Dissenting Opinion of Judge Petrén (translation)

Document Number
058-19730622-ORD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
058-19730622-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE PETRÉN

[Translation]

As, to my regret, 1am unable to concur in the opinion of the majority
either with regard to the deferment, to a later stage in the proceedings,
of the questions of the Court's jurisdiction and the admissibility of the

Application, or with regard to the indication of provisional measures,
1have to append to the Order a dissenting opinion.
In my view, the questions of the Court's jurisdiction and of the ad-
missibility of the Application, and also the question of the indication of
provisional measures, fall into a common framework as follows:

Before undertaking the examination of the merits of the case, the
International Court of Justice, like any other court, has the duty of
making sure as far as possible that it possessesjurisdiction and that the
application is admissible. The absence of the State against which appli-
cation is made does not alter this requirement in any way. On the con-
trary, Article 53 of the Statute lays an obligation on the Court to satisfy
itself as to its possession of jurisdiction and the admissibility of the
application on the basis of the elements at its disposal. Among the latter
in the present case are the arguments put forward by France in the letter
handed in by its Ambassador, and by Australia in its Application and
in its oral pleadings of 21-25May 1973.It is, however, the Court's duty
also to consider any other elements thatit may find relevant. The fact that

Australia hasrequested provisionalmeasures does not dispense the Court
from the obligation o'fbeginning by an examination ofthe questions of its
jurisdiction and of the admissibility of the Application; indeed, it makes
that examination, if a.nything,more urgent.
For it to be possible forthe Court to consider that it hasjurisdiction on
the merits of the case, it would, as 1see it, be necessary for it to approve
at least one of the three propositions put forward in turn by theAustralian
Government :
1. The reservation expressed by France when in 1966 it renewed its

acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction, a reservation referring to
activities connected with French national defence, is not valid;

2. The nuclear tests referred to in the Australian Application are not
connected with French national defence;
3. The General Act of 1928 has remained in force as between States
parties to that Act in 1944,the consequence of which is that reserva-
tionsmade by sucliStates in accepting after 1945the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice are without effect in their relations
among themselves..

The questions thus raised for theCourt do not concern the merits of the
case. They occur in a general framework of international law and, in my
view, the Court would not have needed any further explanations from
the Australian Government in order to resolve them, and it could and
should have settled them on the basis of the elements at its disposal.
In this connection, it should be pointed out that the question of juris-
diction raises the isscieof the extent to which the 1928General Act can
have survived the disappearance of the League of Nations and its organs,
as also of the effect, if any, of such survival on the reservations made by
States parties to that Act when accepting the jurisdiction of the present
Court. Now Article 63 of the Statute required that these States should be
notified without dela51that such questions were submitted to the Court in
the present case. If they had been so notified, they would already have
had the opportunity lofmanifesting their astonishment, their satisfaction
or their indifference il?regard tothe contention of the Australian Govern-
ment mentioned under 3above. But the fact that the required notification
has not yet been made does not justify the Court in today inviting the

Australian Government to present, at a later stage in the proceedings,
further argument on the question ofjurisdiction.
1am therefore of the opinion that the Court should not have opened a
new phase of the case for that purpose but, on the contrary, should have
requested the Australian Government to complete its argument on that
issue in the present stage of the case.
As the Court has now deferred its decision on the question ofjurisdic-
tion, 1 am unable to indicate here and now my own assessment of the
various factors entering into the consideration of that question.
Nevertheless, the Australian Government's request for the indication
of provisional measures obligesme to examine whether the pre-conditions
for the Court's ability to indicate such measures have been fulfilled.
Among those pre-conditions, certain relate to the question of jurisdic-
tion. In thatconnection the Australian Government has referred interalia
to the Orders made by the Court on 17August 1972in the two Fisheries
Jurisdiction cases. In both of these Orders the Court considered that on a
request for provisioinal measures it need not, before indicating them,

finally satisfy itselfl~atit had jurisdiction on the merits of the case, but
that it ought not to act under Article 41 of the Statute if the absence of
jurisdiction was manifest.

