n'apas établil'existenced'uneviolation quelconque de laconven-
tion sur le génocidedont l'un quelconque des dix Etats défendeurspour-
rait être tenupour responsable en qualitéde partie à ladite convention et
elle n'a pas montrénon plus que les bombardements ou les attaques mili-
taires menéesen Yougoslavie par les forces arméesde I'OTAN partici-

pent d'un génocidetel qu'il est défini l'article II de la convention sur le
génocide.La question de caractère généralde savoir si les bombarde-
ments ou les attaques militaires menéessur le territoire de la Yougoslavie
Darles forces arméesde I'OTAN constituent bien en fait ou non une vio-
lation du droit international peut trèsbien se poser, mais elle est sans per-
tinence quand on a affaire à la convention sur le génocide.
21. Mêmesi des actes de génocidedont les Etats demandeurs pour-
raient êtredéclarés responsablesen vertu de la convention sur le génocide
avaient bien étécommis en Yougoslavie, cela ne voudrait pas dire qu'il y
aurait un différendentre 1'Etatdemandeur et les Etats défendeursrelatif
à I'interprétation, l'application ou l'exécutionde ladite convention. Le
demandeur n'a pas signalél'existenced'un différendqu'il faudrait peut-
être soumettre ainsi obligatoirement à la Cour par application de la
convention sur le génocide.

J'ai déjàdit comment j'interprétaisle sensàattribuer aux termes «dis-
férendsrelatifsà I'interprétation. l'applicationou l'exécutionde la conven-Convention" in the declaration 1appended to the Court's Judgment in
the Genocidecase and 1repeat it here:

"If any dispute were to be unilaterally submitted to the Court by
one of the Contracting Parties to a treaty pursuant to the compro-
missory clause of that treaty, this would mean in essence that the
dispute had arisen because of (i) the allegedfuilure of another Con-
tracting Party to fuljïl the obligations irnposed by thut treaty - a
failure for which it is responsible - and (ii) the infringement of the
rights bestowed UpOnthejbrmer State hy that treaty due to that fail-
ure. The failure of the other State is itself a violation of the treaty
but such a violation alone cannot be interpreted as constituting a
dispute between the applicant State and the respondent State relat-
ing to that treaty unless it can be shown to have infringed such rights
of the former State as are protected thereby." (Application of the

Convention on the Prevention and Puni.yhmentof the Crime of Geno-
cide, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II),
pp. 625-626.)

(3) Generul Charucter of the Genocide Convention

22. The Genocide Convention cannot be regarded as an orthodox type
of international treaty, as orthodox treaties provide for a right on the

part of one State and a corresponding obligation on the part of another
State. 1once described the uniquecharacter of the Genocide Convention.
It may be pertinent to quote my previous writing in this respect:

"4. The Genocide Convention is unique in having been adopted
by the General Assembly in 1948at a time when - due to the suc-
cess of the Nuremburg Trials - the idea prevailed that an interna-
tional criminal tribunal should be established for the punishment of
criminal acts directed against human rights, including genocide; it is
essentially directed not to the rights and obligations of States but to
the protection of rights of individuals and groups of persons which
have become recognized as universal.

To be sure, the Contracting Parties to the Convention defined
genocide as 'a crime under international law' (Art. 1).The Conven-
tion binds the Contracting Parties to punish persons responsible for
those acts, whoever they may be, and is thus directed to the punish-
ment of persons committing genocide and genocidal acts (Art. IV).
The Contracting Parties undertake 'to enact, in accordance with
their respective Constitutions, the necessary legislation to give effect
to the provisions of the present Convention' (Art. V).
As persons committing genocide or genocidal acts may possibly
be 'constitutionally responsible rulers [or] public officials'(Art. IV), LICEITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP.IND. ODA) 154

tien))dans la déclaration quej'ai jointe à l'arrêt rendupar la Cour dans
l'affaire relative la Convention sur le génocideet je rappelle ci-dessous

cette interprétation:

