Declaration by Judge Jiménez de Aréchaga (as appended immediately after the order)

Document Number
059-19730622-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
059-19730622-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

thousand nine hundred and seventy-three, in four copies, one of which
will be placed in the archives of the Court, and the others transmitted
respectively to the French Government, to the Government of New

Zealand, and to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for trans-
mission to the Security Council.

(Signed) F. AMMOUN,
Vice-President.

(Signed) S. AQUARONE,
Registrar.

Judge JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGm Aakes the following declaration:
1have voted in favour of the Order for the reasons stated therein, but
wish to add some brief comments on the relationship between the
question of the Court's jurisdiction and the indication of interim mea-
sures.

1 do not believe the Court should indicate interim measures without
paying due regard to the basic question of itsjurisdiction to entertain the
merits of the Application. A request should not be granted if it is clear,
even on a prima facie appreciation, that there is no possible basis on
which the Court could be competent as to the merits. The question of
jurisdiction is therefore one, and perhaps the most important, among al1
relevant circumstances to be taken into account by a Member of the
Court when voting in favour of or against a request for interim measures.
On the other hand, in view of the urgent character of thedecision on
provisional measures, itis obvious that the Court cannot make its answer
dependent on a previous collectivedetermination by means of ajudgment
of the question of itsjurisdiction on the merits.

This situation places upon each Member of the Court the duty to
make, at this stage, an appreciation of whether-in the light of the
grounds invoked and of the other materials before him-the Court will
possessjurisdiction to entertain the merits of the dispute. From a subjec-

tive point of view, such an appreciation or estimation cannot be fairly
described as a mere preliminary or even cursory examination of the
jurisdictional issue: on the contrary, one must be satisfiedthat this basic
question of the Court's jurisdiction has received the fullest possible
attention which one is able to give to it within the limits of time and of
materials available for the purpose.
When, as in this case, the Court decides in favour of interim measures,
and does not, as requested by the French Government, remove the case
from the list, the parties will have the opportunity at a later stage to
plead more fully on the jurisdictional question. It follows that that

12question cannot be prejudged now; it is not possible to exclude a priori,
that the further pleadings and other relevant information may change
viewsor convictions presently held.

The question described in the Order as that of the existence of "a legal
interest in respect of these claims entitling the Court to admit the Applica-

tion" (para. 24) is characterized in the operative part as one relating to
the admissibility of the Application. The issuehas been raised of whether
New Zealand has a right of its own-as distinct froma general community
interest-or has suffered, or is threatened by, real damage. As far as the
power of the Court to adjudicate on the merits is concerned, the issue is
whether the dispute before the Court is one "with regard to which the
parties are in conflict as to their respective rights" as required by the
jurisdictional clause invoked by New Zealand. The question thus appears
to be a limited one linked to jurisdiction rather than to admissibility.
The distinction between those two categories of questions is indicated
by Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice in I.C.J. Reports 1963, pages 102-103, as
follows:

"... the realdistinction and test would seem to be whether or not the
objection is based on, or arises from, the jurisdictional clause or
clauses under which the jurisdiction of the tribunal is said to exist.
If so, the objection is basically one ofjurisdiction."
Article 17of the General Act provides that the disputes therein referred
those mentioned in Article 36 of the Statute
to shall include in particular
of the Permanent Court of International Justice. Among the classes of
legal disputes there enumerated is that concerning "the existence of any
fact which, ifestablished, would constitute a breach of an international
obligation" (emphasis added). At the preliminary stage it would seem
therefore sufficient to determine whether the parties are in conflict as to
their respective rights.It would notappear ncessary to enter at that stage
into questions which really pertain to the merits and constitute the heart
of the eventualsubstantive decision such as for instance the establishment
of the rights of the parties or the extent of the damage resulting from
radio-active fall-out.

Judge Sir Humphrey WALDOCm Kakes the following declaration:
1 concur in the Order. 1 wish only to add that, in my view, the prin-
ciples set out in Article 67, paragraph 7, of the Rules of Court should
guide the Court in givingits decision on the next phase of the proceedings
which is provided for by the present Order.

Bilingual Content

thousand nine hundred and seventy-three, in four copies, one of which
will be placed in the archives of the Court, and the others transmitted
respectively to the French Government, to the Government of New

Zealand, and to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for trans-
mission to the Security Council.

(Signed) F. AMMOUN,
Vice-President.

(Signed) S. AQUARONE,
Registrar.