The Australian Government sought to draw from this considerandum
the concIusion that il is only when the absence of the Court's jurisdiction
is manifest that it ought not to act under Article 41 of the Statute. It is not
possible to accept such an interpretation. The paragraph in question
simply alludes to two extreme situations: one in which the jurisdiction of

30the Court is finally established and another in which the absence of
jurisdiction ismanifest. It says that the existence of the first situation is

not a necessary pre-condition for the indication of provisional measures
and that, jn the second situation, the Court should not indicate such
measures, which is a self-evident observation that does not lend itself to
broader conclusions. The paragraph does not say in accordance with
what criteria, within .thearea lying between finallyestablishedjurisdiction
and manifest absence:ofjurisdiction, the line must be drawn between the
situations which permit the application of Article 41 and those which do
not permit it. It is only in a later paragraph, which the two Orders also
have in common, tha~ta reply is found to that question. There the Court
indicates that it condders that a provision in an instrument emanating
from the Parties appirars, prima facie, to afford a possible basis on which
the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded.
In the present case, itappears from paragraph 13of the Order that the
Court has been guided by that precedent, for it there expresses the
opinion that it oughl not to indicate interim measures unless the provi-
sions invoked by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on
which the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded. 1 can agree to this
formula, which in my view signifies that for Article 41 of the Statute to

be applicable it is not sufficient for a mere adumbration of proof, con-
sidered in isolation, to indicate the possibility of the Court's possessing
jurisdiction: that tht:re must also be a probability transpiring from an
examination of the cvholeof the elements at the Court's disposal.
1 have therefore heen impelled to carry out such an examination. In
the event, however, 1 do not find it probable that the three propositions
of the Australian Government, or any one of them, may afford a basis
on which to found t'hejurisdiction of the Court. For the reason already
mentioned, 1 find myself, at the present stage of the proceedings, pre-
vented from setting forth the considerations which have led me to that
conclusion and preclude me from voting for the indication of provisional
measures.
Alongside the question of the Court's jurisdiction, there arises that of
the admissibility of Australia's Application. As 1 understand that term,
it includes the examination of every question that arises in connection
with the ascertainment of whether the Court has been validly seised of the
case. But what is first and foremost necessary from that point of viewis to
ask oneself whether atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons are, gcnerally
speaking, already governed by norms of international law, or whether
they do not still belong to a highly political domain where the norms

concerning their international legality or illegality are still at the gestation
stage.
Certainly, the exiistenceof nuclear weapons and the tests serving to
perfect and multiply them, are among the foremost subjects of dread for
mankind today. To exorcise their spectre is, however, primarily a matter
for statesmen. One rnust hope that they will one day succeed in establish-
ing a state of affairs,,both political and legal, which will shield the whole NIJCLEAR TESTS (DISSO. P.PETRÉN) 127

of mankind from the anxiety created by nuclear arms. Meanwhile there
is the question whether the moment has already come when an inter-
national tribunal is the appropriate recipient of an application like that
directed in theresent:case against but one of the present nuclear Powers.

The Order defers the question of the admissibility of the Application,

like that of theCourl's jurisdiction, to a later stage in the proceedings.
1 am unable to concur in this decision, becaus1 consider that the Court
could and should have settled in its present session the whole of the
preliminary and urgeintquestions which arise in the case and concerning
which it is incumbent upon the Court to take up a positionroprio motu.
To avoid anticipating such vote as 1may cast in the new phase of the
proceedings, 1 must, 1 feel, refrain from saying anything more on the
question of the admissibility ofthe Application.do not, moreover, find
it necessary to answer the question whether it appears probable that the
Application is admissible, which constitutes one of the conditions
enabling the Court ta1cross the threshold of Article 41 of its Statute and
indicate provisional measures. Having already found Article 41 in-
applicable in this instance owingto the improbability that France,pite
the reservation it has attached to its acceptanceof the Court's jurisdiction,
could be held subjec:tthereto in the present case, 1 have no need to
pronounce upon any other aspects of the question of the applicability
of Article41.

(Signed S)PETRÉN.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. PETR.ÉN

Comme je ne saurais, à mon regret, me rallier à l'opinion de la
majoriténi en ce qui concerne le renvoi à un stade ultérieurde la procé-
dure des questions de la compétencede la Cour et de la recevabilitéde

la requête, ni en ce qui concerne l'indication de mesures conservatoires,
je doisjoindre à l'ordonnance une opinion dissidente.
A mon avis, le cadre commun dans lequel s'inscrivent lesquestions de
la compétencede la Cour et de la recevabilitéde la requête, ainsique la
question de l'indication de mesures conservatoires, se présente comme
suit.
Avant d'entreprendre l'examendu fond d'une affaire,la Cour a,comme
toute autre juridiction, le devoir de vérifierdans la mesure du possible sa
propre compétenceet la recevabilitéde la requête.Que 1'Etat contre
lequel une requêteest dirigée fassedéfaut,n'y change rien. Au contraire,
l'article53 du Statut obligela Cour à s'assurer de sa compétenceet de la
recevabilitéde la requêtesur la base des éléments à sa portée. Parmi
ceux-ci se trouvent en la présente affaireles arguments avancéspar la
France dans la lettre remisepar son ambassadeur et par l'Australie dans

