Dissenting Opinion of Judge Ignacio-Pinto (translation)

Document Number
059-19730622-ORD-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
059-19730622-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE LGNACIO-PINTO

[Translation]

1 am opposed to the Order made this day by the Court, granting New
Zealand the same interim measures of protection as were granted Aus-
tralia a few hours before on this same date, in the latter's case against
France.
My opposition to the present Order is based on the same considerations
as 1 have already expounded at length in my dissenting opinion in the
first Nuclear Tests case (Australia v. France). I am therefore voting
against it as 1 voted against the firstOrder, in the case of Australia v.
France.
But before going farther, Lventure to observe that the Court ought
from the beginning to have pronounced a joinder of the two cases, as
somejudges had moreover requested.
For in fact, in the two requests for interim measures presented by the

two States, Australia and New Zealand, there is more than a mere
analogy between the two claims. They have indeed the same object,
namely to securefroin the Courtan indicationthat "the FrenchGovernment
should avoid nuclear tests causing the deposit of radio-active fall-out" on
the territor-v(emphasis added) :
(1) of Australia;
(2) of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue or the Tokelau Islands.

There istherefore identity as to the object ofthe claim; the litigant cited
as respondent, France, is also identical; finally there is, as nearly as
makes no difference, an identity in the terms employed in the requests.
That being so, 1 i.hink that there was every reason to order a joinder
and to pronounce upon the two States' requests for the indication of
interim measures in one and the same Order.
For that reason 1am also voting against the Order made today by the
Court in respect of the New Zealand request, and for the rest of the

arguments 1 would adduce in support of my dissenting opinion in the
present case, 1will confine myselfto referring to those 1have already put
forward inthe case of Australiav. France.
But 1wish to take this opportunity of modifying somewhat, in regard
to New Zealand, what 1 said about the nuclear tests carried out by the
United Kingdom at Maralinga in Australia in the years 1952-1957.

The same reasoning that 1followed in order to deny that Australia was
entitled to put forward its claims is likewiselid where New Zealand is NUCLEAR TESTS (DISS.OP. IGNACIO-PINTO) 164

concerned. It is also necessary to refer in this connection to the tests

carried out by the United Kingdom at Christmas Island-thermonuclear
explosions, what is more-at a distance of 1,200 miles from the Tokelau
Islands, under New ZIealand administration.
If therefore New Zealand considered that the United Kingdom was
acting acceptably in carrying out tests at Christmas Island, it is not
entitled to request that the French Government be prevented from

exploding nuclear devices at a site some 1,400miles froni New Zealand.

And so far as the effects of radio-activity are concerned-a subject on
which there is such eagerness to sensitize public opinion-, it isinteresting
to note the following, passage, taken from page 18 of New Zealand and
Nuclear Testing in the Pac~jic by Nigel S. Roberts, Lecturer in Political
Science, University of Canterbury, a work published at Wellington in

1972by the lnstitute ,ofInternational Affairs, of which Mr. Allan Martyn
Finlay, Attorney-Gerieral of New Zealand and counsel for his country in
the present case, is the Vice-President :

"Before French testing began, a special report was presented to the
Prime Minister and then to the House of Representatives in an
attempt to assess the health hazards to New Zealand, as well as to

other Pacitic areas, from the proposed French tests of nuclear
weapons. The report concluded that :

'Testing of nuclear weapons up to the present time does not and
will not present a significant health hazard to the people of New
Zealand or the Pacific Tel-ritories with which it is associated. The
proposed French tests will add fractionally but not signqîcantly
to the long-lived fall-out in these areas. The general levels of such
radio-active contamination in the Southern hemisphere will

remain below tlrose already existing in the Northern hemisphere.
... For New Z,ealandthe chance of significant levels of contamina-
tion beiiig reached iseven nzoreunlikely than for the islands in the
Pacific.' " (Ernphasis added.)

If that could be the unequivocal opinion of the experts in an undisputed
official report addressed to the New Zealand Prime Minister and House
of Representatives, that confirms my conviction that this second Nuclear
Tests case is also political in character. Hence 1remain strongly opposed

to the Order indicating the interim measures requested by New Zealand.
In making it, the Court has exceeded its competence and it should have
rejected that request.

