Declaration by Judge Koroma

Document Number
105-19990602-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
105-19990602-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE KOROMA

These are perhaps the most serious cases to come before the Court for
injunctive relief.Under Article 41 of the Statute of the Court, a request
for provisional measures should have as its purpose the preservation of
the respective rights of either party to a dispute pending the Court'sdeci-
sion. Jurisprudentially, the granting of such relief is designed to prevent
violence, the use of force, to safeguard the peace, as well as serving as an
important part of the dispute settlement process under the Charter.
Where the risk of irreparable harm is said to exist or further action might
aggravate or extend a dispute, the granting of the relief becomes al1the
more necessary. It is thus one of the most important functions of the
Court.

However, the indication of such relief by the Court can take place only
in accordance with the Statute. In this regard prima faciejurisdiction has
come to be regarded by the Court as the criteria for granting such relief,

and where, in the Court's view, this is found not to exist, or other cir-
cumstances predominate, the Court according to its jurisprudence will
not indicate the requested relief.
On the other hand, the conclusion reached by the Court that the dis-
pute between Yugoslavia and some of the respondent States arose before
25 April 1999 and accordingly does not come within the scope of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court as accepted by Yugoslavia under
the terms of its declaration, does not appear to me to be correct, let alone
legally tenable. The correct legal position, in my view, is as reflected in
Draft Article 25 on State Responsibility of the Report of the Interna-
tional Law Commission. The Article States as follows:

"The breach of an international obligation, by an act of the State
composed of a series of actions or omissions in respect of separate
cases, occurs at the moment when that action or omission of the
series is accomplished which establishes the existenceof the compos-
ite act. Nevertheless, the time of commission of the breach extends
over the entire period from the first of the actions or omissions con-
stituting the composite act not in conformity with the international
obligation and so long as such actions or omissions are repeated."
(Yearbook of the Internutional Lait)Commission, 1978, Vol. II, Part
Two, Art. 25, p. 89.)

In other words, and as stated in the commentary on the Article, the timeof the Commission of this breach is not limited to the moment at which
the act begins, but extends over the whole period during which the act
takes place and continues contrary to the requirements of the interna-
tional obligation. Therefore, the Court's finding that Yugoslavia had not
established the existence ofa specificdispute, distinct from the preceding

one, which arose after 25 April 1999does not appear to me tenable in
law.
Nevertheless, the Court, as the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations, whose primary raison d'être remains the preservation of inter-
national peace and security, is under a positive obligation to contribute
to the maintenance of international peace and security and to provide a
judicial framework for the resolution of a legal dispute, especially one
which not only threatensinternational peace and security but also involves
enormous human suffering and continuing loss of life as well as the dis-
integration of normal society. Given the prevalence of these circum-
stances in this dispute, the Court has decided, rightly in my view, not to
remain silent.1have therefore joined with other Members of the Court in
calling for the peaceful resolution of this conflictursuant to Article 33
of the Charter, and in urging the Parties not to aggravate or extend the
dispute and to respect international law, including humanitarian law and
the human rights of al1the citizens of Yugoslavia.

{Signed) Abdul G. KOROMA.

Bilingual Content

DECLARATION OF JUDGE KOROMA

These are perhaps the most serious cases to come before the Court for
injunctive relief.Under Article 41 of the Statute of the Court, a request
for provisional measures should have as its purpose the preservation of
the respective rights of either party to a dispute pending the Court'sdeci-
sion. Jurisprudentially, the granting of such relief is designed to prevent
violence, the use of force, to safeguard the peace, as well as serving as an
important part of the dispute settlement process under the Charter.
Where the risk of irreparable harm is said to exist or further action might
aggravate or extend a dispute, the granting of the relief becomes al1the
more necessary. It is thus one of the most important functions of the
Court.

However, the indication of such relief by the Court can take place only
in accordance with the Statute. In this regard prima faciejurisdiction has
come to be regarded by the Court as the criteria for granting such relief,

and where, in the Court's view, this is found not to exist, or other cir-
cumstances predominate, the Court according to its jurisprudence will
not indicate the requested relief.
On the other hand, the conclusion reached by the Court that the dis-
pute between Yugoslavia and some of the respondent States arose before
25 April 1999 and accordingly does not come within the scope of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court as accepted by Yugoslavia under
the terms of its declaration, does not appear to me to be correct, let alone
legally tenable. The correct legal position, in my view, is as reflected in
Draft Article 25 on State Responsibility of the Report of the Interna-
tional Law Commission. The Article States as follows:

"The breach of an international obligation, by an act of the State
composed of a series of actions or omissions in respect of separate
cases, occurs at the moment when that action or omission of the
series is accomplished which establishes the existenceof the compos-
ite act. Nevertheless, the time of commission of the breach extends
over the entire period from the first of the actions or omissions con-
stituting the composite act not in conformity with the international
obligation and so long as such actions or omissions are repeated."
(Yearbook of the Internutional Lait)Commission, 1978, Vol. II, Part
Two, Art. 25, p. 89.)