sa requête etdans sesplaidoiries des21-25mai 1973.La Cour a cependant
le devoir de porter aussi son attention sur tous autres éléments qu'elle
pourrait trouver pertinents. Que l'Australie ait demandé des mesures
conservatoires nedispensepas la Cour de l'obligationd'examinerd'abord
les questions de sa compétenceet de la recevabilitéde la requête etest
mêmede nature à la rendre plus urgente.

Pour que la Cour puisse se considérer commecompétentequant au
fond de l'affaire,il faudrait,mes yeux, qu'elleapprouve au moins l'une
des trois thèses suivantes tour à tour avancéespar le Gouvernement
australien:

1) la réserve faitepar la France lors du renouvellement en 1966de son
acceptation de la juridiction de la Cour, réserveiii se réfèreaux acti-
vités serapportant àla défensenationale de la France, n'est pasvala-
ble ;
2) les essais nucléaires envisagés dans la requêtede l'Australie ne se
rapportent pas àla défensenationale de la France;
3) l'Actegénérad l e 1928est restéen vigueur entre les Etats partiàscet
acte en 1944,ce qui a pour conséquenceque les réserves faitespar de
tels Etats en acceptant après 1945 la juridiction de la Cour inter- DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE PETRÉN

[Translation]

As, to my regret, 1am unable to concur in the opinion of the majority
either with regard to the deferment, to a later stage in the proceedings,
of the questions of the Court's jurisdiction and the admissibility of the

Application, or with regard to the indication of provisional measures,
1have to append to the Order a dissenting opinion.
In my view, the questions of the Court's jurisdiction and of the ad-
missibility of the Application, and also the question of the indication of
provisional measures, fall into a common framework as follows:

Before undertaking the examination of the merits of the case, the
International Court of Justice, like any other court, has the duty of
making sure as far as possible that it possessesjurisdiction and that the
application is admissible. The absence of the State against which appli-
cation is made does not alter this requirement in any way. On the con-
trary, Article 53 of the Statute lays an obligation on the Court to satisfy
itself as to its possession of jurisdiction and the admissibility of the
application on the basis of the elements at its disposal. Among the latter
in the present case are the arguments put forward by France in the letter
handed in by its Ambassador, and by Australia in its Application and
in its oral pleadings of 21-25May 1973.It is, however, the Court's duty
also to consider any other elements thatit may find relevant. The fact that

Australia hasrequested provisionalmeasures does not dispense the Court
from the obligation o'fbeginning by an examination ofthe questions of its
jurisdiction and of the admissibility of the Application; indeed, it makes
that examination, if a.nything,more urgent.
For it to be possible forthe Court to consider that it hasjurisdiction on
the merits of the case, it would, as 1see it, be necessary for it to approve
at least one of the three propositions put forward in turn by theAustralian
Government :
1. The reservation expressed by France when in 1966 it renewed its

acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction, a reservation referring to
activities connected with French national defence, is not valid;

2. The nuclear tests referred to in the Australian Application are not
connected with French national defence;
3. The General Act of 1928 has remained in force as between States
parties to that Act in 1944,the consequence of which is that reserva-
tionsmade by sucliStates in accepting after 1945the jurisdiction of the125 ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES (OP. DISS. PETRÉN)

nationale de Justice ne sont d'aucun effet dans leurs relations entre
eux.

Les questions qui se posent ainsi à la Cour ne touchent pas au fond
de l'affaire. Elles sesituent dans un contexte génle droit international
et,à mes yeux, la Cour n'aurait pas eu besoin de nouvelles explications
du Gouvernement australien pour les résoudre etelle aurait pu et dû les
trancher sur la base des élémentsdont elle dispose.
A ce sujet, il a lieu de signaler que la question de compétence meten
cause la mesure dans laquelle l'Acte généralde 1928a pu survivre à la
disparition de la Société desNations et de ses organes ainsi que l'effet

éventueld'une telle survie sur les réserves faitespar les Etats parties
l'Acte en acceptant la juridiction de la Cour actuelle. Or l'article 63 du
Statut exigeait que ces Etats fussent avertis sans délaique pareilles ques-
tions étaientsoumises à la Cour en la présenteaffaire. S'ilsen avaient
étéavertis, ils auraient déjà eul'occasionde manifester leur étonnement,
leur satisfaction ou leur indifférencedevant la thèsedu Gouvernement
australien évoquée sous3ci-dessus.Mais lefait que la notification requise
n'ait pas encore étéfaite ne justifie pas que la Cour invite aujourd'hui
le Gouvernement australien à présenter,à un stade ultérieurde la procé-
dure, un nouvel exposésur la question de compétence.