(Signed L).IGNACIO-PINTO.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. IGNACIO-PINTO

Je suis opposé à l'ordonnance rendue cejour mêmepar la Cour, oc-
troyant à la Nouvelle-Zélandeles mEmes mesures conservatoires accor-
dées à cette mêmedate et àquelques lieuresd'intervallàl'Australie dans
l'instance intentéepar icelle contre la France.
Mon opposition à la présente ordonnance est fondéesur les mêmes
considérationsque j'ai déjàlonguement développées dans l'opinion dissi-
dente que j'ai émise enla première affairesur lesEssais nucléaires(Aus-
tralie c. France). Je vote donc contre, comme j'ai voté contre la pre-

mièreordonnance dans l'affaireAustralie c. France.
Mais avant d'aller plus loin, je me permets de faire observer que la
Cour aurait dû, dèsle début,prononcer la jonction des deux instances,
ainsi d'ailleurs que certains juges l'avaient demandé.
En effet, dans les deux demandes en indication de mesures conserva-
toires par les deux Etats, l'Australie et la Nouvelle-Zélande,il y a plus
qu'une simple analogie entre les deux demandes. C'est bien d'un même
objet qu'il s'agità savoir: obtenir de la Cour que«le Gouvernement
français s'abstienne deprocéderà des essais nucléairesprovoquanlte dépôt
de retombéesradioactivessur le territoire))c'est moi qui souligne)

1) de l'Australie;
2) de la Nouvelle-Zélande,des îles Cook, de l'îleNioué oudesîles Toké-
laou.

Il y a donc identité de l'objetde la demande, il y a égalementidentité
du litigant adverse en cause, la France; enfàtrèspeu de chosesprèsil y
a identitédans lestermes employésdans les demandes.
Dès lors, me semble-t-il, il y avait tout lieu d'ordonner lajonction et de
se prononcer sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires des
deux Etatsdans une seuleordonnance.
Pour cette raison je vote également contre l'ordonnance rendue
aujourd'hui par la Cour sur la demande néo-zélandaise,et je me bor-
nerai, pour le surplus desmoyens quej'invoque à l'appui de mon opinion
dissidente en la présente instanceà renvoyer àceux que j'ai déjà invo-
quésdans l'affaireAustralie c. France.
Mais je saisis l'occasion qui m'est offertepour modifier quelque peu au
regard de la Nouvelle-Zélandece que je disais au sujet des expériences
nucléaires entreprises par le Royaume-Uni à Maralinga en Australie

dans les années 1952-1957.
La mêmeargumentation que j'ai suivie pour soutenir que l'Australie
est mal fondée en ses demandes est également valablepour la Nouvelle-
32 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE LGNACIO-PINTO

[Translation]

1 am opposed to the Order made this day by the Court, granting New
Zealand the same interim measures of protection as were granted Aus-
tralia a few hours before on this same date, in the latter's case against
France.
My opposition to the present Order is based on the same considerations
as 1 have already expounded at length in my dissenting opinion in the
first Nuclear Tests case (Australia v. France). I am therefore voting
against it as 1 voted against the firstOrder, in the case of Australia v.
France.
But before going farther, Lventure to observe that the Court ought
from the beginning to have pronounced a joinder of the two cases, as
somejudges had moreover requested.
For in fact, in the two requests for interim measures presented by the

two States, Australia and New Zealand, there is more than a mere
analogy between the two claims. They have indeed the same object,
namely to securefroin the Courtan indicationthat "the FrenchGovernment
should avoid nuclear tests causing the deposit of radio-active fall-out" on
the territor-v(emphasis added) :
(1) of Australia;
(2) of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue or the Tokelau Islands.

There istherefore identity as to the object ofthe claim; the litigant cited
as respondent, France, is also identical; finally there is, as nearly as
makes no difference, an identity in the terms employed in the requests.
That being so, 1 i.hink that there was every reason to order a joinder
and to pronounce upon the two States' requests for the indication of
interim measures in one and the same Order.
For that reason 1am also voting against the Order made today by the
Court in respect of the New Zealand request, and for the rest of the

arguments 1 would adduce in support of my dissenting opinion in the
present case, 1will confine myselfto referring to those 1have already put
forward inthe case of Australiav. France.
But 1wish to take this opportunity of modifying somewhat, in regard
to New Zealand, what 1 said about the nuclear tests carried out by the
United Kingdom at Maralinga in Australia in the years 1952-1957.

The same reasoning that 1followed in order to deny that Australia was
entitled to put forward its claims is likewiselid where New Zealand is 164 ESSAIS ~CCL~AIRES (OP. DISS.IGNACIO-PINTO)

