Declaration by Judge Oda

Document Number
099-19980409-ORD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
099-19980409-ORD-02-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ODA

1. 1 voted in favour of the Court's Order with great hesitation as
1believed and 1 still believe that the request for the indication of provi-
sional measures of protection submitted by Paraguay to the Court should

have been dismissed. However, in the limited time - one or two days -
given to the Court to deal with this matter, 1have found it impossible to
develop my points sufficiently to persuade my colleagues to alter their
position.
2. First of all, 1would like to express some of my thoughts in connec-
tion with this request.
1can, on humanitarian grounds, understand the plight of Mr. Breard
and recognize that owing to the fact that Paraguay filed this request on
3 April 1998, his fate now, albeit unreasonably, lies in the hands of the
Court.
1would like to add, however, that, if Mr. Breard's rights as they relate
to humanitarian issues are to be respected then, in parallel, the matter of
the rights of victims of violent crime (a point which has often been over-
looked) should be taken into consideration. It should also be noted that
sincehis arrest, Mr. Breard has been treated fairly in al1legal proceedings
within the American judicial system governed by the rule of law.

The Court cannot act as a court of criminal appeal and cannot be peti-
tioned for writs of habeascorpus.The Court does not havejurisdiction to
decide matters relating to capital punishment and its execution, and
should not intervene in such matters.

3. As stated earlier,Paraguay's request was presented to the Court on
3 April 1998in connection with and at the same time as its Application
instituting proceedings against the United States for violations of the
1963Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Paraguay's Application
was unilaterally submitted to the Court on the basis of the Optional Pro-
tocol. 1very much doubt that, on the date of filingof the Application and

the request, there was any "dispute[s] arising out of the interpretation or
application of the [Vienna] Convention" (Optional Protocol, Article 1).

If there was any dispute between Paraguay and the United States con-
cerning the interpretation or application of the Vienna Convention, it
couldhave been that the United States waspresumed to have violated theConvention at the time of the arrest of Mr. Breard in 1992,as the United
States did not inform the Paraguayan consul of that event.

This issue was raised by Paraguay when it became aware of Mr.
Breard's situation. In 1996, negotiations took place between Paraguay
and the United States concerning the consular function provided for
under the Convention. In July 1997, the United States proceeded to
remedy the violation by sending a letter to the Government of Paraguay
apologizing for its failure to inform the consul of the events concerning
Mr. Breard and giving an assurance that this failure would not be
repeated in future. In my view,the United States was thus released from
its responsibility for violation of the Vienna Convention.

From that time, the question of violation of the Vienna Convention,
which may have led to a dispute concerningits application and interpre-
tation, no longer existed. However, this question was raised once more
on 3 April 1998,the date on which Paraguay's Application was filed.

4. What did Paraguay ask the Court to decide in its Application of
3 April 1998? Paraguay asked mainly for a decision relating to
Mr. Breard's persona1 situation, namely, his pending execution by the

competent authorities of the State of Virginia.
Paraguay requested restitutio in integrum. However, if consular con-
tact had occurred at the time of Mr. Breard's arrest or detention, the
judicial procedure in the United States domestic courts relating to his
case would have been no different.This point was clarified in the course
of the oral pleadings.

5. 1 would like to turn to some general issues relating to provisional
measures. First, as a general rule, provisional measures are granted in
order to preserve rights exposed to imminent breach which is irreparable
and these rights must be those to be considered at the merits stage of the
case, and must constitute the subject-matter of the Application or be
directly related to it. In this case, however, theres no question of such
rights (of States parties), as provided for by the Vienna Convention,
being exposed to an imminent irreparable breach.
6. Secondly,in order that provisional measures may be granted by the
Court, the Court has to have, at the very least, prima faciejurisdiction to

deal with the issues concerningthe rights of the States parties. However
1believethat, as regards the present request for provisionalmeasures,the
Court does not even have prima faciejurisdiction to handle this matter.