«Si un différenddevait être soumis unilatéralement à la Cour par
l'une desparties contractantes à un traitéen application de la clause
compromissoire y figurant, cela signifierait essentiellement que le
différend estné:i) parce qu'une autre partie contractante n'aurait
pus e.uécutéles obligaiions mises à su cilurge pur. ce traité- un
manquement engageant sa responsabilité - et ii) parce qu'il auruit
ktt:porik atteinte uux droits coqférésau premier Etat pur ce traité
du fait de ce manquement. Ce manquement est lui-même une viola-
tion du traitémais cette violation ne peutà elle seule êtreinterprétée
comme constituant un différend entre 1'Etat requérant et 1'Etat

défendeurrelativement à ce traités'il n'est vas établiaue ce dernier
Etat a porté atteinte aux droits du premier Etat protégéspar le
traitéen question.» (Applicution riela conventionpour luprévention
et lu répression du crime rie génocide, exceptions préliminaire.^,
urrgt,C.1.J. Rer.irei1996 (II), p. 625-626.)

3) Caructèregénéralde la convention sur legénocide

22. Il n'est pas possible de considérer la convention sur le génocide
comme un traitéinternational de type orthodoxe,car lestraités dece type
confèrent un droit qu'un Etat exercera et une obligation correspondante
dont devra s'acquitter un autre Etat. J'ai eu l'occasion de montrer le
caractère exceptionnel de la convention sur le génocide etil est peut-ètre
pertinent de reprendre ici ce texte:

((4. La convention sur le génocide estunique en ce qu'elle a été
adoptée par l'Assemblée générae len 1948à une époque ou - en rai-
son du succès des procèsde Nuremberg - l'idéeprospéraitqu'il fal-

lait créer untribunal pénalinternational pour réprimerles actes cri-
minels dirigéscontre les droits de l'homme, dont le génocide; elle
vise essentiellement non les droits et obligations des Etats muis la
~rotection de droits auiourd'hui universellement reconnus a I'indi-
vidu et aux groupes de population.
Certes, les parties contractantes à la convention définissent le
génocidecomme un «crime du droit des gens» (article premier). La
convention oblige les parties contractantes à punir les personnes
ayant commis un génocideou des actes de génocide(art. IV). Les
parties contractantes s'engagent à prendre ((conformément à leurs

constitutions respectives, les mesures législatives nécessairespour
assurer l'application des dispositions de la présente convention))
(art.V).
Comme les personnes commettant un génocide ou des actesde
génocide peuvent être«des gouvernants [ou] des fonctionnaires))155 LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (SEP.OP. ODA)

the Convention contains a specific provision which allows '[alny
Contracting Party [to] cal1upon the competent organs of the United
Nations to take such action under the Charter of the United Nations
as they consider appropriate for the prevention and suppression of

[those acts]' (Art. VIII) and contemplates the establishment of an
international penal tribunal (Art. VI).
Genocide is defined as 'a crime under international law which [the
Contracting Parties] undertake to prevent and punish' (Art. 1).Even
if this general clause (which was subjected to criticism at the Sixth
Committee in 1948when it was felt by some delegates that it should
have been placed in the preamble, but not in the main text) is to be
interpreted as meaning specifically that the Contracting Parties are
obliged 'to prevent and to punish' genocide and genocidal acts, these
legal obligations are borne in a general manner erga omnes by the
Contracting Parties in their relations with al1the other Contracting
Parties to the Convention - or, even, with the international com-
munity as a whole - but are not obligations in relation to any spe-

cificand particular signatory Contracting Party.

The failure of any Contracting Party 'to prevent and to punish'
such a crime may only be rectifiedand remedied through (i) resort to
a competent organ of the United Nations (Art. VIII) or (ii) resort to
an international penal tribunal (Art. VI), but not by invoking the
responsibility of States in inter-State relations before the Interna-
tional Court of Justice. This constitutes a unique character of the
Convention which was produced in the post-war period in parallel
with the emergence of the concept of the protection of human rights
and humanity.

