Separate Opinion of President Jiménez de Aréchaga

Document Number
062-19760911-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
062-19760911-ORD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF
PRESIDENT JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA

1concur in the Order of the Court for thereasons stated therein. 1wish,
however, to add a few general comments on the question of the jurisdic-
tion of the Court with respect to the merits of the dispute and its relation
to the power of the Court under Article 41 of the Statute.
Article 41 constitutes the basis of the Court's power to act with respect
to a request for interim measures. It isa provision whichhas been accepted
by al1parties to the Statute and in such acceptance lies the element of
consent by States to this special form of jurisdiction. It has been de-

scribed as incidental jurisdiction because it is one which the Court is
called upon to exercise as an incident of proceedings already before it.
It may be compared from this point of viewwith the jurisdiction granted
byArticle 36,paragraph 6,ofthe Statute, according to which "in the event
of a dispute as to whether the Court has jurisdiction, thematter shall be
settled by the decision of the Court". Both forms of incidental jurisdic-
tion must normally be exercised before jurisdiction over the merits is
finally determined.
The fact that Article 41 is an autonomous grant of jurisdiction to the
Court, independent from its jurisdiction over the merits of the dispute,
does not signifythat the prospects of the Court'sjurisdiction with regard
to the merits are irrelevant to the granting of interim measures. They
are, on the contrary, highly relevant, but theyme into play at a different
leveland at a subsequent stage: not as the basis for the Court's power to
act on the request, but as one among the circumstances which the Court
has to takeinto account in decidingwhether to grant the interim measures.
The essential object of provisional measures is to ensure that the exe-

cution of a future judgment on the merits shall not be frustrated by the
actions of oneparty pendentelite. In casesin which there is no reasonable
possibility, prima facie ascertained by the Court, of jurisdiction on the
merits, it would be devoid of sense to indicate provisional measures to
ensure the execution of a judgment the Court will never render.
But the possibility of jurisdiction over the merits is only one among
other relevant circumstances. There are others to betaken into considera-
tion-such asthe questions whether provisional measures are necessaryto
preserve the rights of either party and whether the acts complained of
are capable of causing or of threatening irreparable prejudice to the
rights invoked. According to general principles of law recognized in
municipal systems, and to the well-established jurisprudence of this
Court, the essential justification for the impatience of a tribunal in granting relief before it has reached a final decision on its competence
and on the merits is that the action of one party "endente lite" causes
or threatens a damage to the rights of the other,,of such a nature that it
would not be possible fully to restore those rights, or remedy the in-
fringement thereof, simply by a judgment in its favour. The Court's
specificpower under Article 41 of the Statute is directed to the preserva-
tion of rights "sub-judice" and does not consist in a police power over the
maintenance of international peace nor in a general competence to make
recommendations relating to peaceful settlement of disputes.

Beforeinterim measures can be granted al1relevant circumstances must
be present-including the possibility of jurisdiction over the merits.
However, to refuse interim measures it sufficesfor only one of the rele-
vant circumstances to be absent. From this point of view al1 the cir-
cumstances of the case-including that relating to the possibility of
jurisdiction over the merits-are placed on the same level: none has a

logical priority with respect to another. In view of the wide measure of
discretion granted by Article 41, the Court is entirely free to determine
in each case which of the relevant circumstances it willexamine first.
In the present case the Court has found that interim measures were
not required in view of two circumstances: the existence of appropriate
means of reparation or satisfaction, with respect to the first Greek
complaint, and the action taken by the Security Council, with respect to
military actions or steps which might extend or aggravate the dispute.
Having reached this conclusion it was not necessary for the Court to
make any determination as to the prospects of itsjurisdiction with regard
to the merits, even on a prima facie basis. The question of jurisdiction
over the merits could thus be left entirely unprejudiced, as was done in
similar cases by the Permanent Court in the Priizce von Pless (P.C.I.J.,
Series AIB, No. 54, p. 153)and Polish Agrarian Reform (P.C.I.J., Series
AIB, No. 58, p. 179)cases and by this Court in the Interhandel (I.C.J.
Reports 1957, p. 111) and Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (I.C.J.
Reports 1973, p. 330) cases.
The question of the Court's jurisdiction thus remains entirely reserved

for a future judgment, after giving the parties full opportunity to plead
the important and delicate questions of law which have been raised in this
respect.

