Declaration by Judge Nagendra Singh (as appended immediately after the order)

Document Number
058-19730622-ORD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
058-19730622-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

Gerald Fitzmaurice in I.C.J. Reports 1963, pages 102-103,as follows:

"...the real distinction and test would seem to be whether or not the
objection is based on, or arises from, the jurisdictional clause or
clauses under which the jurisdiction of the tribunal is said to exist.
If so, the objectionis basically one ofjurisdiction."

Article 17of the General Act provides that the disputes therein referred
to shall include in particularthose menti~ned in Article 36 of the Statute
of the Permanent Court of International Justice. Among the classes of
legal disputes there enumerated is that concerning "the existence of any
fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international
obligation" (emphasis added). At the preliminary stage it would seem
therefore sufficient to determine whether the parties are in conflict as to
their respective rights. It would not appear necessary to enter at that stage
into questions which really pertain to the merits and constitute th: heart
of the eventual substantive decision such asfor instance the establishment
of the rights of the parties or the extent of the damage resulting from
radio-active fall-out.

Judge Sir Humphrey WALDOCK makes the following declaration:
1concur in the Order. 1wish only to add that, in myview,the principles
set out in Article 67, paragraph 7, of the Rules of Court should guide the

Court in giving itsdecision on the next phase of the proceedings which is
provided for by the present Order.

Judge NAGENDRS INGH makes the following declaration:

While fully supporting the reasoning leading to the verdict of the
Court, and therefore voting with the majority for the grant of interim
measures of protection in this case, 1wish to lend emphasis, by this
declaration, to the requirement that theCourt must be satisfiedofits own
competence, even though prima facie, before taking action under Article
41 of the Statute and Rule 61 (New Rule 66) of the Rules of Court.
It is true that neither of the aforesaid provisions spell out the test of
competence of the Court or of the admissibility of the Application and the
request, which nevertheless have to be gone into by each Member of the
Court in order to seethat apossible valid base for the Court's competence
exists and that the Application is, prima facie, entertainable.am, there-
fore, in entire agreement with the Court in laying down a positive test
regarding its own competence, prima facie established, which was enun-
ciated in the FisheriesJurisdictionl case and having been reiterated in this

1 Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdomv. Zeeland),I.C.J. Reports 1972,Order of
17 August 1972, paras. 15 to 17, pp. 15 to 16.case may Se said to lay down not only the latest but also the settled juris-
prudence of the Court on the subject.
It is indeed a sine qua non of the exercise of judicial function that a

court can be moved only if it has competence. If therefore in the exercise
of its inherent powers (as enshrined in Art. 41 of its Statute) the Court
grants interim relief, its solejustitication to do so is that if it did not, the
rights of the parties would get so prejudiced that the judgment of the
Court when it came could be rendered meaningless. Thus the possibility
of the Court being ultimately able to give a judgment on merits should
always be present when interim measures are contemplated. If, however,
the Court were to shed its legal base of competence when acting under
Article 41 of its Statute, it would immediately expose itself to the danger
of being accused of discouraging governments from:

". .undertaking, or continuing to undertake, the obligations of
judicial settlement as the result of any justifiable apprehension that
by accepting them they may become exposed to the embarrassment,
vexation and loss, possibly following upon interim measures, in
cases in which there is no reasonable possibility, prima facie ascer-
tained by the Court, of jurisdiction on the merits. Accordingly, the
Court cannot, in relation to a request for indication of interim
measures, disregard altogetherthe question of its competence on the

merits. The correct principle which emerges from these apparently
conflicting considerations and which has been uniformly adopted in
international arbitral and judicial practice is as follows: The Court
may properly act under the terms of Article 41 provided that there is
in existence an instrument such asa Declaration of Acceptance of the
Optional Clause, emanating from the Parties to the dispute, which
prima facie confers jurisdiction upon the Court and which incor-
porates no reservations obviously excluding its jurisdiction."
(Separate opinion of Sir Hersch Lauterpacht in Interhandel case,
I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 118.)

