Dissenting Opinion of Judge Petrén (translation)

Document Number
060-19730713-ORD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
060-19730713-ORD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE PETRÉN

[Translation]

Having voted againstthe Order, 1append this dissentingopinion.

In my view,the first question to which the Court should have attended
was that of its own jurisdiction on the merits of the case, a question to
which the Order does not advert until the last paragraph of the recitals.

In al1cases, the Court obviously has a duty to satisfy itself as soon as
possible that it has jurisdiction. The fact that the Indian Government
deniesthejurisdicti0.nof the Court in the present casecan onlyrender the
examination of that question even more urgent. There is no indication
that the possibility of that Government'srecognizingthe Court'sjurisdic-
tion in the present case has been envisaged in the negotiations which, as
mentioned in the letter dated 11July 1973from the Agent for Pakistan,

are being carried on between the Governments of India and Pakistan.
Thefact that the Government of Pakistan has requested the indication of
provisional measures does nothing to dispense the Court from the duty of
settling the question. of its jurisdiction even in the initial stage of the
proceedings, if that should prove to be possible. In the absence of the
Government of India, it is, in accordance with Article 53 of the Statute,
incumbent upon the Court also to take into consideration such elements
as militate in favour of theposition adopted bythat Government.
The arguments of the Government of Pakistan with regard to the
jurisdiction of the C'ourt were set forth at public hearings on 4, 5 and
26 June 1973. The reasons why the Government of India denies that
jurisdiction havebeenpresented in statementstransmitted to the Court by
letters from the Ambassador of India dated 23 and 28 May and 4 June
1973.The question ofjurisdiction, as presented to the Court by the two
Governments, does not appear to be enmeshed with the merits of the case.
There is therefore reason to ask whether the Court, having taken cogni-
zance of the arguments put forward by the two Governments, could not

and should not have decided the question of itsjurisdiction at the present
early stage of the proceedings, with the aid of its own lights, instead of
deferring consideration of this preliminaryquestion to a newphase of the
case by first inviting the two Governments to engage in written proceed-
ings extending until 15 December 1973and destined to be followed by
furtheroral proceedings.
For the purpose of its decision in that connection, the Court, in my
view,had to take the followingelementsinto consideration.
The arguments of the two Governments on the subject of the Court's
jurisdiction concerned inter alia the construction of the Convention of9 December 1948 on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide, and in particular itsjurisdictional clauses, as also the question
whether Pakistan is a party to the General Act of 26 September 1928for
the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes and, if so, whether the
jurisdiction of the Court could be founded upon that instrument. 1am of
the opinion that Article 63 of the Statute of the Court required the
questions thus raised to be notified without delay to the States parties
to the two international instruments in question. Those notifications,
however, were not made, and the n~ajorityeven opposed considering the
question of notification in respect of the Genocide Convention before the
Court had pronounced on the request of the Government of Pakistan for
the indication of interim measures of protection. Given the mandatory

character of the notifications provided for in Article 63 of the Statute, 1
do not believe that the Court may settle the question of its jurisdiction
without having complied with the provisions of that Article of the Statute.
Inthat, therefore, there exists a first obstacle to the Court's pronouncing
upon its jurisdiction at the present stage of the proceedings.
Nor is it possible to pass over in silence the fact that the judge ad hoc
chosen by the Government of Pakistan has ceased to sit in the case since
2 July 1973.On what questions the Court may deliberate in the absence
of the judge ad hoc appointed by a Government to participate in the
decision of a case is a question which, in my view, deserves the closest
attention. In particular, 1 have grave doubts as to the possibility of the
Court's settling the question of its jurisdiction in the absence of a judge
ad hoc.In the present instance, it is true that this absence could not have
prevented the Court from deferring consideration of the case in confor-
mity with the request of the Government of Pakistan, but to my mind it
would have constituted a further reason for considering that now was not
the time to settle the question of jurisdiction.
That having been said, 1am by no means convinced that it was neces-
sary, for the information of the Court, to open the door to further
pleadings on its jurisdiction as wide as the present Order has done.
Furthermore, the time-limits fixedare such, in my view,as to justify some
apprehension that the present case may exemplify the drawbacks that

arise when different manners of settling an international dispute areon-
fused. The attitudes of the two Governments in question give me the
impression that it is much rather the intervention of the mediator than
that of the international judge which would be more likely to help them
resolve the series of disagreements between them. The judicial role of the
Court does not, 1feel, connote any consideration of problems from that
angle.
Even so, as it is in my view necessary to allow States parties to the
Genocide Convention and the General Act of 1928-provided they are
notified of 'the existence of the above-mentioned questions-sufficient
time to enable them to request to intervene in the proceedings, 1was in a
position to assent to the operative paragraph of the Order, the terms ofwhich concern solely the organization of the further proceedings on the
question of the Court's jurisdiction.
If1 have nevertheless voted against the Order, it is essentially on
account of paragraphs 13 and 14. According to the letter of its Agent
dated 11July 1973,the Government of Pakistan has found it appropriate