7. Thirdly, if the request in the present case had not been granted, the
Application itself would have become meaningless. If that had been the
case, then 1would have had no hesitation in pointing out that the request
for provisional measures should not be used to ensure that the mainApplication continue. In addition the request for provisional measures
should not be used by applicants for the purpose of obtaining interim

judgments that would affirm their own rights and predetermine the main
case.
8. 1have thus explained why 1formed the view that, given the funda-
mental nature of provisional measures, those measures should not have
been indicated upon Paraguay's request.
1 reiterate, however, that 1 voted in favour of the Order, for humani-
tarian reasons, and in view of the fact that, if the execution were to be
carried out on 14 April 1998, whatever findings the Court might have
reached might be without object.

(Signed) Shigeru ODA.

Bilingual Content

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ODA

1. 1 voted in favour of the Court's Order with great hesitation as
1believed and 1 still believe that the request for the indication of provi-
sional measures of protection submitted by Paraguay to the Court should

have been dismissed. However, in the limited time - one or two days -
given to the Court to deal with this matter, 1have found it impossible to
develop my points sufficiently to persuade my colleagues to alter their
position.
2. First of all, 1would like to express some of my thoughts in connec-
tion with this request.
1can, on humanitarian grounds, understand the plight of Mr. Breard
and recognize that owing to the fact that Paraguay filed this request on
3 April 1998, his fate now, albeit unreasonably, lies in the hands of the
Court.
1would like to add, however, that, if Mr. Breard's rights as they relate
to humanitarian issues are to be respected then, in parallel, the matter of
the rights of victims of violent crime (a point which has often been over-
looked) should be taken into consideration. It should also be noted that
sincehis arrest, Mr. Breard has been treated fairly in al1legal proceedings
within the American judicial system governed by the rule of law.

The Court cannot act as a court of criminal appeal and cannot be peti-
tioned for writs of habeascorpus.The Court does not havejurisdiction to
decide matters relating to capital punishment and its execution, and
should not intervene in such matters.

3. As stated earlier,Paraguay's request was presented to the Court on
3 April 1998in connection with and at the same time as its Application
instituting proceedings against the United States for violations of the
1963Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Paraguay's Application
was unilaterally submitted to the Court on the basis of the Optional Pro-
tocol. 1very much doubt that, on the date of filingof the Application and

the request, there was any "dispute[s] arising out of the interpretation or
application of the [Vienna] Convention" (Optional Protocol, Article 1).

If there was any dispute between Paraguay and the United States con-
cerning the interpretation or application of the Vienna Convention, it
couldhave been that the United States waspresumed to have violated the DÉCLARATION DE M. ODA

[Traduction]

1. J'aivotéen faveur de l'ordonnance de la Cour après avoir beaucoup
hésitécar je crois et je persistecroire que la demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires présentée par leParaguay à la Cour aurait dû être
rejetée.Dans le délairestreint - un ou deux jours - dont disposait la
Cour pour statuer, je me suis toutefois vu dans l'impossibilité dedéve-
lopper suffisamment mon argumentation pour persuader mes collègues

de modifier leur position.
2. Je voudrais tout d'abord faire part de certaines réflexionsque m'ins-
pire la demande.
Je peux, pour des motifs humanitaires, comprendre la situation cri-
tique dans laquelle se trouveM. Breard et reconnaître que le dépôtde la
requêtepar le Paraguay le 3 avril 1998fait que son sort, encore que cela
ne soit pas normal, est aujourd'hui entre les mains de la Cour.
Je voudrais toutefois ajouter que s'ily a lieu de respecter les droits de
M. Breard dès lors qu'ilsont traità des questions d'ordre humanitaire, il
convient en mêmetemps de tenir compte des droits des victimes d'actes

de violence (aspect qui a souvent éténégligé). 11convient aussi de noter
que M. Breard a été traité de façon équitable depuis son arrestation dans
toutes les procéduresdont il a fait l'objet dans le cadre du systèmejudi-
ciaire américain, quiest régipar le principe de la légalité.
La Cour ne saurait ni faire fonction de cour d'appel en matièrecrimi-
nelle ni êtresaisie de requêtestendantà ce qu'ellerende des ordonnances
d'habeas corpus.La Cour n'a pas compétencepour se prononcer sur des
questions relativesà la peine capitale età son application et ne devrait
pas intervenir dans ces domaines.