It needs to be mentioned, therefore, that even at this preliminary stage
of prima facie testing the Court has to examine the reservations and decla-
rations made to the treaty which is cited by a party to furnish the base for
the jurisdiction of the Court and to consider also the validity of the
treaty if the same is challenged in relation to the parties to the dispute.
As a result of this prima facie examination the Court could either find:

(a) that there is no possible base for the Court's jurisdiction in which
event no matter what emphasis is placed on Article 41 of its Statute,
the Court cannot proceed to grant interim relief; or
(b) that a possible base exists, but needs further investigation to corne
to any definite conclusion in which event the Court is inevitably left
no option but to proceed to the substance of the jurisdiction of the
case to complete its process of adjudication which, in turn, is time consuming and therefore comes into conflictwith the urgency of the
matter coupled with the prospect of irreparable damage to the
rights of the parties. It is this situation which furnishes the "raison

d'être"of interim relief.
If, therefore, the Court, in this case, has granted interim measures of
protection itis without prejudice to the substance whether jurisdictional
or othenvise which cannot be prejudged at this stage and will have to be
gone into further in the next phase.

Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICK makes the following declaration:

1have voted for the indication ofinterim measures and the Order of the
Court as to the further procedure in the case because the very thorough
discussions in whichthe Court has engaged over the past weeks and my
own researches have convincedme that the General Act of 1928and the
French Government's declaration to the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court with reservations each provide, prima facie, a basis on which the
Court might have jurisdiction to entertain and decide the claims made
by Australia in its Application of 9 May 1973.Further, the exchange of
diplomatic notes between the Governments of Australia and France in
1973afford, in my opinion, at least prima facie evidenceof the existence
of a dispute between those Governments as to matters of international
law affectingtheir respective rights.

Lastly, theaterial before the Court, particularly that appearing in the
UNSCEAR reports provides reasonable grounds for concluding that
further deposit in the Australian territorial environment of radio-active

particles ofmatter is likely to do harm for which no adequate comnen-
satory measures could be provided.

These conclusions are sufficient to warrant the indication of interim
measures.
1 agree with the form of the provisional measures indicated, under-
standing that the action prescribed is action on the part of governments
and that the measures are indicated in respect only of the Australian
Government's claimto the inviolability of its territory.

Judges FORSTER G,ROS, PETRÉN and IGNACIO-PINT append dissenting
opinions to the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) F.A.

(Initialled) S.A.

Bilingual Content

Gerald Fitzmaurice in I.C.J. Reports 1963, pages 102-103,as follows:

"...the real distinction and test would seem to be whether or not the
objection is based on, or arises from, the jurisdictional clause or
clauses under which the jurisdiction of the tribunal is said to exist.
If so, the objectionis basically one ofjurisdiction."

Article 17of the General Act provides that the disputes therein referred
to shall include in particularthose menti~ned in Article 36 of the Statute
of the Permanent Court of International Justice. Among the classes of
legal disputes there enumerated is that concerning "the existence of any
fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international
obligation" (emphasis added). At the preliminary stage it would seem
therefore sufficient to determine whether the parties are in conflict as to
their respective rights. It would not appear necessary to enter at that stage
into questions which really pertain to the merits and constitute th: heart
of the eventual substantive decision such asfor instance the establishment
of the rights of the parties or the extent of the damage resulting from
radio-active fall-out.

Judge Sir Humphrey WALDOCK makes the following declaration:
1concur in the Order. 1wish only to add that, in myview,the principles
set out in Article 67, paragraph 7, of the Rules of Court should guide the

Court in giving itsdecision on the next phase of the proceedings which is
provided for by the present Order.

Judge NAGENDRS INGH makes the following declaration:

While fully supporting the reasoning leading to the verdict of the
Court, and therefore voting with the majority for the grant of interim
measures of protection in this case, 1wish to lend emphasis, by this
declaration, to the requirement that theCourt must be satisfiedofits own
competence, even though prima facie, before taking action under Article
41 of the Statute and Rule 61 (New Rule 66) of the Rules of Court.
It is true that neither of the aforesaid provisions spell out the test of
competence of the Court or of the admissibility of the Application and the
request, which nevertheless have to be gone into by each Member of the
Court in order to seethat apossible valid base for the Court's competence
exists and that the Application is, prima facie, entertainable.am, there-
fore, in entire agreement with the Court in laying down a positive test
regarding its own competence, prima facie established, which was enun-
ciated in the FisheriesJurisdictionl case and having been reiterated in this

