Separate Opinion of Judge Lachs

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062-19760911-ORD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
062-19760911-ORD-01-00-EN
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SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE LACHS

1 write this separate opinion, firstly,because1am unable to agree with
the Court's treatment of the issueofjurisdiction (para. 44).Not only was
the Court's jurisdiction contested by Turkey but the Court was in my
view under an obligation to consider the issue proprio motu and make
clear its provisional viewsthereon, notwithstanding the negative answer
it feltbound to givethe requestfor interim measures.

Secondly, and this is for me a subject of serious preoccupation, 1
have some doubts with regard to the manner in which the Court has
disposed of that request. Greeceapplied simultaneouslyto the Court and
the Security Council, thus seeking both legal and political relief. The
Court is called upon to pronounce after a period of negotiations. The
Order it has made appears after a resolution in which the Security

Councilhas urged Greeceand Turkey to "do everythingin their power to
reduce the present tensions in the area, so that the negotiating process
may be facilitated", and called upon the two States "to resume direct
negotiations over their differences". Thus further negotiations may now
ensue. This is the general background against which the Court has to
considerthe request, and whichlendsthe casea specificand most unusual
character. The time of seisin of the Courtis never of its own choice, but
lies in the hands of applicants. It sometimes falls in a twilight zone as
regardstaiesituationseither offact or oflaw.

Emphasis has been placed by the Court on the strict interpretation of
the wording of the Greek request.But this, to my mind, should have been
viewedasjust one among severalpossible responsesto the provisions of
Article 66, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, according to which "the
request shall specify ... the rights to be protected, and the interim
measuresofwhichtheindication isproposed". In fact, the sameArticleof
the Rules reveals how it is the situationconcerningthe disputeas a whole
withwhichthe Court is expectedto concernitself.
In general,it is true, the Court must take a restrictiveviewofits powers
in dealingwith a request for interim measures.Suchproceedingsmay not
be the best framework for the enunciation by the Court of suchjudicial
opinions as it has been ready to articulate in many a final decision. Yet
even if the Court had to reach the present negative decision1 feelthat a
positivecontribution to the solution of the dispute in question was still a
possibility. This brings me to a wider issue. The Court does not, to my way of
thinking, arrogate any powers excluded by its Statute when, otherwise
than by adjudication, it assists, facilitates or contributes to the peaceful
settlement of disputes between States, if offeredthe occasionat any stage
ofthe proceedings.
On oneoccasionthe Permanent Court observed :
"... the judicial settlement of international disputes, with a viewto

whichthe Court has been established,is simplyan alternative to the
direct and friendly settlement of such dispute between the Parties;
... consequently it is for the Court to facilitate, sofar as is compa-
tible with itstatute, such direct and friendly settlement" (P.C.I.J.,
SeriesA, No.22,p. 13).
On another occasion, while unable to find on a submission said to lie
outside the scopeof the proceedings,the Court found it possibleto stress
at the end ofits reasoning the great desirabilityof a negotiated settlement
(P.C.I.J., SeriesAIB, No. 78,p. 178).Afortiori the present Court, whose
Statute is much more intimately bound up with the United Nations
Charter than that of its predecessor with the Covenant of the League,
should the more readily seizethe opportunity of reminding the member

Statesconcernedin a dispute referred to it of certain obligations deriving
from generalinternational lawor flowingfrom the Charter. In the present
instance some of these obligations have been mirrored in the Security
Council'sresolution of 25August 1976.
The Court has givendue prominenceto this resolution in the reasoning
ofthe Order.
There was in my viewno statutory bar to its spelling out the legal
consequences of the Security Council's resolution and the officia1 state-
ments of therepresentativesofthe two States.Thepronouncements of the
Council did not dispensethe Court, an independentjudicial organ, from
expressingits ownviewon the serioussituation in the disputed area.

While it would not be proper specificallyto adviseGreece and Turkey
"as to the various courses" they should follow (I.C.J. Reports 1951,
p. 83),the Court, actingproprio motu, should, even while not indicating
interim measures, have laid greater stress on, in particular, the need for
restraint on the part of both States and the possible consequencesof any
deterioration or extensionof the conflict.In goingfurther than it has, the
Court, with al1the weight of its judicial office,could have made its own
constructive, albeit indirect, contribution, helpingto pave the way to the
friendly resolution of a dangerous dispute. This would have been con-
sonant with a basicrole of the Court withinthe international community.

(Signed) Manfred LACHS.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE LACHS

1 write this separate opinion, firstly,because1am unable to agree with
the Court's treatment of the issueofjurisdiction (para. 44).Not only was
the Court's jurisdiction contested by Turkey but the Court was in my
view under an obligation to consider the issue proprio motu and make
clear its provisional viewsthereon, notwithstanding the negative answer
it feltbound to givethe requestfor interim measures.