to ask the Court to postpone further consideration of its request for the
indication of interiin measures in order to facilitate negotiations; but
there was nothing in that letter to indicate that the Government of
Pakistan wished to withdraw its request for the indication of interim
measures. Now in paragraph 13 of the Order, the Court expresses the
view that it is of the:essence of a request for interim measures of protec-
tion that it asks for adecision by the Court as a matter of urgency. It is
consequently stated in paragraph 14 that, by the effect of the desire
expressed by the Government of Pakistan that the further consideration
of the request be deferred, the Court no longer has such a request before
it. As the Government of Pakistan has not withdrawn its request for the
indication ofinterimlmeasures of protection, 1 am unable to assent to that
conclusion.

(Signed) Sture PETREN.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. PETRÉN

Ayant voté contre I'ordonnance, je dois y joindre la présente opinion
dissidente.
La première question sur laquelle laCour,à mes yeux, aurait dû porter
son attention est celle de sa propre compétencequant au fond de l'affaire,
question qui ne figure qu'au dernier paragraphe des considérants de
l'ordonnance.
En toute affaire, la Cour a évidemmentle devoir de s'assurer aussi vite
que possible de sa propre compétence.Que le Gouvernement indien con-
teste la compétence dela Cour en la présenteaffaire ne peut que rendre
l'examen de cette question encore plus urgent. Rien n'indique que, dans

les négociations en cours entre les Gouvernements indien et pakistanais
mentionnées dans la lettre de l'agent du Pakistan en date du Il juillet
1973, on ait envisagéla possibilité que le Gouvernement indien recon-
naisse la compétence dela Cour pour la présenteaffaire. Que le Gouver-
nement pakistanais ait demandé l'indication de mesures conservatoires
n'est pas de natureà dispenser la Cour du devoir de trancher la question
de sa compétence dèsle stade initial de la procédure, si cela s'avère
possible. En l'absence du Gouvernement indien, il incombe à la Cour,
selon l'article 53 de son Statut,de prendre aussi en considération les-
ments qui militent en faveur de la position prise par ce gouvernement.

L'argumentation du Gouvernement pakistanais en ce qui concerne la
compétencedela Cour a étédéveloppéeau cours des audiencespubliques

des 4, 5 et 26juin 1973. Les raisons pour lesquelles le Gouvernement in-
dien conteste cette compétence ont étéprésentéesdans les déclarations
transmises à la Cour par lettres de l'ambassadeur de l'Inde en date des 23
et 28 mai et 4juin 1973.La question dela compétence,telle qu'elle a été
ainsi présentée à la Cour par les deux gouvernements, ne semble pas
toucher au fond de l'affaire. II y a donc lieu de se demander si la Cour,
ayant pris connaissance des arguments avancéspar les deux gouverne-
ments, n'aurait pas pu et dû trancher la question de sa compétencedèsle
stade actuel de la procédure,à l'aide de ses propres lumières, au lieu de
renvoyer l'examen de cette question préliminaire une nouvelle phase de
l'affaire en invitant d'abord les deux gouvernements à une procédure
écrite s'étendant jusqu'au15décembre1973et destinée à êtresuivie d'une
nouvelle procédure orale.
Pour sa décision à cet égard, la Cour avait,à mon avis, à prendre en

considération les éléments suivants.
Les arguments des deux gouvernements au sujet dela compétencede la
Cour ont porté, entre autres, sur l'interprétation de la convention du DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE PETRÉN

[Translation]

Having voted againstthe Order, 1append this dissentingopinion.

In my view,the first question to which the Court should have attended
was that of its own jurisdiction on the merits of the case, a question to
which the Order does not advert until the last paragraph of the recitals.