1 Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdomv. Zeeland),I.C.J. Reports 1972,Order of
17 August 1972, paras. 15 to 17, pp. 15 to 16.indiqué comme suit comment il différenciaitces deux catégoriesdeques-
tions (C.I.J. Recueil 1963,p. 102-103) :
«la distinction, l'etexte réel,dépendsemble-t-il du point de savoir si
l'exception rep0r;e.o~est fondée surla clause ou les clauses juridic-

tionnelles en vertu desquelles on prétend établirla compétence. Si
tel est le cas, l'exception porte essentiellement sur la compétence.»
L'article 17 de l'Acte généralstipule que les différendsvisésdans cet
acte comprennent notamment ceux que mentionne l'article 36 du Statut
de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale. Au nombre des catégo-
ries de différendsjuri~d.iquénuméréd sans cet article figure «la réalitéde

tout fait qui, s'il était établi,constituerait la violation d'un engagement
international)) (lesta.liquessontde nous).
Au stade préliminaire,il semblerait donc suffisant de déterminersi les
parties secontestent réciproquement un droit. Il n'apparaît pas nécessaire
à ce stade d'aborder des questions qui relèventen réalitédu fond et qui
constituent le point essentiel de la décisionqui interviendra par la suite
sur le fond, comme celle de l'établissement desdroits des parties ou de
l'étenduedu préjudicerésultant desretombées radioactives.

Sir Humphrey WALDOCK ju,ge, fait la déclaration suivante:
Je souscrisà l'ordonnance. Je voudrais seulement ajouter que, selon
moi, les principes énoncés à l'article 67, paragraphe 7, du Règlement,
devraient guider la Cour lorsqu'elle rendra sa décisionen la phase sui-
vante de la procédure, que prévoitla présenteordonnance.

M. NAGENDR SAINGH,juge, fait la déclaration suivante:
Tout en souscrivarit pleinement aux motifs de la décisionrendue par la
Cour et en votant donc avecla majoritépour l'indication de mesures con-

servatoires en l'espèce,je voudrais bien faire ressortir, dans cette déclara-
tion, l'obligation faiteà la Cour de s'assurer de sa compétence, même
primafacie, avant de statuer en vertu de l'article 41 du Statut et de l'ar-
ticle 66 du Règlement.
Certes aucune de ces dispositions ne précise lecritèrede la compétence
de la Cour ou de la recevabilitéde la requêteet de la demande, critère
que tout membre de la Cour n'en doit pas moins examiner pour s'assurer
qu'il existeun fondement valable possible à la compétencede la Cour et
que la requêteest de prime abord recevable. J'approuve donc tout à fait
la Cour quand elleénonceun critèrepositif quant à sa compétenceprima
facie,critère qui a étéénoncédans l'affaire de la Compétenceen matière
de pêcheries*et qui., étant réaffirmédans la présente espèce,peut être

1 Compétenceen matitiredepêcheries(Royaume-Unic. Islande), C.I.J. Recueil 1972,
ordonnance du 17 août 1972, par. 1517,p.15-16.case may Se said to lay down not only the latest but also the settled juris-
prudence of the Court on the subject.
It is indeed a sine qua non of the exercise of judicial function that a

court can be moved only if it has competence. If therefore in the exercise
of its inherent powers (as enshrined in Art. 41 of its Statute) the Court
grants interim relief, its solejustitication to do so is that if it did not, the
rights of the parties would get so prejudiced that the judgment of the
Court when it came could be rendered meaningless. Thus the possibility
of the Court being ultimately able to give a judgment on merits should
always be present when interim measures are contemplated. If, however,
the Court were to shed its legal base of competence when acting under
Article 41 of its Statute, it would immediately expose itself to the danger
of being accused of discouraging governments from:

". .undertaking, or continuing to undertake, the obligations of
judicial settlement as the result of any justifiable apprehension that
by accepting them they may become exposed to the embarrassment,
vexation and loss, possibly following upon interim measures, in
cases in which there is no reasonable possibility, prima facie ascer-
tained by the Court, of jurisdiction on the merits. Accordingly, the
Court cannot, in relation to a request for indication of interim
measures, disregard altogetherthe question of its competence on the

merits. The correct principle which emerges from these apparently
conflicting considerations and which has been uniformly adopted in
international arbitral and judicial practice is as follows: The Court
may properly act under the terms of Article 41 provided that there is
in existence an instrument such asa Declaration of Acceptance of the
Optional Clause, emanating from the Parties to the dispute, which
prima facie confers jurisdiction upon the Court and which incor-
porates no reservations obviously excluding its jurisdiction."
(Separate opinion of Sir Hersch Lauterpacht in Interhandel case,
I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 118.)

