Declaration by Judge Nagendra Singh (as appended immediately after the order)

Document Number
059-19730622-ORD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
059-19730622-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

Judge NAGENDR SINGHmakes the following declaration:

While fullysupportingthe reasoning leading to the verdict of theCourt,
and therefore voting with the majority for the grant of interim measures
of protection in this case, 1wish to lend emphasis, by this declaration, to
the requirement that the Court must be satisfied of its own competence,
even though prima facie, before taking action under Article 41 of the
Statute and Rule 61 (New Rule 66) of the Rules of Court.

It is true that neither of the aforesaid provisions spell out the test of
competence ofthe Court or of the admissibility of the Application andthe
request, which nevertheless have to be gone into by each Member of the
Court in order to see that apossiblevalid base for the Court's competence
exists and that the Application is, prima facie, entertainable. 1 am,
therefore, in entire agreement with the Court in laying down a positive
test regarding its own competence, prima facie established, which was
enunciated in the FislzeriesJurisdictioncase and having been reiterated in
this case may be said to lay down not only the latest but also the settled
jurisprudence of the Court on the subject.
It is indeed a sine qua non of the exercise of judicial function that a
court can be moved only if it has competence. If therefore in the exercise

of its inherent powers (as enshrined in Art. 41 of its Statute) the Court
grants interim relief, its solejustification to do sos that if it did not, the
rights of the parties would get so prejudiced that the judgment of the
Court when it came could be rendered meaningless. Thus the possibility
of the Court being ultimately able to give a judgment on merits should
always be present when interim measures are contemplated. If, however,
the Court were to shed its legal base of competence when acting under
Article 41 of its Statute, it would immediately expose itself to the danger
of being accused of discouraging governments from :

". .. undertaking, or continuing to undertake, the obligations of
judicial settlement as the result of any justifiable apprehension that
by accepting them they may become exposed to the embarrassment,
vexation and loss, possibly following upon interim measures, in
cases in which there is no reasonable possibility, prima facie ascer-
tained by the Court, of jurisdiction on the merits. Accordingly, the
Court cannot, in relation to a request for indication of interim
measures, disregard altogether the question of its competence on the

merits. The correct principle which emerges from these apparently
conflicting considerations and which has been uniformly adopted in
international arbitral and judicial practice is as follows: The Court
may properly act under the terms of Article 41 provided that there is
in existence an instrument such as a Declaration of Acceptance of the
Optional Clause, emanatingfrom the Parties to the dispute, which

1 Fisheries Jurisdiction (Unired Kingdomv. Ireland), I.C.J. ReportOrder2of
17August 1972, paras.15to 17,pp. 15to 16.

14 prima facie confers jurisdiction upon the Court and which incor-
porates no reservations obviously excluding its jurisdiction."
(Separate opinion of Sir Hersch Lauterpacht in Interhandel case,
I.C.J. Reports 1957,p. 118.)

It needs to be mentioned, therefore, that even at this preliminary stage
of prima facie testing the Court has to examine the reservations and
declarations made to the treaty which is cited by a party to furnish the
base for the jurisdiction of the Court a.ndto consider also the validity of
the treaty if the same ischallenged in relation to the parties to the dispute.
As a result of this prima facie examination the Court could either find:

(a) that there is no possible base for the Court's jurisdiction in which
event no matter what emphasis is placed on Article 41 of its Statute,
the Court cannot proceed to grant interim relief; or
(b) that a possible base exists, but needs further investigation to come
to any definite conclusion in which event the Court is inevitably left
no option but to proceed to the substance of the jurisdiction of the
case to complete its process of adjudication which, in turn, is time
consuming and therefore comes into conflict with the urgency of the
matter coupled with the prospect of irreparable damage to the rights
of the parties. It is this situation which furnishes the "raison d'être"
of interim relief.