5. In this regard, some explanation of the dispute settlement pro-
vision of the Convention (Art. IX) may be pertinent. It reads as fol-
lows :
'Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the inter-
pretation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention,
including those relating to the responsibility of a State for geno-

cide or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be
submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of
any of the parties to the dispute'
and is unique as compared with the compromissory clauses found in
other multilateral treaties which provide for submission to the Inter-

national Court of Justice of such disputes between the Contracting
Parties as relate to the interpretation or applicution of the treaties in
question.
The construction of Article IX of the Genocide Convention isvery
uncertain as it incorporates specificreferences to '[dlisputes ... relat-
ing to .. .fulfilment of the Convention' and to 'disputes relating to
the responsibility of a State for genocide or [genocidal acts]' - ref-(art. IV), la convention permet expressément à «[t]oute partie
contractante [de]saisir les organes compétents de l'organisation des

Nations Unies afin que ceux-ci prennent, conformément à la Charte
des Nations Unies, lesmesures qu'ils jugent appropriéespour la pré-
vention et la répressionde [cesactes]))(art. VIII) et envisage la créa-
tion d'une cour criminelle internationale (art. VI).
Le génocide estdéfinicomme «un crime du droit des gens [queles
parties contractantes] s'engagent à préveniret àpunir)) (article pre-
mier). Mêmesi l'on doit interpréter cette disposition générale(qui a
étécritiquée à la SixièmeCommission en 1948, certains représen-
tants estimant qu'elle aurait dû êtreplacéedans le préambuleet non
dans le texte même)comme signifiant spécifiquementque les parties

contractantes sont tenues «de prévenir etde punir)) le génocideet les
actes de génocide,ces obligations juridiques sont supportées d'une
manière générale ergu omnes par les parties contractantes dans leurs
relations avec toutes les autres partiesà la convention - ou même
avec l'ensemblede la communautéinternationale - mais nc sont nus
des obligations à l'égardd'une partie contractante signataire parti-
culièreou définie.
Au cas ou une partie contractante manquerait à ((prévenir et
punir)) un tel crime, il peut êtreremédié à ce manquement unique-
ment: i) en saisissant un organe compétent de l'organisation des

Nations Unies (art. VIII) ou ii) en saisissant une cour criminelle
internationale (art. VI), maisnon en invoquant la responsabilité des
Etats dans les relations interétatiques devant la Cour internationale
de Justice.Il s'agit là d'une caractéristique unique de la convention,
élaborée à une époque - l'après-guerre - où la notion de protec-
tion des droits de l'homme et de l'humanitéfaisait son apparition.
5. A cet égard,il peut être pertinent d'expliquer la dispositionde
la convention relative au règlementdes différends(art. IX). Elle est
ainsi libellée

«Les différendsentre les parties contractantes relatifsà l'inter-
prétation,l'application ou l'exécutionde la présenteconvention, y
compris ceux relatifs à la responsabilitéd'un Etat en matière de
génocideou de l'un quelconque des autres actes énuméré s l'ar-
ticle III, seront soumis à la Cour internationale de Justice, à la
requêted'une partie au différend));

et elle est unique si on la compare aux clauses compromissoires
d'autres traitésmultilatéraux qui prévoientla soumission a la Cour
internationale de Justice des différends entre les parties contrac-
tantes ayant trait àleur interprétutionou applicution.

La construction de l'article IX de la convention sur le génocideest
très incertaine en ce qu'elle contient des références expressesaux
((différends ... relatià ...l'exécutionde la présenteconvention)) et
aux ((différendsrelatifs à la responsabilité d'un Etat en matière deerences which can hardly be understood in any meaningful sense as
a compromissory clause.

The original draft of the Genocide Convention was drawn up by
an Ad Hoc Committee on Genocide in the ECOSOC in April-May
1948, and contained an orthodox type of compromissory clause
(OfJicial Rccord.~of the Economic und Social Council, Third Yeur,
Seventh Session, Supplement No. 61, which read:

'Disputes between the High Contracting Parties relating to the
interpretution or upplicution of this Convention shall be submitted
to the International Court of Justice, provided thut no dispute
shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice involving
an issue which has been referred to and is pending before or has
been passed upon by a competent international criminal tribunal.'
(Emphasis added.)

