Separate Opinion by Judge Evensen

Document Number
082-19900302-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
082-19900302-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE EVENSEN

1 agree with the Court's decision to dismiss the request of Guinea-
Bissau for the indication, under Article 41 of the Statute, of provisional
measures. 1likewise agree with the finding of the Court that the Court
need not finallyestablish that it hasjurisdiction on the merits ofthe case
before decidingwhether or not to indicate such measures. On the other
hand, it seems obvious that the Court should "not .. .indicate such
measures unless the provisions invoked by the Applicant appear, prima
facie,to afford a basis" for the Court's jurisdiction in the case. Here the
absence at this stage of any challenge to the Court's jurisdiction should
be noted.
In its Order of 11September 1976in the AegeanSea ContinentalSheif
casethe Court held, interalia,that:
"the power of the Court to indicateinterim measures under Article
41 of the Statute presupposes that irreparable prejudice should not
be caused to rights which are the subject of dispute ..." (I.C.J.
Reports1976,p. 9,para. 25).

Doubts can obviouslybevoicedasto whether suchirreparable damage
couldarise ifinterimmeasures werenot providedfor. Butin thiscontext,
it should be noted that neither Article 41 ofthe Statute of the Court nor
Article 73of the Rules of Court contain any reference as to "irreparable
damage".
Inthepresent casewheretheunderlyinginterestinvolvesharvestingthe
marine resources of the maritime areas concerned, guidance may be
found inthe United NationsConventiononthe Law ofthe Seaconcluded
on 10December 1982,although it has not yet entered into force. 1shall
draw special attention to Part V on the Exclusive Economic Zone and
Part VIon the Continental Shelf.

In this relation attention should be drawn to the fact that the Govern-
ment ofGuinea-Bissau and theGovemment ofSenegalsignedthisfunda-
mentalConventionon 10December 1982whichwasthe opening date for
signatures. Furtherrnore, both countries have ratified the Convention;
Senegalratified the Convention on 25October 1984and Guinea-Bissau
ratifiedthe Convention on 25August 1986.
In Article74,paragraph 1,ofthe 1982Law ofthe SeaConvention, deal-
ingwith thedelimitationoftheexclusiveeconomiczonebetweenStates with
opposite or adjacent coasts,itisprovided - asthe mainprinciple - that

the delimitation of the zone between States with adjacent or opposite
coasts "shallbe effectedbyagreement':73 ARBITRAL AWARD (SEP . P.EVENSEN)

Paragraph 3 of this Article lays down provisions relating to certain
preliminarysafeguards to be taken. It provides:

"Pending agreement ... the Statesconcerned,in aspirit ofunder-
standing and CO-operation,shall make every effort to enter into
provisional arrangements of a practical nature and, during this
transitional period, not to jeopardize or hamper the reaching of the
final agreement.Sucharrangementsshall bewithoutprejudice to the
final delimitation."

Identical provisions are provided for in Article 83 of the Convention on
the delimitationof the continentalshelfbetween States with opposite or
adjacent coasts.
TheseArticlesgiveexpressionto agoverningprinciple ofinternational
law in this field. They contain guidelines not only with regard to the
generalobligations ofcoastal Statesto establishrelevantfisheries regula-
tions, but also indicate the character and contents of such regulations.
These provisions entai1in practice that coastal States should conclude

agreements, where necessary, concerning the allowable catch of fish
stocks, the distribution of this catch between the States concerned, the
issuance of fishing licences,the character and modes of fishinggear, the
protection of spawning grounds, establishing the necessary contacts
between the relevant national fisheries authorities and other means
for the rational and peaceful exploitation of these vital resources of the
oceans.
TheCourt mightpossibly havemade an appeal to the Partiesto comply
withthese guidelines.