Zélande.IIfauten outre citer à ce propos lesessais auxquels le Royaume-
Uni a procédédans l'île Christmas, explosions thernionucléaires au sur-
plus, à une distance de 1200milles des îles Tokélaou, dépendantde l'ad-
ministration néo-zélandaise.
Si donc la Nouvelle-Zélande a pu admettreque le Royaume-Uni faisait
Œuvre utilepar ses expériences à l'île Christmas, elle est mal fondéeen sa
demande pour enlpècher le Gouvernement français de faire exploser ses
engins nucléairesen un lieuéloignéde quelque 1400millesde la Nouvelle-
Zélande.
Et pour ce qui concerne leseffetsde la radioactivitéau sujet desquels on
veut tellement sensibiliser l'opinion publique. il est intéressant de citer

le passage suivant, relevc dans la p~iblicationNew Zealand and Nuclear
Testing in the Pacijïcpar Nigel S. Roberts, Lecturer in Political Science,
Universit.~uf'canterbury,page 18,publiéepar 1'Instituteof International
Affairs dont M. Allan Martyn Finlay, Attorney-General de Nouvelle-
Zélandeet conseil de ce pays en la présenteaffaire, est le vice-président.
Cette publication a étéfaitea Wellington en 1972:

[Traduction du GreJYèj
((Avant le débutdes essais français, un rapport spéciala étépré-
sentéau premier ministre, puis à la Chambre des représentants,dans
lequel on essayait d'évaluerles risques sanitaires que comportaient
pour la Nouvelle-Zélande, comme pour d'autres régionsdu Pacifi-
que, les essais d'armes nucléaires envisagéspar la France. Le rap-
port concluait:

«Les essais d'armes nucléaires effectuésjusqu'ici ne présentent
et ne présenteront aucun risque appréciable pour la santé des
habitants de la Nouvelle-Zélande ou des territoires associésdu
Pacifique. Les essais français augmenteront partiellement mais de
façon peu sensible la retombée à longue périodedans ces régions.
Les niveaux générauxde cette contamination radioactive dans
l'hémisphèresud resteront en decà de ceux qui existent déjàdans

l'hémisphèrenord ...Pour la Nouvelle-Zélandela probabilité que
des niveaux de contamination appréciables soient atteints est
encoreplus éloignéequedans lecasdesîlesdu Pacifique.»(C'est moi
qui souligne.)
Si telle est l'opinion non équivoquequ'ont pu avoir les experts en la
matière,dans unrapport officielnon contesté,adresséau premier ministre

età la Chambre des représentantsde Nouvelle-Zélande, cela confirmema
conviction que cette deuxième affairedes Essais nucléairerevêt également
un caractère politique. Aussije demeure profondément opposé à I'ordon-
nance indiquant les mesures conservatoires sollicitéespar la Nouvelle-
Zélande.La Cour, ce faisant, a outrepassé sa compétenceet aurait dû reje-
ter cette demande.
(Signé) L. IGNACIO-PINTO. NUCLEAR TESTS (DISS.OP. IGNACIO-PINTO) 164

concerned. It is also necessary to refer in this connection to the tests

carried out by the United Kingdom at Christmas Island-thermonuclear
explosions, what is more-at a distance of 1,200 miles from the Tokelau
Islands, under New ZIealand administration.
If therefore New Zealand considered that the United Kingdom was
acting acceptably in carrying out tests at Christmas Island, it is not
entitled to request that the French Government be prevented from

exploding nuclear devices at a site some 1,400miles froni New Zealand.

And so far as the effects of radio-activity are concerned-a subject on
which there is such eagerness to sensitize public opinion-, it isinteresting
to note the following, passage, taken from page 18 of New Zealand and
Nuclear Testing in the Pac~jic by Nigel S. Roberts, Lecturer in Political
Science, University of Canterbury, a work published at Wellington in

1972by the lnstitute ,ofInternational Affairs, of which Mr. Allan Martyn
Finlay, Attorney-Gerieral of New Zealand and counsel for his country in
the present case, is the Vice-President :

"Before French testing began, a special report was presented to the
Prime Minister and then to the House of Representatives in an
attempt to assess the health hazards to New Zealand, as well as to

other Pacitic areas, from the proposed French tests of nuclear
weapons. The report concluded that :

'Testing of nuclear weapons up to the present time does not and
will not present a significant health hazard to the people of New
Zealand or the Pacific Tel-ritories with which it is associated. The
proposed French tests will add fractionally but not signqîcantly
to the long-lived fall-out in these areas. The general levels of such
radio-active contamination in the Southern hemisphere will

remain below tlrose already existing in the Northern hemisphere.
... For New Z,ealandthe chance of significant levels of contamina-
tion beiiig reached iseven nzoreunlikely than for the islands in the
Pacific.' " (Ernphasis added.)

If that could be the unequivocal opinion of the experts in an undisputed
official report addressed to the New Zealand Prime Minister and House
of Representatives, that confirms my conviction that this second Nuclear
Tests case is also political in character. Hence 1remain strongly opposed

to the Order indicating the interim measures requested by New Zealand.
In making it, the Court has exceeded its competence and it should have
rejected that request.

(Signed L).IGNACIO-PINTO.

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Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Ignacio-Pinto (translation)

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