Secondly, and this is for me a subject of serious preoccupation, 1
have some doubts with regard to the manner in which the Court has
disposed of that request. Greeceapplied simultaneouslyto the Court and
the Security Council, thus seeking both legal and political relief. The
Court is called upon to pronounce after a period of negotiations. The
Order it has made appears after a resolution in which the Security

Councilhas urged Greeceand Turkey to "do everythingin their power to
reduce the present tensions in the area, so that the negotiating process
may be facilitated", and called upon the two States "to resume direct
negotiations over their differences". Thus further negotiations may now
ensue. This is the general background against which the Court has to
considerthe request, and whichlendsthe casea specificand most unusual
character. The time of seisin of the Courtis never of its own choice, but
lies in the hands of applicants. It sometimes falls in a twilight zone as
regardstaiesituationseither offact or oflaw.

Emphasis has been placed by the Court on the strict interpretation of
the wording of the Greek request.But this, to my mind, should have been
viewedasjust one among severalpossible responsesto the provisions of
Article 66, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, according to which "the
request shall specify ... the rights to be protected, and the interim
measuresofwhichtheindication isproposed". In fact, the sameArticleof
the Rules reveals how it is the situationconcerningthe disputeas a whole
withwhichthe Court is expectedto concernitself.
In general,it is true, the Court must take a restrictiveviewofits powers
in dealingwith a request for interim measures.Suchproceedingsmay not
be the best framework for the enunciation by the Court of suchjudicial
opinions as it has been ready to articulate in many a final decision. Yet
even if the Court had to reach the present negative decision1 feelthat a
positivecontribution to the solution of the dispute in question was still a
possibility. OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LACHS

[Traduction]

Sij'ai rédigécette opinion individuelle, c'est en premier lieu parce que
je ne suis pas en mesure d'approuver la façon dont la Cour a traité la
question de la compétence(par. 44). En effet, la compétenceétait non
seulement contestéepar la Turquie, mais à mon avis la Cour étaittenue
d'examiner cette question de sa propre initiative et d'indiquer clairement
ce qu'elle en pensaità titre provisoire, nonobstant la réponse négative
qu'elle a cru devoir donnerà lademande enindicationde mesuresconser-

vatoires.
En second lieu, et c'est là, pour moi, sujet de grave préoccupation,
la manière dont la Cour a statué sur cette demande m'inspire quelques
doutes. La Grèce s'est adresséesimultanément à la Cour et au Conseil de
sécurité,usant ainsià la fois de voies de recoursjuridiques et politiques.
La Cour est invitéeàseprononcer à l'issued'une périodedenégociations.
Sonordonnance estrendue aprèsi'adoption d'une résolutionpar laquelle
le Conseil de sécurité demandait instamment à la Grèce et à la Turquie
«de faire tout ce qui est en leur pouvoir pour réduire lestensions actuelles
dans la région de manière à faciliter le processus de négociation* et
priait les deux Etats«de reprendre des négociations directes sur leurs
différendsB.De nouvelles négociations peuventdonc avoir lieu. Tel est le

cadre généraldans lequel la Cour doit envisager la requête, etil donnà
l'affaireun caractère spécifiqueet des plus inhabituels. Le moment où la
Cour est saisie ne dépend jamais d'elle, ce sont les demandeurs qui le
déterminent. 11intervient parfois alors que les situations de fait ou de
droit restent assezimprécises.
La Cour s'est attachée à une interprétation stricte des termes de la
demande. Or, àmon sens, ce n'étaitlà que l'unedes manières possiblesde
donner suiteaux dispositionsde l'article 66,paragraphe 1,du Règlement,
aux termes duquel «la requêtespécifie ...quels sont les droits dont la
conservation seraità assurer et quelles sont les mesures conservatoires
dont l'indication est proposée. Defait, et cela ressort du mêmearticle,
c'est de l'ensembledes circonstances du différendque la Cour est censée
s'occuper.

Il est vrai qu'en général,dans une affaire d'indication de mesures
conservatoires,la Cour doit interpréter sespouvoirsstrictement.Une telle
procéduren'estpeut-êtrepas le cadre le mieux choisi pour l'énoncpar la
Cour d'opinions judiciaires, comme cellesqu'elles'estmontréedisposéeà
formuler dans plus d'un arrêtdéfinitif.Cependant, mêmesi elle devait
aboutir àla présentedécisionnégativel,a Courpouvait à mon avis contri-
buer positivement au règlementdu différend. This brings me to a wider issue. The Court does not, to my way of
thinking, arrogate any powers excluded by its Statute when, otherwise
than by adjudication, it assists, facilitates or contributes to the peaceful
settlement of disputes between States, if offeredthe occasionat any stage
ofthe proceedings.
On oneoccasionthe Permanent Court observed :
"... the judicial settlement of international disputes, with a viewto

whichthe Court has been established,is simplyan alternative to the
direct and friendly settlement of such dispute between the Parties;
... consequently it is for the Court to facilitate, sofar as is compa-
tible with itstatute, such direct and friendly settlement" (P.C.I.J.,
SeriesA, No.22,p. 13).
On another occasion, while unable to find on a submission said to lie
outside the scopeof the proceedings,the Court found it possibleto stress
at the end ofits reasoning the great desirabilityof a negotiated settlement
(P.C.I.J., SeriesAIB, No. 78,p. 178).Afortiori the present Court, whose
Statute is much more intimately bound up with the United Nations
Charter than that of its predecessor with the Covenant of the League,
should the more readily seizethe opportunity of reminding the member