(Signed) E. JIMÉNEZDE ARÉCHAGA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF
PRESIDENT JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA

1concur in the Order of the Court for thereasons stated therein. 1wish,
however, to add a few general comments on the question of the jurisdic-
tion of the Court with respect to the merits of the dispute and its relation
to the power of the Court under Article 41 of the Statute.
Article 41 constitutes the basis of the Court's power to act with respect
to a request for interim measures. It isa provision whichhas been accepted
by al1parties to the Statute and in such acceptance lies the element of
consent by States to this special form of jurisdiction. It has been de-

scribed as incidental jurisdiction because it is one which the Court is
called upon to exercise as an incident of proceedings already before it.
It may be compared from this point of viewwith the jurisdiction granted
byArticle 36,paragraph 6,ofthe Statute, according to which "in the event
of a dispute as to whether the Court has jurisdiction, thematter shall be
settled by the decision of the Court". Both forms of incidental jurisdic-
tion must normally be exercised before jurisdiction over the merits is
finally determined.
The fact that Article 41 is an autonomous grant of jurisdiction to the
Court, independent from its jurisdiction over the merits of the dispute,
does not signifythat the prospects of the Court'sjurisdiction with regard
to the merits are irrelevant to the granting of interim measures. They
are, on the contrary, highly relevant, but theyme into play at a different
leveland at a subsequent stage: not as the basis for the Court's power to
act on the request, but as one among the circumstances which the Court
has to takeinto account in decidingwhether to grant the interim measures.
The essential object of provisional measures is to ensure that the exe-

cution of a future judgment on the merits shall not be frustrated by the
actions of oneparty pendentelite. In casesin which there is no reasonable
possibility, prima facie ascertained by the Court, of jurisdiction on the
merits, it would be devoid of sense to indicate provisional measures to
ensure the execution of a judgment the Court will never render.
But the possibility of jurisdiction over the merits is only one among
other relevant circumstances. There are others to betaken into considera-
tion-such asthe questions whether provisional measures are necessaryto
preserve the rights of either party and whether the acts complained of
are capable of causing or of threatening irreparable prejudice to the
rights invoked. According to general principles of law recognized in
municipal systems, and to the well-established jurisprudence of this
Court, the essential justification for the impatience of a tribunal in OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA,

PRÉSIDENT

[Traduction]

Je souscrisà l'ordonnance de la Cour pour les motifs qui y sont énon-
cés.Je voudrais cependant ajouter quelques observations généralesau
sujet de la compétencede la Cour pour statuer aufond et de sesrapports
aveclepouvoir que luiconfèrel'article41du Statut.
Cet article constitue le fondement du pouvoir qui appartient la Cour
de donner suite à une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires.
C'estune disposition que toutes les parties au Statut ont acceptée etc'est
dans cette acceptation que réside l'élémendte consentement des Etats à
cette forme spécialede compétence. Onl'a qualifiée de compétencein-
cidente parce que la Cour est appeléeà l'exercer en marge d'une procé-

dure déjàentaméedevant elle. A cet égardon peut la comparer à la com-
pétence conférép ear l'article, paragraphe 6, du Statut,en vertu duquel
«en cas de contestation sur le point de savoir si la Cour est compétente,
la Cour décide».Les deux types de compétence incidentedoivent norma-
lement s'exerceravant que la compétenceau fond soit établiede manière
définitive.
Le fait que l'article 41 confère une compétenceautonome à la Cour,
indépendamment de sa compétencesur le fond du différend, nesignifie
pas que lesperspectivesde compétenceau fond soient sans pertinence par
rapport à l'indication de mesures conservatoires. Elles sont au contraire
hautement pertinentes mais elles interviennent sur un plan différentet
un stade ultérieur:non pas comme base du pouvoir dela Cour de donner
suiteàla demande, mais comme l'une des circonstances dont la Cour doit
tenir compte pour décidersielledoit indiquer des mesures conservatoires.

Le but essentiel des mesures conservatoires est d'assurer que l'exécu-
tion d'une décision ultérieursur le fond ne sera pas compromise par les
actions d'une partie pendente lite. Dans les affaires où il n'existeprima
facie aucune possibilitéraisonnable que la Cour soit compétenteau fond,
il n'y aurait aucun sens à indiquer des mesures conservatoires pour
assurer l'exécutiond'un arrêtque laCour nerendra jamais.
Mais la possibilitéd'une compétenceau fond n'estqu'une des circons-
tances pertinentes. D'autres sontàprendre en considération,par exemple
la question de savoir si des mesures conservatoires sont nécessairespour
sauvegarder les droitsde chacune des parties ou cellede savoir siles actes
incriminés sont de nature à causer ou menacent de causer aux droits
invoqués un préjudice irréparable. D'après les principes générauxde
droit reconnus sur le plan national, et selon la jurisprudence bien établie

dela Cour, lajustification essentiellede la hâte manifestéepar un tribunal granting relief before it has reached a final decision on its competence
and on the merits is that the action of one party "endente lite" causes
or threatens a damage to the rights of the other,,of such a nature that it
would not be possible fully to restore those rights, or remedy the in-
fringement thereof, simply by a judgment in its favour. The Court's
specificpower under Article 41 of the Statute is directed to the preserva-
tion of rights "sub-judice" and does not consist in a police power over the
maintenance of international peace nor in a general competence to make
recommendations relating to peaceful settlement of disputes.