When this draft was taken up by the Sixth Committee of the Gen-
eral Assembly in its Third Session in October 1948,the addition of
the two aforementioned references was proposed (OfJiciul Records
of the Generul As.semhly, Third Session, Sixth Cornmittee, Annexes,
p. 28: AlC61258)without, in my view, the drafters having a clear
picture of the new type of convention to be adopted. While some
delegates understood that 'fulfilment' wouldnot be different from
'application', aproposal to delete 'fulfilment'from the additions was
rejected by 27 votes to 10, with 8 abstentions. However, another
deletion of the words 'including [disputes] relating to the responsi-
bility of a State for genocide or [genocidal acts]' wasalso rejected
but only by 19votes to 17, with 9 abstentions (Oj$cial Records of

the Generul Assembly, Third Session, Sixth Comrnittee, SR.104,
p. 447). The travaux prkparutoires of the Convention seem to con-
firm that there was some measure of confusion among the drafters,
reflecting in particular the unique nature of their task in therevail-
ing spirit of the times.

How can one then interpret this reference to the 'responsibility of
a State'? As far as1know such a reference has never been employed
in any other treaty thereafter. It seems to bequite natural to assume
that that referencewould not have had any meaningful senseor other-
wise would not have added anything to the clause providing for the
submission to the Court of disputes relating to the interpretution or
application of the Convention, because, in general, any inter-State
dispute covered by a treaty per se always relates to the responsibility
of a State and the singling-out of a reference to the responsibility of
a State does not have any sense with regard to a compromissory
clause." Applicution cf the Convention on the Prevcntion andgénocideou [d'actes de génocide])) - des référencesqu'il est difficile
de comprendre utilement comme constituant une clause compromis-

soire.
Le projet originaire de la convention sur le génocide a été élaboré
par un comitéspécialdu génocidedu Conseil économique et social
en avril-mai 1948, et contenait une clause compromissoire plus
orthodoxe (Documents ofjciels du Conseil économique et sociul,
troisième année, septièmesession, supplément no 6), qui était ainsi
libellé:

«Les différends qui s'élèveraient entre les Hautes Parties
contractantes concernant l'interprétation ou l'upplication de la
présente convention seront soumis à la Cour internationale de
Justice, sous réservequ'aucun différendne sera soumis à la Cour
internationale de Justice s'ilimplique une questionqui a étdéférée
à un tribunal international compétent, est pendante devant ce tri-
bunal, ou a déjàété jugéepar lui.» (Les italiques sont de moi.)

Lorsque ce projet a été examinépar la SixièmeCommission de
l'Assembléegénérale à sa troisième session, en octobre 1948,l'ajout
des deux référencessusmentionnées a étéproposé (Docurnenf.~ofJi-
ciels/Ar 1'Assenîbli.egénérale,froisièr71e.session, Sixième Cornmis-
sion, annexes, p. 28 (AIC61258))sans qu'à mon avis les rédacteurs

aient une idéebien claire de la nouveautédu type de convention qui
allait être adopté. Certainsreprésentants ne voyaient pas de diffé-
rence entre «exécution» et «application», mais une proposition ten-
dant à la suppression du mot «exécution» a étérejetéepar 27 voix
contre 10,avec 8 abstentions. Toutefois, une autre proposition, ten-
dant à la suppression des mots ((ycompris [les différends] relatifii
la responsabilité d'un Etat en matière de génocide ou [d'actes de
génocide]))a, elle aussi, été rejetée, mais seulement par 19 voix
contre 17, avec 9 abstentions (Docunzenls officiels de 1'As.sernhlC.e
générale,troisiènîe session, Sixi2ine Commission, SR.104, p. 447).

Les travaux préparatoires de la convention semblent confirmer qu'il
régnait une certaine confusion parmi ceux qui l'ont rédigéet,enant
en particulier au caractère unique de leur tâche étant donnél'esprit
qui régnait à l'époque.
Comment peut-on alors interpréter cette référence à la ((responsa-
bilité d'un Etat))? A ma connaissance, elle n'a plus jamais été
emn, déedans aucun autre traité. Il semble tout à fait naturel de
supposer que cette référencen'avait pas un sens bien défini ou
n'aurait rien ajoutéAla clause prévoyant la soumission à la Cour des
différendsrelatifsà l'interprétation ouà I'applicution de la conven-
tion parce que, en général,tout différendinterétatique visédans un

traité a toujours en soi traià la responsabilité d'un Etat et que la
mise en valeur d'une référence a la res~onsabiiité d'un Etat n'a
aucun sens pour ce qui est d'une clause compromissoire. » (Déclara-
tion de M. Odadans l'affaire relativeàI'Applic~atio~rielu co~îi~ention157 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (SEP.OP. ODA)