It needs to be mentioned, therefore, that even at this preliminary stage
of prima facie testing the Court has to examine the reservations and decla-
rations made to the treaty which is cited by a party to furnish the base for
the jurisdiction of the Court and to consider also the validity of the
treaty if the same is challenged in relation to the parties to the dispute.
As a result of this prima facie examination the Court could either find:

(a) that there is no possible base for the Court's jurisdiction in which
event no matter what emphasis is placed on Article 41 of its Statute,
the Court cannot proceed to grant interim relief; or
(b) that a possible base exists, but needs further investigation to corne
to any definite conclusion in which event the Court is inevitably left
no option but to proceed to the substance of the jurisdiction of the
case to complete its process of adjudication which, in turn, is timeconsidérécomme expriimant, en la matière, non seulement la jurispru-
dence la plus récentede la Cour mais aussi sa jurisprudence bien établie.
L'exercice de la fonction judiciaire ne peut se concevoir que si le
tribunal saisi aompét'ence.Si par conséquentla Cour indique des mesu-
res conservatoires dans l'exercice de ses pouvoirs inhérents (tels que
l'article 41 de sonStatiut les consacre), sa seulejustification est que, sans
ces mesures, les droits des parties seraient si compromis que l'arrêtde la
Cour, au moment où i:lserait rendu, serait dépourvu de sens. On ne doit
donc jamais oublier, quand on envisage des mesures conservatoires, que
la Cour aura peut-être,en fin de compte, à statuer au fond. Si la Cour
devait écarter le fondernentjuridique de sa compétencequand elle se pro-
nonce sur la base de l'article de son Statut, elle s'exposerait immédiate-
ment au reproche de découragerlesgouvernements

((d'accepter ou de continuer d'accepter les obligations du règlement

judiciaire, en raison de la crainte justifiée qu'en les acceptant ils
risqueraient de s'exposerà la gêne,aux vexations et aux pertes pou-
vant résulter de mesures conservatoires dans le cas où il n'existe
aucune possibilitéraisonnable de compétenceau fond vérifiée par la
Cour primafacie. Par conséquent, la Cour ne peut, à propos d'une
demande en indication de inesures conservatoires, négligercomplète-
ment la question de sa compétence au fond. Le principe exact qui
sedégagede cesconsidérationsapparemment contradictoires et qui a
étéadopté uniformémentpar la pratique arbitrale et judiciaire inter-
nationale est le suivant: La Cour peut légitimementagir en applica-
tion de l'article 41, pourvu qu'il existeun instrument, tel qu'une dé-
claration d'acceptation de la disposition facultative, émanant des
Parties au différend,conférantà la Cour compétenceprimafacie et ne
contenant aucune réserve excluant manifestement cette compéten-

ce.» (Opinion individuelle de sir Hersch Lauterpacht dans l'affaire
de I'lnterhandel,C.1.J.Recueil 1957, p. 118-119.)

II convient par suite:de préciserque même à ce stade préliminaire ou
elle vérifiesa compétence primafacie, la Cour doit examiner les réserves
et déclarations affectant le traité qu'une partie invoque comme fonde-
ment de la juridiction de la Cour, ainsi que la validitéde ce traitési elle
est contestéeen ce qui concerne les parties au différend.A l'issue de cet
examen primafacie, la Cour peut conclure:

a) soit qu'il n'existe ;aucune base possible de compétence de la Cour,
auquel cas, quel que soit le rôle attribuéà l'article 41 du Statut, la
Cour ne peut accorder de mesures conservatoires;
b) soit qu'il existeune base possible, mais qu'un examen plus approfondi
s'imposeavant de parvenir àune conclusion ferme, auquel cas la Cour
se doit d'examiner à fond sa compétencepour s'acquitter complète-
ment de sa missionjudiciaire, ce qui prend du temps, nuit à l'urgence consuming and therefore comes into conflictwith the urgency of the
matter coupled with the prospect of irreparable damage to the
rights of the parties. It is this situation which furnishes the "raison

d'être"of interim relief.
If, therefore, the Court, in this case, has granted interim measures of
protection itis without prejudice to the substance whether jurisdictional
or othenvise which cannot be prejudged at this stage and will have to be
gone into further in the next phase.

Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICK makes the following declaration:

1have voted for the indication ofinterim measures and the Order of the
Court as to the further procedure in the case because the very thorough
discussions in whichthe Court has engaged over the past weeks and my
own researches have convincedme that the General Act of 1928and the
French Government's declaration to the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court with reservations each provide, prima facie, a basis on which the
Court might have jurisdiction to entertain and decide the claims made
by Australia in its Application of 9 May 1973.Further, the exchange of
diplomatic notes between the Governments of Australia and France in
1973afford, in my opinion, at least prima facie evidenceof the existence
of a dispute between those Governments as to matters of international
law affectingtheir respective rights.

Lastly, theaterial before the Court, particularly that appearing in the
UNSCEAR reports provides reasonable grounds for concluding that
further deposit in the Australian territorial environment of radio-active

particles ofmatter is likely to do harm for which no adequate comnen-
satory measures could be provided.

These conclusions are sufficient to warrant the indication of interim
measures.
1 agree with the form of the provisional measures indicated, under-
standing that the action prescribed is action on the part of governments
and that the measures are indicated in respect only of the Australian
Government's claimto the inviolability of its territory.

Judges FORSTER G,ROS, PETRÉN and IGNACIO-PINT append dissenting
opinions to the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) F.A.

(Initialled) S.A. existant en la matièreet risque deporter un tort irréparable auxdroits
des parties. C'est une tellesituation quijustifie l'indication de mesures
conservatoires.

Ainsi, si la Cour a :indiquédes mesures conservatoiresen l'espèce,elle

l'a fait sans préjudice des problèmes de substance, juridictionnels ou
autres, qui ne peuvent êtreactuellement préjugéset devront être appro-
fondis au cours de la phase suivante.

Sir Garfield BARWICK j,ge ad hoc, fait la déclaration suivante:
J'ai voté enfaveur de l'indication de mesures conservatoires et de I'or-
donnance de la Cour sur la suite de la procédure, convaincu par les dis-
cussions très approfc~ndiesauxquelles la Cour a procédéces dernières
semaines et par mes propres recherches que l'Acte généralde 1928et la
déclarationdu Gouvernement français acceptant, avec réserve,lajuridic-
tion obligatoire de la Cour constituent l'un et l'autre, primafacie, une

base possible de com.pétencede la Cour pour connaître des demandes
form~~léepsar l'Australie dans sa requêtedu 9 mai 1973et seprononcer à
leur sujet. En outre, slrlonmoi, l'échangede notes diplomatiques de 1973
entre le Gouvernemerit australien et le Gouvernement français démontre,
au moins de prime abord, qu'il existe un différendentre ces gouverne-
ments sur des questions de droit international affectant leurs droits
respectifs.
Enfin, sur la base di:la documentation soumise à la Cour, et en particu-
lier des rapports du Comitéscientifique des Nations Unies pour l'étude
des effets des rayonnements ionisants, il est raisonnable de conclure
que de nouveaux dépôtsde particules radioactives dans l'environnement
territorial de l'Australie causeraient probablement des dommages pour
lesquels il ne saurait/avoir de réparation adéquate.
Ces conclusions suffisent à justifier l'indication de mesures conserva-

toires.
J'approuve la formedonnéeaux mesures conservatoires, étant entendu
selon moi que les actes prohibés sont ceux des gouvernements et que les
mesures sont indiquées uniquement en relation avec la demande austra-
lienne concernant l'inviolabilitéde son territoire.

MM. FORSTERG , IROSP, ETRÉNet IGNACIO-PINTO ju,ges, joignent à
l'ordonnance les exposésde leur opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé)F.A.

(Paraphé)S.A.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration by Judge Nagendra Singh (as appended immediately after the order)

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