Separate Opinion of Judge Oda

Document Number
070-19841004-ORD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
070-19841004-ORD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

1. For purely procedural reasons, 1 did not support the request of El
Salvador for an oral hearing relating to its Declaration of Intervention at

this present stage. 1wish in this opinion to clarify those reasons and to
expressmy unease at what 1believetohavebeen unfortunate aspects of the
procedure followed by the Court in this case.

2. El Salvador's Declaration of Intervention dated 15 August 1984,
which appeared mainly directed to the merits of the case, was vague and
did not appear to satisfy the requirements of Article 82, paragraph 2 (b)
and (c),of the Rules of Court for an intervention at the present stage. On
the samedate, theCourt asked the Parties for their written observations on
El Salvador's Declaration, and Nicaragua and the United States res-
ponded on 10and 14September respectively. El Salvador's Declaration
was later supplemented by its communications of 10 and 17 September,
which could be said to meet the terms of Article 82 of the Rules. Since El
Salvador's requests should have been considered as a whole, I regret that
the Court did not attempt to ascertain the views of Nicaragua and the
United Stateson these twosubsequent communications from El Salvador.

There seems to me to have been no reason why the Court should not, ex
propriomotu, have ensured that it was in possession of the viewsof Nica-
ragua and the United Stateson these important additions to El Salvador's
Declaration and, in particular, on the adrnissibility of El Salvador'sinter-
vention at this jurisdictional stage.
3. Article 84, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court States :
"If ... an objection is filed to an application for permission to
intervene, or to the admissibility of a declaration of intervention, the
Court shall hear the State seeking to intervene and the parties before

deciding."
If the observations by Nicaragua dated 10 September had been inter-
preted, as 1believe they should, as objecting to El Salvador'sintervention
at this stage,Article 84,paragraph 2, would have clearly applied. Yet, as 1
understand it, the majority of the Court did not take that view ; othenvise
the Court would havebeen obliged to hear the viewsof El Salvador and of
the Parties. 1voted against ahearingonly because the Court wasof theview
that Nicaragua had not objected. 4. It wasalsoregrettablethat the date of Monday 8Octoberhad already
been fixed for thecommencement of the oralhearings between Nicaragua
and the United States, and that acommuniquéwasissued on 27September
to that effect, even before the Court met to deal with El Salvador's
Declaration on Thursday 4 October. Thus the impressioncould have been

gained that the Court alreadytookit forgranted that the oralhearing of El
Salvador's Application would not be necessary and that its Declaration
would be found inadmissible. In fact, El Salvador's request for an oral
hearing at the jurisdictional stage was denied and the question of the
admissibility of El Salvador's intervention at the present stage was dealt
with on 4 October, after only one day's deliberations.

5. Had El Salvador'sinitial Declaration beenproperly formulated, had
Nicaragua's observations been properly interpreted, and had the proce-
dures of the Courtbeenproperlypursued, ElSalvador'sDeclaration might
wellhave been thefirst case of intervention under Article 63of the Statute
to be considered by the Court at a jurisdictional phase of a case.

(SigneS d)igeru ODA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

1. For purely procedural reasons, 1 did not support the request of El
Salvador for an oral hearing relating to its Declaration of Intervention at

this present stage. 1wish in this opinion to clarify those reasons and to
expressmy unease at what 1believetohavebeen unfortunate aspects of the
procedure followed by the Court in this case.

2. El Salvador's Declaration of Intervention dated 15 August 1984,
which appeared mainly directed to the merits of the case, was vague and
did not appear to satisfy the requirements of Article 82, paragraph 2 (b)
and (c),of the Rules of Court for an intervention at the present stage. On
the samedate, theCourt asked the Parties for their written observations on
El Salvador's Declaration, and Nicaragua and the United States res-
ponded on 10and 14September respectively. El Salvador's Declaration
was later supplemented by its communications of 10 and 17 September,
which could be said to meet the terms of Article 82 of the Rules. Since El
Salvador's requests should have been considered as a whole, I regret that
the Court did not attempt to ascertain the views of Nicaragua and the
United Stateson these twosubsequent communications from El Salvador.

There seems to me to have been no reason why the Court should not, ex
propriomotu, have ensured that it was in possession of the viewsof Nica-
ragua and the United Stateson these important additions to El Salvador's
Declaration and, in particular, on the adrnissibility of El Salvador'sinter-
vention at this jurisdictional stage.
3. Article 84, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court States :
"If ... an objection is filed to an application for permission to
intervene, or to the admissibility of a declaration of intervention, the
Court shall hear the State seeking to intervene and the parties before

deciding."
If the observations by Nicaragua dated 10 September had been inter-
preted, as 1believe they should, as objecting to El Salvador'sintervention
at this stage,Article 84,paragraph 2, would have clearly applied. Yet, as 1
understand it, the majority of the Court did not take that view ; othenvise
the Court would havebeen obliged to hear the viewsof El Salvador and of
the Parties. 1voted against ahearingonly because the Court wasof theview
that Nicaragua had not objected. OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. ODA

[Traduction]

1. C'est pour des raisons de pure procédure que je ne me suis pas
prononcéen faveur de la demande d'audience d'ElSalvador au sujet de sa
déclaration d'interventionau stade actuel de l'affaire.Je tiens ci-dessoàs
préciser ces raisonset àexprimer mon malaise devant certains aspects de
la procédure suivie en l'espècepar la Cour, qui me paraissent regret-
tables.