Punishment of the Crime uf Genocide, Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), declaration of Judge Oda,

pp. 626-628.)
(4) Concluding Observations

23. In order to seise the Court of the present cases, excepting those
concerning Portugal, Spain and the United States as referred to in para-

graph 19of this opinion, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia would cer-
tainly have had to show that, applying the Genocide Convention to the
situation in the territory of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, thepon-
dent States could indeed have been responsible for the failure of the ful-
filment of the Convention in relation to the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia. But, more particularly, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia would
have to show that the respondent States havebreached the rights of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as a Contracting Party (which bydefini-
tion is a State) entitled to protection under that Convention. This, how-
ever, has not been established in the Applications and in fact the Geno-
cide Convention is not intended to protect the rights of the Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia as a State.

Even if, as alleged, the respondent States are responsible for certain
results of the bombing or armed attacks by NATO armed forces in the
territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, this factne does not
mean that there is a "dispute relating to the interpretation, application or
fulfilment of the Convention", as the respondent States did notviolate
the rights conferred upon the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by the
Convention. What is protected by the Convention is not the particular
rights of any individual State (the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in this

case)but the status of human beings with human rights and the universal
interest of the individual in general.

What the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia did in its Applications was
to point to certain fucts allegedly tantamount to genocide or genocidal
acts and to submit clairn.~alleged to have arisen out of these facts. This
cannot be taken to indicate the existence of an inter-State dispute relating
to the responsibility of a State which could have been made a basis for
the Court'sjurisdiction.
1accordingly conclude that the Applications citing the Genocide Con-
vention as a basis of the Court's jurisdiction should be rejected.

VI. IN THE PRESENC TIRCUMSTANC THES REQUEST FOR THE
INDICATIO OF PROVISIONA ML EASURE SRE INADMISSIBLE

24. Having made observations on the Court's jurisdiction1would like
to make some comments on the institution of provisional measures. pour lapréventionet la ripression du cuirnede génocide,exceptions
préliminaires,arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II), p. 626-628.)

4) Conclusions

23. Pour saisir la Cour des présentes espèces, exceptcellesqui concer-
nent le Portugal, l'Espagne et les Etats-Unis, comme je l'ai dit au para-
graphe 19de la présenteopinion, la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie
aurait incontestablement dû montrer que, la convention sur le génocide

étantappliquée àla situation sur le territoire de la Républiquefédéralede
Yougoslavie, les Etats défendeurs pouvaient effectivement être tenus
pour responsables d'un manquement aux obligations découlant de la
convention à l'égardde la République fédéralede Yougoslavie. Mais,
plus particulièrement encore, la République fédéralede Yougoslavie
aurait dû montrer que les Etats défendeurs avaient violé lesdroits de la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie en tant que partie contractante
(c'est-à-dire, par définition,un Etat) devant êtreprotégéau titre de ladite
convention. Mais le fait n'aDasétéétablidans les reauêteset en réalitéla
convention sur le génocide n'estpas censéeprotégerlesdroits de la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie en tant qu'Etat.
Même si,comme il est allégué,les Etats défendeurssont responsables

de certains résultats des bombardements ou des attaques armées menées
par les forces armées de l'OTAN sur le territoire dela Républiquefédé-
rale de Yougoslavie, ce faità lui seul ne signifie pas qu'il existe un «dif-
férend relatif l'interprétation, l'applicationou l'exécutionde la conven-
tion», car les Etats défendeurs n'ont pas violé lesdroits conférés à la
Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie par la convention. Ceque la conven-
tion protège, ce ne sontas lesdroits particuliers d'un Etat, quel qu'il soit
(la République fédéralede Yougoslavie en l'espèce) mais la condition
d'êtres humainsdotésde droits a ce titre, les droits de l'homme, et les
intérêtsuniversels de l'individu en général.
Dans ses requêtes,la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie, en réalité,a
mis en évidence certainsfaits qui seraient assimilables a un génocideou

a des actes de génocide eta présenté desdemandes qui découleraient de
ces faits. On ne peut pas y voir l'indication qu'il existeraitun différend
interétatique relatif la responsabilitéd'un Etat, différendqui aurait pu
fonder la compétencede la Cour.
J'en déduisqu'il faut rejeter les requêtes quifont de la convention sur
le génocide une basede compétencepour la Cour.