In other words, and as stated in the commentary on the Article, the time[Traduction]

En l'espèce, laCour est peut-êtresaisiedes affaires lesplus graves dont
elle ait eua connaître aux fins de prononcer une ordonnance de ne pas
faire. En vertu de l'article 41 du Statutde la Cour, une demande en indi-
cation de mesures conservatoires a obligatoirement pour objet de dire
quelles mesures conservatoires du droit de chacun doivent être prises
dans l'attente de la décision définitivede la Cour. Dans la pratique, ces
mesures sont adoptées pour empêcher la violence, l'emploide la force,
pour préserver la paix,de même qu'ellesconstituent un aspect important
du processus de règlement des différends qu'envisagela Charte. Quand

il est censé exister un risquede préjudiceirréparable, ou que la poursuite
de l'action pourrait aggraver ou étendre le différend, l'indication des
mesures demandéesest d'autant plus indispensable. 11s'agit donc là de
l'une des fonctions les plus importantes de la Cour.
La Cour ne peut toutefois indiquer ces mesures que conformément à
son Statut. A cet égard,la Cour en est venue à considérerque le critère de
jugement est pour elle d'établir si elle est compétente prima furie et
quand, a son avis, elle estime n'ètre pas compétente en l'espèceou que
d'autres circonstances prennent pour elle lepas, la Cour a pour jurispru-
dence de ne pas indiquer les mesures conservatoires demandées.
En revanche, la conclusion qu'énoncela Cour quand elledit que le dif-
férendentre la Yougoslavie et certains des Etats défendeurs asurgi avant
le 25 avril 1999et qu'en conséquence,il n'entre pas dans le champ de la

compétence obligatoire de la Cour telle que la Yougoslavie l'a acceptée
aux termes de sa déclaration ne nous paraît pas exacte, moins encore
défendablesur le plan juridique. La position qu'il faut adopter du point
de vuejuridique, a mon sens, est celle qu'adopte la Commission du droit
international a l'article 25de son projet d'articles sur la responsabilitédes
Etats. L'article en question se lit comme suit:
«La violation d'une obligation internationale par un fait de 1'Etat

composéd'une séried'actions ou omissions relatives à des cas dis-
tincts se produit au moment de la réalisation decelle des actions ou
omissions de la sériequi établit l'existencedu fait composé.Toute-
fois, le temps de perpétration de la violation s'étendsur la période
entière a partir de la première des actions ou omissions dont l'en-
semble constitue le fait composé non conforme à l'obligation inter-
nationale et autant que ces actions ou omissions se répètent.))
(Annuaire de la Commission du droit international, 1978, vol. II,
deuxièmepartie, art. 25, p. 101.)

Autrement dit, et comme il est indiquédu reste dans le commentaire deof the Commission of this breach is not limited to the moment at which
the act begins, but extends over the whole period during which the act
takes place and continues contrary to the requirements of the interna-
tional obligation. Therefore, the Court's finding that Yugoslavia had not
established the existence ofa specificdispute, distinct from the preceding

one, which arose after 25 April 1999does not appear to me tenable in
law.
Nevertheless, the Court, as the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations, whose primary raison d'être remains the preservation of inter-
national peace and security, is under a positive obligation to contribute
to the maintenance of international peace and security and to provide a
judicial framework for the resolution of a legal dispute, especially one
which not only threatensinternational peace and security but also involves
enormous human suffering and continuing loss of life as well as the dis-
integration of normal society. Given the prevalence of these circum-
stances in this dispute, the Court has decided, rightly in my view, not to
remain silent.1have therefore joined with other Members of the Court in
calling for the peaceful resolution of this conflictursuant to Article 33
of the Charter, and in urging the Parties not to aggravate or extend the
dispute and to respect international law, including humanitarian law and
the human rights of al1the citizens of Yugoslavia.

{Signed) Abdul G. KOROMA.l'article, le moment où la violation est commise n'est pas limitéau
moment où l'action commence, il s'étendsur toute la période pendant
laquelle l'action est réaliséetontinue d'exister contrairement aux pres-
criptions del'obligation internationale. Par conséquent,quand elleestime
que la Yougoslavie n'a pas établil'existenced'un différend précisqui se
distingue du précédent eta surgi postérieurement au 25 avril 1999, la
conclusion de la Cour ne me paraît pas justifiée endroit.
Néanmoins, en sa qualité d'organe judiciaire principal des Nations
Unies dont la raison d'être demeureau premier chef de préserver la paix
et la sécuritéinternationales, la Cour a l'obligation concrète de favoriser
le maintien de la paix et de la sécuritéinternationales et de proposer un
cadre judiciaire aux fins de la solution d'un différendd'ordre juridique,
surtout quand il s'agitd'un différendqui non seulement menace la paix et
la sécuritéinternationales mais cause égalementde terribles souffrances

et, constamment, des pertes en vies humaines ainsi que la désintégration
de toute vie collective normale. Ces circonstances prenant le pas sur tout
le reste dans le cas du présent différend, la Cour a eu raison, à mon
avis. de déciderde ne Das rester silencieuse. J'ai donc. comme d'autres
membres de la Cour, 'souscrit à un appel au règlement pacifique de
ce litige, conformément à l'article 33 de la Charte, et priéles Parties de
veillerà ne pas aggraver ni étendrele différend, de veilleà respecter le
droit international, y compris le droit humanitaire ainsi que les droits
de l'homme dont jouissent tous les ressortissants yougoslaves.

(Signé) Abdul G. KOROMA.

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Document Long Title

Declaration by Judge Koroma

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