If, therefore, the Court, in this case, has granted interim measures of
protection it is without prejudice to the substance whether jurisdictional
or otherwise which cannot be prejudged at this stage and will have to be
gone into further in the next phase.

Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICm Kakes the following declaration:

1have voted forthe indication of interim measures and the Order of the
Court as to the further procedure in the case because the very thorough
discussions in which the Court has engaged over the past weeks and my
own researches have convinced me that the General Act of 1928and the
French Government's declaration to the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court with reservations each provide, prima facie, a basis on which the
Court might havejurisdiction to entertain and decide the claims made by
New Zealand in its Application of 9 May 1973.Further, the exchange of
diplornatic notes between the Governments of New Zealand and France
in 1973afford, in my opinion, at least prima facieevidence ofthe existence
of a dispute between those Governments as to matters of international
law affecting their respective rights.

Lastly, thematerial before the Court, particularly that appearing in the
UNSCEAR reports, provides reasonable grounds for concluding that
further deposit in the New Zealand territorial environment and that of

Bilingual Content

Judge NAGENDR SINGHmakes the following declaration:

While fullysupportingthe reasoning leading to the verdict of theCourt,
and therefore voting with the majority for the grant of interim measures
of protection in this case, 1wish to lend emphasis, by this declaration, to
the requirement that the Court must be satisfied of its own competence,
even though prima facie, before taking action under Article 41 of the
Statute and Rule 61 (New Rule 66) of the Rules of Court.

It is true that neither of the aforesaid provisions spell out the test of
competence ofthe Court or of the admissibility of the Application andthe
request, which nevertheless have to be gone into by each Member of the
Court in order to see that apossiblevalid base for the Court's competence
exists and that the Application is, prima facie, entertainable. 1 am,
therefore, in entire agreement with the Court in laying down a positive
test regarding its own competence, prima facie established, which was
enunciated in the FislzeriesJurisdictioncase and having been reiterated in
this case may be said to lay down not only the latest but also the settled
jurisprudence of the Court on the subject.
It is indeed a sine qua non of the exercise of judicial function that a
court can be moved only if it has competence. If therefore in the exercise

of its inherent powers (as enshrined in Art. 41 of its Statute) the Court
grants interim relief, its solejustification to do sos that if it did not, the
rights of the parties would get so prejudiced that the judgment of the
Court when it came could be rendered meaningless. Thus the possibility
of the Court being ultimately able to give a judgment on merits should
always be present when interim measures are contemplated. If, however,
the Court were to shed its legal base of competence when acting under
Article 41 of its Statute, it would immediately expose itself to the danger
of being accused of discouraging governments from :

". .. undertaking, or continuing to undertake, the obligations of
judicial settlement as the result of any justifiable apprehension that
by accepting them they may become exposed to the embarrassment,
vexation and loss, possibly following upon interim measures, in
cases in which there is no reasonable possibility, prima facie ascer-
tained by the Court, of jurisdiction on the merits. Accordingly, the
Court cannot, in relation to a request for indication of interim
measures, disregard altogether the question of its competence on the

merits. The correct principle which emerges from these apparently
conflicting considerations and which has been uniformly adopted in
international arbitral and judicial practice is as follows: The Court
may properly act under the terms of Article 41 provided that there is
in existence an instrument such as a Declaration of Acceptance of the
Optional Clause, emanatingfrom the Parties to the dispute, which

1 Fisheries Jurisdiction (Unired Kingdomv. Ireland), I.C.J. ReportOrder2of
17August 1972, paras.15to 17,pp. 15to 16.

14 M. NAGENDR SINGHj,uge, fait la déclarationsuivante:
Touten souscrivant pleinement aux motifs de la décisionrendue par la