Je suis donc d'avis que la Cour n'aurait pas dû ouvrir a cette fin une

nouvelle phase de l'affaire mais qu'elleaurait au contraire dû demander
au Gouvernement australien d'achever son argumentation à cet égard
au stade actuel de l'affaire.
Comme la Cour a maintenant différé sadécisionsurlaquestion de com-
pétence,je ne saurais indiquer déjàici comment j'apprécieles différents
éléments se rapportant à son examen.
Néanmoins, la demandedu Gouvernement australien en indication de
mesures conservatoires m'oblige à examiner si les conditions pour que
la Cour puisse indiquer de telles mesures sont remplies.
Parmi ces conditions, il en est qui se rapportent la question de com-
pétence.A ce sujet, le Gouvernement australien s'estréféré e,ntre autres

élémentsa ,ux ordonnances rendues par la Cour le 17août 1972dans les
deux affaires relativesla Compétenceen matière de pêcheries.Dans cha-
cune de ces ordonnances, la Cour a considéré que, lorsqu'elle est saisie
d'une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, ellen'a pas be-
soin, avant d'indiquer ces mesures, de s'assurerde manièreconcluante de
sa compétencequant au fond de l'affaire, mais qu'ellene doit cependant
pas appliquer l'article41 de son Statut lorsque son incompétence est
manifeste.
Le Gouvernement australien a voulu tirer de ce considérantla conclu-
sion que c'est seulement quand l'incompétencede la Cour est manifeste
qu'elle nedoit pas appliquer l'article du Statut. Pareille interprétation
ne saurait êtreacceptée.Le considérant faitsimplement allusion à deux
situations extrêmes: l'unedans laquelle la compétencede la Cour est International Court of Justice are without effect in their relations
among themselves..

The questions thus raised for theCourt do not concern the merits of the
case. They occur in a general framework of international law and, in my
view, the Court would not have needed any further explanations from
the Australian Government in order to resolve them, and it could and
should have settled them on the basis of the elements at its disposal.
In this connection, it should be pointed out that the question of juris-
diction raises the isscieof the extent to which the 1928General Act can
have survived the disappearance of the League of Nations and its organs,
as also of the effect, if any, of such survival on the reservations made by
States parties to that Act when accepting the jurisdiction of the present
Court. Now Article 63 of the Statute required that these States should be
notified without dela51that such questions were submitted to the Court in
the present case. If they had been so notified, they would already have
had the opportunity lofmanifesting their astonishment, their satisfaction
or their indifference il?regard tothe contention of the Australian Govern-
ment mentioned under 3above. But the fact that the required notification
has not yet been made does not justify the Court in today inviting the

Australian Government to present, at a later stage in the proceedings,
further argument on the question ofjurisdiction.
1am therefore of the opinion that the Court should not have opened a
new phase of the case for that purpose but, on the contrary, should have
requested the Australian Government to complete its argument on that
issue in the present stage of the case.
As the Court has now deferred its decision on the question ofjurisdic-
tion, 1 am unable to indicate here and now my own assessment of the
various factors entering into the consideration of that question.
Nevertheless, the Australian Government's request for the indication
of provisional measures obligesme to examine whether the pre-conditions
for the Court's ability to indicate such measures have been fulfilled.
Among those pre-conditions, certain relate to the question of jurisdic-
tion. In thatconnection the Australian Government has referred interalia
to the Orders made by the Court on 17August 1972in the two Fisheries
Jurisdiction cases. In both of these Orders the Court considered that on a
request for provisioinal measures it need not, before indicating them,

finally satisfy itselfl~atit had jurisdiction on the merits of the case, but
that it ought not to act under Article 41 of the Statute if the absence of
jurisdiction was manifest.