Beforeinterim measures can be granted al1relevant circumstances must
be present-including the possibility of jurisdiction over the merits.
However, to refuse interim measures it sufficesfor only one of the rele-
vant circumstances to be absent. From this point of view al1 the cir-
cumstances of the case-including that relating to the possibility of
jurisdiction over the merits-are placed on the same level: none has a

logical priority with respect to another. In view of the wide measure of
discretion granted by Article 41, the Court is entirely free to determine
in each case which of the relevant circumstances it willexamine first.
In the present case the Court has found that interim measures were
not required in view of two circumstances: the existence of appropriate
means of reparation or satisfaction, with respect to the first Greek
complaint, and the action taken by the Security Council, with respect to
military actions or steps which might extend or aggravate the dispute.
Having reached this conclusion it was not necessary for the Court to
make any determination as to the prospects of itsjurisdiction with regard
to the merits, even on a prima facie basis. The question of jurisdiction
over the merits could thus be left entirely unprejudiced, as was done in
similar cases by the Permanent Court in the Priizce von Pless (P.C.I.J.,
Series AIB, No. 54, p. 153)and Polish Agrarian Reform (P.C.I.J., Series
AIB, No. 58, p. 179)cases and by this Court in the Interhandel (I.C.J.
Reports 1957, p. 111) and Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (I.C.J.
Reports 1973, p. 330) cases.
The question of the Court's jurisdiction thus remains entirely reserved

for a future judgment, after giving the parties full opportunity to plead
the important and delicate questions of law which have been raised in this
respect.

(Signed) E. JIMÉNEZDE ARÉCHAGA.lorsqu'il accorde une protection avant d'avoir définitivementstatué sursa
compétenceet sur le fond est que l'action d'une partie pendente lite cause

ou menace de causer aux droits de l'autre un préjudice tel qu'il neserait
pas possible de rétablirpleinement cesdroits ou deréparerl'atteinte qu'ils
ont subie simplement enrendant un arrêtfavorable.
Le pouvoir spécifiquedévolu à la Cour en vertu de l'article41 du Statut
vise àprotégerlesdroitsqui font l'objet du procès;ilne consistepas enun
pouvoir de police en vue d'assurer le maintien de la paix internationale ni
en une compétence généralepour formuler des recommandations en
matièrede règlement pacifiquedesdifférends.
Pour que des mesures conservatoires soient accordées,ilfaut quetoutes
lescirconstancespertinentes soient réunies, ycompris la possibilité qu'ily

ait compétenceau fond; pour les refuser il suffit qu'une seule de ces cir-
constances fasse défaut. De ce point de vue toutes les circonstances de
l'affaire- y compris celle qui a traità la compétenceéventuelleau fond
- setrouvent placéessur le mêmeplan: aucune n'estlogiquement priori-
taire par rapport auxautres. Etant donnéle trèslarge pouvoir d'apprécia-
tion que l'article41 confère à la Cour, celle-ci est entièrement libre de
décider quellecirconstancepertinente elleexaminera en premier lieu.
En l'espécela Cour a conclu que les mesures conservatoires n'étaient
pas nécessaireseu égard à deux circonstances: l'existencede moyens de
réparation ou de satisfaction appropriés en ce qui concerne le premier

grief grec, et la décisiondu Conseil de sécuritéau sujet des mesures ou
actions militaires de nature à étendreou à auuraver le différend.Etant
parvenue à cette conclusion, la Cour n'avait pas à trancher la question
de sa compétence éventuelleau fond, même prima facie. Il était donc
possible de laisser cette question totalement ouverte, comme l'ont fait
dans des cas analogues la Cour permanente (Administration duprince von
Pless, C.P.J.I. sérieAIB no54, p. 153; Réformeagrairepolonaiseet mino-
rité allemande, C.P.J.I.sérieAIBno 58, p. 179)etla Cour actuelle (Inter-
handel, C.I.J. Recueil 1957,p. 111;Procès deprisonniers de guerrepakista-
nais, C.I.J. Recueil 1973,p. 330).

La question de la compétence de laCour est donc entièrementréservée
pour une décisionultérieure, qui interviendra une fois que les Parties
auront eu la possibilitéde plaider sur les importantes et délicates ques-
tions de droitquiont été soulevées àce sujet.

(Signé)E. JIMÉNEZDE ARÉCHAGA.

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Separate Opinion of President Jiménez de Aréchaga

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