Judge JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGm Aakes the following declaration:
1have voted in favour of the Order for the reasons stated therein, but
wish to add some brief comments on the relationship between the
question of the Court's jurisdiction and the indication of interim mea-
sures.

1 do not believe the Court should indicate interim measures without
paying due regard to the basic question of itsjurisdiction to entertain the
merits of the Application. A request should not be granted if it is clear,
even on a prima facie appreciation, that there is no possible basis on
which the Court could be competent as to the merits. The question of
jurisdiction is therefore one, and perhaps the most important, among al1
relevant circumstances to be taken into account by a Member of the
Court when voting in favour of or against a request for interim measures.
On the other hand, in view of the urgent character of thedecision on
provisional measures, itis obvious that the Court cannot make its answer
dependent on a previous collectivedetermination by means of ajudgment
of the question of itsjurisdiction on the merits.

This situation places upon each Member of the Court the duty to
make, at this stage, an appreciation of whether-in the light of the
grounds invoked and of the other materials before him-the Court will
possessjurisdiction to entertain the merits of the dispute. From a subjec-

tive point of view, such an appreciation or estimation cannot be fairly
described as a mere preliminary or even cursory examination of the
jurisdictional issue: on the contrary, one must be satisfiedthat this basic
question of the Court's jurisdiction has received the fullest possible
attention which one is able to give to it within the limits of time and of
materials available for the purpose.
When, as in this case, the Court decides in favour of interim measures,
and does not, as requested by the French Government, remove the case
from the list, the parties will have the opportunity at a later stage to
plead more fully on the jurisdictional question. It follows that that

12exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposé auxarchives de la Cour et dont les

autres seront transmis respectivement au .Gouvernement français, au
Gouvernement néo-zélandaiset au Secrétaire générad le l'organisation
des Nations Unies pour transmission au Conseil de sécurité.

Le Vice-Président,
(SignéF ). AMMOUN.

Le Greffier,
(Signé S. AQUARONE.

M. JIMÉNEZ DE ARECHAGA ju,ge, fait la déclarationsuivante:

J'ai voté en faveurde l'ordonnance et des motifs qui figurent, maisje
voudrais ajouter quelques brèvesobservations au sujet du rapport entre
la compétencede la Cour et l'indication de mesures conservatoires.

Je ne pense pas que la Cour doive indiquer des mesures conservatoires
sans accorder toute l'attention vouluà la question fondamentale de sa
compétencepour connaître au fond de la requêtedont elle est saisie. 11
ne faut pas indiquer de mesures conservatoires s'ilapparaît nettement, et
cela mêmede prime abord, qu'il n'existeaucune base sur laquelle la Cour
puisse éventuellementfonder sa compétenceau fond. La question juridic-
tionnelle est donc l'une des circonstance- et peut-êtrela plus impor-
tante- qu'un membre de la Cour doit prendre enconsidération lorsqu'il
seprononce pour ou contre l'indication de mesures conservatoires.
D'un autre côté,étantdonnél'urgence de la décisionsur les mesures

conservatoires, il est évident que la Cour ne peut pas subordonner sa
réponse à une détermination collective préalable,par voie d'arrêt, desa
compétenceaufond.
Dans ces conditio:ns,il incombeàchaque membre de la Cour d'appré-
cier au stade actuel si, vu les motifs invoquéset les autres élémdont
il dispose, la Cour possède la compétencenécessairepour connaître du
fond du différend.D'un point de vue subjectif, cette appréciation ou es-
timation ne peut êtreconsidérée à proprement parler comme un simple
examen préliminaire ou mêmesommaire de la question juridictionnelle:
au contraire, il fautreparvenu à la conviction que cette question fonda-
mentale de la compétence de la Cour a reçu toute l'attention qu'il est
possible de lui accorder dans les limites de temps et avec les moyens d'in-
formation disponibles.
Lorsque, comme c'est le cas en l'espèce,la Cour décided'indiquer des

mesures conservatoireset ne raye pas l'affairedu rôle, ainsi que le deman-
dait le Gouvernement français, les parties auront plus tard l'occasion de
débattre plusà fond laquestion juridictionnelle. Il s'ensuit qu'on ne sau-
12question cannot be prejudged now; it is not possible to exclude a priori,
that the further pleadings and other relevant information may change
viewsor convictions presently held.