(Signed) Jens EVENSEN.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE EVENSEN

1 agree with the Court's decision to dismiss the request of Guinea-
Bissau for the indication, under Article 41 of the Statute, of provisional
measures. 1likewise agree with the finding of the Court that the Court
need not finallyestablish that it hasjurisdiction on the merits ofthe case
before decidingwhether or not to indicate such measures. On the other
hand, it seems obvious that the Court should "not .. .indicate such
measures unless the provisions invoked by the Applicant appear, prima
facie,to afford a basis" for the Court's jurisdiction in the case. Here the
absence at this stage of any challenge to the Court's jurisdiction should
be noted.
In its Order of 11September 1976in the AegeanSea ContinentalSheif
casethe Court held, interalia,that:
"the power of the Court to indicateinterim measures under Article
41 of the Statute presupposes that irreparable prejudice should not
be caused to rights which are the subject of dispute ..." (I.C.J.
Reports1976,p. 9,para. 25).

Doubts can obviouslybevoicedasto whether suchirreparable damage
couldarise ifinterimmeasures werenot providedfor. Butin thiscontext,
it should be noted that neither Article 41 ofthe Statute of the Court nor
Article 73of the Rules of Court contain any reference as to "irreparable
damage".
Inthepresent casewheretheunderlyinginterestinvolvesharvestingthe
marine resources of the maritime areas concerned, guidance may be
found inthe United NationsConventiononthe Law ofthe Seaconcluded
on 10December 1982,although it has not yet entered into force. 1shall
draw special attention to Part V on the Exclusive Economic Zone and
Part VIon the Continental Shelf.

In this relation attention should be drawn to the fact that the Govern-
ment ofGuinea-Bissau and theGovemment ofSenegalsignedthisfunda-
mentalConventionon 10December 1982whichwasthe opening date for
signatures. Furtherrnore, both countries have ratified the Convention;
Senegalratified the Convention on 25October 1984and Guinea-Bissau
ratifiedthe Convention on 25August 1986.
In Article74,paragraph 1,ofthe 1982Law ofthe SeaConvention, deal-
ingwith thedelimitationoftheexclusiveeconomiczonebetweenStates with
opposite or adjacent coasts,itisprovided - asthe mainprinciple - that

the delimitation of the zone between States with adjacent or opposite
coasts "shallbe effectedbyagreement': OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. EVENSEN

[Traduction]

J'approuve la Cour de rejeter la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires conformément à l'article 41 du Statut, présentéepar la
Guinée-Bissau.Je l'approuve aussideconsidérerqu'ellen'apas,avant de

déciderd'indiquerounonde tellesmesures, às'assurerdemanièredéfini-
tivequ'ellea compétencequantau fond del'affaire.D'autrepart, ilparaît
évidentque laCour ne peut ((indiquer cesmesuresque silesdispositions
invoquéespar le demandeur semblentprima facieconstituer une base »
surlaquellesacompétencepourrait êtrf eondéeeni'espèce.Surcepoint,il
y a lieu de relever que la compétencede la Cour n'a pas été contestée
jusqu'à présent.
Dansl'ordonnance qu'ellearendue le 11septembre 1976enl'affairedu
Plateau continentalde la merEgée,la Cour a notamment considéréque:

«le pouvoir d'indiquer desmesuresconservatoiresconféré àlaCour
par l'article41 du Statut présuppose qu'un préjudice irréparable ne
doitpas êtrecauséauxdroitsen litigedevantlejuge ..»(C.I.J.Recueil
1976,p. 9,par. 25).
On peut évidemmentdouter qu'un préjudice irréparablede ce genre

puisseseproduire au casoù laCour n'indiquerait pas demesuresconser-
vatoires. Mais il faut signalerce propos qu'iln'estquestion de ((préju-
dice irréparable))nià l'article41 du Statut de la Cour nàl'article73de
son Règlement.
Danslaprésenteaffaire,oùlesintérêtesncauseonttrait àl'exploitation
des ressourcesmarines des zones maritimes concernées,on peut trouver
desindicationsutiles dans la conventiondesNations Uniessurledroit de
la mer, qui a étsignée le10décembre1982,mais n'estpas encore entrée
en vigueur. La partie V, relativeà la zone économiqueexclusive, et la
partie VI, relative au plateau continental, méritent une mention parti-
culière.
Ilest ànoter queleGouvernement dela Guinée-BissauetleGouverne-
ment du Sénégao lnt signécetteconventionfondamentalele 10décembre
1982, date à laquelle elle a été ouverte à la signature. En outre, ces
deuxEtatsl'ontratifiée leSénégal,l2 e5octobre 1984,laGuinée-Bissau,le

25août 1986.