VI. DANS LES CIRCONSTANCES DE L'ESPÈCE LES DEMANDES EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES SONT IRRECEVABLES

24. Aprés avoir parlé de la compétence de la Cour, j'aimerais for-
muler quelques observations sur l'institution même des mesuresconser-
vatoires. Provisional measures which ought to be taken to preserve the respec-
tive rights of either party may be indicated by the Court"fit considers

that the circumstances so require" (Statute, Art. 41, emphasis added).t
thus falls within the discretion of the Court togrant provisional measures
upon the request of the applicant State.
The items concerning the subject-matter of the dispute, the claim and
the legal grounds on which the claim is based, are virtually identical
throughout the Applications filedby the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
against the ten respondent States. If provisional measures were to be
granted, but only in relation to certain of the ten respondent States, for
the reason that there existed a prima facie basis ofjurisdiction, while in
the case of other respondent States the requests were dismissed totally

because of the lack of the Court's jurisdiction to entertain the Applica-
tions. this would lead to an unreasonable result. For this reason alone.
the requests for the indication of provisional measures by the applicant
State are inadmissible throughout the ten cases.

VII. REMOVA LF THE CASES FROM THE GENERAL LISTOF THE COURT
DUE TO THE LACK OF JURISDICTION

25. The Court has reached its decision to dismiss the requests for the
indication of provisional measures inal1ten cases on the sole ground that
it lacks a prima facie basis ofjurisdiction in these cases. If, at the provi-
sional measures stage, the Court finds that it has prima faciejurisdiction,
then it remains free, irrespective of whether or not it grants provisional
measures, to proceed to the next phase.
26. In the past the Court, even after having affirmed that there could
exist a prima facie basis of jurisdiction, still dismissed the requests for
~rovisional measures in some cases for various reasons. In theInterhun-
del case, thPassage tllrough the Greut Beltcase and the case concerning

Questions of Interpretation and Applicution of the 1971 Montreal Con-
vention arisingfrom the Aerial Incident ut Lockerbie, the Court consid-
ered that the circumstances of these cases were not such as to require the
exercise of its power to indicate provisional measures. In thegean Sea
Contit~entulSlirlfcase, the Court did not find such a risk of irreparable
prejudice to rights in issue before it as might require the exercise of its
power to indicate provisional measures. In the 1990case concerning the
Arbitral Aic,ard of31 July 1989, the Court dismissed the request of the
Republic of Guinea-Bissau on the ground that the alleged rights sought
to be made the subject of provisional measures were not the subject of the
proceedings before the Court on the merits of the case.

Where the Court finds that there is a prima facie basis of jurisdiction,
this does not, of course, necessarily lead it to determine that it eventually
has jurisdiction in the case. In thenglo-Iraniun Oil Co. case and the LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP. IND. ODA) 158

La Cour est habilitée à indiquer quelles mesures conservatoires du
droit de chacun il convient de prendre à titre provisoire «si elle estime
que lescirconstances l'exigent))(Statut, art. 41es italiques sont de moi).
C'est donc la Cour qui peut décider deprendre, àla demande de 1'Etat
requérant, des mesures conservatoires.
Leséléments relatifsà l'objet du différend,la demande elle-mêmeet les
fondements juridiques sur lesquels elle repose sont pratiquement iden-

tiques de la premièrea la dernière des requêtes déposépesr la République
fédéralede Yougoslavie a l'encontre des dix Etats défendeurs.S'ildevait
êtrepris des mesures conservatoires uniquement en ce qui concerne cer-
tains des dix Etats défendeurs au motif qu'il existedans ces cas-lë une
base de compétence prima ,fucie alors que, s'agissant des autres Etats
défendeurs, les demandes seraient intégralement rejetéesparce que la
Cour n'aurait pas compétence pour connaître des requêtes,cette issue
serait déraisonnable. Ne serait-ce que pour cette seule raison, les requêtes
en indication de mesures conservatoires présentéespar I'Etat demandeur
sont irrecevables dans les dix affaires.