Cour et en votant donc avec la majorité pour l'indication de mesures
conservatoires en l'espèce,je voudrais bien faire ressortir, dans cette
déclaration, l'obligation faite la Cour de s'assurer de sa compétence,
même primafacie, avant de statuer en vertu de l'article 41 du Statut et de
l'article6 du Règlement.
Certes aucunede cesdispositions ne précisele critèredela compétence
de la Cour ou de la recevabilitéde la requêteet de la demande, critère
que tout membre de la Cour n'en doit pas moins examiner pour s'assurer
qu'il existe un fondement valable possibleà la compétencede la Cour et
que la requêteest de prime abord recevable. J'approuve donc tout à fait

la Courquand elleénonce un critèrepositifquant à sa compétenceprima
facie, critèrequi a éénoncé dans l'affairede la Compétenceenmatièrede
pêcheries1et qui, étantréaffirmé dans la présenteespèce,peut êtrecon-
sidérécomme exprimant, en la matière, non seulement la jurisprudence
la plus récentede la Cour mais aussi sajurisprudence bien établie.
L'exercicede la fonction judiciaire ne peut se concevoir que si le tribu-
nal saisi a compétence.Si par conséquentla Cour indique des mesures
conservatoires dans l'exercicede ses pouvoirs inhérents(tels que l'article
41 de son Statut les consacre), sa seule justification est que, sans ces
mesures, les droits des parties seraient si compromis que l'arrêtde la

Cour, au moment où il serait rendu, serait dépourvude sens. On ne doit
donc jamais oublier, quand on envisage des mesures conservatoires, que
la Cour aura peut-être,en fin de compte, à statuer au fond. Si la Cour
devait écarter le fondement juridique de sa compétencequand elle se
prononce sur !a base tle l'article 41 de son Statut, elle s'exposerait immé-
diatement au reproche de découragerles gouvernements

((d'accepter ou de continuer d'accepter lesobligations du règlement
judiciaire, en raison de la crainte justifiée qu'enles acceptant ils ris-
queraient de s'exposerà la gêne, auxvexations et aux pertes pouvant
résulterde mesures conservatoires dans le cas où il n'existe aucune
possibilitéraisonnable de compétenceau fond vérifiée par la Cour
primafacie. Par c:onséquent,la Cour ne peut,à propos d'une deman-
de en indication de mesures conservatoires, négligercomplètement
la question de sa compétenceau fond. Leprincipe exact qui sedégage

de ces considérations apparemment contradictoires et qui a été
adopté uniformément par la pratique arbitrale et judiciaire inter-
nationale est le suivant: La Cour peut légitimementagir en appli-
cation de l'article 41, pourvu qu'il existeuninstrument, telqu'unedé-
claration d'acceptation de la disposition facultative, émanant des
Parties au différend,conférant la Cour compétenceprimafacie et ne

ordonnance du17 août 1972,par. à517,p.15-16.nic. Islande), C.I.J. Recueil1972,

14 prima facie confers jurisdiction upon the Court and which incor-
porates no reservations obviously excluding its jurisdiction."
(Separate opinion of Sir Hersch Lauterpacht in Interhandel case,
I.C.J. Reports 1957,p. 118.)

It needs to be mentioned, therefore, that even at this preliminary stage
of prima facie testing the Court has to examine the reservations and
declarations made to the treaty which is cited by a party to furnish the
base for the jurisdiction of the Court a.ndto consider also the validity of
the treaty if the same ischallenged in relation to the parties to the dispute.
As a result of this prima facie examination the Court could either find:

(a) that there is no possible base for the Court's jurisdiction in which
event no matter what emphasis is placed on Article 41 of its Statute,
the Court cannot proceed to grant interim relief; or
(b) that a possible base exists, but needs further investigation to come
to any definite conclusion in which event the Court is inevitably left
no option but to proceed to the substance of the jurisdiction of the
case to complete its process of adjudication which, in turn, is time
consuming and therefore comes into conflict with the urgency of the
matter coupled with the prospect of irreparable damage to the rights
of the parties. It is this situation which furnishes the "raison d'être"
of interim relief.