L'article74de la convention de 1982surledroit de la mer,quitraite de
la délimitationde la zone économique exclusiveentre Etats dont les côtes
sont adjacentes ou se font face, énonce à son paragraphe 1 le principe
fondamental selon lequel la délimitationde la zone entre Etats dont les
côtessont adjacentes ou se font face «est effectuéeparvoied'accord)).73 ARBITRAL AWARD (SEP . P.EVENSEN)

Paragraph 3 of this Article lays down provisions relating to certain
preliminarysafeguards to be taken. It provides:

"Pending agreement ... the Statesconcerned,in aspirit ofunder-
standing and CO-operation,shall make every effort to enter into
provisional arrangements of a practical nature and, during this
transitional period, not to jeopardize or hamper the reaching of the
final agreement.Sucharrangementsshall bewithoutprejudice to the
final delimitation."

Identical provisions are provided for in Article 83 of the Convention on
the delimitationof the continentalshelfbetween States with opposite or
adjacent coasts.
TheseArticlesgiveexpressionto agoverningprinciple ofinternational
law in this field. They contain guidelines not only with regard to the
generalobligations ofcoastal Statesto establishrelevantfisheries regula-
tions, but also indicate the character and contents of such regulations.
These provisions entai1in practice that coastal States should conclude

agreements, where necessary, concerning the allowable catch of fish
stocks, the distribution of this catch between the States concerned, the
issuance of fishing licences,the character and modes of fishinggear, the
protection of spawning grounds, establishing the necessary contacts
between the relevant national fisheries authorities and other means
for the rational and peaceful exploitation of these vital resources of the
oceans.
TheCourt mightpossibly havemade an appeal to the Partiesto comply
withthese guidelines.

(Signed) Jens EVENSEN. Au paragraphe 3 du mêmearticle sont énoncées, dansles termes sui-
vants,desdispositionssurcertainesprécautions à prendre à titreprélimi-
naire:
«En attendant la conclusion de l'accord ...les Etats concernés,
dans un esprit de compréhensionet de coopération, font tout leur
possible pour conclure des arrangements provisoires de caractère

pratique et pour ne pas compromettre ou entraver pendant cette
périodedetransition laconclusion del'accorddéfinitif.Lesarrange-
mentsprovisoiressont sanspréjudicede la délimitation finale.»
Des dispositionsidentiques figurent àl'article83de la convention en ce
qui concerne la délimitation duplateau continentalentre Etats dont les
côtessont adjacentes ou sefont face.
Cesarticlestraduisent un principe essentieldu droitinternational dans

ce domaine. Ils contiennent des directivesnon seulement sur les obliga-
tionsgénéralesdesEtatscôtiers,quidoiventadopter desrèglementsperti-
nents en matièrede pêche,mais aussi sur la nature et le contenu de ces
règlements.En pratique, ces articles signifient que les Etats côtiers doi-
ventaubesoinconcluredesaccords surlevolumeadmissibledescaptures
desstocksdepoissons,larépartition descapturesentreEtatsintéressésl,a
délivrancede licencesde pêche,lesméthodesde pêcheet lestypes d'en-
gins, la protection des frayères,l'établissement des contacts nécessaires
entre les autorités nationales compétentes en matièrede pêcheet autres
moyens permettant l'exploitation rationnelle et pacifique de ces res-
sourcesvitalesde la mer.
Peut-êtrela Cour aurait-elle pu adresser un appel aux Parties pour
qu'elles seconforment àcesdirectives.

(Signé)Jens EVENSEN.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion by Judge Evensen

Links