VII. LE MANQUE DE COMPETENCE IMPOSE DE RAYER LES AFFAIRES
DU ROLE DE LA COUR

25. Pour décider de rejeter les demandes en indication de mesures
conservatoires dans les dix affaires. la Cour retient Dour seul motif
l'absence de toute base de compétenceprima jizcie. ~uahd, au stade des
mesures conservatoires, elleestime avoir compétence primafacie, la Cour
conserve, indépendamment du point de savoir si elle accorde ou non des
mesures conservatoires, toute latitude pour passer à la phase suivante.
26. Dans le passé, mêma eprèsavoir affirmé qu'ilpouvait existerprima
facie une base de compétence, la Cour n'en a pas moins rejetéles de-

mandes en indication de mesures conservatoires dans certaines affaires,
pour diversesraisons. Dans I'affaire de'Interhandel,dans celledu Passage
par leGrand-Belt et dans I'affaire relatiàdes Questions d'interprétation
et d'application de la convention de Montréalde 1971 résultantde I'inci-
dent aériende Lockerbie, la Cour a estiméque lescirconstances de l'espèce
n'étaientpas de nature à lui imposer d'exercer le pouvoir dont elle est
dotée d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires. Dans I'affaire du Plateau
continental de lu mer Egée,la Cour n'a pas estiméque le risque d'atteinte
irréparable aux droits en litige devant elle fût tel qu'elle se devait d'exer-
cer ce pouvoir. En 1990,dans l'affaire relativeà la Sentence arbitrale du
31 jirillet 1989, la Cour a rejeté lademande de la République de Guinée-

Bissau au motif que les droits alléguésdont le demandeur voulait faire
l'objet des mesures conservatoires n'étaient pas l'objet de la procédure
sur le fond se déroulant devant la Cour.
Quand elle constate qu'il existe une base de compétence prima ,facie,
cela ne conduit certes pas nécessairementla Cour a conclure que, finale-
ment, elle a compétence pour connaître de I'affaire. Dans I'affaire deInterhandel case, the Court, after granting provisional measures, ulti-
mately found that it had no jurisdiction to be seised of these cases.

27. In its past jurisprudence the Court has always found, as in those
cases mentioned above and in spite of its ultimately negative response to
the request for provisional measures, that there existed a prima facie
basis of jurisdiction. There has been no previous case in which the Court
did not recognize even a prima facie basis ofjurisdiction, and the present
cases concerning Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Nether-
lands, Portugal and the United Kingdom are the first in the Court'sjuris-
prudence in which the Court has dismissed a request for the indication of
provisional measures due to the lack of prima faciejurisdiction.

The Court's findings at this stage of the present cases that there is not
even a prima facie basis ofjurisdiction in al1eight of the cases mentioned

above should be interpreted as a ruling that it has no jurisdiction what-
soever to entertain the Applications, without leaving any room to retain
these cases and to deal with the issue of jurisdiction in the future.

28. In its Orders in the cases of Spain and the United States, the Court
finds that the cases against them should be removed from the General
List, as the Court manifestly lacks jurisdiction to entertain these two
Applications. The Court concludes, however, that it should remain seised
of the other eight cases on the ground that its finding that it lacks juris-
diction prima facie to entertain the respective Applications instituting
proceedings against Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Neth-
erlands,Portugal and the United Kingdom in no way prejudges the ques-
tion of jurisdiction in those eight cases.
It is my firm beliefthat, foral1the reasons given above concerning the
Court's lack ofjurisdiction under (i) Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Stat-
ute, (ii) the provisions of the instruments of 1930 and 1931 between
Yugoslavia and Belgium and the Netherlands, respectively, and (iii) the

provisions of the Genocide Convention, and due to my interpretation of
the Court's finding concerning the lack of prima faciebasis ofjurisdiction
in the eight cases, as stated in the last sentence of paragraph 27 of this
opinion, the Applications in not only the two cases but in al1ten cases
should be removed from the General List.