The Australian Government sought to draw from this considerandum
the concIusion that il is only when the absence of the Court's jurisdiction
is manifest that it ought not to act under Article 41 of the Statute. It is not
possible to accept such an interpretation. The paragraph in question
simply alludes to two extreme situations: one in which the jurisdiction of

30126 ESSAISNUCLÉAIRES (OP.DISS.PETRÉN)

établiede manièreconcluante et l'autre dans laquelle son incompétence

est manifeste. Il dit que l'existencede la premièresituation n'est pas une
condition nécessairepour que la Cour puisse indiquerdes mesuresconser-
vatoires et que, dans la seconde situation, elle ne doit pas en indiquer,
constatation qui va de soi et ne prête pas à conclusions plus vastes. Le
considérantne dit pas selon quels critèresil faut, dans la zone s'étendant
entre la compétence établiede manière concluante et l'incompétence
manifeste, tracer la limite entre les situations qui permettent l'application
de l'article 41 et cellesqui ne lepermettent pas. Ce n'estque dans un con-
sidérant ultérieur, égalementcommun aux deux ordonnances précitées,
que l'on trouve une réponse à cette question. La Cour y indique qu'elle
considère qu'une disposition dans un instrument émanantdes Parties se
présentecomme constituant primafacie une base sur laquelle la compé-
tence de la Cour pourrait être fondée.
En la présente affaire il ressort du paragraphe 13de l'ordonnance que

la Cour s'estinspirée de ce précédent,car elle exprime l'opinion qu'elle
ne doit pas indiquer de mesuresconservatoires silesdispositionsinvoquées
par le demandeur ne se présentent pas commeconstituant prima facie
une base sur laquelle la compétencede la Cour pourrait êtrefondée.Je
peux me rallier à cette formule qui,à mes yeux, signifiequ'il ne suffit
pas, pour l'applicabilitéde l'article 41 du Statut, qu'un simple commen-
cement de preuve, envisagé isolémenti,ndique la possibilitéde la compé-
tence de la Cour, mais qu'il faut une probabilité résultantd'un examen
de l'ensemble des élémentd sont dispose la Cour.
Force m'a donc étéde procéder à un tel examen. Le résultaten a été
que je ne trouve pas probable que les trois thèses du Gouvernement
australien ou l'une quelconque d'entre elles puissent fournir une base
sur laquelle fonder la compétencede la Cour. Pour la raison déjà indi-
quée,je me vois empêché de développerau présentstade de la procédure

les appréciations m'ayant conduit à cette conclusion, qui m'interdit de
voter en faveur de l'indication de mesures conservatoires.

A côtéde la question de la compétencede la Cour se pose celle de la
recevabilitéde la requêtede l'Australie. Sous ce terme j'entends l'examen
de toutes questions qui se posent pour décidersi la Cour a étévalable-
ment saisie de l'affaire. Dans cette optique il y a cependant avant tout
lieu de se demander si, d'une manière généralel,es essais atmosphériques
d'armes nucléairessont déjàrégispar des normes de droit international,
ou s'ils n'appartiennent pas à un domaine hautement politique où les
normes concernant leur légalitéou illégalitéinternationale sont encore
en gestation.

Certes l'existence desarmes nucléaireset les essais servant a les perfec-
tionner et àles multiplier occupent une place de premier plan parmi les
hantises actuelles du genre humain. Conjurer leur spectre relèvecepen-

dant en premier lieu des forces politiques. Il faut espérerque celles-ci
réussirontunjour àétablirun étatde chosesàla foispolitique etjuridique
31the Court is finally established and another in which the absence of
jurisdiction ismanifest. It says that the existence of the first situation is

not a necessary pre-condition for the indication of provisional measures
and that, jn the second situation, the Court should not indicate such
measures, which is a self-evident observation that does not lend itself to
broader conclusions. The paragraph does not say in accordance with
what criteria, within .thearea lying between finallyestablishedjurisdiction
and manifest absence:ofjurisdiction, the line must be drawn between the
situations which permit the application of Article 41 and those which do
not permit it. It is only in a later paragraph, which the two Orders also
have in common, tha~ta reply is found to that question. There the Court
indicates that it condders that a provision in an instrument emanating
from the Parties appirars, prima facie, to afford a possible basis on which
the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded.
In the present case, itappears from paragraph 13of the Order that the
Court has been guided by that precedent, for it there expresses the
opinion that it oughl not to indicate interim measures unless the provi-
sions invoked by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on
which the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded. 1 can agree to this
formula, which in my view signifies that for Article 41 of the Statute to