If, therefore, the Court, in this case, has granted interim measures of
protection it is without prejudice to the substance whether jurisdictional
or otherwise which cannot be prejudged at this stage and will have to be
gone into further in the next phase.

Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICm Kakes the following declaration:

1have voted forthe indication of interim measures and the Order of the
Court as to the further procedure in the case because the very thorough
discussions in which the Court has engaged over the past weeks and my
own researches have convinced me that the General Act of 1928and the
French Government's declaration to the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court with reservations each provide, prima facie, a basis on which the
Court might havejurisdiction to entertain and decide the claims made by
New Zealand in its Application of 9 May 1973.Further, the exchange of
diplornatic notes between the Governments of New Zealand and France
in 1973afford, in my opinion, at least prima facieevidence ofthe existence
of a dispute between those Governments as to matters of international
law affecting their respective rights.

Lastly, thematerial before the Court, particularly that appearing in the
UNSCEAR reports, provides reasonable grounds for concluding that
further deposit in the New Zealand territorial environment and that of contenantaucune réserveexcluantmanifestement cette compétence.»
(Opinion individuelle de sir Hersch Lauterpacht dans l'affaire de
l'lnterhandel, C.I.J. Recueil 1957, p. 118-119.)

Il convient par suite de préciserque même à ce stade préliminaireoù
elle vérifiesa compétenceprima facie, la Cour doit examiner les réserves
etdéclarationsaffectant letraitéqu'une partie invoquecommefondement
de la juridiction de la Cour, ainsi que la validitéde ce traité si elle est
contestée en ce qui concerne les parties au différend.A l'issue de cet
examenprimafacie, la Court peut conclure:

a) soit qu'il n'existeaucune base possible de compétence de la Cour,
auquel cas, quel que soit le rôle attribuà l'article 41 du Statut, la
Cour ne peut accorder de mesures conservatoires;
b) soit qu'il existeune base possible, mais qu'un examen plus approfondi
s'impose avant de parvenir à une conclusion ferme, auquel cas la
Cour se doit d'examiner àfond sa compétencepour s'acquitter com-
plètement de sa mission judiciaire, ce qui prend du temps, nuit à
l'urgence existant en la matièreet risque de porter un tort irréparable
aux droits des parties. C'est une tellesituation qui justifie l'indication
de mesures conservatoires.

Ainsi, si la Cour a indiqué desmesures conservatoires en l'espèce, elle
l'a fait sans préjudice des problèmes de substance, juridictionnels ou
autres, qui ne peuvent être actuellementpréjugéset devront êtreappro-
fondis au cours de la phase suivante.

Sir Garfield BARWICj:u Kg,e ad hoc,fait la déclaration suivante:

J'ai votéen faveur de l'indication de mesures conservatoires et de l'or-
donnance de la Cour sur la suite de la procédure, convaincupar les dis-
cussions très approfondies auxquelles la Cour a procédéces dernières
semaines et par mes propres recherches que l'Acte général de1928et la
déclarationdu Gouvernement français acceptant, avec réserve,lajuridic-
tion obligatoire de la Cour constituentl'un et l'autre, prima facie, une
base possible de compétencede la Cour pour connaître des demandes
formuléespar la Nouvelle-Zélandedans sa requêtedu 9 mai 1973et se

prononcer àleur sujet.In outre,selonmoi, l'échangedenotes diplomatiques
de 1973entre le Gouvernement néo-zélandaiset le Gouvernement fran-
çais démontre,au moins de prime abord, qu'il existe un différendentre ces
gouvernements sur des questions de droit international affectant leurs
droits respectifs.
Enfin, sur la base de ladocumentation soumiseà la Cour, eten particu-
lier des rapports duClomitéscientifique des Nations Unies pour l'étude
des effetsdes rayonnements ionisants, il est raisonnable de conclure que de

15

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Declaration by Judge Nagendra Singh (as appended immediately after the order)

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