3. Comme il a étédit plus haut, la Cour a étésaisie le3 avril 1998de
la demande du Paraguay, déposéesimultanémentavec la requêteintro-
ductive d'instance qu'il aprésentéecontre lesEtats-Unis en raison de vio-
lations de la convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires de 1963.
La Cour a été saisieunilatéralement dela requêtedu Paraguay sur le fon-
dement du protocole de signature facultative. Je nourris de très sérieux
doutes sur l'existence,àla date du dépôt dela requête etde la demande,
d'un (([différendrelatifà l'interprétation ouàl'application de la conven-
tion [deVienne]))(protocole de signature facultative, article premier).
Si un différend existaitentre le Paraguay et les Etats-Unis au sujet de

l'interprétationou de l'application de la conventionde Vienne,ilpourrait
tenir au fait que les Etats-Unis auraient violéla convention au momentConvention at the time of the arrest of Mr. Breard in 1992,as the United
States did not inform the Paraguayan consul of that event.

This issue was raised by Paraguay when it became aware of Mr.
Breard's situation. In 1996, negotiations took place between Paraguay
and the United States concerning the consular function provided for
under the Convention. In July 1997, the United States proceeded to
remedy the violation by sending a letter to the Government of Paraguay
apologizing for its failure to inform the consul of the events concerning
Mr. Breard and giving an assurance that this failure would not be
repeated in future. In my view,the United States was thus released from
its responsibility for violation of the Vienna Convention.

From that time, the question of violation of the Vienna Convention,
which may have led to a dispute concerningits application and interpre-
tation, no longer existed. However, this question was raised once more
on 3 April 1998,the date on which Paraguay's Application was filed.

4. What did Paraguay ask the Court to decide in its Application of
3 April 1998? Paraguay asked mainly for a decision relating to
Mr. Breard's persona1 situation, namely, his pending execution by the

competent authorities of the State of Virginia.
Paraguay requested restitutio in integrum. However, if consular con-
tact had occurred at the time of Mr. Breard's arrest or detention, the
judicial procedure in the United States domestic courts relating to his
case would have been no different.This point was clarified in the course
of the oral pleadings.

5. 1 would like to turn to some general issues relating to provisional
measures. First, as a general rule, provisional measures are granted in
order to preserve rights exposed to imminent breach which is irreparable
and these rights must be those to be considered at the merits stage of the
case, and must constitute the subject-matter of the Application or be
directly related to it. In this case, however, theres no question of such
rights (of States parties), as provided for by the Vienna Convention,
being exposed to an imminent irreparable breach.
6. Secondly,in order that provisional measures may be granted by the
Court, the Court has to have, at the very least, prima faciejurisdiction to

deal with the issues concerningthe rights of the States parties. However
1believethat, as regards the present request for provisionalmeasures,the
Court does not even have prima faciejurisdiction to handle this matter.

7. Thirdly, if the request in the present case had not been granted, the
Application itself would have become meaningless. If that had been the
case, then 1would have had no hesitation in pointing out that the request
for provisional measures should not be used to ensure that the main CONVENTION DE VIENNE (DÉCLO . DA) 261

de l'arrestation de M. Breard en 1992en n'avertissant pas le consul du
Paraguay de cet événement.