2. La déclarationd'invervention d'ElSalvador datéedu 15août 1984,
qui paraissait porter surtout sur le fond de l'affaire, était vague et ne
semblait pasrépondreauxconditions que l'article82,paragraphe 26)et c),
du Règlement prévoitpour une intervention au stade actuel de l'instance.
La Cour ayant le même jour demandé au Nicaragua et aux Etats-Unis de
présenterleurs observations écrites surladite déclaration, ces deux Etats
ont répondules 10et 14septembre respectivement. Quant à la déclaration
d'El Salvador, elle a été complété pear deux communications de cet Etat,
en date des 10et 17septembre, que l'onpeut considérercomme répondant

aux termes de l'article 82 du Règlement.Estimant que la demande salva-
dorienne aurait dû êtreconsidéréecommeun tout,je regrette que la Cour
ne sesoitpas enquisedes vuesdu Nicaragua et des Etats-Unissur lesdeux
dernières communications d'El Salvador. Il n'y avaitpas de raison à mon
avis pour que la Cour ne prenne pas d'office toutes dispositions pour
s'informer des vues du Nicaragua et des Etats-Unis sur ces additions
importantes àladéclarationd'ElSalvador,enparticulier surla recevabilité
de l'intervention salvadorienne au stade juridictionnel de l'affaire.
3. L'article 84, paragraphe 2, du Règlement de la Cour dispose :

Si ..il est fait objectiànune requête à fin d'intervention ouà la
recevabilité d'unedéclaration d'intervention, la Cour entend, avant
de statuer,1'Etatdésireux d'intervenirainsi que les parties. 1)

Si les observations du Nicaragua datées du 10 septembre avaient été
interprétées - ainsi qu'à mon sens elles auraient dû l'être - comme une
objection à l'intervention d'El Salvador au stade actuel de l'affaire, il est
certain que l'article 84,paragraphe 2, se serait appliqué.La majoritéde la
Cour, sije l'entends bien, n'apas adoptécette interprétation:siellel'avait
fait, la Cour aurait étéobligéed'entendre El Salvador et les Parties. C'est
donc uniquement en raison du fait que la Cour avait conclu à l'absence
d'objection du Nicaragua que j'ai votécontre la demande d'audience. 4. It wasalsoregrettablethat the date of Monday 8Octoberhad already
been fixed for thecommencement of the oralhearings between Nicaragua
and the United States, and that acommuniquéwasissued on 27September
to that effect, even before the Court met to deal with El Salvador's
Declaration on Thursday 4 October. Thus the impressioncould have been

gained that the Court alreadytookit forgranted that the oralhearing of El
Salvador's Application would not be necessary and that its Declaration
would be found inadmissible. In fact, El Salvador's request for an oral
hearing at the jurisdictional stage was denied and the question of the
admissibility of El Salvador's intervention at the present stage was dealt
with on 4 October, after only one day's deliberations.

5. Had El Salvador'sinitial Declaration beenproperly formulated, had
Nicaragua's observations been properly interpreted, and had the proce-
dures of the Courtbeenproperlypursued, ElSalvador'sDeclaration might
wellhave been thefirst case of intervention under Article 63of the Statute
to be considered by the Court at a jurisdictional phase of a case.

(SigneS d)igeru ODA. 4. Ilest regrettable aussi que la datedu lundi 8octobre eûtdéjàéfixée
pour l'ouverturede laprocédure oraleentre leNicaragua et lesEtats-Unis,
et qu'un communiquéeût été publié dans ce sens le 27 septembre, avant
mêmeque la Cour ne seréunît,lejeudi 4 octobre, pour seprononcer surla
déclarationd'El Salvador.Celaprêtait à croire que la Cour tenait d'emblée
pour acquis quela demande d'audience d'ElSalvador serait écartéeetque
sa déclaration seraitdéclarée irrecevable. Effectivement,la demande pré-

sentéepar El Salvador pour être entendu au stade juridictionnel de I'ins-
tance a étérejetéeet la question de la recevabilitéde son intervention au
mêmestade a été tranchée le 4 octobre, après une seulejournée de déli-
bérations.

5. Si la déclaration initiale d'El Salvador avait étébien formulée,les
observations du Nicaragua bien interprétées, et la procédurede la Cour
bien appliquée,il est fort possible que la déclarationd'El Salvador serait
devenue lepremier exempled'intervention envertu de l'article63du Statut
dont la Cour eût connu dans la phasejuridictionnelle d'une affaire.

(Signé Shigeru ODA.

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Separate Opinion of Judge Oda

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