The question described in the Order as that of the existence of "a legal
interest in respect of these claims entitling the Court to admit the Applica-

tion" (para. 24) is characterized in the operative part as one relating to
the admissibility of the Application. The issuehas been raised of whether
New Zealand has a right of its own-as distinct froma general community
interest-or has suffered, or is threatened by, real damage. As far as the
power of the Court to adjudicate on the merits is concerned, the issue is
whether the dispute before the Court is one "with regard to which the
parties are in conflict as to their respective rights" as required by the
jurisdictional clause invoked by New Zealand. The question thus appears
to be a limited one linked to jurisdiction rather than to admissibility.
The distinction between those two categories of questions is indicated
by Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice in I.C.J. Reports 1963, pages 102-103, as
follows:

"... the realdistinction and test would seem to be whether or not the
objection is based on, or arises from, the jurisdictional clause or
clauses under which the jurisdiction of the tribunal is said to exist.
If so, the objection is basically one ofjurisdiction."
Article 17of the General Act provides that the disputes therein referred
those mentioned in Article 36 of the Statute
to shall include in particular
of the Permanent Court of International Justice. Among the classes of
legal disputes there enumerated is that concerning "the existence of any
fact which, ifestablished, would constitute a breach of an international
obligation" (emphasis added). At the preliminary stage it would seem
therefore sufficient to determine whether the parties are in conflict as to
their respective rights.It would notappear ncessary to enter at that stage
into questions which really pertain to the merits and constitute the heart
of the eventualsubstantive decision such as for instance the establishment
of the rights of the parties or the extent of the damage resulting from
radio-active fall-out.

Judge Sir Humphrey WALDOCm Kakes the following declaration:
1 concur in the Order. 1 wish only to add that, in my view, the prin-
ciples set out in Article 67, paragraph 7, of the Rules of Court should
guide the Court in givingits decision on the next phase of the proceedings
which is provided for by the present Order.rait la préjugermaintenant: il n'est pas impossible, à priori, que les écri-
tures quiseront présentéeset les autres élémentsd'appréciation pertinents
modifient les opinions ou convictions actuelles.

La question que l'ordonnance présentecomme celle de l'existence, à
l'égard de ces demandes, d'un «intérêtjuridique autorisant la Cour à
accueillir la requête))(paragraphe 24) est caractérisée,dans le dispositif,
comme ayant trait à la recevabilitéde la requête.On s'est demandési la
Nouvelle-Zélande peut se prévaloir d'un droit propre - distinct d'un

intérêctollectif ou gériéra- ou si ellea étéou pourrait êtrevictime d'un
préjudiceréel.Pour ce qui est du pouvoir de la Cour de statuer au fond,
le problème consiste à déterminer si le litige soumis à la Cour est un
((différendau sujet duquel les parties secontesteraient réciproquement un
droit», comme l'exigela clausejuridictionnelle invoquée par la Nouvelle-
Zélande. Il semble donc qu'il s'agisselà d'une question de portéelimitée
concernant la juridiction plutôt que la recevabilité. Sir Gerald Fitz-
maurice a indiquécomme suit comment il différenciaitcesdeux catégories
de questions (C.I.J.Recueil 1963,p. 102-103) :

«la distinction,IItest réel,dépendsemble-t-il du point de savoir si
l'exception repose ou est fondéesur la clause ou les clauses juridic-
tionnelles en vertu desquelles on prétendétablirla compétence.Sitel
est le cas, l'exception porte essentiellement sur la compétence.

L'article 17 de l'Acte général stipuleque les différendsvisésdans cet
acte comprennent notamment ceux que mentionne l'article 36 du Statut
de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale. Au nombre des catégo-
ries de différendsjuridiques énumérés dans cet article figurela réalitéde
tout fait qui,s'il était établi,onstituerait la violation d'un engagement
international)) (les italiques sont de nous). Au stade préliminaire, il
semblerait donc suffisant de déterminer si les parties se contestent réci-
proquement un droit. IIn'apparaît pas nécessaire à ce staded'aborder des
questions qui relèvent enréalitédu fond et qui constituent le point essen-
tiel de la décisionqui interviendra par la suite sur le fond, comme celle

de l'établissement desdroits des parties ou de l'étenduedu préjudicerésul-
tant des retombées radioactives.

SirHumphrey WAI-DOCK jge, fait la déclarationsuivante:

Je souscris à l'ordonnance. Je voudrais seulement ajouter que, selon
moi, les principes énoncés à l'articl67, paragraphe 7, du Règlement,de-
vraient guider la Cour lorsqu'elle rendra sa décisionen la phase suivante
de la procédure,que prévoitla présenteordonnance.

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Document Long Title

Declaration by Judge Jiménez de Aréchaga (as appended immediately after the order)

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