In al1cases, the Court obviously has a duty to satisfy itself as soon as
possible that it has jurisdiction. The fact that the Indian Government
deniesthejurisdicti0.nof the Court in the present casecan onlyrender the
examination of that question even more urgent. There is no indication
that the possibility of that Government'srecognizingthe Court'sjurisdic-
tion in the present case has been envisaged in the negotiations which, as
mentioned in the letter dated 11July 1973from the Agent for Pakistan,

are being carried on between the Governments of India and Pakistan.
Thefact that the Government of Pakistan has requested the indication of
provisional measures does nothing to dispense the Court from the duty of
settling the question. of its jurisdiction even in the initial stage of the
proceedings, if that should prove to be possible. In the absence of the
Government of India, it is, in accordance with Article 53 of the Statute,
incumbent upon the Court also to take into consideration such elements
as militate in favour of theposition adopted bythat Government.
The arguments of the Government of Pakistan with regard to the
jurisdiction of the C'ourt were set forth at public hearings on 4, 5 and
26 June 1973. The reasons why the Government of India denies that
jurisdiction havebeenpresented in statementstransmitted to the Court by
letters from the Ambassador of India dated 23 and 28 May and 4 June
1973.The question ofjurisdiction, as presented to the Court by the two
Governments, does not appear to be enmeshed with the merits of the case.
There is therefore reason to ask whether the Court, having taken cogni-
zance of the arguments put forward by the two Governments, could not

and should not have decided the question of itsjurisdiction at the present
early stage of the proceedings, with the aid of its own lights, instead of
deferring consideration of this preliminaryquestion to a newphase of the
case by first inviting the two Governments to engage in written proceed-
ings extending until 15 December 1973and destined to be followed by
furtheroral proceedings.
For the purpose of its decision in that connection, the Court, in my
view,had to take the followingelementsinto consideration.
The arguments of the two Governments on the subject of the Court's
jurisdiction concerned inter alia the construction of the Convention ofdécembre1948pour la prévention etla répressiondu crime de génocide,

notamment en ce qui concerne sesdispositions juridictionnelles, ainsique
sur la question de savoir si le Pakistan est partie'Acte généraldu 26
septembre 1928pour le règlement pacifique des différendisnternationaux
et, dans ce cas, si la compétencede la Cour pourrait êtrefondéesur cet
instrument. Je suis d'avis que l'article 63du Statut de la Cour aurait
exigéque les questions ainsi soulevées soient notifiées sans délai aux
Etats parties aux deux instruments internationaux dont il s'agit. Ces
notifications n'ont cependant pas encore étéfaites et la majorité s'est
même opposée à ce que la question de la notification concernant la
Convention sur le génocide soit priseen considération avantque la Cour
se soit prononcée surla demande du Gouvernement pakistanais en in-
dication de mesuresconservatoires. Vu le caractère obligatoiredes notifi-
cations prévues àl'article 63du Statut, je ne crois pas que la Cour puisse
réglerla question de sa compétencesans quelesdispositionsdecetarticle

du Statut aient étérespectées. Ila donc là un premier obstacleà ce que
la Cour seprononce sur sa compétenceau stade actuel de la procédure.
On ne saurait non plus passer sous silence le fait que le jugedhoc
désigné par le Gouvernement pakistanais ne siègeplus en l'affairedepuis
le 2 juillet 1973. La question de savoir au sujet de quelles questions la
Cour peut délibérer en l'absence du juge adhocdésigné par un gouver-
nement pour participer au règlement d'une affaire me paraît mériterla
plus grande attention. J'éprouve en particulier de graves doutes sur la
possibilitépour la Cour de trancher la question de sa compétenceen
l'absence d'un jugead hoc. En l'espèce,cette absence n'aurait certes pu
empêcherla Cour de différer l'examende l'affaire conformément à la
demande du Gouvernement pakistanais, mais elle m'aurait en revanche
semblé uneraison supplémentairede considérer commeinopportun de

régler dèsmaintenant la question de compétence.
Cela dit, je ne suis nullement convaincu qu'ilfût nécessaire,pour l'in-
formation de laCour, d'ouvrir d'aussigrandes portes àde nouvellesplai-
doiries sur la compétencede la Cour que l'a fait la présenteordonnance.
Au surplus, les délaisfixésme semblent de nature àfaire craindre que la
présenteaffaire n'aille offrirun exemple des inconvénients qu'iluraità
confondre des manières différentesde réglerun litige international. De
l'attitude des deux gouvernements en cause se dégage,à mes yeux, l'im-
pression que c'estbeaucoup plus l'intervention du médiateurque celledu
juge international qui aurait des chances de les aiderrésoudrela série
de différendsqui les oppose l'unà l'autre. Lerôle judiciaire delaCourne
me paraît pas comporter l'examen des problèmessous cet angle.