Statesconcernedin a dispute referred to it of certain obligations deriving
from generalinternational lawor flowingfrom the Charter. In the present
instance some of these obligations have been mirrored in the Security
Council'sresolution of 25August 1976.
The Court has givendue prominenceto this resolution in the reasoning
ofthe Order.
There was in my viewno statutory bar to its spelling out the legal
consequences of the Security Council's resolution and the officia1 state-
ments of therepresentativesofthe two States.Thepronouncements of the
Council did not dispensethe Court, an independentjudicial organ, from
expressingits ownviewon the serioussituation in the disputed area.

While it would not be proper specificallyto adviseGreece and Turkey
"as to the various courses" they should follow (I.C.J. Reports 1951,
p. 83),the Court, actingproprio motu, should, even while not indicating
interim measures, have laid greater stress on, in particular, the need for
restraint on the part of both States and the possible consequencesof any
deterioration or extensionof the conflict.In goingfurther than it has, the
Court, with al1the weight of its judicial office,could have made its own
constructive, albeit indirect, contribution, helpingto pave the way to the
friendly resolution of a dangerous dispute. This would have been con-
sonant with a basicrole of the Court withinthe international community.

(Signed) Manfred LACHS. J'en arrive ainsi à un problèmeplus généralL. a Cour, selon moi, ne
s'arrogeaucun pouvoir exclupar son Statut quand, par d'autres moyens
que le prononcéd'un arrêt,elleapporte sa contribution ou son assistance
au règlement pacifiquede différendsentre Etats, ou facilite ce règlement,
sil'occasionluien est offertàun stadequelconquedela procédure.
Dans une affaire,la Courpermanente s'estexpriméeainsi :

«le règlementjudiciaire des conflitsinternationaux, en vue duquel la
Cour est instituée,n'est qu'un succédané au règlement direct et
amiablede cesconflitsentre les Parties...dèslors, il appartient àla
Cour de faciliter, dans toute la mesure compatible avec son Statut,
pareil règlementdirectet amiablew(C.P.J.I.sérieA no22,p. 13).

Une autre fois, n'étantpas en mesure de statuer sur une conclusion
jugéeétrangère à l'instance, la Cour ne s'estpas interdit d'insiàla fin
de sesmotifs, surlefait qu'un règlementnégociéétait hautementdésirable
(C.P.J.I. sérieA/B no 78, p. 178). A fortiori la Cour actuelle, dont le
Statut estliébeaucoupplusétroitementàla Charte desNations Uniesque
nel'étaitceluide sadevancièreau Pacte dela SdN, devrait-ellesemontrer
prête à saisir l'occasion de rappeler aux Etats Membres intéressésà un
différenddont elle est saisie certaines obligations découlant du droit
international généraolu de la Charte. En l'espèce,certainesdecesobliga-
tions ont trouvé un échodans la résolutiondu Conseilde sécuritéendate

du 25août 1976.
La Cour a réservé à cette résolution laplace qu'elleméritait dansles
considérantsdesonordonnance.
Je pense qu'aucun texte n'empêchailta Cour de dégagerclairement les
conséquencesjuridiques de la résolution du Conseil de sécuritéet des
déclarationsofficiellesdes représentantsdes deux Etats. Les déclarations
du Conseilne dispensaientpas la Cour, en tant qu'organe judiciaire indé-
pendant, d'exprimersa propre opinion sur la gravité dela situation dans
la régioncontestée.
La Cour aurait eu tort de vouloirdonner auxparties descoaseilsprécis
iiquant auxvoiesD qu'ilconviendraitde suivre(C.I. . Recueil1951,p. 83),
mais elle aurait dû, de sa propre initiative, et tout en n'indiquant pas de
mesures conservatoires,mettre plus nettement l'accenten particulier sur
la nécessitéde la modération de lapart des deux Etats et sur les consé-
quences possibles de toute aggravation ou extension du conflit. Si elle

étaitalléeplus loin qu'elle nel'a fait, la Cour, avec tout le poids de sa
missionjudiciaire, aurait pu apporter sa contribution utile encore qu'in-
directe en aidant à frayer la voie au règlementamical d'un dangereux
différend.Une telle attitude eût été conformàl'un de sesrôles essentiels
au seindelacommunautéinternationale.

(Signé)Manfred LACHS.

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Separate Opinion of Judge Lachs

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