Le Paraguay a soulevéce point lorsqu'il a eu connaissancede la situa-
tion de M. Breard. Des négociationsse sont dérouléesen 1996entre le
Paraguay et les Etats-Unis au sujet de cette fonction consulaire prévue
dans la convention. En juillet 1997, lesEtats-Unis ont entrepris de remé-
dier àla violation en envoyant au Gouvernement du Paraguay une lettre
dans laquelle ils lui présentaient leursexcusespour ne pas avoir informé
le consul des événementsconcernant M. Breard et lui assuraient que ce
manquement ne se reproduirait plus àl'avenir. Selonmoi, les Etats-Unis
étaient ainsidégagédse toute responsabilitéen raison de la violation de la
convention de Vienne.
La question de la violation de la convention de Vienne, qui aurait pu
être à l'origine d'un différend relaàison application et son interpréta-
tion, ne seposait plus partir de cemoment-là. Cette question a toutefois

étéde nouveau soulevéele 3 avril 1998,date du dépôt de la requêtedu
Paraguay.
4. Quelle est la décisionque le Paraguay demandeà la Cour de rendre
dans sa requêtedu 3 avril 1998?Le Paraguay la prie principalement de
statuer sur la situation personnelle de Breard, à savoir sur son exécu-
tion imminente par les autorités compétentes de1'Etatde Virginie.
Le Paraguay demande une restitutio in integrum. Or, si les autorités
consulairesavaient pu entrer en communication avec M. Breard à l'épo-
que de son arrestation ou de sa détention, la procédurejudiciaire dans
cette affaire devant les tribunaux internes des Etats-Unis n'aurait pas été
différente.Ce point a étéexplicitélors des plaidoiries.

5. Je voudrais maintenant aborder certaines questions générales
concernant les mesures conservatoires. En premier lieu, des mesures
conservatoires sont généralement indiquéep sour sauvegarder des droits
exposés àun risque imminent de violation irréparable et ces droits doi-
vent êtreceux qui seront examinéslors de la phase du fond et doivent
constituer l'objet de la requête ouse rapporter directementcelle-ci. Or,
en l'espèce,cesdroits (d'Etats parties) visésdans la convention de Vienne
ne sont nullement exposés àun risque de violation imminente irréparable.
6. En deuxième lieu, il faut, pour que la Cour puisse indiquer des
mesures conservatoires, qu'elle aità tout le moins compétenceprima
facie pour connaître des questions relatives aux droits des Etats parties.
Or je crois que, s'agissant de la présente demande en indication de me-
sures conservatoires, la Cour n'a pas compétence,même prima facie,

pour traiter de cette question.
7. En troisième lieu, s'il n'avait pas été faitdroitla demande en
l'espèce,la requêteelle-même aurait étvidéede tout son sens.Je n'aurais
alors pas hésitéen pareil casà faire observer qu'on ne saurait se servir
d'une demande en indication de mesures conservatoirespour permettre àApplication continue. In addition the request for provisional measures
should not be used by applicants for the purpose of obtaining interim

judgments that would affirm their own rights and predetermine the main
case.
8. 1have thus explained why 1formed the view that, given the funda-
mental nature of provisional measures, those measures should not have
been indicated upon Paraguay's request.
1 reiterate, however, that 1 voted in favour of the Order, for humani-
tarian reasons, and in view of the fact that, if the execution were to be
carried out on 14 April 1998, whatever findings the Court might have
reached might be without object.

(Signed) Shigeru ODA.la requête principalede suivre son cours. De plus, des demandeurs ne
devraient pas se servir de la demande en indicationde mesures conserva-
toires pour obtenir des décisionsinterlocutoiresqui confirmeraient leurs

propres droits et préjugeraient ladécisiondans l'instance principale.
8. Ce sont là les raisons qui m'ont conduit àpenser qu'il n'yavait pas
lieu d'indiquer les mesures conservatoires demandéespar le Paraguay eu
égardau caractère fondamental de telles mesures.
Je rappelle toutefois que j'ai votéen faveur de l'ordonnance pour des
raisons humanitaires et compte tenu du fait que, quelles que soient les
conclusions auxquelles la Cour aurait pu aboutir, elles seraient privées
d'objet si l'exécution devaitavoir lieu le4avril 1998.

(Sign )éShigeru ODA.

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Declaration by Judge Oda

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