be applicable it is not sufficient for a mere adumbration of proof, con-
sidered in isolation, to indicate the possibility of the Court's possessing
jurisdiction: that tht:re must also be a probability transpiring from an
examination of the cvholeof the elements at the Court's disposal.
1 have therefore heen impelled to carry out such an examination. In
the event, however, 1 do not find it probable that the three propositions
of the Australian Government, or any one of them, may afford a basis
on which to found t'hejurisdiction of the Court. For the reason already
mentioned, 1 find myself, at the present stage of the proceedings, pre-
vented from setting forth the considerations which have led me to that
conclusion and preclude me from voting for the indication of provisional
measures.
Alongside the question of the Court's jurisdiction, there arises that of
the admissibility of Australia's Application. As 1 understand that term,
it includes the examination of every question that arises in connection
with the ascertainment of whether the Court has been validly seised of the
case. But what is first and foremost necessary from that point of viewis to
ask oneself whether atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons are, gcnerally
speaking, already governed by norms of international law, or whether
they do not still belong to a highly political domain where the norms

concerning their international legality or illegality are still at the gestation
stage.
Certainly, the exiistenceof nuclear weapons and the tests serving to
perfect and multiply them, are among the foremost subjects of dread for
mankind today. To exorcise their spectre is, however, primarily a matter
for statesmen. One rnust hope that they will one day succeed in establish-
ing a state of affairs,,both political and legal, which will shield the wholequi mettra l'humanitétout entière à l'abri de l'angoisse crééepar les
armements nucléaires. Entre-temps, se pose la question de savoir si le
moment est déjàvenu où une juridiction internationale est le destina-
taire appropriéd'une requête telleque cellequi a été dirigéeen la présente

affaire contre l'une seulement des puissances nucléaires actuelles.
L'ordonnance renvoie la question de la recevabilitéde la requête, com-
me cellede la compétencede la Cour, à un stade ultérieurdela procédure.
Je ne saurais me rallieràcette décision, carje pense que la Cour aurait
pu et dû réglerpendant sa présente session l'ensemble des questions
préliminaires et urgentes qui se posent en l'espèceet sur lesquelles il
incombe à la Cour de prendre position proprio motu.
Pour ne pas anticiper sur mon vote éventueldans la nouvelle phase de
l'affaire,je crois devoir ne rien dire de plus sur la question de la receva-
bilitéde la requête.Je ne trouve d'ailleurs pas nécessairede répondreà
la question de savoir s'il apparaît comme probable que la requête soit
recevable, ce qui représente l'une des conditionspour que la Cour puisse
franchir le seuil de l'article 41 de son Statut et indiquer des mesures con-

servatoires. Ayant déjà trouvé l'article41 inapplicable dans le cas d'es-
pèce, à cause de l'improbabilitéde ce que la France puisse, malgré la
réserve qu'ellea faite son acceptation de la juridiction de la Cour, être
tenue pour justiciable en cette affaire,je n'ai pas besoin de me prononcer
sur d'autres aspects de la question de I'applicabilitéde l'article 41.

(SignéS) . PETRÉN. NIJCLEAR TESTS (DISSO. P.PETRÉN) 127

of mankind from the anxiety created by nuclear arms. Meanwhile there
is the question whether the moment has already come when an inter-
national tribunal is the appropriate recipient of an application like that
directed in theresent:case against but one of the present nuclear Powers.

The Order defers the question of the admissibility of the Application,

like that of theCourl's jurisdiction, to a later stage in the proceedings.
1 am unable to concur in this decision, becaus1 consider that the Court
could and should have settled in its present session the whole of the
preliminary and urgeintquestions which arise in the case and concerning
which it is incumbent upon the Court to take up a positionroprio motu.
To avoid anticipating such vote as 1may cast in the new phase of the
proceedings, 1 must, 1 feel, refrain from saying anything more on the
question of the admissibility ofthe Application.do not, moreover, find
it necessary to answer the question whether it appears probable that the
Application is admissible, which constitutes one of the conditions
enabling the Court ta1cross the threshold of Article 41 of its Statute and
indicate provisional measures. Having already found Article 41 in-
applicable in this instance owingto the improbability that France,pite
the reservation it has attached to its acceptanceof the Court's jurisdiction,
could be held subjec:tthereto in the present case, 1 have no need to
pronounce upon any other aspects of the question of the applicability
of Article41.

(Signed S)PETRÉN.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Petrén (translation)

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