Néanmoins,comme il faudrait, à mon avis, laisser aux Etats partieà
la convention sur le génocideet à l'Acte généralde 1928,pourvu qu'on

leur notifie l'existence des questions précitu,n espace de temps point
trop court pour leur permettre de demander à intervenir au procès,j'ai
cru pouvoir me rallier au dispositif de l'ordonnance, où il n'est question9 December 1948 on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide, and in particular itsjurisdictional clauses, as also the question
whether Pakistan is a party to the General Act of 26 September 1928for
the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes and, if so, whether the
jurisdiction of the Court could be founded upon that instrument. 1am of
the opinion that Article 63 of the Statute of the Court required the
questions thus raised to be notified without delay to the States parties
to the two international instruments in question. Those notifications,
however, were not made, and the n~ajorityeven opposed considering the
question of notification in respect of the Genocide Convention before the
Court had pronounced on the request of the Government of Pakistan for
the indication of interim measures of protection. Given the mandatory

character of the notifications provided for in Article 63 of the Statute, 1
do not believe that the Court may settle the question of its jurisdiction
without having complied with the provisions of that Article of the Statute.
Inthat, therefore, there exists a first obstacle to the Court's pronouncing
upon its jurisdiction at the present stage of the proceedings.
Nor is it possible to pass over in silence the fact that the judge ad hoc
chosen by the Government of Pakistan has ceased to sit in the case since
2 July 1973.On what questions the Court may deliberate in the absence
of the judge ad hoc appointed by a Government to participate in the
decision of a case is a question which, in my view, deserves the closest
attention. In particular, 1 have grave doubts as to the possibility of the
Court's settling the question of its jurisdiction in the absence of a judge
ad hoc.In the present instance, it is true that this absence could not have
prevented the Court from deferring consideration of the case in confor-
mity with the request of the Government of Pakistan, but to my mind it
would have constituted a further reason for considering that now was not
the time to settle the question of jurisdiction.
That having been said, 1am by no means convinced that it was neces-
sary, for the information of the Court, to open the door to further
pleadings on its jurisdiction as wide as the present Order has done.
Furthermore, the time-limits fixedare such, in my view,as to justify some
apprehension that the present case may exemplify the drawbacks that

arise when different manners of settling an international dispute areon-
fused. The attitudes of the two Governments in question give me the
impression that it is much rather the intervention of the mediator than
that of the international judge which would be more likely to help them
resolve the series of disagreements between them. The judicial role of the
Court does not, 1feel, connote any consideration of problems from that
angle.
Even so, as it is in my view necessary to allow States parties to the
Genocide Convention and the General Act of 1928-provided they are
notified of 'the existence of the above-mentioned questions-sufficient
time to enable them to request to intervene in the proceedings, 1was in a
position to assent to the operative paragraph of the Order, the terms ofque de l'organisation de la suitede la procédureconcernant lacompétence
de la Cour.
Si j'ai quand mêmevoté contre l'ordonnance, c'est essentiellement à

cause des paragraphes 13 et 14. Selon la lettre de son agent en date du
11juillet 1973, le Gouvernement pakistanais a estiméopportun de prier
la Cour de différerla suite de l'examen de la demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires afin de faciliter des négociations;mais rien n'y
indique que le Gouvernementpakistanais ait désiréretirersa demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires. Or,aiiparagraphe 13de l'ordon-
nance,la Cour exprime l'opinion qu'ilestinhérentà la notion dedemande
en indication de mesures conservatoiresque la Cour soit priée de statuer
d'urgence. En conséquenceelleconstate au paragraphe 14que, par l'effet
du vŒu exprimé par le Gouvernement pakistanais de voir différer
l'examen de la demande, elle n'en est plus saisie. Comme le Gouverne-
ment pakistanais n'a pas retiré sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, je ne saurais me ralliertte conclusion.

(SignéS )ture PETRÉN.which concern solely the organization of the further proceedings on the
question of the Court's jurisdiction.
If1 have nevertheless voted against the Order, it is essentially on
account of paragraphs 13 and 14. According to the letter of its Agent
dated 11July 1973,the Government of Pakistan has found it appropriate

to ask the Court to postpone further consideration of its request for the
indication of interiin measures in order to facilitate negotiations; but
there was nothing in that letter to indicate that the Government of
Pakistan wished to withdraw its request for the indication of interim
measures. Now in paragraph 13 of the Order, the Court expresses the
view that it is of the:essence of a request for interim measures of protec-
tion that it asks for adecision by the Court as a matter of urgency. It is
consequently stated in paragraph 14 that, by the effect of the desire
expressed by the Government of Pakistan that the further consideration
of the request be deferred, the Court no longer has such a request before
it. As the Government of Pakistan has not withdrawn its request for the
indication ofinterimlmeasures of protection, 1 am unable to assent to that
conclusion.

(Signed) Sture PETREN.

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Dissenting Opinion of Judge Petrén (translation)

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