It would be contrary tojudicial propriety to make a distinction between
two groups of States, in what is essentially one case dealing with the same
subject throughout, solely because of the difference in attitudes taken by
the States towards the relevant documents which givethe Court jurisdic-
tion.
29. In conclusion 1 would like to express my sincere hope that the
present situation in the territory of Yugoslavia, in the settlement of which
the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the LICEITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (OP.IND. ODA) 159

1'Anglo-lranian Oil Co., et dans celle de l'lnterhandel, la Cour, après
avoir accordéles mesures conservatoires demandées, a finalement conclu
qu'elle n'étaitpas compétente pour connaître de ces affaires.
27. Sajurisprudence montre que la Cour a toujours estimé,comme ce
fut le cas dans les affaires rappelées ci-dessuset mêmequand elle répon-
dait finalement par la négative à la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, qu'il existaitrimufucie une base de compétence.Il n'y a
jamais eu de précédentdans lequel la Cour n'a pas mêmeadmis l'exis-
tence d'une base de compétence prima jucie, et les présentes affaires
concernant l'Allemagne, la Belgique, le Canada, la France, l'Italie, les

Pays-Bas, le Portugal et le Royaume-Uni sont les premières de sa juris-
prudence dans lesquelles la Cour aura rejetéune demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires faute de compétenceprima ,fucie.
Cette conclusion de la Cour à ce stade-ci des présentes affaires,suivant
laquelle il n'existepas même une basede compétenceprima fucie dans les
huit affaires viséesci-dessus, doit être interprétéceomme revenant à déci-
der qu'elle n'aaucune compétencepour connaître des requêtes,sans lui
laisser la moindre possibilitéde se pencher sur ces affaires et d'examiner
ultérieurement la question de sa compétence.
28. Dans les ordonnances qu'elle rend concernant l'Espagne et les
Etats-Unis, la Cour décideque les deux affaires doivent êtrerayéesdu
rôle, parce qu'elle n'a manifestement pas compétencepour en connaître.
La Cour n'en conclut pas moins qu'elle doit demeurer saisie des huit

autres affaires ail motif que, en considérant qu'elle n'a pas compétence
primir facie pour connaître des requêtes introductives d'instancecontre
l'Allemagne, la Belgique, le Canada, la France, l'Italie, les Pays-Bas, le
Portugal et le Royaume-Uni, elle ne préjuge en rienla question de sa
compétencedans ces huit affaires.
Je suis pour ma part convaincu que, pour les motifs exposés ci-dessus,
indiquant que la Cour n'est pas compétente i) au titre de l'article 36,para-
graphe 2, du Statut, ni ii) au titre des dispositions des instruments de
1930 et de 1931 passésentre la Yougoslavie, d'une part et, de l'autre, la
Belgique et les Pays-Bas, ni iii) au titre des dispositions de la convention
sur le génocide,et compte tenu de l'interprétation que je donne de la
conclusion de la Cour concernant l'absence de juridiction prirnu /ucie
dans les huit affaires en question, telle que je l'indique dans la dernière

phrase du paragraphe 27 ci-dessus de la présenteopinion, ce n'est pas
seulement pour les deux affaires citées maispour la totalitéd'entre elles,
les dix espèces,qu'il faudrait rayer l'affaire du rôle.
Il serait contrairà la rigueur judiciaire de faire une distinction entre
deux groupes d'Etats alors qu'il s'agit essentiellementd'une seule affaire
portant chaque fois sur le mêmeobjet, uniquement parce que lesdits
Etats n'ont pasadoptéla mêmeattitude en établissantlesinstrumentsqui
donnent compétence a la Cour.
29. Pour conclure, je tiensà dire que j'espere sincèrement voir la situa-
tion actuelle sur le territoire de la Yougoslavie, au règlementde laquelle
la Cour internationale de Justice en sa qualitéd'organejudiciaire princi-160 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (SEP. OP. ODA)

United Nations has no role to play, will be resolved peacefully and in a
way that satisfiesal1humanitarian aspects raised by this case.

(Signed) Shigeru ODApal des Nations Unies n'a aucun rôle àjouer, connaître une solution
pacifique, sous une forme qui réponde de façon satisfaisanteoutes les
questions d'ordre humanitaire que la présente affairesoulève.

(Signk) Shigeru ODA.

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Document Long Title

Separate opinion by Judge Oda

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